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Katoh-Semba R, Tsuzuki M, Miyazaki N, Matsuda M, Nakagawa C, Ichisaka S, Sudo K, Kitajima S, Hamatake M, Hata Y, Nagata KI. A phase advance of the light-dark cycle stimulates production of BDNF, but not of other neurotrophins, in the adult rat cerebral cortex: association with the activation of CREB. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2131-42. [PMID: 18636983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian variation in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) indicates that BDNF is involved in the regulation of diurnal rhythms in a variety of biological processes. However, it is still unclear which brain regions alter their BDNF levels in response to external light input. Therefore, in selected brain regions of adult male rats, we investigated diurnal variation, as well as the effects of a single eight-hour phase advance of the light-dark cycle, on the levels of BDNF and of other neurotrophins. The cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex containing visual cortex (VCX) showed diurnal variation in BDNF protein levels and the VCX also in NT-3 levels. In the VCX and the region containing the entorhinal cortex and amygdala (ECX), BDNF protein levels were increased 12 h after the phase advance, while BDNF mRNA levels were increased significantly in the VCX and slightly in the ECX after 4 h. After one week, however, BDNF protein levels were reduced in eight brain regions out of 13 examined. BDNF levels in the ECX and VCX were significantly different between light rearing and dark rearing, while a hypothyroid status did not produce an effect. Cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a transcription factor for BDNF, was greatly activated by the phase advance in the ECX and VCX, suggesting the existence of CREB-mediated pathways of BDNF synthesis that are responsive to external light input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Katoh-Semba
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Nakajima T, Sato M, Akaza N, Umezawa Y. Cell-based fluorescent indicator to visualize brain-derived neurotrophic factor secreted from living neurons. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:352-8. [PMID: 18510313 DOI: 10.1021/cb800052v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a polypeptide that is secreted from neurons. Although there is mounting evidence that BDNF regulates neuronal development and synaptic plasticity, BDNF secretion has remained unclear due to lack of appropriate methods for the analysis of its dynamics. To visualize BDNF secretion from neurons, here we have developed a cell-based fluorescent indicator for BDNF. We showed that the present cell-based fluorescent indicator, named "Bescell", has high selectivity to BDNF and detects picomolar concentrations of BDNF (detection limit of 60 pM). Bescell has visualized endogenous BDNF secreted from hippocampal neurons. It thus provides a powerful tool for the analysis of BDNF secretion from living neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-bu, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoko Akaza
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Enhanced production and secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor from the skin in atopic dermatitis mouse model. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Since the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the 1950s and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the 1980s, a great deal of evidence has mounted for the roles of neurotrophins (NGF; BDNF; neurotrophin-3, NT-3; and neurotrophin-4/5, NT-4/5) in development, physiology, and pathology. BDNF in particular has important roles in neural development and cell survival, as well as appearing essential to molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and larger scale structural rearrangements of axons and dendrites. Basic activity-related changes in the central nervous system (CNS) are thought to depend on BDNF modulation of synaptic transmission. Pathologic levels of BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity may contribute to conditions such as epilepsy and chronic pain sensitization, whereas application of the trophic properties of BDNF may lead to novel therapeutic options in neurodegenerative diseases and perhaps even in neuropsychiatric disorders. In this chapter, I review neurotrophin structure, signal transduction mechanisms, localization and regulation within the nervous system, and various potential roles in disease. Modulation of neurotrophin action holds significant potential for novel therapies for a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Binder
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
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Zhang HT, Li LY, Zou XL, Song XB, Hu YL, Feng ZT, Wang TTH. Immunohistochemical distribution of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 in adult rhesus monkey brains. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 55:1-19. [PMID: 16899765 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a6952.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical distribution and cellular localization of neurotrophins was investigated in adult monkey brains using antisera against nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). Western blot analysis showed that each antibody specifically recognized appropriate bands of approximately 14.7 kDa, 14.2 kDa, 13.6 kDa, and 14.5 kDa, for NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, respectively. These positions coincided with the molecular masses of the neurotrophins studied. Furthermore, sections exposed to primary antiserum preadsorbed with full-length NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 exhibited no detectable immunoreactivity, demonstrating specificities of the antibodies against the tissues prepared from rhesus monkeys. The study provided a systematic report on the distribution of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 in the monkey brain. Varying intensity of immunostaining was observed in the somata and processes of a wide variety of neurons and glial cells in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, and other regions of the brain. Neurons in some regions such as the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, which stained for neurotrophins, also expressed neurotrophic factor mRNA. In some other brain regions, there was discrepancy of protein distribution and mRNA expression reported previously, indicating a retrograde or anterograde action mode of neurotrophins. Results of this study provide a morphological basis for the elucidation of the roles of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 in adult primate brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tian Zhang
- Institute for Research on Neuroscience, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
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Byerly MS, Fox EA. High-fat hyperphagia in neurotrophin-4 deficient mice reveals potential role of vagal intestinal sensory innervation in long-term controls of food intake. Neurosci Lett 2006; 400:240-5. [PMID: 16530962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) deficient mice exhibit substantial loss of intestinal vagal afferent innervation and short-term deficits in feeding behavior, suggesting reduced satiation. However, they do not show long-term changes in feeding or body weight because of compensatory behaviors. The present study examined whether high-fat hyperphagia induction would overcome compensation and reveal long-term effects associated with the reduced vagal sensory innervation of NT-4 mutants. First, modifications of a feeding schedule previously developed in rats were examined in wild-type mice to identify the regimen most effective at producing hyperphagia. The most successful schedule, which was run for 26 days, included access to a 43%-fat diet and pelleted chow every other day and access to only powdered chow on the alternate days. On high-fat access days mice consumed 25% more calories than mice with continuous daily access to the same high-fat diet and pelleted chow. This feeding regimen also induced hyperphagia in NT-4 deficient mice and their wild-type controls: on high-fat exposure days mutants consumed 35% more calories relative to continuous-access mutants, and wild types ate 25% more than continuous-access wild types. Moreover, on high-fat access days the alternating NT-4 mutants significantly increased caloric intake by 9% compared to alternating wild types. Thus, high-fat hyperphagia appeared to override compensation, permitting short-term changes in meal consumption by mutants that accrued into long-term changes in total daily food intake. This raises the possibility that intestinal vagal sensory innervation contributes to long-term, as well as to short-term regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi S Byerly
- Behavioral Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences, 703 Third Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Mori T, Takumi K, Shimizu K, Oishi T, Hayashi M. Heterogeneity of the developmental patterns of neurotrophin protein levels among neocortical areas of macaque monkeys. Exp Brain Res 2005; 171:129-38. [PMID: 16307254 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on morphological and physiological characteristics, the mammalian neocortex is divided into various neocortical areas and its diversity is prominent in the primates including humans. These neocortical areas are constructed during development, but the details of the developmental events remain unclear, especially at the molecular level. We measured the mRNA and protein levels of neurotrophins in various neocortical areas of developing rhesus monkeys. The expression patterns of both the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA and the protein showed area differences. In the sensory and motor areas, NT-3 mRNA and protein levels had started to decline by a week after birth. In contrast, the levels declined after the third postnatal week in the association neocortical areas. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein changed in an area-dependent manner during development, but that of mRNA did not. The decline of the BDNF protein level started earlier in the sensory and motor neocortical areas than in the association neocortical areas, suggesting that sensory and motor neocortical areas develop earlier than the association areas in terms of the developmental changes in neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Mori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 484-8506 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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Baljet B, VanderWerf F. Connections between the lacrimal gland and sensory trigeminal neurons: a WGA/HRP study in the cynomolgous monkey. J Anat 2005; 206:257-63. [PMID: 15733298 PMCID: PMC1571477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland (LG) in the cynomolgous monkey was studied using the retrograde wheat germ agglutinin/horsereadish peroxidase (WGA/HRP) tracer technique. A small solidified piece of WGA/HRP was implanted in the LG. Labelled sensory first-order neurons were found in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion (TG) and in the ipsilateral mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN). The distribution of labelled TG neurons was restricted to ophthalmic and maxillary ganglionic parts. Sensory innervation of LG by primary afferents is not only restricted to TG; an MTN involvement has also been found. This may imply that there is a central sensory role in the production and release of tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Baljet
- Department of Neurosciences, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mori T, Shimizu K, Hayashi M. Differential expression patterns of TrkB ligands in the macaque monkey brain. Neuroreport 2005; 15:2507-11. [PMID: 15538184 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200411150-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in the brains of mature and developing macaque monkeys. In the adult macaque brain, the highest level of BDNF was found in the hippocampus. Comparisons between cortical regions showed higher levels of BDNF in the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal association cortices than elsewhere. In contrast, NT-4 levels were 3-30 times lower than those of BDNF. During development, the contents of BDNF and NT-4 protein in cerebral cortices were highest at the postnatal second month and at embryonic day 140, respectively. These results suggest that the two TrkB ligands, BDNF and NT-4, may be differently regulated and might play separate roles in monkey cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Mori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
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Patz S, Wahle P. Neurotrophins induce short-term and long-term changes of cortical neurotrophin expression. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:701-8. [PMID: 15255980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity, hormones, transmitters, physical exercise and enrichment influence cortical neurotrophin expression. Neurotrophins then elicit structural and physiological changes, and regulate gene expression. This prompted the hypothesis that neurotrophins themselves are involved in regulating neurotrophin expression. Here we investigated the mRNA expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), NT-3 and nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as the tyrosine receptor kinases TrkB and TrkC receptor in response to BDNF, NT-4, NT-3 and NGF pulses in organotypic cortex cultures. Single neurotrophin pulses evoked a dramatic up- or down-regulation of some, but not all four, neurotrophin mRNAs, even within 3-24 h, indicating an immediate impact on neurotrophin transcription. Most strikingly, neurotrophin pulses during the first 10 days in vitro (DIV) potentiated the expression of some neurotrophin mRNAs at 20 DIV, suggesting that early trophic factor experience influences the expression levels seen later in development. The NT-3 mRNA expression, for example, was consistently promoted by NGF and BDNF, suggesting that these two factors help to maintain the low level of NT-3 found in adult cortex. Rapid bidirectional changes characterized the NT-4 mRNA expression. A single pulse of NT-4 transiently increased NT-4 mRNA, whereas a BDNF pulse transiently reduced NT-4 mRNA. Surprisingly, NGF strongly potentiated BDNF mRNA and in particular NT-4 mRNA. By contrast, TrkB mRNA remained constant at ages or time points at which other mRNAs amplified from the very same cDNA libraries revealed dramatic increases or decreases. Our study suggests the existence of a complex regulatory neurotrophin network controlling the expression of other neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Patz
- AG Entwicklungsneurobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, ND 6/72, Ruhr-Universitaet, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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