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Ueda R, Hashimoto R, Fujii Y, Menezes JCJMDS, Takahashi H, Takeda H, Sawasaki T, Motokawa T, Tokunaga K, Fujita H. Membrane-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase RING Finger Protein 152 Orchestrates Melanogenesis via Tyrosinase Ubiquitination. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:43. [PMID: 38392670 PMCID: PMC10890620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation of tyrosinase, a pivotal enzyme in melanin synthesis, negatively impacts melanogenesis in melanocytes. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms by which lysosomes target tyrosinase have remained elusive. Here, we identify RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger protein 152 (RNF152) as a membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase specifically targeting tyrosinase for the first time, utilizing AlphaScreen technology. We observed that modulating RNF152 levels in B16 cells, either via overexpression or siRNA knockdown, resulted in decreased or increased levels of both tyrosinase and melanin, respectively. Notably, RNF152 and tyrosinase co-localized at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). However, upon treatment with lysosomal inhibitors, both proteins appeared in the lysosomes, indicating that tyrosinase undergoes RNF152-mediated lysosomal degradation. Through ubiquitination assays, we found the indispensable roles of both the RING and transmembrane (TM) domains of RNF152 in facilitating tyrosinase ubiquitination. In summary, our findings underscore RNF152 as a tyrosinase-specific ubiquitin ligase essential for regulating melanogenesis in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - José C J M D S Menezes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
- Esteem Industries Pvt Ltd., Bicholim 403529, Goa, India
| | | | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tomonori Motokawa
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama 244-0812, Japan
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
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2
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Logesh R, Prasad SR, Chipurupalli S, Robinson N, Mohankumar SK. Natural tyrosinase enzyme inhibitors: A path from melanin to melanoma and its reported pharmacological activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188968. [PMID: 37657683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin containing melanin pigment acts as a protective barrier and counteracts the UVR and other environmental stressors to maintain or restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. The production of melanin pigment is dependent on tyrosine levels. L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) can serve both as a substrates and intermediates of melanin synthetic pathway and as inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis. The biosynthesis of melanin is stimulated upon exposure to UVR, which can also stimulate local production of hormonal factors, which can stimulate melanoma development by altering the chemical properties of eu- and pheomelanin. The process of melanogenesis can be altered by several pathways. One involves activation of POMC, with the production of POMC peptides including MSH and ACTH, which increase intracellular cAMP levels, which activates the MITF, and helps to stimulate tyrosinase (TYR) expression and activity. Defects in OCA1 to 4 affects melanogenic activity via posttranslational modifications resulting in proteasomal degradation and reducing pigmentation. Further, altering, the MITF factor, helps to regulate the expression of MRGE in melanoma, and helps to increase the TYR glycosylation in ER. CRH stimulates POMC peptides that regulate melanogenesis and also by itself can stimulate melanogenesis. The POMC, P53, ACTH, MSH, MC1R, MITF, and 6-BH4 are found to be important regulators for pigmentation. Melanogenesis can affect melanoma behaviour and inhibit immune responses. Therefore, we reviewed natural products that would alter melanin production. Our special focus was on targeting melanin synthesis and TYR enzyme activity to inhibit melanogenesis as an adjuvant therapy of melanotic melanoma. Furthermore, this review also outlines the current updated pharmacological studies targeting the TYR enzyme from natural sources and its consequential effects on melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sagar Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Varadaraja Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- Pharmacy, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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3
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Lin S, Sanchez-Bretaño A, Leslie JS, Williams KB, Lee H, Thomas NS, Callaway J, Deline J, Ratnayaka JA, Baralle D, Schmitt MA, Norman CS, Hammond S, Harlalka GV, Ennis S, Cross HE, Wenger O, Crosby AH, Baple EL, Self JE. Evidence that the Ser192Tyr/Arg402Gln in cis Tyrosinase gene haplotype is a disease-causing allele in oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:2. [PMID: 35027574 PMCID: PMC8758782 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is caused by pathogenic variants in the TYR (tyrosinase) gene which encodes the critical and rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. It is the most common OCA subtype found in Caucasians, accounting for ~50% of cases worldwide. The apparent 'missing heritability' in OCA is well described, with ~25-30% of clinically diagnosed individuals lacking two clearly pathogenic variants. Here we undertook empowered genetic studies in an extensive multigenerational Amish family, alongside a review of previously published literature, a retrospective analysis of in-house datasets, and tyrosinase activity studies. Together this provides irrefutable evidence of the pathogenicity of two common TYR variants, p.(Ser192Tyr) and p.(Arg402Gln) when inherited in cis alongside a pathogenic TYR variant in trans. We also show that homozygosity for the p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) TYR haplotype results in a very mild, but fully penetrant, albinism phenotype. Together these data underscore the importance of including the TYR p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) in cis haplotype as a pathogenic allele causative of OCA, which would likely increase molecular diagnoses in this missing heritability albinism cohort by 25-50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Aida Sanchez-Bretaño
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Katie B Williams
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - N Simon Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Jonathan Callaway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - James Deline
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie A Schmitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea S Norman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Sheri Hammond
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, Buldana, India
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harold E Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Olivia Wenger
- New Leaf Clinic, PO Box 336, 16014 East Chestnut Street, Mount Eaton, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, 214 West Bowery Street, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jay E Self
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
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Characterization of Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Oculocutaneous Albinism-Causing Mutants of Tyrosinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157771. [PMID: 34360537 PMCID: PMC8346126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (Tyr) is a glycoenzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in melanin production, and its gene (TYR) is mutated in many cases of oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1). The mechanisms by which individual mutations contribute to the diverse pigmentation phenotype in patients with OCA1 have only began to be examined and remain to be delineated. Here, we analyze the temperature-dependent kinetics of wild-type Tyr (WT) and two OCA1B mutant variants (R422Q and P406L) using Michaelis–Menten and Van’t Hoff analyses. Recombinant truncated human Tyr proteins (residues 19–469) were produced in the whole insect Trichoplusia Ni larvae. Proteins were purified by a combination of affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The temperature dependence of diphenol oxidase protein activities and kinetic parameters were measured by dopachrome absorption. Using the same experimental conditions, computational simulations were performed to assess the temperature-dependent association of L-DOPA and Tyr. Our results revealed, for the first time, that the association of L-DOPA with R422Q and P406L followed by dopachrome formation is a complex reaction supported by enthalpy and entropy forces. We show that the WT has a higher turnover number as compared with both R422Q and P406L. Elucidating the kinetics and thermodynamics of mutant variants of Tyr in OCA1B helps to understand the mechanisms by which they lower Tyr catalytic activity and to discover novel therapies for patients.
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Lawana V, Um SY, Rochet JC, Turesky RJ, Shannahan JH, Cannon JR. Neuromelanin Modulates Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:171-188. [PMID: 31562763 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagens and potential human carcinogens. Our group and others have demonstrated that HAAs may also produce selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity, potentially relevant to Parkinson's disease (PD). The goal of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of HAA-induced neurotoxicity through examining a translational biochemical weakness of common PD models. Neuromelanin is a pigmented byproduct of dopamine metabolism that has been debated as being both neurotoxic and neuroprotective in PD. Importantly, neuromelanin is known to bind and potentially release dopaminergic neurotoxicants, including HAAs (eg, β-carbolines such as harmane). Binding of other HAA subclasses (ie, aminoimidazoaazarenes) to neuromelanin has not been investigated, nor has a specific role for neuromelanin in mediating HAA-induced neurotoxicity been examined. Thus, we investigated the role of neuromelanin in modulating HAA-induced neurotoxicity. We characterized melanin from Sepia officinalis and synthetic dopamine melanin, proposed neuromelanin analogs with similar biophysical properties. Using a cell-free assay, we demonstrated strong binding of harmane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) to neuromelanin analogs. To increase cellular neuromelanin, we transfected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with tyrosinase. Relative to controls, tyrosinase-expressing cells exhibited increased neuromelanin levels, cellular HAA uptake, cell toxicity, and oxidative damage. Given that typical cellular and rodent PD models form far lower neuromelanin levels than humans, there is a critical translational weakness in assessing HAA-neurotoxicity. The primary impacts of these results are identification of a potential mechanism by which HAAs accumulate in catecholaminergic neurons and support for the need to conduct neurotoxicity studies in systems forming neuromelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Lawana
- School of Health Sciences.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience
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6
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Shahrisa A, Nikkhah M, Shirzad H, Behzadi R, Sadeghizadeh M. Enhancing Catecholase Activity of a Recombinant Human Tyrosinase Through Multiple Strategies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 18:e2310. [PMID: 33542935 PMCID: PMC7856396 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2020.137293.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tyrosinases are copper-containing enzymes that initiate the melanin synthesis. They catalyze the direct oxidation of L-tyrosine or L-DOPA into L-DOPAquinone. Objectives: In present study, we aimed to obtain a recombinant tyrosinase with enhanced catecholase activity through site-directed mutagenesis. Materials and Methods: The coding sequence of human tyrosinase along with native signal sequence was cloned into pET-28a (+).
BL-21 was used as expression host and recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA resins.
Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on M374 residue to achieve four mutants: M374D, M374T, M374K and M374R. Chloride ions (Cl-)
were removed from all solutions, and an extra amount of Cu2+ ions was added to recombinant tyrosinases by a novel technique
during the purification process. Removal of Cl- ions and addition of extra Cu2+ ions tripled catecholase activity
of the recombinant protein. Therefore, all mutants were obtained under similar conditions. Results: Although all the mutants presented higher catecholase activity in comparison to the wild-type enzyme,
a significant increase in catecholase activity of the M374D mutant was observed ‒ 13.2-fold. In silico modeling
suggested that a de novo hydrogen bond occurs between side chain carboxyl oxygens of D374 and H367 in M374D.
In the wild-type tyrosinase, the peptide oxygen atom of M374 is responsible for hydrogen bonding with H367. Conclusions: Our data suggests that M374D mutational variant has applications in different areas such as agriculture, industry, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Shahrisa
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Shirzad
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roudabeh Behzadi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Nathan V, Johansson PA, Palmer JM, Howlie M, Hamilton HR, Wadt K, Jönsson G, Brooks KM, Pritchard AL, Hayward NK. Germline variants in oculocutaneous albinism genes and predisposition to familial cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:854-863. [PMID: 31233279 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1%-2% of cutaneous melanoma (CM) is classified as strongly familial. We sought to investigate unexplained CM predisposition in families negative for the known susceptibility genes using next-generation sequencing of affected individuals. Segregation of germline variants of interest within families was assessed by Sanger sequencing. Several heterozygous variants in oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) genes: TYR, OCA2, TYRP1 and SLC45A2, were present in our CM cohort. OCA is a group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders, resulting in pigmentation defects of the eyes, hair and skin. Missense variants classified as pathogenic for OCA were present in multiple families and some fully segregated with CM. The functionally compromised TYR p.T373K variant was present in three unrelated families. In OCA2, known pathogenic variants: p.V443I and p.N489D, were present in three families and one family, respectively. We identified a likely pathogenic SLC45A2 frameshift variant that fully segregated with CM in a family of four cases. Another four-case family harboured cosegregating variants (p.A24T and p.R153C) of uncertain functional significance in TYRP1. We conclude that rare, heterozygous variants in OCA genes confer moderate risk for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Nathan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter A Johansson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane M Palmer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeleine Howlie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hayley R Hamilton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelly M Brooks
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antonia L Pritchard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, Scotland
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Boo YC. p-Coumaric Acid as An Active Ingredient in Cosmetics: A Review Focusing on its Antimelanogenic Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31382682 PMCID: PMC6720745 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling unwanted hyperpigmentation is a major challenge in dermatology and cosmetology, and safe and efficacious antimelanogenic agents are deemed useful for this purpose. p-Coumaric acid is a natural metabolite contained in many edible plants, and its antioxidant activities in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions have been demonstrated in various experimental models. p-Coumaric acid has the optimal structure to be a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase that catalyzes key reactions in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Experimental evidence supports this notion as it was found to be a more potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, especially toward human enzymes, than other well-known tyrosinase inhibitors such as arbutin and kojic acid. p-Coumaric acid inhibited melanin synthesis in murine melanoma cells, human epidermal melanocytes, and reconstituted three-dimensional human skin models. Ex-vivo skin permeation experiments and in-vivo efficacy tests for p-coumaric acid confirmed its efficient transdermal delivery and functional efficacy in reducing erythema development and skin pigmentation due to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Human studies further supported its effectiveness in hypopigmentation and depigmentation. These findings suggest that p-coumaric acid has good potential to be used as a skin-lightening active ingredient in cosmetics. Future studies are needed to extensively examine its safety and efficacy and to develop an optimized cosmetic formulation for the best performance in skin lightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
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9
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Fürst K, Steder M, Logotheti S, Angerilli A, Spitschak A, Marquardt S, Schumacher T, Engelmann D, Herchenröder O, Rupp RAW, Pützer BM. DNp73-induced degradation of tyrosinase links depigmentation with EMT-driven melanoma progression. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:299-309. [PMID: 30445206 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, requiring personalized management of advanced stages and establishment of molecular markers. Melanomas derive from melanocytes, which specifically express tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin-synthesis. We demonstrate that melanomas with high levels of DNp73, a cancer-specific variant of the p53 family member p73 and driver of melanoma progression show, in contrast to their less-aggressive low-DNp73 counterparts, hypopigmentation in vivo. Mechanistically, reduced melanin-synthesis is mediated by a DNp73-activated IGF1R/PI3K/AKT axis leading to tyrosinase ER-arrest and proteasomal degradation. Tyrosinase loss triggers reactivation of the EMT signaling cascade, a mesenchymal-like cell phenotype and increased invasiveness. DNp73-induced depigmentation, Slug increase and changes in cell motility are recapitulated in neural crest-derived melanophores of Xenopus embryos, underscoring a previously unnoticed physiological role of tyrosinase as EMT inhibitor. This data provides a mechanism of hypopigmentation accompanying cancer progression, which can be exploited in precision diagnosis of patients with melanoma-associated hypopigmentation (MAH), currently seen as a favorable prognostic factor. The DNp73/IGF1R/Slug signature in colorless lesions might aid to clinically discriminate between patients with MAH-associated metastatic disease and those, where MAH is indeed a sign of regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Fürst
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marc Steder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stella Logotheti
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessandro Angerilli
- Biomedical Center Munich, Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alf Spitschak
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Toni Schumacher
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralph A W Rupp
- Biomedical Center Munich, Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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10
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GUO DP, WANG YH, XU TB, ZHANG Y, Li LF, CHEN JK, WANG XZ, LI P, LUO JK. Rapid Determination of Phenylalanine by Micro-chip Based Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry Technology. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Dolinska MB, Kovaleva E, Backlund P, Wingfield PT, Brooks BP, Sergeev YV. Albinism-causing mutations in recombinant human tyrosinase alter intrinsic enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84494. [PMID: 24392141 PMCID: PMC3879332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzes the rate-limiting, first step in melanin production and its gene (TYR) is mutated in many cases of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1), an autosomal recessive cause of childhood blindness. Patients with reduced TYR activity are classified as OCA1B; some OCA1B mutations are temperature-sensitive. Therapeutic research for OCA1 has been hampered, in part, by the absence of purified, active, recombinant wild-type and mutant human enzymes. Methodology/Principal Findings The intra-melanosomal domain of human tyrosinase (residues 19–469) and two OCA1B related temperature-sensitive mutants, R422Q and R422W were expressed in insect cells and produced in T. ni larvae. The short trans-membrane fragment was deleted to avoid potential protein insolubility, while preserving all other functional features of the enzymes. Purified tyrosinase was obtained with a yield of >1 mg per 10 g of larval biomass. The protein was a monomeric glycoenzyme with maximum enzyme activity at 37°C and neutral pH. The two purified mutants when compared to the wild-type protein were less active and temperature sensitive. These differences are associated with conformational perturbations in secondary structure. Conclusions/Significance The intramelanosomal domains of recombinant wild-type and mutant human tyrosinases are soluble monomeric glycoproteins with activities which mirror their in vivo function. This advance allows for the structure – function analyses of different mutant TYR proteins and correlation with their corresponding human phenotypes; it also provides an important tool to discover drugs that may improve tyrosinase activity and treat OCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B. Dolinska
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Kovaleva
- Chesapeake PERL, Savage, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Backlund
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPB); (YVS)
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPB); (YVS)
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12
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Slominski A, Zmijewski MA, Pawelek J. L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine as hormone-like regulators of melanocyte functions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:14-27. [PMID: 21834848 PMCID: PMC3242935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), besides serving as substrates and intermediates of melanogenesis, are also bioregulatory agents acting not only as inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis but also as regulators of other cellular functions. These can be mediated through action on specific receptors or through non-receptor-mediated mechanisms. The substrate induced (L-tyrosine and/or L-DOPA) melanogenic pathway would autoregulate itself as well as regulate the melanocyte functions through the activity of its structural or regulatory proteins and through intermediates of melanogenesis and melanin itself. Dissection of regulatory and autoregulatory elements of this process may elucidate how substrate-induced autoregulatory pathways have evolved from prokaryotic or simple eukaryotic organisms to complex systems in vertebrates. This could substantiate an older theory proposing that receptors for amino acid-derived hormones arose from the receptors for those amino acids, and that nuclear receptors evolved from primitive intracellular receptors binding nutritional factors or metabolic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA.
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13
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Olivares C, Solano F. New insights into the active site structure and catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and its related proteins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:750-60. [PMID: 19735457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are widely distributed in nature. They are copper-containing oxidases belonging to the type 3 copper protein family, together with catechol oxidases and haemocyanins. Tyrosinases are essential enzymes in melanin biosynthesis and therefore responsible for pigmentation of skin and hair in mammals, where two more enzymes, the tyrosinase-related proteins (Tyrps), participate in the pathway. The structure and catalytic mechanism of mammalian tyrosinases have been extensively studied but they are not completely understood because of the lack of information on the tertiary structure. The availability of crystallographic data of one plant catechol oxidase and one bacterial tyrosinase has improved the model of the three-dimensional structure of the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, sequence comparison of tyrosinase and the Tyrps reveals that the three orthologue proteins share many key structural features, because of their common origin from an ancestral gene, although the specific residues responsible for their different catalytic capabilities have not been identified yet. This review summarizes our current knowledge of tyrosinase and Tyrps structure and function and describes the catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase and Dct/Tyrp2, which are better characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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14
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Ostankovitch M, Altrich-Vanlith M, Robila V, Engelhard VH. N-glycosylation enhances presentation of a MHC class I-restricted epitope from tyrosinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4830-5. [PMID: 19342661 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the mechanism of processing of an HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide epitope, Tyr(369)(D), derived from the membrane protein tyrosinase, involves retrotranslocation of glycosylated molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, removal of an N-linked carbohydrate from Asn(371) by peptide N-glycanase, proteolysis by the proteasome and other proteases, and retransport of the resulting peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for association with HLA-A*0201. Carbohydrate removal results in deamidation of Asn(371) to aspartic acid. The asparagine-containing homolog of this peptide, Tyr(369)(N), is not presented by tyrosinase-expressing cells, and this has been presumed to be due to quantitative glycosylation of Asn(371). Although examining cytosolic intermediates that accumulated in human melanoma cells treated with proteasome inhibitors, we were surprised to find both molecules that had been deglycosylated by peptide N-glycanase and a large number of molecules that had not been previously glycosylated. The failure of Tyr(369)(N) to be processed and presented from these latter molecules may be partially due to a process of deamidation independent of glycosylation. However, we also established that proteasomes degrade tyrosinase molecules that are still glycosylated, giving rise to a set of discrete intermediates that are not observed when unglycosylated molecules are degraded. We propose that Tyr(369)(N) fails to be presented because unglycosylated tyrosinase is degraded rapidly and relatively nonselectively. In contrast, glycosylation alters the selectivity of tyrosinase processing by the proteasome, enhancing the production or survival of Tyr(369)(D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ostankovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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15
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An SM, Kim HJ, Kim JE, Boo YC. Flavonoids, taxifolin and luteolin attenuate cellular melanogenesis despite increasing tyrosinase protein levels. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1200-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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An S, Lee S, Choi S, Moon SW, Boo Y. p-Coumaric acid, a constituent ofSasa quelpaertensisNakai, inhibits cellular melanogenesis stimulated by -melanocyte stimulating hormone. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:292-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Altrich-VanLith ML, Ostankovitch M, Polefrone JM, Mosse CA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Engelhard VH. Processing of a Class I-Restricted Epitope from Tyrosinase Requires Peptide N-Glycanase and the Cooperative Action of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 and Cytosolic Proteases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5440-50. [PMID: 17015730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple components of the class I MHC processing pathway have been elucidated, the participation of nonproteasomal cytosolic enzymes has been largely unexplored. In this study, we provide evidence for multiple cytosolic mechanisms in the generation of an HLA-A*0201-associated epitope from tyrosinase. This epitope is presented in two isoforms containing either Asn or Asp, depending on the structure of the tyrosinase precursor. We show that deamidation of Asn to Asp is dependent on glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and subsequent deglycosylation by peptide-N-glycanase in the cytosol. Epitope precursors with N-terminal extensions undergo a similar process. This is linked to an inability of ER aminopeptidase 1 to efficiently remove N-terminal residues, necessitating processing by nonproteasomal peptidases in the cytosol. Our work demonstrates that processing of this tyrosinase epitope involves recycling between the ER and cytosol, and an obligatory interplay between enzymes involved in proteolysis and glycosylation/deglycosylation located in both compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Altrich-VanLith
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1386, USA
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18
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Wang N, Hebert DN. Tyrosinase maturation through the mammalian secretory pathway: bringing color to life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:3-18. [PMID: 16420243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase has been extensively utilized as a model substrate to study the maturation of glycoproteins in the mammalian secretory pathway. The visual nature of its enzymatic activity (melanin production) has facilitated the identification and characterization of the proteins that assist it becoming a functional enzyme, localized to its proper cellular location. Here, we review the steps involved in the maturation of tyrosinase from when it is first synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes until the mature protein reaches its post-Golgi residence in the melanosomes. These steps include protein processing, covalent modifications, chaperone binding, oligomerization, and trafficking. The disruption of any of these steps can lead to a wide range of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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19
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Wang T, Waters CT, Jakins T, Yates JRW, Trump D, Bradshaw K, Moore AT. Temperature sensitive oculocutaneous albinism associated with missense changes in the tyrosinase gene. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:1383-4. [PMID: 16170149 PMCID: PMC1772864 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Miyamura Y, Verma IC, Saxena R, Murase A, Kono M, Suzuki T, Yasue S, Shibata SI, Sakakibara A, Tomita Y. Establishment of tyrosinase sequence database in normally pigmented Indians and Japanese for rapid determination of novel mutations. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 39:167-73. [PMID: 15885985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many mutations of the tyrosinase gene have been reported in oculocutaneous albinism type I (OCA1) patient. In the future, a greater number of novel mutations will be found as the search for pathological mutations in the tyrosinase genes of OCA patients from various ethnic origins. For rapid determination in future whether an observed mutation is a polymorphism or a novel pathological one, sequence databases of the gene of various ethnic people are needed. OBJECTIVE We established a sequence database of the tyrosinase gene of Japanese as well as Indian people. METHOD We collected DNA from 109 Japanese and 103 Indians with normal pigmentation and analyzed their tyrosinase gene using a direct sequencing method. RESULT The database shows an apparent difference between the two ethnic groups in polymorphisms of the tyrosinase gene namely, Q402 allele, Y192 allele and IV2+24 insT were found in the Indian population, but not in the Japanese. On the other hand, some Japanese had IV2-21 insT but none of the Indians did. The database supports the notion that the tyrosinase gene evolved and extended separately in the two ethnic groups. And the developing database confirmed that the reported mutations causing Indian and Japanese OCA were not among the polymorphisms in the database, which conversely gives genetical proof of the "genuine" pathological mutations. CONCLUSION Eventually, the sequence database we established will contribute to demonstrating novel mutations of albinism in Indians and Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Miyamura
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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Ni-Komatsu L, Orlow SJ. Heterologous expression of tyrosinase recapitulates the misprocessing and mistrafficking in oculocutaneous albinism type 2: effects of altering intracellular pH and pink-eyed dilution gene expression. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:519-28. [PMID: 16199032 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The processing and trafficking of tyrosinase, a melanosomal protein essential for pigmentation, was investigated in a human epithelial 293 cell line that stably expresses the protein. The effects of the pink-eyed dilution (p) gene product, in which mutations result in oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2), on the processing and trafficking of tyrosinase in this cell line were studied. The majority of tyrosinase was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and the early Golgi compartment in the 293 cells expressing the protein. Coexpression of p could partially correct the mistrafficking of tyrosinase in 293 cells. Tyrosinase was targeted to the late endosomal and lysosomal compartments after treatment of the cells with compounds that correct the tyrosinase mistrafficking in albino melanocytes, most likely through altering intracellular pH, while the substrate tyrosine had no effect on the processing of tyrosinase. Remarkably, this heterologous expression system recapitulates the defective processing and mistrafficking of tyrosinase observed in OCA2 albino melanocytes and certain amelanotic melanoma cells. Coexpression of other melanosomal proteins in this heterologous system may further aid our understanding of the details of normal and pathologic processing of melanosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni-Komatsu
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, Dermatology Room H-100, NYU School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Ostankovitch M, Robila V, Engelhard VH. Regulated folding of tyrosinase in the endoplasmic reticulum demonstrates that misfolded full-length proteins are efficient substrates for class I processing and presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2544-51. [PMID: 15728460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-lived protein translation products have been proposed to be the principal substrates that enter the class I MHC processing and presentation pathway. However, the biochemical nature of these substrates is poorly defined. Whether the major processing substrates are misfolded full-length proteins, or alternatively, aberrantly initiated or truncated polypeptides still remains to be addressed. To examine this, we used melanoma in which one-third of wild-type tyrosinase molecules were correctly folded and localized beyond the Golgi, while the remainder were present in the endoplasmic reticulum in an unfolded/misfolded state. Increasing the efficiency of tyrosinase folding using chemical chaperones led to a reduction in the level of substrate available to the proteasome and decreased the expression of a tyrosinase-derived epitope. Conversely, in transfectants expressing tyrosinase mutants that are completely misfolded, both proteasome substrate and epitope presentation were significantly enhanced. Proteasome substrate availability was a consequence of misfolding and not simply due to retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, the extent of folding/misfolding of a full-length protein is an important determinant of the level of epitope presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ostankovitch
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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23
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Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:1155-228. [PMID: 15383650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology, Suite 599, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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24
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Francis E, Wang N, Parag H, Halaban R, Hebert DN. Tyrosinase maturation and oligomerization in the endoplasmic reticulum require a melanocyte-specific factor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25607-17. [PMID: 12724309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303411200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a glycoprotein responsible for the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes. A large number of mutations have been identified in tyrosinase, with many leading to its misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention, and degradation. Here we describe the folding and maturation of human tyrosinase (TYR) using an in vitro translation system coupled with ER-derived microsomes or with semipermeabilized cells, as an intact ER source. TYR remained misfolded as determined by its sensitivity to trypsin digestion and its persistent interaction with the ER resident lectin chaperones calnexin and calreticulin when produced in ER-derived microsomes or nonmelanocytic semipermeabilized cells. However, when TYR was translocated into semipermeabilized melanocytes, chaperone interactions were transient, maturation progressed to a trypsin-resistant state, and a TYR homodimer was formed. The use of semipermeabilized mouse melanocytes defective for tyrosinase or other melanocyte-specific proteins as the ER source indicated that proper TYR maturation and oligomerization were greatly aided by the presence of wild type tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. These findings suggested that oligomerization is a step in proper TYR maturation within the ER that requires melanocyte-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Francis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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