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Szabó K, Bolla BS, Erdei L, Balogh F, Kemény L. Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin's Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15962. [PMID: 37958945 PMCID: PMC10647730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is a tightly regulated, balanced interface that maintains our integrity through a complex barrier comprising physical or mechanical, chemical, microbiological, and immunological components. The skin's microbiota affect various properties, one of which is the establishment and maintenance of the physical barrier. This is achieved by influencing multiple processes, including keratinocyte differentiation, stratum corneum formation, and regulation of intercellular contacts. In this review, we summarize the potential contribution of Cutibacterium acnes to these events and outline the contribution of bacterially induced barrier defects to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. With the combined effects of a Westernized lifestyle, microbial dysbiosis, epithelial barrier defects, and inflammation, the development of acne is very similar to that of several other multifactorial diseases of barrier organs (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis). Therefore, the management of acne requires a complex approach, which should be taken into account when designing novel treatments that address not only the inflammatory and microbial components but also the maintenance and strengthening of the cutaneous physical barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Szabó
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szilvia Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fanni Balogh
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
| | - Lajos Kemény
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.B.)
- HCEMM-USZ Skin Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Lipiński P, Ciara E, Jurkiewicz D, Mekrouda M, Cielecka-Kuszyk J, Jurkiewicz E, Płoski R, Pawłowska J, Jankowska I. DCDC2-Related Ciliopathy: Report of Six Polish Patients, Novel DCDC2 Variant, and Literature Review of Reported Cases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111917. [PMID: 37296768 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing usage of NGS technology has enabled the discovery of new causal genes in ciliopathies, including the DCDC2 gene. The aim of our study was to present the clinical, pathological and molecular report of six patients (from three unrelated families) with DCDC2 biallelic pathogenic variants. A detailed overview of the reported patients with DCDC2-related disease was provided. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of the clinical, biochemical, pathological (liver histology) and molecular features of the study group was performed. The database PubMed (MEDLINE) was searched for relevant studies. RESULTS All the patients presented with cholestatic jaundice and elevated GGT; the mean age was 2 months. The initial liver biopsy was performed in four children at a mean age of 3 months (age range: 2-5 months). In all of them, features of cholestasis, portal fibrosis and mild portal inflammation were observed; in three of them ductular proliferation was observed. One patient had undergone liver transplantation (LTx) at 8 years of age. At hepatectomy, a biliary-pattern cirrhosis was observed. Only one patient presented with features of renal disease. Whole exome sequencing was performed in all patients at the last follow-up visit (mean age 10 years). Three different variants (one novel) in the DCDC2 gene were identified in the study group. With our six patients, a total of 34 patients with DCDC2-related hepatic ciliopathy were identified. The main clinical presentation of DCDC2-related ciliopathy was liver disease in the form of neonatal sclerosing cholangitis. The predominance of early and severe liver disease associated with no or mildly expressed kidney involvement was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings expand the molecular spectrum of pathogenic DCDC2 variants, provide a more accurate picture of the phenotypic expression associated with molecular changes in this gene and confirm a loss of functional behaviour as the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipiński
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Jurkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Mekrouda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cielecka-Kuszyk
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jurkiewicz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawłowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Jankowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Feeding Disorders and Pediatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Demir E, Tuna Kirsaçlioğlu C, Saltik-Temizel İN, Ürel-Demir G, Karaosmanoğlu B, Taşkiran EZ, Şimşek-Kiper PÖ, Utine GE, Kuloğlu Z, Kansu A. Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome: report of a novel mutation and a review of the literature. Clin Dysmorphol 2023; 32:88-91. [PMID: 36779798 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Demir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University
| | - Ceyda Tuna Kirsaçlioğlu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University
| | | | | | - Beren Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Zihni Taşkiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Zarife Kuloğlu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University
| | - Aydan Kansu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University
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4
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Bourkas AN, Pope E, Mendoza-Londono R, Kamath BM, Lara-Corrales I. Early diagnosis of ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, alopecia, and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome: A case report. Pediatr Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36655593 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Congenital ichthyosis is a genodermatosis characterized by abnormal epidermal differentiation. The neonatal period is critical for patients with ichthyosis because of the risk for significant comorbidities and associated mortality, with most complications resulting from impaired barrier function. Early recognition can significantly alter the clinical course of this rare disease. Here we present a neonate with ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, alopecia, and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome (ILVASC), a rare inherited disease, to highlight how an interdisciplinary approach led to prompt assessment, confirmation of a genetic diagnosis and management of potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn N Bourkas
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Pope
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binita M Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Lara-Corrales
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Gutiérrez-Cerrajero C, Sprecher E, Paller AS, Akiyama M, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Hernández-Martín A, González-Sarmiento R. Ichthyosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:2. [PMID: 36658199 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ichthyoses are a large, heterogeneous group of skin cornification disorders. They can be inherited or acquired, and result in defective keratinocyte differentiation and abnormal epidermal barrier formation. The resultant skin barrier dysfunction leads to increased transepidermal water loss and inflammation. Disordered cornification is clinically characterized by skin scaling with various degrees of thickening, desquamation (peeling) and erythema (redness). Regardless of the type of ichthyosis, many patients suffer from itching, recurrent infections, sweating impairment (hypohidrosis) with heat intolerance, and diverse ocular, hearing and nutritional complications that should be monitored periodically. The characteristic clinical features are considered to be a homeostatic attempt to repair the skin barrier, but heterogeneous clinical presentation and imperfect phenotype-genotype correlation hinder diagnosis. An accurate molecular diagnosis is, however, crucial for predicting prognosis and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Most ichthyoses severely affect patient quality of life and, in severe forms, may cause considerable disability and even death. So far, treatment provides only symptomatic relief. It is lifelong, expensive, time-consuming, and often provides disappointing results. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these conditions is essential for designing pathogenesis-driven and patient-tailored innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gutiérrez-Cerrajero
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Paediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Berselli A, Benfenati F, Maragliano L, Alberini G. Multiscale modelling of claudin-based assemblies: a magnifying glass for novel structures of biological interfaces. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5984-6010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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7
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Mohamad J, Samuelov L, Assaf S, Malki L, Malovitski K, Meijers O, Adir N, Granot E, Pavlovsky M, Sarig O, Sprecher E. Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis caused by a pathogenic missense variant in CLDN1. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2879-2887. [PMID: 35920354 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) refers to a large and genetically heterogenous group of non-syndromic disorders of cornification featuring diffuse scaling. Ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, alopecia, and sclerosing cholangitis (ILVASC) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive syndromic form of ichthyosis. The disease usually results from premature termination codon-causing pathogenic variants in CLDN1 encoding CLAUDIN-1 (CLDN1). We used whole exome sequencing (WES), Sanger sequencing, 3D protein modeling, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to delineate the genetic basis of ichthyosis in two siblings with ichthyosis but no other ectodermal abnormalities. One of the two siblings underwent liver transplantation in early childhood due to biliary atresia. Both patients were found to carry a homozygous missense pathogenic variant, c.242G>A (p.Arg81His), in CLDN1. The variant resulted in decreased CLDN1 expression in patient skin. 3D protein modeling predicted that p.Arg81His induces deleterious conformational changes. Accordingly, HaCaT cells transfected with a construct expressing the mutant CLDN1 cDNA featured decreased levels and mislocation of CLDN1 as compared with cells expressing the wildtype cDNA. In conclusion, we describe the first pathogenic missense variant in CLDN1 shown to result in ARCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Samuelov
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Malki
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Odile Meijers
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Mor Pavlovsky
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Wang W, Chen D, Wang J, Wen L. Cellular Homeostasis and Repair in the Biliary Tree. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:271-282. [PMID: 35672015 DOI: 10.1055/a-1869-7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During biliary tree homeostasis, BECs are largely in a quiescent state and their turnover is slow for maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. BTSCs continually replenish new BECs in the luminal surface of EHBDs. In response to various types of biliary injuries, distinct cellular sources, including HPCs, BTSCs, hepatocytes, and BECs, repair or regenerate the injured bile duct. BEC, biliary epithelial cell; BTSC, biliary tree stem/progenitor cell; EHBD, extrahepatic bile ducts; HPC, hepatic progenitor cell.The biliary tree comprises intrahepatic bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts lined with epithelial cells known as biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs are a common target of various cholangiopathies for which there is an unmet therapeutic need in clinical hepatology. The repair and regeneration of biliary tissue may potentially restore the normal architecture and function of the biliary tree. Hence, the repair and regeneration process in detail, including the replication of existing BECs, expansion and differentiation of the hepatic progenitor cells and biliary tree stem/progenitor cells, and transdifferentiation of the hepatocytes, should be understood. In this paper, we review biliary tree homeostasis, repair, and regeneration and discuss the feasibility of regenerative therapy strategies for cholangiopathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangzhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Salik D, Hadj-Rabia S, Hohl D, Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Rakosi A, Dangoisse C, Marangoni M, Vilain C, Smits G. Evaluation of neurodevelopmental symptoms in 10 cases of neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:590-593. [PMID: 35304779 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome is an extremely rare entity with only 19 patients described in the literature. We report an extended family with the disorder and investigate the association of neurodevelopmental symptoms. Patients with CLDN1 mutations, and specifically « the Moroccan» c.200_201delTT deletion, may be an increased risk for neurodevelopmental symptoms such as learning disabilities, mental retardation, and language delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Salik
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Université Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adèle Rakosi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Dangoisse
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, ULB Center of Human Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catheline Vilain
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, ULB Center of Human Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, ULB Center of Human Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, ULB Center of Human Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, ULB Center of Human Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Xia Y, Cao H, Zheng J, Chen L. Claudin-1 Mediated Tight Junction Dysfunction as a Contributor to Atopic March. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927465. [PMID: 35844593 PMCID: PMC9277052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic march refers to the phenomenon wherein the occurrence of asthma and food allergy tends to increase after atopic dermatitis. The mechanism underlying the progression of allergic inflammation from the skin to gastrointestinal (GI) tract and airways has still remained elusive. Impaired skin barrier was proposed as a risk factor for allergic sensitization. Claudin-1 protein forms tight junctions and is highly expressed in the epithelium of the skin, airways, and GI tract, thus, the downregulation of claudin-1 expression level caused by CLDN-1 gene polymorphism can mediate common dysregulation of epithelial barrier function in these organs, potentially leading to allergic sensitization at various sites. Importantly, in patients with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and food allergy, claudin-1 expression level was significantly downregulated in the skin, bronchial and intestinal epithelium, respectively. Knockdown of claudin-1 expression level in mouse models of atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma exacerbated allergic inflammation, proving that downregulation of claudin-1 expression level contributes to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized that the tight junction dysfunction mediated by downregulation of claudin-1 expression level contributes to atopic march. Further validation with clinical data from patients with atopic march or mouse models of atopic march is needed. If this hypothesis can be fully confirmed, impaired claudin-1 expression level may be a risk factor and likely a diagnostic marker for atopic march. Claudin-1 may serve as a valuable target to slowdown or block the progression of atopic march.
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11
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Baier FA, Sánchez-Taltavull D, Yarahmadov T, Castellà CG, Jebbawi F, Keogh A, Tombolini R, Odriozola A, Dias MC, Deutsch U, Furuse M, Engelhardt B, Zuber B, Odermatt A, Candinas D, Stroka D. Loss of Claudin-3 Impairs Hepatic Metabolism, Biliary Barrier Function, and Cell Proliferation in the Murine Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:745-767. [PMID: 33866021 PMCID: PMC8273426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tight junctions in the liver are essential to maintain the blood-biliary barrier, however, the functional contribution of individual tight junction proteins to barrier and metabolic homeostasis remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe the cell type-specific expression of tight junction genes in the murine liver, and explore the regulation and functional importance of the transmembrane protein claudin-3 in liver metabolism, barrier function, and cell proliferation. METHODS The cell type-specific expression of hepatic tight junction genes is described using our mouse liver single-cell sequencing data set. Differential gene expression in Cldn3-/- and Cldn3+/+ livers was assessed in young and aged mice by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and hepatic tissue was analyzed for lipid content and bile acid composition. A surgical model of partial hepatectomy was used to induce liver cell proliferation. RESULTS Claudin-3 is a highly expressed tight junction protein found in the liver and is expressed predominantly in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The histology of Cldn3-/- livers showed no overt phenotype, and the canalicular tight junctions appeared intact. Nevertheless, by RNA-seq we detected a down-regulation of metabolic pathways in the livers of Cldn3-/- young and aged mice, as well as a decrease in lipid content and a weakened biliary barrier for primary bile acids, such as taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and taurine-conjugated muricholic acid. Coinciding with defects in the biliary barrier and lower lipid metabolism, there was a diminished hepatocyte proliferative response in Cldn3-/- mice after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that, in the liver, claudin-3 is necessary to maintain metabolic homeostasis, retention of bile acids, and optimal hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. The RNA-seq data set can be accessed at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE159914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Alexander Baier
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Taltavull
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tural Yarahmadov
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gómez Castellà
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fadi Jebbawi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Tombolini
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Izurieta Pacheco AC, Monfort Carretero L, Prat Torres C, García-Alix Pérez A, Molera Busoms C. NISCH syndrome: An extremely rare cause of neonatal cholestasis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1257-1258. [PMID: 32863047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Prat Torres
- Pediatric Dermatology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Alix Pérez
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Dèu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, NeNe Foundation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Molera Busoms
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Roehlen N, Roca Suarez AA, El Saghire H, Saviano A, Schuster C, Lupberger J, Baumert TF. Tight Junction Proteins and the Biology of Hepatobiliary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030825. [PMID: 32012812 PMCID: PMC7038100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are intercellular adhesion complexes on epithelial cells and composed of integral membrane proteins as well as cytosolic adaptor proteins. Tight junction proteins have been recognized to play a key role in health and disease. In the liver, TJ proteins have several functions: they contribute as gatekeepers for paracellular diffusion between adherent hepatocytes or cholangiocytes to shape the blood-biliary barrier (BBIB) and maintain tissue homeostasis. At non-junctional localizations, TJ proteins are involved in key regulatory cell functions such as differentiation, proliferation, and migration by recruiting signaling proteins in response to extracellular stimuli. Moreover, TJ proteins are hepatocyte entry factors for the hepatitis C virus (HCV)—a major cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide. Perturbation of TJ protein expression has been reported in chronic HCV infection, cholestatic liver diseases as well as hepatobiliary carcinoma. Here we review the physiological function of TJ proteins in the liver and their implications in hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Houssein El Saghire
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonio Saviano
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Inserm UMR1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.R.); (A.A.R.S.); (H.E.S.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hepato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3688-53703
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Seker M, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Martínez-Cruz LA, Müller D. Mouse Models of Human Claudin-Associated Disorders: Benefits and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215504. [PMID: 31694170 PMCID: PMC6862546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher organisms, epithelia separate compartments in order to guarantee their proper function. Such structures are able to seal but also to allow substances to pass. Within the paracellular pathway, a supramolecular structure, the tight junction transport is largely controlled by the temporospatial regulation of its major protein family called claudins. Besides the fact that the expression of claudins has been identified in different forms of human diseases like cancer, clearly defined mutations in the corresponding claudin genes have been shown to cause distinct human disorders. Such disorders comprise the skin and its adjacent structures, liver, kidney, the inner ear, and the eye. From the phenotype analysis, it has also become clear that different claudins can cause a complex phenotype when expressed in different organs. To gain deeper insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of claudin-associated disorders, several mouse models have been generated. In order to model human disorders in detail, they have been designed either as full knockouts, knock-downs or knock-ins by a variety of techniques. Here, we review human disorders caused by CLDN mutations and their corresponding mouse models that have been generated thus far and assess their usefulness as a model for the corresponding human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seker
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | | | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Anesthetic Care of 2 Siblings With Neonatal Ichthyosis and Sclerosing Cholangitis Syndrome: Case Reports. A A Pract 2018; 11:216-218. [PMID: 29738332 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the anesthetic management of 2 sisters suffering from neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome. They both presented with neonatal cholestatic jaundice and ichthyosis. The first was admitted for orthotopic liver transplantation at the age of 1 year, and the second patient underwent open pyeloplasty for a pyeloureteric junction syndrome at the age of 4 years. These 2 case reports highlight that, except for the potential difficulties with securing the catheters, dressings and endotracheal tube to the skin, the anesthetic implications of neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome are mainly related to the liver disease: cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
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Aroor S, Kumar S, Mundkur S, Girisha KM. Ichthyosis congenita with biliary atresia: a rare association. Clin Dysmorphol 2018; 26:179-180. [PMID: 27824632 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrikiran Aroor
- Departments of aPediatrics bMedical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Szepetowski S, Lacoste C, Mallet S, Roquelaure B, Badens C, Fabre A. [NISCH syndrome, a rare cause of neonatal cholestasis: A case report]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:1228-1234. [PMID: 29146216 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NISCH syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. It is characterized by scalp hypotrichosis, scarring alopecia, ichthyosis, and neonatal sclerosing cholangitis. It is caused by mutations in the CLDN1 gene encoding the claudin-1 protein, which is located at tight junctions. Fifteen cases have been reported to date and three different mutations have been identified. We report on the case of a 2-year-old boy from a consanguineous Moroccan family, presenting with NISCH syndrome and carrying the so-called Moroccan homozygous mutation (c.200-201delTT). The patient presented with the characteristic symptoms of the syndrome and a favorable progression with normalization of hepatic analyses under symptomatic treatment (vitamin supplementation and ursodeoxycholic acid). The currently limited availability of clinical and therapeutic data does not allow accurate prediction of the course of the disease and short- and long-term prognosis. Moreover, substantial interindividual variability has been reported. Description of new cases will provide new insights into the understanding and the overall management of this syndrome, the course of which remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Szepetowski
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - C Lacoste
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - S Mallet
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - B Roquelaure
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - C Badens
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - A Fabre
- Service de gastropédiatrie, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), hôpital de La Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
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18
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Rasheed M, Shahzad S, Zaeem A, Afzal I, Gul A, Khalid S. Updated strategies for the management, pathogenesis and molecular genetics of different forms of ichthyosis syndromes with prominent hair abnormalities. Arch Dermatol Res 2017; 309:773-785. [PMID: 28913623 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-017-1780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic ichthyosis is rare inherited disorders of cornification with varied disease complications. This disorder appears in seventeen subtypes associated with severe systematic manifestations along with medical, cosmetic and social problems. Syndromic ichthyosis with prominent hair abnormalities covers five major subtypes: Netherton syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, ichthyosis hypotrichosis syndrome, ichthyosis hypotrichosis sclerosing cholangitis and ichthyosis follicularis atrichia photophobia syndrome. These syndromes mostly prevail in high consanguinity states, with distinctive clinical features. The known pathogenic molecules involved in ichthyosis syndromes with prominent hair abnormalities include SPINK5, ERCC2, ERCC3, GTF2H5, MPLKIP, ST14, CLDN1 and MBTPS2. Despite underlying genetic origin, most of the health professionals solely rely on phenotypic expression of these disorders that leads to improper management of patients, hence making these patients living an orphanage life. After dermal features, association of other systems such as nervous system, skeletal system, hair abnormalities or liver problems may sometimes give clues for diagnosis but still leaving place for molecular screening for efficient diagnosis. In this paper, we have presented a review of ichthyosis syndrome with prominent hair abnormalities, with special emphasis on their updated genetic consequences and disease management. Additionally, we aim to update health professionals about the practice of molecular screening in ichthyosis syndromes for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Rasheed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Maryum Block, International Islamic University Islamabad, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Maryum Block, International Islamic University Islamabad, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Afifa Zaeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Maryum Block, International Islamic University Islamabad, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Afzal
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Gul
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Maryum Block, International Islamic University Islamabad, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Khalid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Maryum Block, International Islamic University Islamabad, H-10, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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19
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Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Saeidian AH, Sotoudeh S, Zeinali S, Uitto J. Gene-Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies a Novel CLDN1 Mutation in a Consanguineous Family With NISCH Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:396-398. [PMID: 28154377 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soheila Sotoudeh
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Medical Center, Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Kirchmeier P, Sayar E, Hotz A, Hausser I, Islek A, Yilmaz A, Artan R, Fischer J. Novel mutation in the CLDN1 gene in a Turkish family with neonatal ichthyosis sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2015; 170:976-8. [PMID: 24641442 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Kirchmeier
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 33, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Dyer
- Dermatology and Child Health; University of Missouri; Columbia; Missouri
| | - Mary Spraker
- Dermatology and Child Health; University of Missouri; Columbia; Missouri
| | - Mary Williams
- Dermatology and Child Health; University of Missouri; Columbia; Missouri
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22
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Insights into the role of cell-cell junctions in physiology and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:187-221. [PMID: 24016526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contacting cells establish different classes of intricate structures at the cell-cell junctions. These structures are of increasing research interest as they regulate a broad variety of processes in development and disease. Further, in vitro studies are revealing that various cell-cell interaction proteins are involved not only in cell-cell processes but also in many additional aspects of physiology, such as migration and apoptosis. This chapter reviews the basic classification of cell-cell junctional structures and some of their representative proteins. Their roles in development and disease are briefly outlined, followed by a section on contemporary methods for probing cell-cell interactions and some recent developments. This chapter concludes with a few suggestions for potential research directions to further develop this promising area of study.
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Yuki T, Komiya A, Kusaka A, Kuze T, Sugiyama Y, Inoue S. Impaired tight junctions obstruct stratum corneum formation by altering polar lipid and profilaggrin processing. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 69:148-58. [PMID: 23273645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.11.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stratum corneum (SC) is a well-known structure responsible for the cutaneous barrier. Tight junctions (TJs) function as a paracellular barrier beneath the SC and are involved in the cutaneous barrier. It remains unclear how TJs are involved in the cutaneous barrier. OBJECTIVE In order to clarify the role of TJs in the cutaneous barrier, we investigated skin equivalent models with disrupted TJ barriers focusing on the SC. METHODS Skin equivalents with disrupted TJ barriers were established using GST-C-CPE, a peptide with specific inhibitory action against specific claudins. The changes of the SC barrier in the skin equivalents with disrupted TJ barriers were investigated and compared with control skin equivalents. RESULTS An outside-to-inside skin barrier assay revealed a defective SC barrier in skin equivalents with disrupted TJ barriers. A detailed examination of the SC revealed an increase in the pH of the SC in the skin equivalent with disrupted TJ barriers. An electron microscopy showed the failure of lamellar structures to mature and the failure of keratohyalin granules to degrade in the skin equivalents with disrupted TJ barriers. A thin layer chromatography analysis showed an increase in polar lipids and a decrease in non-polar lipids. A western blot analysis showed an increase in filaggrin dimer and trimer and a decrease in filaggrin monomer. CONCLUSION We found that disrupted TJs obstructed the SC formation responsible for the cutaneous barrier. Our study indicates the possibility that impaired TJ barriers affect polar lipids and profilaggrin processing by disturbing the pH condition of the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Yuki
- Innovative Beauty Science Laboratory, Kanebo Cosmetics Inc., Kotobuki-cho, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Grosse B, Cassio D, Yousef N, Bernardo C, Jacquemin E, Gonzales E. Claudin-1 involved in neonatal ichthyosis sclerosing cholangitis syndrome regulates hepatic paracellular permeability. Hepatology 2012; 55:1249-59. [PMID: 22030598 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome is a liver disease caused by mutations of CLDN1 encoding Claudin-1, a tight-junction (TJ) protein. In this syndrome, it is speculated that cholestasis is caused by Claudin-1 absence, leading to increased paracellular permeability and liver injuries secondary to paracellular bile regurgitation. We studied the role of claudin-1 in hepatic paracellular permeability. A NISCH liver and polarized rat cell lines forming TJs, the hepatocellular Can 10 and the cholangiocellular normal rat choloangiocyte (NRC), were used. In contrast to NRC, Can 10 does not express claudin-1. Can 10 cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding Claudin-1, and stable Claudin-1-expressing clones were isolated. Claudin-1 expression was silenced by transfection with short interfering RNA in Can 10 clones and with short hairpin RNA in NRC. Claudin-1 expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunolocalization. Paracellular permeability was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran passage in both lines and by transepithelial resistance measurements in NRC. In the NISCH liver, Claudin-1 was not detected in hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. In Claudin-1 expressing Can 10 clones, Claudin-1 was localized at the TJ and paracellular permeability was decreased, compared to parental Can 10 cells, this decrease correlating with claudin-1 levels. Silencing of Claudin-1 in Can 10 clones increased paracellular permeability to a level similar to that of parental cells. Similarly, we observed an increase of paracellular permeability in NRC cells silenced for claudin-1 expression. CONCLUSION Defect in claudin-1 expression increases paracellular permeability in polarized hepatic cell lines, supporting the hypothesis that paracellular bile leakage through deficient TJs is involved in liver pathology observed in NISCH syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Grosse
- INSERM UMR-S757, Orsay, University Paris-Sud 11, Paris, France
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Cheung ID, Bagnat M, Ma TP, Datta A, Evason K, Moore JC, Lawson ND, Mostov KE, Moens CB, Stainier DYR. Regulation of intrahepatic biliary duct morphogenesis by Claudin 15-like b. Dev Biol 2011; 361:68-78. [PMID: 22020048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrahepatic biliary ducts transport bile produced by the hepatocytes out of the liver. Defects in biliary cell differentiation and biliary duct remodeling cause a variety of congenital diseases including Alagille Syndrome and polycystic liver disease. While the molecular pathways regulating biliary cell differentiation have received increasing attention (Lemaigre, 2010), less is known about the cellular behavior underlying biliary duct remodeling. Here, we have identified a novel gene, claudin 15-like b (cldn15lb), which exhibits a unique and dynamic expression pattern in the hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in zebrafish. Claudins are tight junction proteins that have been implicated in maintaining epithelial polarity, regulating paracellular transport, and providing barrier function. In zebrafish cldn15lb mutant livers, tight junctions are observed between hepatocytes, but these cells show polarization defects as well as canalicular malformations. Furthermore, cldn15lb mutants show abnormalities in biliary duct morphogenesis whereby biliary epithelial cells remain clustered together and form a disorganized network. Our data suggest that Cldn15lb plays an important role in the remodeling process during biliary duct morphogenesis. Thus, cldn15lb mutants provide a novel in vivo model to study the role of tight junction proteins in the remodeling of the biliary network and hereditary cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla D Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, and Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Neonatal ichthyosis and sclerosing cholangitis syndrome: extremely variable liver disease severity from claudin-1 deficiency. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53:350-4. [PMID: 21865982 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182169433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Haftek M, Callejon S, Sandjeu Y, Padois K, Falson F, Pirot F, Portes P, Demarne F, Jannin V. Compartmentalization of the human stratum corneum by persistent tight junction-like structures. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:617-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses: results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Sorèze 2009. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:607-41. [PMID: 20643494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited ichthyoses belong to a large, clinically and etiologically heterogeneous group of mendelian disorders of cornification, typically involving the entire integument. Over the recent years, much progress has been made defining their molecular causes. However, there is no internationally accepted classification and terminology. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish a consensus for the nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses. METHODS The classification project started at the First World Conference on Ichthyosis in 2007. A large international network of expert clinicians, skin pathologists, and geneticists entertained an interactive dialogue over 2 years, eventually leading to the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference held in Sorèze, France, on January 23 and 24, 2009, where subcommittees on different issues proposed terminology that was debated until consensus was reached. RESULTS It was agreed that currently the nosology should remain clinically based. "Syndromic" versus "nonsyndromic" forms provide a useful major subdivision. Several clinical terms and controversial disease names have been redefined: eg, the group caused by keratin mutations is referred to by the umbrella term, "keratinopathic ichthyosis"-under which are included epidermolytic ichthyosis, superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis, and ichthyosis Curth-Macklin. "Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis" is proposed as an umbrella term for the harlequin ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis, and the congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma group. LIMITATIONS As more becomes known about these diseases in the future, modifications will be needed. CONCLUSION We have achieved an international consensus for the classification of inherited ichthyosis that should be useful for all clinicians and can serve as reference point for future research.
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Gupta IR, Ryan AK. Claudins: unlocking the code to tight junction function during embryogenesis and in disease. Clin Genet 2010; 77:314-25. [PMID: 20447145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Claudins are the structural and molecular building blocks of tight junctions. Individual cells express more than one claudin family member, which suggests that a combinatorial claudin code that imparts flexibility and dynamic regulation of tight junction function could exist. Although we have learned much from manipulating claudin expression and function in cell lines, loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments in animal model systems are essential for understanding how claudin-based boundaries function in the context of a living embryo and/or tissue. These in vivo manipulations have pointed to roles for claudins in maintaining the epithelial integrity of cell layers, establishing micro-environments and contributing to the overall shape of an embryo or tissue. In addition, loss-of-function mutations in combination with the characterization of mutations in human disease have demonstrated the importance of claudins in regulating paracellular transport of solutes and water during normal physiological states. In this review, we will discuss specific examples of in vivo studies that illustrate the function of claudin family members during development and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Elkouby-Naor L, Ben-Yosef T. Functions of claudin tight junction proteins and their complex interactions in various physiological systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 279:1-32. [PMID: 20797675 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)79001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the claudin family of proteins are the main components of tight junctions (TJs), the major selective barrier of the paracellular pathway between epithelial cells. As such, the claudins have the ability to generate the TJ physiological barrier and to control various physiological processes. Therefore, the importance of this family of proteins is obvious and many efforts were made to reveal different aspects of claudin TJ protein biology. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of claudin structure and function, as well as their distribution pattern in different organs and tissues. We mainly highlight the complex interactions of claudins in various physiological systems and suggest a possible role for a coregulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Elkouby-Naor
- Department of Genetics, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
The desmosomes form the basis of intercellular support structure within the epidermis. However, various junctions, including gap junctions, adherens junctions, and tight junctions play an important part in the intercellular bridges that are vital for cell—cell interactions and structural stability. Numerous mutations can affect the genetic structure that make up these junctions and in turn cause disease. Most of these conditions have hair abnormalities and this article will briefly elucidate the various manifestations in the hair. As these junctional elements are found in other organs like the heart, liver, and eye, there could be serious systemic associations along with the hair changes.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Missing permanent teeth is observed with syndromes or is frequently hereditarily propagated in families. The treatment of these patients is a multi-task of specialists of oral surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics. DISCUSSION Despite functional and aesthetic considerations, the main problem of all treatment is that it had to be performed in a growing child. This article discusses the conventional and implant-driven concepts to treat patients from childhood to adolescence with selective or multiple missing permanent teeth.
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Knockout animals and natural mutations as experimental and diagnostic tool for studying tight junction functions in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:813-9. [PMID: 18706387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two sides of functions of tight junctions; the barrier and the channel in the paracellular pathway are believed to be essential for the development and physiological functions of organs. Recent identification of molecular components of tight junctions has enabled us to analyze their functions by generating knockout mice of the corresponding genes. In addition, positional cloning has identified mutations in the genes of several components of tight junctions in hereditary diseases. These studies have highlighted in vivo functions of tight junctions.
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Zimmerli SC, Kerl K, Hadj-Rabia S, Hohl D, Hauser C. Human epidermal Langerhans cells express the tight junction protein claudin-1 and are present in human genetic claudin-1 deficiency (NISCH syndrome). Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:20-3. [PMID: 18095941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-1 (CLDN1) is a structural tight junction (TJ) protein and is expressed in differentiating keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Our objective was to identify immunoreactive CLDN1 in human epidermal Langerhans cells and to examine the pattern of epidermal Langerhans cells in genetic human CLDN1 deficiency [neonatal ichthyosis, sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome]. Epidermal cells from healthy human skin labelled with CLDN1-specific antibodies were analysed by confocal laser immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Skin biopsy sections of two patients with NISCH syndrome were stained with an antibody to CD1a expressed on epidermal Langerhans cells. Epidermal Langerhans cells and a subpopulation of keratinocytes from healthy skin were positive for CLDN1. The gross number and distribution of epidermal Langerhans cells of two patients with molecularly confirmed NISCH syndrome, however, was not grossly altered. Therefore, CLDN1 is unlikely to play a critical role in migration of Langerhans cells (or their precursors) to the epidermis or their positioning within the epidermis. Our findings do not exclude a role of this TJ molecule once Langerhans cells have left the epidermis for draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Zimmerli
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes represent intricate structural intercellular channels and bridges that are present in several tissues, including epidermis. Clues to the important function of these units in epithelial cell biology have been gleaned from a variety of studies including naturally occurring and engineered mutations, animal models and other in vitro experiments. In this review, we focus on mutations that have been detected in human diseases. These observations provide intriguing insight into the biological complexities of cell-cell contact and intercellular communication as well as demonstrating the spectrum of inherited human diseases that are associated with mutations in genes encoding the component proteins. Over the last decade or so, human gene mutations have been reported in four tight junction proteins (claudin 1, 14, 16, and zona occludens 2), nine gap junction proteins (connexin 26, 30, 30.3, 31, 32, 40, 43, 46, and 50), one adherens junction protein (P-cadherin) and eight components of desmosomes (plakophilin (PKP) 1 and 2, desmoplakin, plakoglobin--which is also present in adherens junctions, desmoglein (DSG) 1, 2, 4, and corneodesmosin). These discoveries have often highlighted novel or unusual phenotypes, including abnormal skin barrier function, alterations in epidermal differentiation, and developmental anomalies of various ectodermal appendages, especially hair, as well as a range of extracutaneous pathologies. However, this review focuses mainly on inherited disorders of junctions that have an abnormal skin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey E Lai-Cheong
- King's College London, The Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' School of Medicine, Genetic Skin Disease Group, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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Abstract
'Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis' is a term that has traditionally been used to denote a clinical syndrome manifest by prolonged jaundice in the neonate. This description is now used much less frequently because recent studies unite well-defined clinical, biochemical and molecular features of intrahepatic cholestasis into specific syndromes. Advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of cholestatic syndromes now enable the classification of syndromes based on biology and offer an opportunity to develop new diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies that take into account the genetic make-up of the child with cholestasis.
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MESH Headings
- Bile/metabolism
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/diagnosis
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/genetics
- Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/therapy
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Hepatitis/diagnosis
- Hepatitis/embryology
- Hepatitis/genetics
- Hepatitis/therapy
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/embryology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/embryology
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Balistreri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Feldmeyer L, Huber M, Fellmann F, Beckmann JS, Frenk E, Hohl D. Confirmation of the origin of NISCH syndrome. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:408-10. [PMID: 16619213 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive ichthyosis syndrome characterized by scalp hypotrichosis, scarring alopecia, ichthyosis, and sclerosing cholangitis, was described for the first time in 2002. It is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the tight junction protein claudin-1. Only four patients carrying the same mutation of the CLDN1 gene have been described until now. We report a patient presenting with the clinical characteristics of NISCH syndrome and carrying a novel mutation in the CLDN1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feldmeyer
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Hadj-Rabia S, Baala L, Vabres P, Hamel-Teillac D, Jacquemin E, Fabre M, Lyonnet S, De Prost Y, Munnich A, Hadchouel M, Smahi A. Claudin-1 gene mutations in neonatal sclerosing cholangitis associated with ichthyosis: a tight junction disease. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:1386-90. [PMID: 15521008 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most human and animal cholestatic disorders are associated with changes in hepatocyte cytoskeleton and tight junctions (TJs). These changes are usually secondary and nonspecific phenomena, both in intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Recently, missense mutations in TJ protein 2 (ZO-2) have been identified in patients with familial hypercholanemia. In the liver, TJs separate bile flow from plasma and are composed of strands of claudins and occludin. We previously assigned a syndrome associating ichthyosis and neonatal sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH syndrome) to chromosome 3q27-q28. We considered claudin-1 to be a strong candidate gene based on its mapping to the minimum interval and on the expression pattern of the mouse ortholog. METHODS The 4 exons and intron-exon junctions of claudin-1 gene were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction protocols and specific primers. Western blot analysis on cultured fibroblasts and immunohistochemistry on liver tissue section were performed using rabbit anti-claudin-1 antibodies. RESULTS We described in 4 patients, of 2 inbred kindred of Moroccan origin, a 2-bp deletion (200-201 TT) in exon 1 of the claudin-1 gene arising in a premature stop codon and resulting in total absence of claudin-1 protein in the liver and skin. CONCLUSIONS Lack of claudin-1 in NISCH syndrome may lead to increased paracellular permeability between epithelial cells. Bile duct injury may be related to the absence of claudin-1 expression in cholangiocytes. Our observation, in conjunction with ZO-2-associated hypercholanemia, emphasizes the role played by TJ components in hereditary cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Abstract
The biliary tree extends from the canals of Hering at the margin of the most peripheral portal tracts to the ampulla of Vater. Malformations occur at every level of this structure. Phenotypic features dominate present understanding of these malformations and of the disorders with which they are associated. Classifications of disease will likely shift from a phenotypic basis to a genotypic basis as genes implicated in biliary tree development and function are identified. Involvement of such genes in biliary tree disorders now considered inflammatory, such as extrahepatic biliary atresia, awaits study. The concept of "feeble cholangiocytes" postnatally susceptible to the effects of "toxic bile" is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Knisely
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom.
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Srinivasan R, Hadzić N, Fischer J, Knisely AS. Steatohepatitis and unsuspected micronodular cirrhosis in Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome with documented ABHD5 mutation. J Pediatr 2004; 144:662-5. [PMID: 15127008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in ABHD5 causes Dorfman-Chanarin syndrome (DCS), a multisystem triglyceride storage disorder. Ultrastructural study of leukocytes confirmed DCS in a child homozygous for a novel ABHD5 mutation, with ichthyosis, developmental delay, and steatohepatitis with cirrhosis, manifest only as elevated aminotranferase levels. We recommend early assessment for liver disease in DCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Srinivasan
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis, or impairment of bile flow, is an important manifestation of inherited and acquired liver disease. In recent years, human genetic and molecular studies have identified several genes, the disruption of which results in cholestasis. ATP8B1 (FIC1), ABCB11 (BSEP), and ABCB4 (MDR3) are disrupted in forms of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and related disorders. Mutations in BAAT, TJP2 (ZO-2), and EPHX1 have been identified in patients with hypercholanemia. A CLDN1 mutation was recently reported in patients with ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, alopecia and sclerosing cholangitis (ILVASC), and North American Indian childhood cirrhosis (NAIC) is associated with a missense mutation in CIRH1A. Alagille syndrome patients carry mutations in JAG1, and mutations in VPS33B have been identified in patients with arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome (ARC). Identification of these genes, and characterization of the proteins they encode, is enhancing our understanding of the biology of the enterohepatic circulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E H Carlton
- Liver Center Laboratory and Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
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