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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel orally available 1-phenyl-6-aminouracils containing dimethyldihydrobenzofuranol structure for the treatment of allergic skin diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1292-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kido M, Takeuchi S, Esaki H, Hayashida S, Furue M. Scratching behavior does not necessarily correlate with epidermal nerve fiber sprouting or inflammatory cell infiltration. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 58:130-5. [PMID: 20399618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased sprouting of epidermal nerve fibers of lesional skin are thought to be associated with persistent pruritus in chronic inflammatory dermatitis such as atopic dermatitis as supported by a murine study using tacrolimus (or FK506: FK) which was shown to inhibit both epidermal sprouting of nerves and scratching behavior or by immunohistochemical observations of lesional skin in the patients with atopic dermatitis or prurigo, etc. OBJECTIVES To examine a mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor (CX-659S: CX) for a possible anti-pruritic property in vivo since some MEK1/2 inhibitors have been reported to inhibit neurite growth in vitro. METHODS CX, FK and corticosteroids (betamethasone valerate: BV) were topically applied on inflamed skin in a mouse model of chronic dermatitis using repetitive hapten painting to examine anti-pruritic property and anti-inflammatory effects. Scratching behaviors were assessed using MicroAct automatic measuring system, and epidermal sprouting of nerves and skin inflammation was assessed histologically. RESULTS FK significantly decrease scratching behavior, but CX and BV failed to do so despite of their ability to significantly inhibit epidermal nerve fiber sprouting and skin inflammation, respectively. In addition, CX+BV mixture synergistically inhibited epidermal nerve fiber sprouting and skin inflammation even more potently than FK without decreasing scratching behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the scratching behavior does not necessarily correlate with epidermal nerve fiber sprouting or inflammatory cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kido
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Welte T, Reagan K, Fang H, Machain-Williams C, Zheng X, Mendell N, Chang GJJ, Wu P, Blair CD, Wang T. Toll-like receptor 7-induced immune response to cutaneous West Nile virus infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2660-2668. [PMID: 19641044 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 response represents a vital host-defence mechanism in a murine model of systemic West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Here, we investigated the role of the TLR7-induced immune response following cutaneous WNV infection. We found that there was no difference in susceptibility to WNV encephalitis between wild-type and TLR7(-/-) mice upon intradermal injection or infected mosquito feeding. Viral load analysis revealed similar levels of WNV RNA in the peripheral tissues and brains of these two groups of mice following intradermal infection. There was a higher level of cytokines in the blood of wild-type mice at early stages of infection; however, this difference was diminished in the blood and brains at later stages. Langerhans cells (LCs) are permissive to WNV infection and migrate from the skin to draining lymph nodes upon intradermal challenge. Our data showed that WNV infection of TLR7(-/-) keratinocytes was significantly higher than that of wild-type keratinocytes. Infection of wild-type keratinocytes induced higher levels of alpha interferon and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6 and IL-12, which might promote LC migration from the skin. Co-culture of naïve LCs of wild-type mice with WNV-infected wild-type keratinocytes resulted in the production of more IL-6 and IL-12 than with TLR7(-/-) keratinocytes or by cultured LCs alone. Moreover, LCs in the epidermis were reduced in wild-type mice, but not in TLR7(-/-) mice, following intradermal WNV infection. Overall, our results suggest that the TLR7 response following cutaneous infection promotes LC migration from the skin, which might compromise its protective effect in systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Krystle Reagan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Hao Fang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicole Mendell
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Gwong-Jen J Chang
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, CDC-Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0620, USA
| | - Carol D Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
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Kubota K, Kurebayashi H, Miyachi H, Tobe M, Onishi M, Isobe Y. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of phenothiazine carboxylic acids having pyrimidine-dione as novel histamine H1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2766-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guest CB, Deszo EL, Hartman ME, York JM, Kelley KW, Freund GG. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase alpha is expressed by monocytic cells and regulates the activation profile. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1606. [PMID: 18270593 PMCID: PMC2229650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are capable of assuming numerous phenotypes in order to adapt to endogenous and exogenous challenges but many of the factors that regulate this process are still unknown. We report that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase α (CaMKKα) is expressed in human monocytic cells and demonstrate that its inhibition blocks type-II monocytic cell activation and promotes classical activation. Affinity chromatography with paramagnetic beads isolated an approximately 50 kDa protein from nuclear lysates of U937 human monocytic cells activated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). This protein was identified as CaMKKα by mass spectrometry and Western analysis. The function of CaMKKα in monocyte activation was examined using the CaMKKα inhibitors (STO-609 and forskolin) and siRNA knockdown. Inhibition of CaMKKα, enhanced PMA-dependent CD86 expression and reduced CD11b expression. In addition, inhibition was associated with decreased translocation of CaMKKα to the nucleus. Finally, to further examine monocyte activation profiles, TNFα and IL-10 secretion were studied. CaMKKα inhibition attenuated PMA-dependent IL-10 production and enhanced TNFα production indicating a shift from type-II to classical monocyte activation. Taken together, these findings indicate an important new role for CaMKKα in the differentiation of monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Guest
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Deszo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Hartman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- *E-mail:
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Nakahara T, Moroi Y, Uchi H, Furue M. Differential role of MAPK signaling in human dendritic cell maturation and Th1/Th2 engagement. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:1-11. [PMID: 16352421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate resting T cells in the primary immune response. During the maturation process, immature DCs lose their ability to internalize antigens and they acquire the capacity to present antigens to naive T cells. Many observations have suggested that distinct DC subsets might differentially regulate Th responses. However, recent reports suggest that specific subsets of either murine or human DCs cultured in vitro with different stimuli respond with great plasticity in terms of both gene expression and cytokine secretion. Thus, the microenvironment of DCs may determine the nature of mature DCs and the subsequent immune response. The mechanism by which the character of DCs is determined is unknown. The in vitro maturation process of human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDC) can be initiated by various stimuli. Many stimuli induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 MAPK in DCs during maturation. Such kinase-specific inhibitors help to reveal the functions of MAPKs in the maturation of human MoDCs. Recent studies suggest that three MAPK signaling pathways differentially regulate all aspects of phenotypic maturation, cytokine production, and functional maturation of MoDCs. Thus, distinct maturation of DCs may be induced by modulating the balance of phosphorylation of the three MAPKs. In this review, we summarize the role of MAPK signaling pathways in the maturation of human MoDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Moroi Y, Yu B, Urabe K, Koga T, Nakahara T, Dainichi T, Uchi H, Furue M. Effects of MAPK inhibitors on CCR4-mediated chemotaxis against thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17). J Dermatol Sci 2005; 36:186-8. [PMID: 15541643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17beta-estradiol enhances the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:329-37. [PMID: 15245433 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is effective for impaired wound repair. Estrogen is known to enhance wound repair. We examined if 17beta-estradiol (E2) may in vitro enhance GM-CSF production in human keratinocytes. E2 and membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated E2 increased GM-CSF secretion, mRNA stability, and promoter activity. The element homologous to activator protein-1 (AP-1) on the promoter was responsible for the activation. E2 enhanced transcriptional activity and DNA binding of AP-1. E2 transiently generated c-Fos protein, and shifted AP-1 composition from c-Jun homodimers to c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers in keratinocytes. E2-induced enhancement of GM-CSF secretion, mRNA stability, and promoter activity were not suppressed by estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, however, suppressed by conventional protein kinase C inhibitor Gö6976 and PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Gö6976 and PD98059 suppressed E2-induced c-Fos expression and enhancement of DNA-binding and transcriptional activity at AP-1. E2 induced membrane translocation of protein kinase Calpha, which was suppressed by phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122. E2 stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which was suppressed by PD98059, Gö6976, and U73122. E2 transiently generated inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate in keratinocytes, which was suppressed by U73122 and guanine nucleotide-binding protein inhibitor. These results suggest that E2 may enhance GM-CSF production via guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled membrane receptors and signaling cascade of PI-specific PLC/protein kinase Calpha/MEK/ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ohmori K, Adachi K, Manabe H, Harada D, Ohshima E. [Recent development of new drugs for the treatment of allergic diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2004; 123:335-48. [PMID: 15118258 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.123.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and dermallergosis, efforts at the discovery of novel and effective medications for prevention and treatment of these conditions have been reinforced. Recently, it has been recognized that these allergic diseases are a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower and upper airways and skin. In this article, we reviewed the recent development of the following new antiallergic therapies: anti-Th2 cytokine antibodies, decoy receptors, receptor antibodies, anti-IgE antibodies, anti-cell adhesion molecules antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, keratinocyte modulators, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4, tachykinin receptor antagonists, and anti-histaminic drugs. Most of these new agents are aimed to inhibit various components of allergic inflammation. The future use of allergic disease therapies hold great promise and excitement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohmori
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Suntogun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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