1
|
He WJ, Wang J, Liu N, Li GY, Zhu XW, Yao L, Liu LL. The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine versus leflunomide in patients with IgA nephropathy: a single-center experience. J Nephrol 2024; 37:933-940. [PMID: 38225440 PMCID: PMC11239748 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, our understanding of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) pathophysiology has remained incomplete; therefore, treatment remains largely empiric, and the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressants remain controversial. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine and leflunomide therapy in a retrospective cohort of patients with IgAN. METHODS We screened the IgAN registration database in our department, and a total of 159 kidney patients with biopsy-confirmed IgAN were enrolled, with 57 patients receiving hydroxychloroquine plus a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine group), 52 patients receiving leflunomide plus a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (leflunomide group), and 50 patients receiving only a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (renin-angiotensin system inhibitor-only group). Changes in proteinuria, hematuria, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), as well as adverse events, were analyzed during the follow-up period. RESULTS At the end of 6-month follow-up, proteinuria significantly decreased by 70.36 (57.54, 79.33)%, 57.29 (46.79, 67.29)% and 41.20 (25.76, 48.94)% in the hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and renin-angiotensin system inhibitor-only groups, respectively, compared to baseline (all P values < 0.001). Hematuria significantly decreased by 71.07 (56.48, 82.47)% in the leflunomide group (P < 0.001). The eGFR improved by 3.72 ± 2.97%, 3.16 ± 2.00% and 1.91 ± 2.41%, respectively, in the hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and renin-angiotensin system inhibitor-only groups, but without statistical significance. No serious adverse events occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Both hydroxychloroquine combined with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor and leflunomide combined with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor were more effective than a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor alone in improving proteinuria in IgAN patients. Hydroxychloroquine was more effective in reducing proteinuria, and leflunomide showed superiority in reducing hematuria. Our results need to be verified in large-scale randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Gu-Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xin-Wang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing North Street, He Ping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eun M, Kim D, Shin SI, Yang HO, Kim KD, Choi SY, Park S, Kim DK, Jeong CW, Moon KC, Lee H, Park J. Chromatin accessibility analysis and architectural profiling of human kidneys reveal key cell types and a regulator of diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105:150-164. [PMID: 37925023 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease that progresses to kidney failure. However, the key molecular and cellular pathways involved in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) pathogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of adult human kidneys by examining cell type-specific chromatin accessibility by single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) and analyzing three-dimensional chromatin architecture via high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C method) of paired samples. We mapped the cell type-specific and DKD-specific open chromatin landscape and found that genetic variants associated with kidney diseases were significantly enriched in the proximal tubule- (PT) and injured PT-specific open chromatin regions in samples from patients with DKD. BACH1 was identified as a core transcription factor of injured PT cells; its binding target genes were highly associated with fibrosis and inflammation, which were also key features of injured PT cells. Additionally, Hi-C analysis revealed global chromatin architectural changes in DKD, accompanied by changes in local open chromatin patterns. Combining the snATAC-seq and Hi-C data identified direct target genes of BACH1, and indicated that BACH1 binding regions showed increased chromatin contact frequency with promoters of their target genes in DKD. Thus, our multi-omics analysis revealed BACH1 target genes in injured PTs and highlighted the role of BACH1 as a novel regulator of tubular inflammation and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minho Eun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-I Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Oh Yang
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Dong Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Young Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Wook Jeong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihwan Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinha SK, Mellody M, Carpio MB, Damoiseaux R, Nicholas SB. Osteopontin as a Biomarker in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1356. [PMID: 37239027 PMCID: PMC10216241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a ubiquitously expressed protein with a wide range of physiological functions, including roles in bone mineralization, immune regulation, and wound healing. OPN has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) where it promotes inflammation and fibrosis and regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism. OPN expression is increased in the kidneys, blood, and urine of patients with CKD, particularly in those with diabetic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis. The full-length OPN protein is cleaved by various proteases, including thrombin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-7, cathepsin-D, and plasmin, producing N-terminal OPN (ntOPN), which may have more detrimental effects in CKD. Studies suggest that OPN may serve as a biomarker in CKD, and while more research is needed to fully evaluate and validate OPN and ntOPN as CKD biomarkers, the available evidence suggests that they are promising candidates for further investigation. Targeting OPN may be a potential treatment strategy. Several studies show that inhibition of OPN expression or activity can attenuate kidney injury and improve kidney function. In addition to its effects on kidney function, OPN has been linked to cardiovascular disease, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Charles R. Drew University of Science and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Maria Beatriz Carpio
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Proficient Novel Biomarkers Guide Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury: A Review. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010008. [PMID: 36648873 PMCID: PMC9844481 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate tubular function or injury, or glomerular function or injury that is not significant enough to warrant acute hospitalization of the patient. Finding novel biomarkers of AKI has become a major focus nowadays in nephrology to overcome the further complications of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Many compounds, such as KIM 1, IL 18, NGAL, uromodulin, calprotectin, vanin 1, galactin 3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), urinary Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), retinol binding protein (RBP) and Cystatin C, are released from the renal tubules and thus any alterations in tubular function can be detected by measuring these parameters in urine. Additionally, glomerular injury can be detected by measuring immunoglobulin G, nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin, transferrin, netrin-1, pyruvate kinase M2, etc. in urine. These novel biomarkers will be useful for timing the initial insult and assessing the duration of AKI. According to available research, these biomarkers could be applied to assess the onset of AKI, distinguishing between kidney injury and dysfunction, directing the management of AKI, and enhancing disease diagnosis. Therefore, we intend to present recent developments in our understanding of significant biomarkers implicated in various aspects of renal damage. Numerous biomarkers are implicated in various pathophysiological processes that follow renal injury, and can improve prognosis and risk classification.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoseinynejad K, Mard SA, Mansouri Z, Lamoochi Z, Kazemzadeh R. Efficacy of Chlorogenic Acid against Ethylene Glycol-Induced Renal Stone Model: The Role of NFKB-RUNX2-AP1-OSTERIX Signaling Pathway. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Li B, Li S, Fan Y, Diao H, Ye S, Peng H, Chen W. Computational Analysis Reveals the Characteristics of Immune Cells in Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Compartments in IgA Nephropathy Patients. Front Genet 2022; 13:838863. [PMID: 35601494 PMCID: PMC9116531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.838863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The commonalities and differences regarding immune states between glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remains largely undetermined. We aim to perform bioinformatic analysis for providing a comprehensive insight into the characteristics of immune cells and associated molecular mechanisms in IgAN. Materials and Methods: We performed integrated bioinformatic analyses by using IgAN-related datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. First, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Then, CIBERSORT was employed to determine the landscape of infiltrating immune cells in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of IgAN patients, followed by Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, commonly shared DEGs between glomerular and tubulointerstitial entities were recognized, followed by correlation analyses to identify the dominant commonly shared DEGs associated with immune cell infiltration in IgAN. Results: GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed apparently distinct biological processes in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of IgAN. In addition, CIBERSORT analyses revealed a clear trend of increasing proportions of M1 macrophage and M2 macrophage in the glomerular compartment while noticeably higher proportions of resting CD4+ memory T cells and M2 macrophages in the tubulointerstitial compartments. The PCA analyses showed that the varying composition of immune cells in both glomerular and tubulointerstitial entities was compelling to distinguish IgAN patients from healthy living controls. In addition, 21 commonly shared DEGs between glomerular and tubulointerstitial entities were recognized as key regulators in the pathogenesis of IgAN, among which the enhanced hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB) gene expression was found to be positively associated with M2 macrophage in the glomerular compartment and resting CD4+ memory T cells in the tubulointerstitial compartment. Most importantly, FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FOSB) gene deficiency was recognized as the dominant alteration in promoting M2 macrophage infiltration in the glomerular compartment of IgAN. Conclusion: The findings from our current study for the first time reveal commonalities and differences regarding immune states between glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments, as well as decode the essential role of M2 macrophages and associated molecular patterns within the microenvironments of IgAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suchun Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajing Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matrix Metalloproteinase-10 in Kidney Injury Repair and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042131. [PMID: 35216251 PMCID: PMC8877639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase with the ability to degrade a broad spectrum of extracellular matrices and other protein substrates. The expression of MMP-10 is induced in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). During the different stages of kidney injury, MMP-10 may exert distinct functions by cleaving various bioactive substrates including heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and pro-MMP-1, -7, -8, -9, -10, -13. Functionally, MMP-10 is reno-protective in AKI by promoting HB-EGF-mediated tubular repair and regeneration, whereas it aggravates podocyte dysfunction and proteinuria by disrupting glomerular filtration integrity via degrading ZO-1. MMP-10 is also involved in cancerous invasion and emerges as a promising therapeutic target in patients with RCC. As a secreted protein, MMP-10 could be detected in the circulation and presents an inverse correlation with renal function. Due to the structural similarities between MMP-10 and the other MMPs, development of specific inhibitors targeting MMP-10 is challenging. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of MMP-10 in kidney diseases and discuss the potential mechanisms of its actions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Varghese R, Majumdar A. A New Prospect for the Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology Analysis. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:36-47. [PMID: 35098155 PMCID: PMC8783131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Network pharmacology is an emerging field which is currently capturing interest in drug discovery and development. Chronic kidney conditions have become a threat globally due to its associated lifelong therapies. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common glomerular disease that is seen in paediatric and adult population with characteristic manifestation of proteinuria, oedema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. It involves podocyte damage with tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. Till date there has been no specific treatment available for this condition that provides complete remission. Repurposing of drugs can thus be a potential strategy for the treatment of NS. Recently, epigenetic mechanisms were identified that promote progression of many renal diseases. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated two epigenetic drugs valproic acid (VPA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Epigenetic drugs act by binging about changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. The changes include DNA methylation or histone modifications. The targets for the two drugs ATRA and VPA were collated from ChEMBL and Binding DB. All the genes associated with NS were collected from DisGeNET and KEGG database. Interacting proteins for the target genes were acquired from STRING database. The genes were then subjected to gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis using a functional enrichment software tool. A drug-target and drug-potential target-protein interaction network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. Our results revealed that the two drugs VPA and ATRA had 65 common targets that contributed to kidney diseases. Out of which, 25 targets were specifically NS associated. Further, our work exhibited that ATRA and VPA were synergistically involved in pathways of inflammation, renal fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and possibly mitochondrial biogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We thus propose a synergistic potential of the two drugs for treating chronic kidney diseases, specifically NS. The outcomes will undoubtedly invigorate further preclinical and clinical explorative studies. We identify network pharmacology as an initial inherent approach in identifying drug candidates for repurposing and synergism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rini Varghese
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400098, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moratal C, Laurain A, Naïmi M, Florin T, Esnault V, Neels JG, Chevalier N, Chinetti G, Favre G. Regulation of Monocytes/Macrophages by the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Nephropathy: State of the Art and Results of a Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116009. [PMID: 34199409 PMCID: PMC8199594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by albuminuria, loss of renal function, renal fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages originating from peripheral monocytes inside kidneys. DN is also associated with intrarenal overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), an enzymatic cascade which is expressed and controlled at the cell and/or tissue levels. All members of the RAS are present in the kidneys and most of them are also expressed in monocytes/macrophages. This review focuses on the control of monocyte recruitment and the modulation of macrophage polarization by the RAS in the context of DN. The local RAS favors the adhesion of monocytes on renal endothelial cells and increases the production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and of osteopontin in tubular cells, driving monocytes into the kidneys. There, proinflammatory cytokines and the RAS promote the differentiation of macrophages into the M1 proinflammatory phenotype, largely contributing to renal lesions of DN. Finally, resolution of the inflammatory process is associated with a phenotype switch of macrophages into the M2 anti-inflammatory subset, which protects against DN. The pharmacologic interruption of the RAS reduces albuminuria, improves the trajectory of the renal function, decreases macrophage infiltration in the kidneys and promotes the switch of the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Moratal
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Audrey Laurain
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d’Azur University, 06107 Nice, France; (A.L.); (V.E.); (G.F.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), 06107 Nice, France
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, University Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| | - Mourad Naïmi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, 06000 Nice, France;
| | - Thibault Florin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, University Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| | - Vincent Esnault
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d’Azur University, 06107 Nice, France; (A.L.); (V.E.); (G.F.)
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, University Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| | - Jaap G. Neels
- Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France;
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, 06000 Nice, France; (N.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giulia Chinetti
- Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, INSERM, C3M, 06000 Nice, France; (N.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Guillaume Favre
- Faculty of Medicine, Côte d’Azur University, 06107 Nice, France; (A.L.); (V.E.); (G.F.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7073, Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Medicine (LP2M), 06107 Nice, France
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Department, University Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tacrolimus Prevents TWEAK-Induced PLA2R Expression in Cultured Human Podocytes. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072178. [PMID: 32664235 PMCID: PMC7408934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy is usually caused by antibodies against the podocyte antigen membrane M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R). The treatment of membranous nephropathy is not fully satisfactory. The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is used to treat membranous nephropathy, but recurrence upon drug withdrawal is common. TNF superfamily members are key mediators of kidney injury. We have now identified key TNF receptor superfamily members in podocytes and explored the regulation of PLA2R expression and the impact of tacrolimus. Data mining of single cell transcriptomics and glomerular transcriptomics data identified TNFRSF12a/Fn14 as the highest expressed TNF receptor superfamily gene in human membranous nephropathy, and this was confirmed by immunohistochemistry that also identified NFκB activation in membranous nephropathy podocytes. Additionally, glomerular transcriptomics identified PLA2R1 expression as being increased in membranous nephropathy in the parenteral administration of the Fn14 ligand TWEAK increased podocyte PLA2R expression in mice. Furthermore, in cultured human podocytes, TWEAK increased the expression of PLA2R as well as the expression of other genes recently identified by GWAS as linked to membranous nephropathy: NFKB1 and IRF4. Interestingly, IRF4 encodes the FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52), a protein associated with tacrolimus. Tacrolimus prevented the increased expression of PLA2R, NFKB1 and IRF4 induced by TWEAK in cultured podocytes. In conclusion, TWEAK upregulates the expression of PLA2R and of other genes linked to membranous nephropathy in podocytes, and this is prevented by tacrolimus. An impact of tacrolimus on the expression of PLA2R and other genes in podocytes may underlie its efficacy in treating the disease as well as the frequent recurrence of nephrotic syndrome upon tacrolimus withdrawal.
Collapse
|
11
|
The genetic architecture of membranous nephropathy and its potential to improve non-invasive diagnosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1600. [PMID: 32231244 PMCID: PMC7105485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune cause of kidney failure. Here we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for primary MN in 3,782 cases and 9,038 controls of East Asian and European ancestries. We discover two previously unreported loci, NFKB1 (rs230540, OR = 1.25, P = 3.4 × 10−12) and IRF4 (rs9405192, OR = 1.29, P = 1.4 × 10−14), fine-map the PLA2R1 locus (rs17831251, OR = 2.25, P = 4.7 × 10−103) and report ancestry-specific effects of three classical HLA alleles: DRB1*1501 in East Asians (OR = 3.81, P = 2.0 × 10−49), DQA1*0501 in Europeans (OR = 2.88, P = 5.7 × 10−93), and DRB1*0301 in both ethnicities (OR = 3.50, P = 9.2 × 10−23 and OR = 3.39, P = 5.2 × 10−82, respectively). GWAS loci explain 32% of disease risk in East Asians and 25% in Europeans, and correctly re-classify 20–37% of the cases in validation cohorts that are antibody-negative by the serum anti-PLA2R ELISA diagnostic test. Our findings highlight an unusual genetic architecture of MN, with four loci and their interactions accounting for nearly one-third of the disease risk. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune disease of podocyte-directed antibodies, such as anti-phospholipase A2 receptor. Here, the authors report a genome-wide association study for MN and identify two previously unreported loci encompassing the NFKB1 and IRF4 genes and additional ancestry-specific effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhai S, Li M, Sun B, Han Y. Amelioration of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nephrotic Proteinuria by NFAT5 Depletion Involves Suppressed NF-κB Activity. Inflammation 2020; 42:1326-1335. [PMID: 30826989 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is characterized by proteinuria, in which podocyte dysfunction associated with NF-κB-mediated inflammation plays an important role. The nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) has been shown to enhance NF-κB activity. However, whether NFAT5 is associated with proteinuria remains uncharacterized. NFAT5 is upregulated in the glomeruli in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse nephrotic proteinuria, as well as in LPS-treated podocytes in vitro. In addition, NFAT5 depletion improves filtration barrier function of LPS-treated podocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, NFAT5 depletion suppresses NF-κB activation and downstream proinflammatory reaction in LPS-treated podocytes, and moreover, NF-κB inhibition improves filtration barrier function of LPS-treated podocytes, suggesting that the suppressed NF-κB activity at least partly accounts for NFAT5 depletion-improved filtration barrier function. Furthermore, in vivo, depletion of NFAT5 suppresses NF-κB activity and ameliorates nephrotic proteinuria in LPS-treated mice. These findings suggest a protective role of NFAT5 depletion against LPS-induced nephrotic proteinuria and relate it to the suppression of NF-κB activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Infection Control, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Baichao Sun
- Department of Pediatric Nephropathy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71 of Xin Min Street, Chang Chun, 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Islam MN, Griffin TP, Sander E, Rocks S, Qazi J, Cabral J, McCaul J, McMorrow T, Griffin MD. Human mesenchymal stromal cells broadly modulate high glucose-induced inflammatory responses of renal proximal tubular cell monolayers. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:329. [PMID: 31744554 PMCID: PMC6862760 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC) are dysfunctional in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may modulate DKD pathogenesis through anti-inflammatory mediators. This study aimed to investigate the pro-inflammatory effect of extended exposure to high glucose (HG) concentration on stable RPTEC monolayers and the influence of MSC on this response. METHODS Morphologically stable human RPTEC/TERT1 cell monolayers were exposed to 5 mM and 30 mM (HG) D-glucose or to 5 mM D-glucose + 25 mM D-mannitol (MAN) for 5 days with sequential immunoassays of supernatants and end-point transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing. Under the same conditions, MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) or MSC-containing transwells were added for days 4-5. Effects of CM from HG- and MAN-exposed RPTEC/MSC co-cultures on cytokine secretion by monocyte-derived macrophages were determined. RESULTS After 72-80 h, HG resulted in increased RPTEC/TERT1 release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The HG pro-inflammatory effect was attenuated by concentrated (10×) MSC-CM and, to a greater extent, by MSC transwell co-culture. Bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing data confirmed a predominant effect of HG on inflammation-related mediators and biological processes/KEGG pathways in RPTEC/TERT1 stable monolayers as well as the non-contact-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of MSC. Finally, CM from HG-exposed RPTEC/MSC transwell co-cultures was associated with attenuated secretion of inflammatory mediators by macrophages compared to CM from HG-stimulated RPTEC alone. CONCLUSIONS Stable RPTEC monolayers demonstrate delayed pro-inflammatory response to HG that is attenuated by close proximity to human MSC. In DKD, this MSC effect has potential to modulate hyperglycemia-associated RPTEC/macrophage cross-talk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nahidul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Tomás P Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Sander
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Rocks
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Junaid Qazi
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Joana Cabral
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jasmin McCaul
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tara McMorrow
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew D Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, REMEDI, Biomedical Sciences, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zambom FFF, Oliveira KC, Foresto-Neto O, Faustino VD, Ávila VF, Albino AH, Arias SCA, Volpini RA, Malheiros DMAC, Saraiva Camara NO, Zatz R, Fujihara CK. Pathogenic role of innate immunity in a model of chronic NO inhibition associated with salt overload. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1058-F1067. [PMID: 31411073 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00251.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide inhibition with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), along with salt overload, leads to hypertension, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular ischemia, and interstitial fibrosis, characterizing a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. Previous findings of this laboratory and elsewhere have suggested that activation of at least two pathways of innate immunity, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/IL-1β, occurs in several experimental models of CKD and that progression of renal injury can be slowed with inhibition of these pathways. In the present study, we investigated whether activation of innate immunity, through either the TLR4/NF-κB or NLRP3/IL-1β pathway, is involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in chronic nitric oxide inhibition with the salt-overload model. Adult male Munich-Wistar rats that received l-NAME in drinking water with salt overload (HS + N group) were treated with allopurinol (ALLO) as an NLRP3 inhibitor (HS + N + ALLO group) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) as an NF-κB inhibitor (HS + N + PDTC group). After 4 wk, HS + N rats developed hypertension, albuminuria, and renal injury along with renal inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of both the NLRP3/IL-1β and TLR4/NF-κB pathways. ALLO lowered renal uric acid and inhibited the NLRP3 pathway. These effects were associated with amelioration of hypertension, albuminuria, and interstitial inflammation/fibrosis but not glomerular injury. PDTC inhibited the renal NF-κB system and lowered the number of interstitial cells staining positively for NLRP3. PDTC also reduced renal xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid. Overall, PDTC promoted a more efficient anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective effect than ALLO. The NLRP3/IL-1β and TLR4/NF-κB pathways act in parallel to promote renal injury/inflammation and must be simultaneously inhibited for best nephroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Carneiro Oliveira
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Foresto-Neto
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dias Faustino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Ferreira Ávila
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Helen Albino
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Costa Alarcon Arias
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rildo Aparecido Volpini
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Zatz
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Kazue Fujihara
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Screening and Bioinformatics Analysis of IgA Nephropathy Gene Based on GEO Databases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8794013. [PMID: 31392215 PMCID: PMC6662497 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8794013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify novel biomarkers of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) through bioinformatics analysis and elucidate the possible molecular mechanism. Methods The GSE93798 and GSE73953 datasets containing microarray data from IgAN patients and healthy controls were downloaded from the GEO database and analyzed by the GEO2R web tool to obtain different expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI), and Biological Networks Gene Oncology tool (BiNGO) were then performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of IgAN. Results A total of 223 DEGs were identified, of which 21 were hub genes, and involved in inflammatory response, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, transcription factor activity, extracellular exosome, TNF signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions TNF and MAPK pathways likely form the basis of IgAN progression, and JUN/JUNB, FOS, NR4A1/2, EGR1, and FOSL1/2 are novel prognostic biomarkers of IgAN.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaleta B, Krata N, Zagożdżon R, Mucha K. Osteopontin Gene Polymorphism and Urinary OPN Excretion in Patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060524. [PMID: 31159229 PMCID: PMC6628186 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein involved in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, the association of variants of secreted phosphoprotein 1 gene (SPP1), which encodes OPN, with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) has not been examined up to date. Moreover, the role of OPN in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations is not fully known. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the frequency of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNiPs) of SPP1 gene, as well as the urinary OPN excretion in IgAN patients and healthy controls. In total, 58 Caucasian patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and 184 gender-, age-, and ethnically-matched healthy controls were genotyped for rs1126616, rs1126772, rs9138, and rs7687316/rs3841116 polymorphisms by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Urinary OPN concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 58 IgAN patients and 19 controls. SPP1 SNiPs, as well as urinary OPN excretion, were analyzed in relation to their possible associations with the clinicopathological parameters. The frequency of the minor TT/CT genotypes of rs1126616 was significantly higher in IgAN patients compared to controls (P = 0.0217). Similarly, the minor (CC/AC) genotypes and the C allele of rs9138 were more frequent in IgAN patients (P = 0.0425 and P = 0.0112, respectively). Moreover, these two SNiPs were associated with the higher urinary OPN excretion (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that rs1126616, as well as rs9138, may be associated with IgAN development, however future studies in this field are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Krata
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Mucha
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen X, Cao Y, Wang Z, Zhang D, Tang W. Bioinformatic analysis reveals novel hub genes and pathways associated with hypertensive nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:1103-1114. [PMID: 30298691 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease and is closely associated with inflammation and tubule-interstitial fibrosis. The molecular mechanism underlying HTN remains unclear. This study used bioinformatic analysis to identify the novel gene targets for HTN. METHODS We downloaded the microarray data of GSE99325 and GSE32591 from Gene Expression Omnibus. The dataset comprised 20 HTN and 15 normal samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, and then gene ontology (GO) enrichment was performed, and a GO tree was constructed by using clusterProfiler and ClueGO. In addition, a protein-protein interaction network was established using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database and visualized by Cytoscape. The novel hub genes were validated in in vitro experiments. RESULTS A total of 267 genes (117 up-regulated and 150 down-regulated genes) were identified as DEG. GO analysis and the GO tree indicated that the DEG were mainly associated with steroid hormone response and the extracellular matrix. Based on the protein-protein interaction network, we screened out several novel hub genes. Considering the findings and the literature review, we focused on and validated the dual specificity phosphatase 1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1, fos proto-oncogene and jun proto-oncogenes, which may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of HTN. These findings were consistent with the bioinformatic results for the in vitro validation. CONCLUSION This study identified for the first time novel hub genes with microarray data in HTN by using bioinformatic analysis and provided novel evidence and clues for future works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanxin Tang
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), a common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, is associated with a substantial risk of progression to end-stage renal failure. The disease runs a highly variable clinical course with frequent involvement of tubulointerstitial damage. A subgroup of IgAN with proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and tubulointerstitial damage often is associated with rapid progression to end-stage renal failure. Human mesangial cell-derived mediators lead to podocyte and tubulointerstitial injury via mesangial-podocytic-tubular cross-talk. Although mesangial-podocytic communication plays a pathogenic role in podocytic injury, the implication of a podocyte-PTEC cross-talk pathway in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury in IgAN should not be underscored. We review the role of mesangial-podocytic-tubular cross-talk in the progression of IgAN. We discuss how podocytopathy in IgAN promotes subsequent PTEC dysfunction and whether tubulointerstitial injury affects the propagation of podocytic injury in IgAN. A thorough understanding of the cross-talk mechanisms among mesangial cells, podocytes, and PTECs may lead to better design of potential therapeutic options for IgAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong..
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Nephrology Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pathogenic role of angiotensin II and the NF-κB system in a model of malignant hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:779-789. [PMID: 30809002 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that rats treated with an NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), during lactation developed hypertension in adult life, without apparent functional or structural damage to kidneys, providing a new model of essential hypertension. Here, we investigated whether uninephrectomy associated with salt overload would unveil a latent renal dysfunction in this model, aggravating arterial hypertension and promoting renal injury. Male Munich-Wistar rat pups received PDTC from maternal milk (PDTCLact) from 0 to 20 days after birth. Another group received no treatment during lactation. All offspring underwent uninephrectomy (UNx) at 10 weeks of age and then were subdivided into NS, receiving a normal salt (0.5% Na+) diet, PDTCLact + NS, HS, receiving a high-salt diet (2% Na+ chow + 0.5% saline to drink), and PDTCLact+HS. Twelve weeks later, HS rats were moderately hypertensive with mild albuminuria and renal injury. In contrast, severe hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, and cortical collagen deposition were prominent in PDTCLact + HS animals, along with "onion-skin" arteriolar lesions, evidence of oxidative stress and intense renal infiltration by macrophages, and lymphocytes and angiotensin II-positive cells, contrasting with low circulating renin. The NF-κB pathway was also activated. In a separate set of PDTCLact+HS rats, Losartan treatment prevented NF-κB activation and strongly attenuated glomerular injury, cortical fibrosis, and renal inflammation. NF-κB activity during late nephrogenesis is essential for the kidneys to properly maintain sodium homeostasis in adult life. Paradoxically, this same system contributed to renal injury resembling that caused by malignant hypertension when renal dysfunction caused by its inhibition during lactation was unmasked by uninephrectomy associated with HS.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaleta B. The role of osteopontin in kidney diseases. Inflamm Res 2018; 68:93-102. [PMID: 30456594 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is a pleiotropic glycoprotein expressed in various cell types in animals and in humans, including bone, immune, smooth muscle, epithelial and endothelial cells. Moreover, OPN is found in kidneys (in the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and in distal nephrons) and urine. The protein plays an important role in mineralization and bone resorption. In addition, OPN is involved in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. It was demonstrated that OPN and some OPN gene polymorphic variants are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of multiple disorders, such as cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, recent studies suggested that OPN is associated with the pathogenesis of renal failure. METHODS In this review, I briefly discussed the role of OPN and its gene polymorphisms in kidney physiology, as well as in various kidney diseases. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Most studies reported that OPN expression is elevated in urolithiasis, and also in acute and chronic kidney diseases, and in renal allograft dysfunction. Moreover, it was demonstrated that polymorphic variants of the OPN gene may be associated with renal failure. However, some reports suggested that OPN is essential for tubulogenesis, and that it inhibits calcium oxalate crystal formation and retention, nitric oxide synthesis, cell apoptosis and promotes cell regeneration. Thus, further studies are required to fully understand the role of OPN in kidney physiology and pathology. Eventually, these studies may result in the identification of OPN as a valuable marker for renal dysfunction prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, 59 Nowogrodzka St., 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Y, Deng W, Meng Q, Qiu X, Sun D, Dai C. CD8+iTregs attenuate glomerular endothelial cell injury in lupus-prone mice through blocking the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:133-143. [PMID: 30268079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Endothelial cell injury plays an important role in the inflammatory processes associated with SLE. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) reduce the injury to endothelial cells induced by inflammatory factors. As a newly identified regulatory T cell, we previously reported that CD8+CD103+iTregs had similar effects to those of CD4+iTregs in the process of immunoregulation. In this paper, we further explored the effect and mechanism of CD8+iTregs on endothelial cell injury. The expressions of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in MRL/lpr mouse glomerular endothelial cells (lupus-MGECs) were estimated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. The lupus-MGEC apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry and the adhesion of monocyte-like cells to lupus-MGECs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined by the adhesion assay. Additionally, the expressions of P-p38, P-NF-κB and P-IκBα were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that LPS increased the expressions of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 in lupus-MGECs, while CD8+iTregs significantly decreased the levels of these adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, CD8+iTregs alleviated lupus-MGEC apoptosis and inhibited the adhesion of monocyte-like cells to lupus-MGECs. Both nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activated by LPS, were suppressed by CD8+iTregs. These findings suggest that CD8+iTregs attenuate LPS-induced glomerular endothelial cell injury through blocking the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB in lupus-MGECs. The protective effect of CD8+iTregs indicates their possible therapeutic application in Lupus nephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijuan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoyun Meng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chun Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Urakami-Takebayashi Y, Kuroda Y, Murata T, Miyazaki M, Nagai J. Pioglitazone induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1682-1688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
23
|
Hong J, Wang X, Zhang N, Fu H, Li W. D-ribose induces nephropathy through RAGE-dependent NF-κB inflammation. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:838-847. [PMID: 30101366 PMCID: PMC6132794 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, aberrantly high levels of d-ribose have been discovered in type II diabetic patients. d-ribose glycates proteins more rapidly than d-glucose, resulting in the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Accumulations of these products can be found in impaired renal function, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study tested whether d-ribose induces renal dysfunction via the RAGE-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo, administration of d-ribose was found to lower blood glucose and regulate insulin tolerance. Compared to controls, urine nitrogen and creatinine excretion were increased in mice receiving d-ribose and were accompanied by severe pathological renal damage. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed that NF-κB, AGEs, and receptor of AGEs (RAGE) increased in the kidneys of the mice with d-ribose treatment. In vitro, by western blot and immunofluorescent staining, we confirmed that d-ribose induced NF-κB activation and accumulation of AGEs and RAGE in mesangial cells. By co-immunoprecipitation, we found that the pull-down of RAGE remarkably increased the expression of NF-κB. Silencing the RAGE gene blocked the phosphorylation of NF-κB induced by d-ribose. These results strongly suggest that d-ribose induced NF-κB inflammation in a RAGE-dependent manner, which may be a triggering mechanism leading to nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Hong
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fu
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Integrated Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gewin LS. Renal fibrosis: Primacy of the proximal tubule. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:248-262. [PMID: 29425694 PMCID: PMC6015527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease and best predictor of renal survival. Many different cell types contribute to TIF progression including tubular epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelia, and inflammatory cells. Previously, most of the attention has centered on myofibroblasts given their central importance in extracellular matrix production. However, emerging data focuses on how the response of the proximal tubule, a specialized epithelial segment vulnerable to injury, plays a central role in TIF progression. Several proximal tubular responses such as de-differentiation, cell cycle changes, autophagy, and metabolic changes may be adaptive initially, but can lead to maladaptive responses that promote TIF both through autocrine and paracrine effects. This review discusses the current paradigm of TIF progression and the increasingly important role of the proximal tubule in promoting TIF both in tubulointerstitial and glomerular injuries. A better understanding and appreciation of the role of the proximal tubule in TIF has important implications for therapeutic strategies to halt chronic kidney disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Gewin
- The Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poveda J, Sanz AB, Carrasco S, Ruiz-Ortega M, Cannata-Ortiz P, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ortiz A. Bcl3: a regulator of NF-κB inducible by TWEAK in acute kidney injury with anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties in tubular cells. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e352. [PMID: 28684863 PMCID: PMC5565957 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by tubular cell death and interstitial inflammation. TWEAK promotes experimental kidney injury and activates the transcription factor NF-κB, a key regulator of genes involved in cell survival and inflammatory response. In search of potential therapeutic targets for AKI, we compared a transcriptomics database of NF-κB-related genes from murine AKI-kidneys with a transcriptomics database of TWEAK-stimulated cultured tubular cells. Four out of twenty-four (17%) genes were significantly upregulated (false discovery rate, FDR<0.05), while nine out of twenty-four (37%) genes were significantly upregulated at FDR <0.1 in both databases. Bcl3 was the top upregulated NF-κB-related gene in experimental AKI and one of the most upregulated genes in TWEAK-stimulated tubular cells. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry confirmed Bcl3 upregulation in both experimental conditions and localized increased Bcl3 expression to tubular cells in AKI. Transcriptomics database analysis revealed increased Bcl3 expression in numerous experimental and human kidney conditions. Furthermore, systemic TWEAK administration increased kidney Bcl3 expression. In cultured tubular cells, targeting Bcl3 by siRNA resulted in the magnification of TWEAK-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, chemokine upregulation and Klotho downregulation, and in the sensitization to cell death induced by TWEAK/TNFα/interferon-γ. In contrast, Bcl3 overexpression decreased NF-κB transcriptional activity, inflammatory response and cell death while dampening the decrease in Klotho expression. In conclusion, Bcl3 expressed in response to TWEAK stimulation decreases TWEAK-induced inflammatory and lethal responses. Therefore, therapeutic upregulation of Bcl3 activity should be explored in kidney disease because it has advantages over chemical inhibitors of NF-κB that are known to prevent inflammatory responses but can also sensitize the cells to apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonay Poveda
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Carrasco
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata-Ortiz
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria D Sanchez-Niño
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Unidad de Dialisis, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN and REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen DZ, Chen LQ, Lin MX, Gong YQ, Ying BY, Wei DZ. Esculentoside A inhibits LPS-induced acute kidney injury by activating PPAR-γ. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:208-213. [PMID: 28666844 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. Esculentoside A (EsA), a kind of saponin isolated from the root of the Chinese herb Phytolaca esculenta, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of EsA on LPS-induced AKI in mice. The protective effects of EsA was evaluated by detecting kidney histological change, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and inflammatory cytokines production. The results showed that EsA significantly attenuated LPS-induced kidney histological change, as well as BUN and creatinine levels. EsA also inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was significantly suppressed by treatment of EsA. In addition, EsA up-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, EsA protected mice effectively from LPS-induced AKI by PPAR-γ, which subsequently inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Zhun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Qiong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin-Yu Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Zhen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang L, Gao Z, Wang L, Gao Y. Upregulation of nuclear factor-κB activity mediates CYP24 expression and reactive oxygen species production in indoxyl sulfate-induced chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21:774-81. [PMID: 26567049 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an inflammation-mediated process, and the vitamin D (3) catabolizing enzyme, CYP24, is frequently overexpressed in CKD, where it may play a crucial role in kidney disease. METHODS Herein, in this study, we investigated CYP24, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory responses in an indoxyl sulfate (IS)-induced CKD model to elucidate the role of CYP24 in CKD. RESULTS Our results showed that IS upregulates proinflammatory cytokine, CYP24 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. In addition, IS treatment increased ROS production and simultaneously upregulated CYP24 expression and NF-κB translocation. Moreover, the IS-induced upregulation of CYP24 expression was alleviated by an inhibitor of NF-κB, as well as a siRNA specific to NF-κB p65. Furthermore, the renal cortex of DN (Dahl salt-resistant normotensive) + IS, DH (Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive), and DH + IS rats showed increased expression of NF-κB p65, CYP24, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of ROS and macrophage infiltration compared with DN rats. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that administration of IS in human renal tubular epithelial cells upregulates NF-κB, which leads to increase CYP24 expression and ROS production. They also suggest that suppressing NF-κB signalling is promising for the development into a strategy for CKD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace Road, Shijiazhuang, 053000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiying Gao
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace Road, Shijiazhuang, 053000, Hebei, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace Road, Shijiazhuang, 053000, Hebei, China
| | - Yongning Gao
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Peace Road, Shijiazhuang, 053000, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song J, Wang Y, Liu C, Huang Y, He L, Cai X, Lu J, Liu Y, Wang D. Cordyceps militaris fruit body extract ameliorates membranous glomerulonephritis by attenuating oxidative stress and renal inflammation via the NF-κB pathway. Food Funct 2016; 7:2006-15. [PMID: 27008597 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is a common pathogenesis of nephritic syndrome in adult patients. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) serves as the main transcription factor for the inflammatory response mediated nephropathy. Cordyceps militaris, containing various pharmacological components, has been used as a kind of crude drug and folk tonic food for improving immunity and reducing inflammation. The current study aims to investigate the renoprotective activity of Cordyceps militaris aqueous extract (CM) in the cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA)-induced rat model of membranous glomerulonephritis. Significant renal dysfunction was observed in MGN rats; comparatively, 4-week CM administration strongly decreased the levels of 24 h urine protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased the levels of serum albumin and total serum protein. Strikingly, recovery of the kidney histological architecture was noted in CM-treated MGN rats. A significant improvement in the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels, and a reduced malondialdehyde concentration were observed in the serum and kidney of CM-treated rats. Altered levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and nuclear transcriptional factor subunit NF-κB p65 reverted to normal levels upon treatment with CM. The present data suggest that CM protects rats against membranous glomerulonephritis via the normalization of NF-κB activity, thereby inhibiting oxidative damage and reducing inflammatory cytokine levels, which further provide experimental evidence in support of the clinical use of CM as an effective renoprotective agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yingwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Chungang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015, China
| | - Liying He
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015, China
| | - Xueying Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao P, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Zeng W, Sun D, Liu D, Hou B, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li H, Li L. Synergistic effects of c-Jun and SP1 in the promotion of TGFβ1-mediated diabetic nephropathy progression. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Wang J, Song J, Wang D, Zhang N, Lu J, Meng Q, Zhou Y, Wang N, Liu Y, Wang D, Teng L. The anti-membranous glomerulonephritic activity of purified polysaccharides from Irpex lacteus Fr. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 84:87-93. [PMID: 26656595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify the major active component from mutant Irpex lacteus, which protects against cationic bovine serum albumin (C-BSA)-induced membranous glomerulonephropathy (MGN). The candidate component ILN3A (MW: 2264 kDa) was purified from mutant Irpex lacteus water extract. The backbone of ILN3A comprises (1→2) and (1→4) linkages, and (1)H NMR spectrum suggests the existence of α- and β-glycosidic anomeric carbon. In tissue culture study, ILN3A inhibits mesangial cell proliferation. In MGN rats, ILN3A reverses structural changes in kidney, suppresses abnormal high level of urine protein and restores concentration of serum albumin. ILN3A also reduces total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine in serum, and 6-keto-PGF in kidney cortex. Further study shows ILN3A restores serum Interleukin 2, Interleukin 2 receptor, Interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α, and renal cortical nuclear factor kappa B. Our data shows ILN3A, the major active component of mutant Irpex lacteus, is a novel candidate anti-inflammatory medicine to treat MGN in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of HongKong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, HongKong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; The State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lesheng Teng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; The State Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Crosstalk between the unfolded protein response and NF-κB-mediated inflammation in the progression of chronic kidney disease. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:428508. [PMID: 25977931 PMCID: PMC4419235 DOI: 10.1155/2015/428508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory response is emerging as an important therapeutic target in progressive chronic kidney disease. A key transcription factor in the induction of chronic inflammation is NF-κB. Recent studies have demonstrated that sustained activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) can initiate this NF-κB signaling phenomenon and thereby induce chronic kidney disease progression. A key factor influencing chronic kidney disease progression is proteinuria and this condition has now been demonstrated to induce sustained UPR activation. This review details the crosstalk between the UPR and NF-κB pathways as pertinent to chronic kidney disease. We present potential tools to study this phenomenon as well as potential therapeutics that are emerging to regulate the UPR. These therapeutics may prevent inflammation specifically induced in the kidney due to proteinuria-induced sustained UPR activation.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Y, Wang B, Du F, Su X, Sun G, Zhou G, Bian X, Liu N. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Obstructive Nephropathy via NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 Signalling Pathway Regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:164-72. [PMID: 25625183 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is the most abundant and most active catechin polyphenol extracted from green tea, has been proved to have many bioactivities. In this study, the renoprotective effect of EGCG was evaluated in a widely used kidney disease model, the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice model. After 14 days of EGCG administration, mean arterial blood pressure, body-weight and obstructed kidney weight were measured. Levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) and activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum were estimated as indicators of renal function. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of the obstructed kidney. Antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were estimated to reflect the oxidative stress and inflammatory state in the obstructed kidney. Finally, the main proteins in the NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling pathway and DNA binding activity of NF-κB and Nrf2 were measured to investigate the effect of EGCG on these two pathways. The results demonstrated that EGCG could restore UUO-induced kidney weight loss and renal dysfunction. In addition, UUO-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the obstructed kidney were also prevented by EGCG. Furthermore, EGCG could induce both NF-κB and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in the UUO kidney and promote heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) production. These results indicated that the renoprotective effect of EGCG might be through its NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling pathway regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangping Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Bian
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Interstitial fibrosis represents the final common pathway of any form of progressive renal disease. The severity of tubular interstitial damage is highly correlated to the degree of decline of renal function, even better than the glomerular lesions do. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system, is a critical promoter of fibrogenesis. It represents a nexus among glomerular capillary hypertension, barrier dysfunction, and renal tubular injury caused by abnormally filtered proteins. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key mediators of the pro-fibrotic effect of Ang II causing apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the renal tubular epithelium. Recent studies link fibrosis to changes of microRNA (miRNA) modulated by Ang II through TGF-β1, unraveling that antifibrotic action of Ang II antagonism is attributable to epigenetic control of fibrosis-associated genes. Other mechanisms of Ang II-induced fibrosis include ROS-dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Finally, Ang II via angiotensin type 1 receptor regulates the activation and transdifferentiation of pericytes and fibrocytes into scar-forming myofibroblasts. Detachment and phenotypic changes of the former can lead to the loss of peritubular capillaries and also contribute to hypoxia-dependent fibrosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Oh SW, Lee YM, Kim S, Chin HJ, Chae DW, Na KY. Cobalt chloride attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation through NF-κB inhibition in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29 Suppl 2:S139-45. [PMID: 25317018 PMCID: PMC4194284 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.s2.s139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced-inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). We treated HK-2 cells with CoCl2 before the administration of TNF-α/IFN-γ. To regulate hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, the cells were treated CoCl2 or HO-1 siRNA. CoCl2 reduced the generation of ROS induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ. TNF-α/IFN-γ-treated-cells showed an increase in the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κBp65 protein, the DNA-binding activity of NF-κBp50 and NF-κB transcriptional activity and a decrease in IκBα protein expression. These changes were restored by CoCl2. We noted an intense increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) production in TNF-α/IFN-γ-treated cells. We demonstrated that this effect was mediated through NF-κB signaling because an NF-κB inhibitor significantly reduced MCP-1 and RANTES production. CoCl2 effectively reduced MCP-1 and RANTES production. The expression of HO-1 was increased by CoCl2 and decreased by HO-1 siRNA. However, knockdown of HO-1 by RNA interference did not affect MCP-1 or RANTES production. We suggest that CoCl2 has a protective effect on TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB and ROS in HK-2 cells. However, CoCl2 appears to act in an HO-1-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fatty acid-bearing albumin but not fatty acid-depleted albumin induces HIF-1 activation in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:476-81. [PMID: 24924632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that albumin overload induces expression of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein and several HIF-1 target genes in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. In this study, the role of albumin-bound fatty acids in the albumin-induced HIF-1 activation was studied. The enhancing effect of fatty acid-bearing human serum albumin [FA(+)HSA] treatment on HIF-1α protein expression was much greater than that of fatty acid-depleted human serum albumin [FA(-)HSA] treatment. The FA(+)HSA treatment induced HIF-1 target gene mRNAs such as those of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in concentration-dependent manners, while FA(-)HSA caused no significant increases in these mRNAs. Consistent with increased GLUT1 mRNA, GLUT1 protein expression and GLUT inhibitor cytochalasin B-sensitive d-[(3)H]glucose uptake activity were significantly enhanced by treatment with FA(+)HSA, but not with FA(-)HSA. These findings indicate that fatty acids bound to albumin play a crucial role in albumin-induced HIF-1 activation followed by changes in HIF-1 target gene expression and protein product activity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lim AI, Chan LYY, Tang SCW, Yiu WH, Li R, Lai KN, Leung JCK. BMP-7 represses albumin-induced chemokine synthesis in kidney tubular epithelial cells through destabilization of NF-κB-inducing kinase. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:427-35. [PMID: 24418819 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein overload activates proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) to release chemokines. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) reduces infiltrating cells and tissue damage in acute and chronic renal injuries. The present study examines the inhibitory effect and related molecular mechanism of BMP-7 on chemokine and adhesion molecule synthesis by PTECs activated with human serum albumin (HSA). The expression profiles of chemokines and adhesion molecules in cultured human PTECs were screened by PCR array. Expression of CXCL1, CXCL2 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) by PTECs was significantly upregulated by HSA and reduced by BMP-7. HSA activated both the canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways in PTECs, as indicated by the increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and p52 subunits. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p52 was completely abrogated by BMP-7, whereas NF-κB p50 activation was only partially repressed. BMP-7 increased the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF3, but not of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) that was significantly upregulated by HSA. Silencing NIK recapitulated the partial inhibitory effect on HSA-induced chemokine synthesis by BMP-7. Complete abolishment of the chemokine synthesis was only achieved by including additional blockade of the NF-κB p65 translocation on top of NIK silencing. Our data suggest that BMP-7 represses the NIK-dependent chemokine synthesis in PTECs activated with HSA through blocking the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and partially interfering with the canonical NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ing Lim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Loretta Y Y Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sydney C W Tang
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Han Yiu
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ruixi Li
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kar Neng Lai
- Nephrology Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph C K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Punsawad C, Viriyavejakul P. Nuclear factor kappa B in urine sediment: a useful indicator to detect acute kidney injury in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2014; 13:84. [PMID: 24607031 PMCID: PMC3984725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the major complications of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, especially among non-immune adults. It has recently been revealed that activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) induces pro-inflammatory gene expression involved in the development of progressive renal inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether urinary sediment NF-κB p65 can act as a biomarker for AKI in patients with P. falciparum malaria. Methods Urinary sediments from malaria patients, including Plasmodium vivax malaria, uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, complicated P. falciparum malaria without AKI (serum creatinine-Cr <3 mg/dl) and complicated P. falciparum malaria with AKI (Cr ≥3 mg/dl) were used to determine NF-κB p65 level by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary sediments obtained from healthy controls were used as a normal baseline. Correlations between levels of urinary sediment NF-κB p65 and pertinent clinical data were analysed. Results Urinary sediment NF-κB p65 levels were significantly increased on the day of admission (day 0) and on day 7 post-treatment in complicated P. falciparum malaria patients with AKI, compared with those without AKI (p = 0.001, p <0.001, respectively), P. vivax patients (all p <0.001) and healthy controls (all p <0.001). NF-κB p65 levels in urinary sediment cells showed a significant positive correlation with serum Cr (Day 0: rs = 0.792; p <0.001, Day 7: rs = 0.605; p <0.001) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (Day 0: rs = 0.839; p <0.001, Day 7: rs = 0.596; p <0.001). Conclusions Urinary sediment NF-κB p65 level is a useful indicator for estimating renal tubular epithelial cell damage and subsequent development of AKI among patients with P. falciparum malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
de la Rubia J, Roig M. Bortezomib for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 4:381-98. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
39
|
Souma T, Yamazaki S, Moriguchi T, Suzuki N, Hirano I, Pan X, Minegishi N, Abe M, Kiyomoto H, Ito S, Yamamoto M. Plasticity of renal erythropoietin-producing cells governs fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1599-616. [PMID: 23833259 PMCID: PMC3785278 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CKD progresses with fibrosis and erythropoietin (Epo)-dependent anemia, leading to increased cardiovascular complications, but the mechanisms linking Epo-dependent anemia and fibrosis remain unclear. Here, we show that the cellular phenotype of renal Epo-producing cells (REPs) alternates between a physiologic Epo-producing state and a pathologic fibrogenic state in response to microenvironmental signals. In a novel mouse model, unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced inflammatory milieu activated NFκB and Smad signaling pathways in REPs, rapidly repressed the Epo-producing potential of REPs, and led to myofibroblast transformation of these cells. Moreover, we developed a unique Cre-based cell-fate tracing method that marked current and/or previous Epo-producing cells and revealed that the majority of myofibroblasts are derived from REPs. Genetic induction of NFκB activity selectively in REPs resulted in myofibroblastic transformation, indicating that NFκB signaling elicits a phenotypic switch. Reversing the unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced inflammatory microenvironment restored the Epo-producing potential and the physiologic phenotype of REPs. This phenotypic reversion was accelerated by anti-inflammatory therapy. These findings demonstrate that REPs possess cellular plasticity, and suggest that the phenotypic transition of REPs to myofibroblasts, modulated by inflammatory molecules, underlies the connection between anemia and renal fibrosis in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Souma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, and
| | | | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and
| | - Naoko Minegishi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and
| | - Michiaki Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and
| | - Hideyasu Kiyomoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and
- JST, CREST, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sanchez-Niño MD, Poveda J, Sanz AB, Mezzano S, Carrasco S, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Burkly LC, Nair V, Kretzler M, Hodgin JB, Ruiz-Ortega M, Selgas R, Egido J, Ortiz A. Fn14 in podocytes and proteinuric kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2232-43. [PMID: 23999007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-proliferative proteinuric diseases are the most common primary glomerular disorders causing end-stage renal disease. These disorders may associate low level glomerular inflammation and podocyte expression of inflammatory mediators. However, the factors regulating podocyte expression of inflammatory mediators in vivo in non-immune disorders are poorly understood. We have now explored the regulation and role of TWEAK receptor Fn14 in mediating glomerular inflammation in cultured podocytes and in experimental and human non-immune proteinuria. Transcriptomics disclosed Fn14 and MCP-1 mRNA upregulation in glomeruli from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, as well as a correlation between the expression of both transcripts. Increased glomerular Fn14 and MCP-1 mRNA was confirmed in a second focal segmental glomerulosclerosis cohort and was also observed in membranous nephropathy. In human non-proliferative proteinuric kidney diseases podocytes displayed Fn14 and MCP-1 expression and NFκB activation. Podocyte Fn14 was increased in murine protein overload-induced proteinuria. In Fn14 knock-out mice with protein overload-induced proteinuria, glomerular and periglomerular macrophage infiltrates were reduced, as were MCP-1 mRNA and podocyte MCP-1 staining and podocyte numbers preserved as compared to wild-type counterparts. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TWEAK increased periglomerular macrophage infiltration in mice without prior kidney injury. In cultured podocytes inflammatory cytokines increased Fn14 mRNA and protein levels. TWEAK activated NFκB and increased MCP-1 mRNA and protein, an effect prevented by the NFκB inhibitor parthenolide. In conclusion, Fn14 activation results in NFκB-mediated pro-inflammatory effects on podocytes that may be relevant for the pathogenesis of non-proliferative proteinuric kidney disease of non-immune origin.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Oxidative stress is claimed to be a major cause of aging. Recent data suggest that calorie restriction (CR) prolongs life span by its ability to retard aging, possibly by regulating the intracellular redox status through its antioxidative actions. Currently, there is little information showing the influences of age and CR on the redox-sensitive transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). In the present study, we investigated how age affects the status of AP-1 and whether CR modulates the age effect. For our study, we used the kidney from male Fischer 344 rats, ages 6, 12, 18, and 24 months fed ad libitum (AL) or a CR diet. Results from our study showed that AP-1 binding activity markedly increases with age, while CR keeps this activity at the level of 6-month-old rats. We found that c-Jun and c-Fos protein levels increase during aging, and that aging induces phosphorylation of c-Jun, which might enhance AP-1 transcriptional activity. For CR's action, we found that in the nucleus of aged rats, AP-1 activation was blunted by decreasing c-Jun and c-Fos levels and inhibiting c-Jun protein phosphorylation. Results also indicated that matrix metalloproteinase-13 and heme oxygenase-1, which have an AP-1 binding site in their promoter regions, have a similar tendency toward AP-1 binding activity. Based on the data of these findings, we concluded that AP-1 activity increases in rat kidney with age and that CR reduces AP-1 activity.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kułdo J, Ásgeirsdóttir S, Zwiers P, Bellu A, Rots M, Schalk J, Ogawara K, Trautwein C, Banas B, Haisma H, Molema G, Kamps J. Targeted adenovirus mediated inhibition of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2013; 166:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
43
|
Mason RM. Fell-Muir lecture: Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) -- a pernicious and pleiotropic player in the development of kidney fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 94:1-16. [PMID: 23110747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins. It interacts with many other proteins, including plasma membrane proteins, modulating cell function. It is expressed at low levels in normal adult kidney cells but is increased in kidney diseases, playing important roles in inflammation and in the development of glomerular and interstitial fibrosis in chronic disease. This review reports the evidence for its expression in human and animal models of chronic kidney disease and summarizes data showing that anti-CTGF therapy can successfully attenuate fibrotic changes in several such models, suggesting that therapies targeting CTGF and events downstream of it in renal cells may be useful for the treatment of human kidney fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor stimulates the development of fibrosis in the kidney in many ways including activating cells to increase extracellular matrix synthesis, inducing cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy, and prolonging survival of activated cells. The relationship between CTGF and the pro-fibrotic factor TGFβ is examined and mechanisms by which CTGF promotes signalling by the latter are discussed. No specific cellular receptors for CTGF have been discovered but it interacts with and activates several plasma membrane proteins including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-1, LRP-6, tropomyosin-related kinase A, integrins and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Intracellular signalling and downstream events triggered by such interactions are reviewed. Finally, the relationships between CTGF and several anti-fibrotic factors, such as bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP4), BMP7, hepatocyte growth factor, CCN3 and Oncostatin M, are discussed. These may determine whether injured tissue heals or progresses to fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Mason
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pan Y, Wang Y, Cai L, Cai Y, Hu J, Yu C, Li J, Feng Z, Yang S, Li X, Liang G. Inhibition of high glucose-induced inflammatory response and macrophage infiltration by a novel curcumin derivative prevents renal injury in diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1169-82. [PMID: 22242942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation is involved in the development and/or progression of many diseases including diabetic complications. Investigations on novel anti-inflammatory agents may offer new approaches for the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Our previous bioscreening of synthetic analogues of curcumin revealed C66 as a novel anti-inflammatory compound against LPS challenge in macrophages. In this study, we hypothesized that C66 affects high glucose (HG)-induced inflammation profiles in vitro and in vivo and then prevents renal injury in diabetic rats via its anti-inflammatory actions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary peritoneal macrophages (MPM), prepared from C57BL/6 mice, were treated with HG in the presence or absence of C66. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin, and the effects of C66 (0.2, 1.0 or 5.0 mg·kg(-1) ), administered daily for 6 weeks, on plasma TNF-α levels and expression of inflammatory genes in the kidney were assessed. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment of MPMs with C66 reduced HG-stimulated production of TNF-α and NO, inhibited HG-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, COX-2 and iNOS mRNA transcription, and the activation of JNK/NF-kB signalling. In vivo, C66 inhibited the increased plasma TNF-α levels and renal inflammatory gene expression, improved histological abnormalities and fibrosis of diabetic kidney, but did not affect the hyperglycaemia in these diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The anti-inflammatory effects of C66 are mediated by inhibiting HG-induced activation of the JNK/NF-κB pathway, rather than by reducing blood glucose in diabetic rats. This novel compound is a potential anti-inflammatory agent and might be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Moran G, Folch H, Henriquez C, Ortloff A, Barria M. Reaginic antibodies from horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction produce mast cell stimulation. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:251-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Lin L, Wu C, Hu K. Tissue plasminogen activator activates NF-κB through a pathway involving annexin A2/CD11b and integrin-linked kinase. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1329-38. [PMID: 22677557 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB activation is central to the initiation and progression of inflammation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of CKD. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) modulates the NF-κB pathway, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We investigated the role of tPA signaling in macrophage NF-κB activation and found that tPA activated NF-κB in a time- and dose-dependent manner. tPA also induced the expression of the NF-κB-dependent chemokines IP-10 and MIP-1α. The protease-independent action of tPA required its membrane receptor, annexin A2. tPA induced the aggregation and interaction of annexin A2 with integrin CD11b, and ablation of CD11b or administration of anti-CD11b neutralizing antibody abolished the effect of tPA. Knockdown of the downstream effector of CD11b, integrin-linked kinase, or disruption of its engagement with CD11b also blocked tPA-induced NF-κB signaling. In vivo, tPA-knockout mice had reduced NF-κB signaling, fewer renal macrophages, and less collagen deposition than their counterparts. Taken together, these data suggest that tPA activates the NF-κB pathway in macrophages through a signaling pathway involving annexin A2/CD11b-mediated integrin-linked kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Oh SW, Ahn JM, Lee YM, Kim S, Chin HJ, Chae DW, Na KY. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor by cobalt is associated with the attenuation of tissue injury and apoptosis in cyclosporine-induced nephropathy. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:197-206. [PMID: 22343435 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular hypoxic responses. Despite the therapeutic benefits of cyclosporine A (CsA) in organ transplantation, its clinical use is limited due to chronic nephropathy. We investigated whether HIF activation by cobalt could improve CsA-induced nephropathy, and investigated the related mechanism. In animal experiments, rats were kept on a 0.05% low-salt diet and administered CsA subcutaneously for 28 days (15 mg/kg/day). They also received cobalt (10 mg/kg/day) during the entire experimental period. The administration of cobalt significantly increased HIF-1α expression in the kidney. The increased expression of HIF-1α ameliorated CsA-induced afferent arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial injury in the kidney. Cobalt significantly reduced the infiltration of macrophages/monocytes into the renal tubulointerstitium. In addition, HIF activation by cobalt reduced the number of CsA-induced apoptotic cells in the kidney. Subsequently, HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells were used for in vitro experiments. They were pre-treated with 150 µM of cobalt to activate HIF, and then exposed to 10 µM CsA. HIF activation by cobalt decreased the CsA-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, as judged by the decreases in the number of apoptotic cells, pro-apoptotic caspase-3 activity, and the expression level of cleaved caspase-3, together with the increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic bcl-2. Cobalt pretreatment also reduced the CsA-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and the CsA-induced expression of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting the attenuation of inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, the activation of HIF by cobalt may ameliorate the CsA-induced nephropathy by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ory V, Fan Q, Hamdaoui N, Zhang SY, Desvaux D, Audard V, Candelier M, Noel LH, Lang P, Guellaën G, Pawlak A, Sahali D. c-mip down-regulates NF-κB activity and promotes apoptosis in podocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2284-92. [PMID: 22507836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of podocyte disorders in cases of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) are complex and remain incompletely elucidated. The abnormal regulation of NF-κB may play a key role in the pathophysiology of these podocyte diseases, but at present, NF-κB has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we report that induction of c-mip in podocytes of patients with INS is associated with a down-regulation of RelA, a potent antiapoptotic factor that belongs to the NF-κB family. Overexpression of c-mip in differentiated podocytes promotes apoptosis by inducing caspase-3 activity and up-regulating the proapoptotic protein Bax, whereas the overall levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was concomitantly decreased. The associated overexpression of RelA prevented the proapoptotic effects of c-mip. In addition, the targeted induction of c-mip in podocytes in vivo inhibited the expression of the RelA protein and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The expression of both c-mip and active caspase-3 increased in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis biopsies, and both proteins displayed a close spatial relationship. These results suggest that alterations in NF-κB activity might result from the up-regulation of c-mip and are likely to contribute to podocyte disorders in cases of INS.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chanan-Khan AA, San Miguel JF, Jagannath S, Ludwig H, Dimopoulos MA. Novel therapeutic agents for the management of patients with multiple myeloma and renal impairment. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2145-63. [PMID: 22328563 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal impairment is a major complication of multiple myeloma. Patients presenting with severe renal impairment represent a greater therapeutic challenge and generally have poorer outcome. However, once patients with renal impairment achieve remission, their outcomes are comparable with those of patients without renal impairment. Therapies that offer substantial activity in this setting are needed. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide have substantially improved the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. Here we review the pharmacokinetics, activity, and safety of these agents in patients with renal impairment. Bortezomib can be administered at the full approved dose and schedule in renally impaired patients; similarly, no dose reductions are required with thalidomide. The pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide is affected by its renal route of excretion, and dose adjustments are recommended for moderate/severe impairment. Substantial evidence has emerged showing that these novel agents improve outcomes of patients with renal impairment, including impairment reversal. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide (at the recommended doses) are active options for patients with mild to moderate impairment, although limited data are available for thalidomide. Information on lenalidomide-based combinations is still emerging, but the available data indicate considerable activity. Substantial evidence indicates that bortezomib-high-dose dexamethasone with or without a third drug (e.g., cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, or doxorubicin) is an appropriate option for patients with any degree of renal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asher A Chanan-Khan
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, and Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Álvarez-Prats A, Hernández-Perera O, Díaz-Herrera P, Ucero ÁC, Anabitarte-Prieto A, Losada-Cabrera A, Ortiz A, Rodríguez-Pérez JC. Combination therapy with an angiotensin II receptor blocker and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in experimental subtotal nephrectomy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:2720-33. [PMID: 22302208 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin receptor 1 blockers (ARB) are standard nephroprotective drugs in chronic kidney disease. There is less evidence for a nephroprotective effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and much less is known about potential benefits of combination therapy. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of a statin alone or in combination with an ARB in experimental chronic kidney disease. METHODS Subtotally nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rats were treated early with vehicle, losartan, cerivastatin or losartan/cerivastatin. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tissue proteins were localized by immunohistochemistry. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was measured in whole kidneys. RESULTS In contrast to the sham group, at 6 weeks, vehicle-treated 5/6 Nx rats displayed renal lesions, albuminuria and increased blood pressure, serum creatinine and total kidney NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity and preproendothelin-1, fibronectin and type I and III collagen mRNA. NF-κB activation correlated with albuminuria and histological renal injury. Losartan or combination therapy preserved renal function, abrogated albuminuria and improved glomerular and interstitial histology. Cerivastatin alone preserved renal function and improved interstitial injury but did not influence albuminuria, glomerular histology or NF-κB activation. Losartan/cerivastatin normalized kidney NF-κB activation and extracellular matrix mRNA expression pattern. The effect of losartan alone on these parameters was less intense. All treatments decreased preproendothelin-1 mRNA and preserved interstitial capillaries. CONCLUSIONS In a chronic kidney disease model, early treatment with either an ARB or a statin preserved renal function although the mechanisms differed. Combination therapy with an ARB and a statin did not confer clear-cut advantages on biochemical and histological parameters over ARB alone, although it further improved the kidney NF-κB and gene expression profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Álvarez-Prats
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, and Morphology Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|