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Hua H, Cheng JW, Bu WB, Liu J, Ma WW, Ni N, Shi J, Zhou BR, Luo D. 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy inhibits ultraviolet B-induced skin photodamage. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2100-2109. [PMID: 31592145 PMCID: PMC6775304 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.31583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the photoprotective effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photodamage. In vivo experiments, the dorsal skin of hairless mice were treated with ALA-PDT or saline-PDT, and then exposed to 180 mJ/m2 UVB. Results showed that the number of sunburn cells and apoptotic cells in the epidermis of ALA-PDT-treated groups at 24 h after UVB irradiation were significantly decreased compared with those in the UVB groups. And the removal rate of CPDs was obviously higher in ALA-PDT-treated groups. At 48 h, the number of Ki67 positive nuclei in ALA-PDT-UVB group was significantly fewer than that in UVB group. Further in vitro experiments, human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells of two groups (one treated with ALA-PDT, the other untreated), were exposed to 60 mJ/m2 UVB irradiation. We found 0.5 mmol/L of ALA and 3 J/cm2 of red light did not affect the vitality of cells, and could reduce UVB induced apoptosis, accelerate the clearance of CPDs, inhibit proliferation and activate p53. Thus, our data demonstrate that ALA-PDT pretreatment can induce a protective DNA damage response that protects skin cells from UVB-induced photodamages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hua
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-wei Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-bo Bu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-wei Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Ni
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Farrell AW, Halliday GM, Lyons JG. Brahma deficiency in keratinocytes promotes UV carcinogenesis by accelerating the escape from cell cycle arrest and the formation of DNA photolesions. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:254-263. [PMID: 30522882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the principal cause of keratinocyte skin cancers. Previous work found that levels of the chromatin remodelling protein, Brahma (Brm), are diminished during the progression from actinic keratoses to cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in humans, and its loss in UV-irradiated mouse skin causes epidermal hyperplasia and increased tumour incidence. METHODS The skins of mice and mouse and human keratinocytes deficient in Brm were exposed to UVR and evaluated for cell cycle progression and DNA damage response. OBJECTIVE To identify the mechanisms by which loss of Brm contributes to UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis. RESULTS In both mouse keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, Brm deficiency led to an increased cell population growth following UVR exposure compared to cells with normal levels of Brm. Cell cycle analysis using a novel assay showed that Brm-deficient keratinocytes entered cell cycle arrest normally, but escaped from cell cycle arrest faster, enabling them to begin proliferating earlier. In mouse keratinocytes, Brm primarily affected accumulation in G0/G1-phase, whereas in HaCaT cells, which lack normal p53, accumulation in G2/M-phase was affected. Brm-deficient keratinocytes in mouse skin and human cell cultures also had higher levels of UVR-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolesions. These effects occurred without any compensatory increase in DNA repair or cell death to remove photolesions or the cells that harbor them from the keratinocyte population. CONCLUSION The loss of Brm in keratinocytes exposed to UVR enables them to resume proliferation while harboring DNA photolesions, leading to an increased fixation of mutations and, consequently, increased carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Farrell
- Dermatology, Central Clinical School, and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Dermatology, Central Clinical School, and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Guy Lyons
- Dermatology, Central Clinical School, and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centenary Institute, Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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3
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Wei X, Zhou J, Hong L, Xu Z, Zhao H, Wu X, Chen J. Hint1 expression inhibits proliferation and promotes radiosensitivity of human SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2135-2142. [PMID: 30008911 PMCID: PMC6036515 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a prevalent, malignant tumor that frequently escapes treatment. Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (Hint1) is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene which contributes to intercellular communication, helps to regulate cell proliferation and survival, and is frequently underexpressed in gastric cancer. To examine the involvement of Hint1 in gastric cancer, small interfering RNA was used to knock down Hint1 expression in the human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. The data revealed that Hint1 inhibited cell proliferation, reduced radiation-induced DNA damage repair and caused G1 phase arrest, which increased the radiosensitivity of gastric cancer cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed a novel function of Hint1, whereby it acted as a negative regulator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These results demonstrated the critical function of Hint1 in the biology of human gastric cancer. Acting as a tumor growth suppressor and a radiosensitive agent, this protein is a potential biomarker and may be an attractive target for specific therapeutic interventions against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Hong
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Jinfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
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Kim AL, Back JH, Chaudhary SC, Zhu Y, Athar M, Bickers DR. SOX9 Transcriptionally Regulates mTOR-Induced Proliferation of Basal Cell Carcinomas. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1716-1725. [PMID: 29550418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently available smoothened targeted therapies in patients with basal cell nevus syndrome are associated with substantial tumor recurrence and clinical resistance. Strategies bypassing smoothened and/or identifying additional downstream components of the Hedgehog pathway could provide novel antitumor targets with a better therapeutic index. Sry-related high mobility group box 9 (SOX9) is a Hedgehog/glioma-associated oncogene homolog-regulated transcription factor known to be overexpressed in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). A sequence motif search for SOX9-responsive elements identified three motifs in the promoter region of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In murine BCC cells, SOX9 occupies the mTOR promoter and induces its transcriptional activity. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of SOX9, as well as smoothened inhibition by itraconazole and vismodegib, reduces mTOR expression and the phosphorylation of known downstream mTOR targets. These effects culminate in diminishing the proliferative capacity of BCC cells, demonstrating a direct mechanistic link between the Hedgehog and mTOR pathways capable of driving BCC growth. Furthermore, rapamycin, a pharmacologic mTOR inhibitor, suppressed the growth of UV-induced BCCs in Ptch1+/-/SKH-1 mice, a model that closely mimics the accelerated BCC growth pattern of patients with basal cell nevus syndrome. Our data demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling converges on mTOR via SOX9, and highlight the SOX9-mTOR axis as a viable additional target downstream of smoothened that could enhance tumor elimination in patients with BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Jung Ho Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Kim AL, Back JH, Zhu Y, Tang X, Yardley NP, Kim KJ, Athar M, Bickers DR. AKT1 Activation is Obligatory for Spontaneous BCC Tumor Growth in a Murine Model that Mimics Some Features of Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:794-802. [PMID: 27388747 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Patients with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), also known as Gorlin syndrome, develop numerous basal cell carcinomas (BCC) due to germline mutations in the tumor suppressor PTCH1 and aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Therapies targeted at components of the Hh pathway, including the smoothened (SMO) inhibitor vismodegib, can ablate these tumors clinically, but tumors recur upon drug discontinuation. Using SKH1-Ptch1+/- as a model that closely mimics the spontaneous and accelerated growth pattern of BCCs in patients with BCNS, we show that AKT1, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is intrinsically activated in keratinocytes derived from the skin of newborn Ptch1+/- mice in the absence of carcinogenic stimuli. Introducing Akt1 haplodeficiency in Ptch1+/- mice (Akt1+/- Ptch1+/-) significantly abrogated BCC growth. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of AKT with perifosine, an alkyl phospholipid AKT inhibitor, diminished the growth of spontaneous and UV-induced BCCs. Our data demonstrate an obligatory role for AKT1 in BCC growth, and targeting AKT may help reduce BCC tumor burden in BCNS patients. Cancer Prev Res; 9(10); 794-802. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Jung Ho Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiuwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Nathan P Yardley
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Katherine J Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohammad Athar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - David R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Phototherapy is one of the most efficacious treatment options for psoriasis. New, emerging studies are beginning to define the biologic mechanisms by which phototherapy improves psoriasis. METHODS To provide an overview of the mechanisms thought to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of phototherapy, a review was performed on all relevant published studies in the Medline database from January 1, 1985, to August 15, 2011. FINDINGS Four categories of action were proposed in the literature to describe the effects of phototherapy in psoriasis: (1) alteration of the cytokine profile, (2) induction of apoptosis, (3) promotion of immunosuppression, and (4) all other mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Phototherapy acts through a combination of pathways to confer therapeutic benefits in psoriasis, and these different modalities may help explain its particular usefulness in treating this cutaneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Back JH, Zhu Y, Calabro A, Queenan C, Kim AS, Arbesman J, Kim AL. Resveratrol-mediated downregulation of Rictor attenuates autophagic process and suppresses UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1165-72. [PMID: 22272775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a cellular response to various environmental stresses that ensures lysosomal degradation of long-lived and damaged proteins and cellular organelles. It occurs through the formation of an autophagosome, which then fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. Depending on the cellular context, autophagy may promote cancer cell survival or it may serve as a mechanism of tumor suppression. Herein, we show that resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin, induces premature senescence in human A431 SCC cells, and that resveratrol-induced premature senescence is associated with a blockade of autolysosome formation, as assessed by the absence of colocalization of LC3 and Lamp-2, markers for autophagosomes and lysosomes, respectively. Further, we show that resveratrol downregulates the level of Rictor, a component of mTORC2, leading to decreased RhoA-GTPase and altered actin cytoskeleton organization. Exogenous overexpression of Rictor restores RhoA-GTPase activity and actin cytoskeleton network, and decreases resveratrol-induced senescence-associated β-gal activity, indicating a direct role of Rictor in senescence induction. Rictor is overexpressed in UV-induced murine SCCs, whereas its expression is diminished by oral administration of resveratrol. These data indicate that resveratrol attenuates autophagic process via Rictor, and suggest that downregulation of Rictor may be a mechanism of tumor suppression associated with premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Back JH, Rezvani HR, Zhu Y, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Athar M, Ratner D, Kim AL. Cancer cell survival following DNA damage-mediated premature senescence is regulated by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent Inhibition of sirtuin 1. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19100-8. [PMID: 21471201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.240598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents can induce premature senescence in cancer cells, which contributes to the static effects of cancer. However, senescent cancer cells may re-enter the cell cycle and lead to tumor relapse. Understanding the mechanisms that control the viability of senescent cells may be helpful in eliminating these cells before they can regrow. Treating human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells with the anti-cancer compounds, resveratrol and doxorubicin, triggered p53-independent premature senescence by invoking oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage. This process involved the mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of SIRT1 at serine 47, resulting in the inhibition of the deacetylase activity of SIRT1. SIRT1 phosphorylation caused concomitant increases in p65/RelA NF-κB acetylation and the expression of an anti-apoptotic Bfl-1/A1. SIRT1 physically interacts with the mTOR-Raptor complex, and a single amino acid substitution in the TOS (TOR signaling) motif in the SIRT1 prevented Ser-47 phosphorylation and Bfl-1/A1 induction. The pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of mTOR, unphosphorylatable S47A, or F474A TOS mutants restored SIRT1 deacetylase activity, blocked Bfl-1/A1 induction, and sensitized prematurely senescent SCC cells for apoptosis. We further show that the treatment of UVB-induced SCCs with doxorubicin transiently stabilized tumor growth but was followed by tumor regrowth upon drug removal in p53(+/-)/SKH-1 mice. The subsequent treatment of stabilized SCCs with rapamycin decreased tumor size and induced caspase-3 activation. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of SIRT1 by mTOR fosters survival of DNA damage-induced prematurely senescent SCC cells via Bfl-1/A1 in the absence of functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Back
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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9
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Kim KH, Back JH, Zhu Y, Arbesman J, Athar M, Kopelovich L, Kim AL, Bickers DR. Resveratrol targets transforming growth factor-β2 signaling to block UV-induced tumor progression. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:195-202. [PMID: 20720562 PMCID: PMC3153356 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a potent anti-cancer agent. We have previously reported that RES arrests the growth of invasive human A431 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. In this study, we show that oral administration of RES to highly tumor-susceptible p53(+/-)/SKH-1 mice markedly delayed UV-induced skin tumorigenesis and reduced the malignant conversion of benign papillomas to SCCs. Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) was predominantly overexpressed in UV-induced SCCs and its expression was diminished in RES-treated SCCs/skin. In addition to the inhibition of TGF-β2 expression, RES increased the level of epithelial cadherin. This RES-mediated TGF-β2 downregulation led to the inhibition of both TGF-β2/Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, and suppressed the invasiveness of A431 cells. Addition of TGF-β2, but not TGF-β1, rescued the RES-mediated downregulation of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, p-Smad3, and α-smooth muscle actin. The protein kinase B (Akt) substrate cAMP response-binding protein (pCREB) transcription factor is known to regulate TGF-β2 expression, and RES treatment decreased phosphorylation of Akt and pCREB. Expression of constitutively active Akt blocked RES inhibition of CREB and TGF-β2, and rescued RES inhibition of cellular invasiveness. Our data indicate that RES suppresses UV-induced malignant tumor progression in p53(+/-)/SKH-1 mice and that RES-inhibited invasiveness of human A431 SCC cells appears to occur, in part, through the Akt-mediated downregulation of TGF-β2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Kim
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
- Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Back
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Josh Arbesman
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Mohammad Athar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Arianna L. Kim
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - David R. Bickers
- Departments of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, New York 10032
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Abou EL-Ela M, Nagui N, Mahgoub D, El-Eishi N, Fawzy M, El-Tawdy A, Abdel Hay R, Rashed L. Expression of cyclin D1 and p16 in psoriasis before and after phototherapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:781-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim AL, Zhu Y, Zhu H, Han L, Kopelovich L, Bickers DR, Athar M. Resveratrol inhibits proliferation of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells by modulating MEK1 and AP-1 signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:538-46. [PMID: 16761963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, and has been shown to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells. We investigated the mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of resveratrol in A431-transformed keratinocytes harbouring mutant p53, and show that it is accompanied by G1 cell cycle arrest, which coincides with a marked inhibition of G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins, including cyclins A and D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6 and p53-independent induction of p21WAF1. Cell cycle arrest was also associated with the accumulation of hypophosphorylated Rb and p27KIP1. Resveratrol inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)1 > extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling, downregulated c-Jun, and suppressed activating protein (AP)-1 DNA-binding and promoter activity. In addition, the inhibition of MEK1 > ERK1/2 signalling appears to be independent of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) hypophosphorylation in A431 cells, as PD098059 did not suppress pRb phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol affects multiple cellular targets in A431 cells, and that the downregulation of both AP-1 and pRb contributes to its antiproliferative activity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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12
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Athar M, An KP, Tang X, Morel KD, Kim AL, Kopelovich L, Bickers DR. Photoprotective effects of sulindac against ultraviolet B-induced phototoxicity in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 195:370-8. [PMID: 15020200 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with demonstrated potency as a chemopreventive agent in animal models of carcinogenesis and in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Because tumor promotion is generally associated with exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is likely that anti-inflammatory agents may have potent antitumor effects. In human skin, sulindac reduces bradykinin-induced edema. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the cyclooxygenase inhibitor sulindac can protect against ultraviolet (UVB)-induced injury that is crucial for the induction of cancer. Exposure of SKH-1 hairless mice to two consecutive doses of UVB (230 mJ/cm2) induces various inflammatory responses including erythema, edema, epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, etc. Topical application of sulindac (1.25-5.0 mg/0.2 ml acetone) to the dorsal skin of SKH-1 hairless mice either 1 h before or immediately after UVB exposure substantially inhibited these inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of sulindac in drinking water (160 ppm) for 15 days before and during UVB irradiation similarly reduced these inflammatory responses. These potent anti-inflammatory effects of sulindac suggested the possibility that the drug could inhibit signaling processes that relate to carcinogenic insult by UVB. Accordingly, studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of sulindac in attenuating the expression of UVB-induced early surrogate molecular markers of photodamage and carcinogenesis. UVB exposure enhanced the expression of p53, c-fos, cyclins D1 and A, and PCNA 24 h after irradiation. Treatment of animals with either topical or oral administration of sulindac largely abrogated the expression of these UVB-induced surrogate markers. These results indicate that the cyclooxygenase inhibitor sulindac is effective in reducing UVB-induced events relevant to carcinogenesis and that this category of topically applied or orally administered drugs may prove to be effective chemopreventive agents for reducing the risk of photocarcinogenesis in human populations.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Dermatitis, Phototoxic/etiology
- Dermatitis, Phototoxic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Phototoxic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Phototoxic/prevention & control
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Hairless
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/radiation effects
- Sulindac/administration & dosage
- Sulindac/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/biosynthesis
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Disease Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Kim TY. Tetraacetyl Phytosphingosine-Induced Caspase Activation and Apoptosis Occur Through G2 Arrest in Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:1135-7. [PMID: 14708616 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Nickoloff BJ, Qin JZ, Chaturvedi V, Bacon P, Panella J, Denning MF. Life and death signaling pathways contributing to skin cancer. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2002; 7:27-35. [PMID: 12518789 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is generally regarded as a critical regulatory event in the development of malignancies in several different organ systems (Thompson, 1995). Initially, oncologists focused on alterations in rates of proliferation and cell cycle kinetics, but more recently an emphasis on apoptosis has dominated the fight against cancer (Evan and Vousden, 2001). As approximately 1,000,000 individuals in the U.S.A. develop skin cancer each year, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern cell survival and cell death in the epidermis (Miller and Weinstock, 1994). Moreover, given that most skin cancers occur on sun-exposed skin, the pro-apoptotic and antiapoptotic response of keratinocytes (KC) to UV light is of particular relevance to the development of skin cancer (Brash et al, 1996). Whereas both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) arise from epidermal KC, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the natural history of their development, their underlying molecular pathogenesis, and potential involvement of antiapoptotic pathways are significantly different. Nonetheless, as pointed out later in the text, significant progress is being made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of these relatively common epithelial-cell-derived neoplasms. In this review we will explore four topics: first, a review of the life and death signaling pathways operative in normal human skin that prevents premature apoptosis of KC with an emphasis on nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) survival signals; second, the molecular pathways that are engaged and regulate apoptosis after normal KC are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light; third, the apoptotic resistant mechanisms that premalignant and malignant KC utilize to avoid cell death; fourth, therapeutic strategies that can render malignant cells more susceptible to apoptosis with an emphasis on a death pathway mediated by the death ligand TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Skin Cancer Research Laboratory, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Kim AL, Gautier J, Bickers DR, Athar M. Reduced cyclin D1 ubiquitination in UVB-induced murine squamous cell carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:377-82. [PMID: 12413951 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination of cyclin D1 signals for its proteosomal degradation. To assess the possibility that reduced cyclin D1 proteolysis is a putative mechanism for its accumulation during UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis, ubiquitination activity of cyclin D1 was assessed in UVB-induced murine SCCs. Cyclin D1 was rapidly ubiquitinated by control skin extract, whereas ubiquitination of cyclin D1 was significantly reduced in SCCs. Mutant cyclin D1, in which residues important for GSK3beta-mediated degradation of cyclin D1 are altered to non-phosphorylatable alanine, was not ubiquitinated. We also observed phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of GSK3beta in SCCs. Our results indicate reduced ubiquitination of cyclin D1 in UVB-induced murine SCCs and suggest that inactivation of GSK3beta-dependent cyclin D1 degradation pathway contributes to the accumulation of cyclin D1 in UVB-induced murine SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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