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Parrot C, Kurbegovic A, Yao G, Couillard M, Côté O, Trudel M. c-Myc is a regulator of the PKD1 gene and PC1-induced pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:751-763. [PMID: 30388220 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is among the most common monogenic disorders mainly associated with PKD1/PC1 mutations. We show herein that renal regulation in Pc1 dosage-reduced and -increased mouse models converge toward stimulation of c-Myc expression along with β-catenin, delineating c-Myc as a key Pkd1 node in cystogenesis. Enhanced renal c-Myc-induced ADPKD in SBM transgenic mice lead conversely to striking upregulation of Pkd1/Pc1 expression and β-catenin activation, lending credence for reciprocal crosstalk between c-Myc and Pc1. In adult SBM kidneys, c-Myc is strongly enriched on Pkd1 promoter with RNA pol II, consistent with Pkd1 upregulation during cystogenesis. Similar c-Myc direct binding at birth uncovers an equivalent role on Pkd1 regulation during renal developmental program. Concurrent with enriched c-Myc binding, recruitment of active chromatin modifying co-factors by c-Myc at the Pkd1 regulatory region probably opens chromatin to stimulate transcription. A similar transcriptional activation by c-Myc is also likely operant on endogenous human PKD1 gene from our transactivation analysis in response to human c-MYC upregulation. Genetic ablation of c-Myc in Pc1-reduced and -increased mouse models significantly attenuates cyst growth, proliferation and PKD progression. Our study determined a dual role for c-Myc, as a major contributor in Pc1-induced cystogenesis and in a feed-forward regulatory Pkd1-c-Myc loop mechanism that may also prevail in human ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Parrot
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Almira Kurbegovic
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guanhan Yao
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Couillard
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Côté
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Kurbegovic A, Trudel M. The master regulators Myc and p53 cellular signaling and functions in polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109594. [PMID: 32145315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Myc and p53 associated with oncogenesis play determinant roles in a human genetic disorder, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), that was coined early in ADPKD etiology a «neoplasia in disguise ». These factors are interdependent master cell regulators of major biological processes including proliferation, apoptosis, cell growth, metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis and differentiation that are all modulated in ADPKD. Myc and p53 proteins evolved to respond and carry out overlapping functions via opposing mechanisms of action. Studies in human ADPKD kidneys, caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, reveal reduced p53 expression and high expression of Myc in the cystic tubular epithelium. Myc and p53 via direct interaction act respectively, as transcriptional activator and repressor of PKD1 gene expression, consistent with increased renal PKD1 levels in ADPKD. Mouse models generated by Pkd1 and Pkd2 gene dosage dysregulation reproduce renal cystogenesis with activation of Myc expression and numerous signaling pathways, strikingly similar to those determined in human ADPKD. In fact, upregulation of renal Myc expression is also detected in virtually all non-orthologous animal models of PKD. A definitive causal connection of Myc with cystogenesis was established by renal overexpression of Myc in transgenic mice that phenocopies human ADPKD. The network of activated signaling pathways in human and mouse cystogenesis individually or in combination can target Myc as a central node of PKD pathogenesis. One or many of the multiple functions of Myc upon activation can play a role in every phases of ADPKD development and lend credence to the notion of "Myc addiction" for cystogenesis. We propose that the residual p53 levels are conducive to an ADPKD biological program without cancerogenesis while a "p53 dependent annihilation" mechanism would be permissive to oncogenesis. Of major importance, Myc ablation in orthologous mouse models or direct inhibition in non-orthologous mouse model significantly delays cystogenesis consistent with pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of Myc upstream regulator or downstream targets in the mouse. Together, these studies on PKD proteins upon dysregulation not only converged on Myc as a focal point but also attribute to Myc upregulation a causal and « driver » role in pathogenesis. This review will present and discuss our current knowledge on Myc and p53, focused on PKD mouse models and ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Kurbegovic
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Trudel
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Molecular Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Shigeta M, Kanazawa H, Yokoyama T. Tubular cell loss in early inv/nphp2 mutant kidneys represents a possible homeostatic mechanism in cortical tubular formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198580. [PMID: 29889867 PMCID: PMC5995398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion of embryonic turning (inv) cystic mice develop multiple renal cysts and are a model for type II nephronophthisis (NPHP2). The defect of planar cell polarity (PCP) by oriented cell division was proposed as the underlying cellular phenotype, while abnormal cell proliferation and apoptosis occur in some polycystic kidney disease models. However, how these cystogenic phenotypes are linked and what is most critical for cystogenesis remain largely unknown. In particular, in early cortical cytogenesis in the inv mutant cystic model, it remains uncertain whether the increased proliferation index results from changes in cell cycle length or cell fate determination. To address tubular cell kinetics, doubling time and total number of tubular cells, as well as amount of genomic DNA (gDNA), were measured in mutant and normal control kidneys. Despite a significantly higher bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-proliferation index in the mutant, total tubular cell number and doubling time were unaffected. Unexpectedly, the mutant had tubular cell loss, characterized by a temporal decrease in tubular cells incorporating 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) and significantly increased nuclear debris. Based on current data we established a new multi-population shift model in postnatal renal development, indicating that a few restricted tubular cell populations contribute to cortical tubular formation. As in the inv mutant phenotype, the model simulation revealed a large population of tubular cells with rapid cell cycling and tubular cell loss. The proposed cellular kinetics suggest not only the underlying mechanism of the inv mutant phenotype but also a possible renal homeostatic mechanism for tubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shigeta
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirotaka Kanazawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Lee CH, O'Connor AK, Yang C, Tate JM, Schoeb TR, Flint JJ, Blackband SJ, Guay-Woodford LM. Magnetic resonance microscopy of renal and biliary abnormalities in excised tissues from a mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12517. [PMID: 26320214 PMCID: PMC4562597 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is transmitted as either an autosomal dominant or recessive trait and is a major cause of renal failure and liver fibrosis. The cpk mouse model of autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) has been extensively characterized using standard histopathological techniques after euthanasia. In the current study, we sought to validate magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a robust tool for assessing the ARPKD phenotype. We used MRM to evaluate the liver and kidney of wild-type and cpk animals at resolutions <100 μm and generated three-dimensional (3D) renderings for pathological evaluation. Our study demonstrates that MRM is an excellent method for evaluating the complex, 3D structural defects in this ARPKD mouse model. We found that MRM was equivalent to water displacement in assessing kidney volume. Additionally, using MRM we demonstrated for the first time that the cpk liver exhibits less extensive ductal arborization, that it was reduced in volume, and that the ductal volume was disproportionately smaller. Histopathology indicates that this is a consequence of bile duct malformation. With its reduced processing time, volumetric information, and 3D capabilities, MRM will be a useful tool for future in vivo and longitudinal studies of disease progression in ARPKD. In addition, MRM will provide a unique tool to determine whether the human disease shares the newly appreciated features of the murine biliary phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong H Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amber K O'Connor
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chaozhe Yang
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joshua M Tate
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeremy J Flint
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen J Blackband
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
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O'Meara CC, Hoffman M, Sweeney WE, Tsaih SW, Xiao B, Jacob HJ, Avner ED, Moreno C. Role of genetic modifiers in an orthologous rat model of ARPKD. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:741-53. [PMID: 22669842 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00187.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human data and animal models of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) suggest that genetic factors modulate the onset and severity of the disease. We report here for the first time that ARPKD susceptibility is attenuated by introgressing the mutated Pkhd1 disease allele from the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat onto the FHH (Fawn-Hooded Hypertensive) genetic background. Compared with PCK, the FHH.Pkhd1 strain had significantly decreased renal cyst formation that coincided with a threefold reduction in mean kidney weights. Further analysis revealed that the FHH. Pkhd1 is protected from increased blood pressure as well as elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. On the other hand, liver weight and biliary cystogenesis revealed no differences between PCK and FHH.Pkdh1, indicating that genes within the FHH genetic background prevent the development of renal, but not hepatic, manifestations of ARPKD. Microarray expression analysis of kidneys from 30-day-old PCK rats revealed increased expression of genes previously identified in PKD renal expression profiles, such as inflammatory response, extracellular matrix synthesis, and cell proliferation genes among others, whereas the FHH.Pkhd1 did not show activation of these common markers of disease. This newly developed strain can serve as a tool to map modifier genes for renal disease in ARPKD and provides further insight into disease variability and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Mason SB, Lai X, Ringham HN, Bacallao RL, Harris PC, Witzmann FA, Gattone VH. Differential expression of renal proteins in a rodent model of Meckel syndrome. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 117:e31-8. [PMID: 20693816 DOI: 10.1159/000319722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a fatal autosomal recessive condition with prominent renal cystic pathology. Renal protein misexpression was evaluated in the Wpk rat model of human MKS3 gene disease to identify biomarkers for the staging of renal cystic progression. METHODS Misexpressed proteins were compared between early and late stages of MKS renal cystic disease using proteomic analysis (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with LC-MS/MS identification) followed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS A proteomic analysis identified 76 proteins with statistically different, normalized abundance in at least one group. Subsequently, Western blot was used to confirm differential expression in several of these and polycystic kidney disease (PKD)-associated proteins. Galectin-1 and vimentin were identified as overexpressed proteins, which have been previously found in the jck mouse model of nephronophthisis 9. Ciliopathic PKD proteins, polycystins 1 & 2, and fibrocystin were also differentially expressed in Wpk kidney. CONCLUSION In the Wpk rat, misexpressed proteins were identified that were also implicated in other forms of cystic disease. Numerous proteins were either over- or underexpressed in late-stage disease. Differences in protein expression may serve as biomarkers of cystic disease and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Mason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Lai X, Blazer-Yost BL, Gattone VH, Muchatuta MN, Witzmann FA. Protein composition of liver cyst fluid from the BALB/c-cpk/+ mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Proteomics 2009; 9:3775-82. [PMID: 19639592 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cysts arising from hepatic bile ducts are a common extra-renal pathology associated with polycystic kidney disease in humans. As an initial step in identifying active components that could contribute to disease progression, we have investigated the protein composition of hepatic cyst fluid in an orthologous animal model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, heterozygous (BALB/c-cpk/+) mice. Proteomic analysis of cyst fluid tryptic digests using LC-MS/MS identified 303 proteins, many of which are consistent with enhanced inflammatory cell processes, cellular proliferation, and basal laminar fibrosis associated with the development of hepatic bile duct cysts. Protein identifications have been submitted to the PRIDE database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride), accession number 9227.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Lai
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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8
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Edelstein CL. Mammalian target of rapamycin and caspase inhibitors in polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:1219-26. [PMID: 18587045 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05611207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important abnormalities of the tubular epithelial cells lining the cysts as well as noncystic tubular epithelium is a disturbance in the balance between tubular cell proliferation and apoptosis. Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway results in increased cell proliferation. Recent studies suggested abnormalities of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in polycystic kidney disease. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition with sirolimus or everolimus results in attenuation of cyst formation in rat and mouse models of polycystic kidney disease. Apoptosis is a pathologic feature of most models of polycystic kidney disease, including human polycystic kidneys. Caspases, the major mediators of apoptosis, are increased in polycystic kidney disease kidneys. Both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that caspase or apoptosis inhibition attenuates cyst formation. This review focuses on mammalian target of rapamycin and apoptosis signaling pathways in polycystic kidney disease and the role of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and apoptosis inhibitors as potential therapies to reduce cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Edelstein
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Box C281, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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9
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Okada S, Misaka T, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto I, Ishibashi K, Sasaki S, Abe K. Aquaporin‐11 knockout mice and polycystic kidney disease animals share a common mechanism of cyst formation. FASEB J 2008; 22:3672-84. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuko Tanaka
- Department of Medical PhysiologyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenichi Ishibashi
- Department of Medical PhysiologyMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Sei Sasaki
- Department of NephrologyTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Lai X, Bacallao RL, Blazer-Yost BL, Hong D, Mason SB, Witzmann FA. Characterization of the renal cyst fluid proteome in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1140-1152. [PMID: 20411046 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by localized autonomous cellular proliferation, fluid accumulation within the cysts, and intraparenchymal fibrosis of the kidney. Little is known about the cyst fluid's protein composition. We hypothesized that the complex collection of cyst fluid proteins (cyst fluid proteome) plays a major role in cyst formation/maintenance and contains yet unknown diagnostic and mechanistic features that are common to all forms of PKD. We analyzed five kidney cyst fluids from four patients with ADPKD. Tryptic peptides from plasma-protein immunodepleted (ProteoPrep(R)) and undepleted cyst fluid samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Proteins were identified by SEQUEST and validated via the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline; 391 proteins were identified with >90% confidence; 251 of them in undepleted and 362 in immunodepleted samples. Immunodepletion removed >94% of the cyst fluid protein. A surprisingly large and functionally diverse number of proteins common to most cysts were identified. These proteins may be of mechanistic interest and include Ig gamma, kappa, and fragments; complement components; vitronectin; orosomucoid; prostaglandin D2 synthase; vitamin D-binding protein; clusterin; SERPIN family proteins; hemopexin; and fetuin-A. Additionally, these results suggest that further prefractionation and enhanced chromatographic separation of tryptic peptides is likely to expose an even greater number of relevant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Lai
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
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11
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Tao Y, Zafar I, Kim J, Schrier RW, Edelstein CL. Caspase-3 gene deletion prolongs survival in polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:749-55. [PMID: 18272845 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Tao
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Box C281, 4200 E. 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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12
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Burtey S, Riera M, Ribe E, Pennekamp P, Passage E, Rance R, Dworniczak B, Fontés M. Overexpression of PKD2 in the mouse is associated with renal tubulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 23:1157-65. [PMID: 18048422 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC-2), a cation channel of the Trp family, is involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) type 2 (ADPKD2). This protein has recently been localized to the primary cilium where its channel function seems to be involved in a mechanosensory phenomenon. However, its biological function is not totally understood, especially in tubule formation. In the present paper, we describe a mouse model for human PC-2 overexpression, obtained by inserting a human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the PKD2 gene. Three lines were generated, expressing different levels of PKD2. One line, PKD2-Y, has been explored in more detail and we will present physiological and molecular exploration of these transgenic animals. Our data demonstrate that transgenic animals older than 12 months present tubulopathy with proteinuria and failure to concentrate urine. Moreover, the kidney cortex has been found disorganized. Finally, we observe that extracellular matrix protein expression is downregulated in these animals. In conclusion, overexpression of human PKD2 leads to anomalies in tubular function, probably due to abnormalities in tubule morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Burtey
- Génétique Médicale et Développement, INSERM UMR 491 Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd. J. Moulin 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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13
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Abstract
Cysts in the kidney are among the most common inherited human pathologies, and recent research has uncovered that a defect in cilia-mediated signaling activity is a key factor that leads to cyst formation. The cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that is found on most cells in the mammalian body. Multiple proteins whose functions are disrupted in cystic diseases have now been localized to the cilium or at the basal body at the base of the cilium. Current data indicate that the cilium can function as a mechanosensor to detect fluid flow through the lumen of renal tubules. Flow-mediated deflection of the cilia axoneme induces an increase in intracellular calcium and alters gene expression. Alternatively, a recent finding has revealed that the intraflagellar transport 88/polaris protein, which is required for cilia assembly, has an additional role in regulating cell-cycle progression independent of its function in ciliogenesis. Further research directed at understanding the relationship between the cilium, cell-cycle, and cilia-mediated mechanosensation and signaling activity will hopefully provide important insights into the mechanisms of renal cyst pathogenesis and lead to better approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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14
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Sugiyama N, Yokoyama T. Sustained cell proliferation of renal epithelial cells in mice with inv mutation. Genes Cells 2006; 11:1213-24. [PMID: 16999740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2006.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A tubule system is an important component of the nephron, which is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Expansion of renal tubules results in renal cysts. Hereditary forms of renal cystic diseases suggest that tubular size is determined genetically. The inv was discovered as a mutant with renal cysts and situs inversus. Inv/inv, inv deltaC::GFP (inv deltaC) mouse was created by the introduction of the inv gene lacking the C-terminus (inv deltaC) into inv/inv mice. The mouse develops multiple renal cysts without situs abnormality, giving us an opportunity to study inv function in renal tubular structure maintenance. In the present study, we showed that inv suppresses cyst progression in a dose-dependent manner and that the inv deltaC cystic kidneys showed increased cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell cycle regulators for G1-S progression were activated in the cystic kidney. Furthermore, cDNA microarray and semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that growth-related genes maintained a high level of expression in the cystic kidney at 4 weeks of age whereas they were decreased in control kidneys, suggesting that cells in inv deltaC kidney are still active in the cell cycle. One of the inv protein functions may provide a stop signal for renal epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Sugiyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Bergmann C, Frank V, Küpper F, Kamitz D, Hanten J, Berges P, Mager S, Moser M, Kirfel J, Büttner R, Senderek J, Zerres K. Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment prospects in cystic kidney disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2006; 10:163-74. [PMID: 16771602 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic kidney diseases (CKDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive fibrocystic renal and hepatobiliary changes. Recent findings have proven the cystogenic process to be compatible with cellular dedifferentiation, i. e. increased apoptosis and proliferation rates, altered protein sorting and secretory characteristics, as well as disorganization of the extracellular matrix. Compelling evidence suggests that cilia play a central pathogenic role and most cystic kidney disorders converge into a common pathogenic pathway. Recently, several promising trials have further extended our understanding of the pathophysiology of CKD and may have the potential for rational personalized therapies in future years. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge of the structure and function of proteins underlying polycystic kidney disease, to explore the clinical consequences of changes in respective genes, and to discuss potential therapeutic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Genotype
- Humans
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/diagnosis
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/drug therapy
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/genetics
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/physiopathology
- Phenotype
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/diagnosis
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/drug therapy
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/genetics
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/diagnosis
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/drug therapy
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/genetics
- Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive/physiopathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- TRPP Cation Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Sato Y, Harada K, Kizawa K, Sanzen T, Furubo S, Yasoshima M, Ozaki S, Ishibashi M, Nakanuma Y. Activation of the MEK5/ERK5 cascade is responsible for biliary dysgenesis in a rat model of Caroli's disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:49-60. [PMID: 15631999 PMCID: PMC1602300 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney (PCK) rats exhibit a multiorgan cyst pathology similar to human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, and are proposed as an animal model of Caroli's disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). This study investigated the expression and function of selected components of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in cultured intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (BECs) of PCK rats. Compared to the proliferative activity of cultured BECs of control rats, those of the PCK rats were hyperresponsive to epidermal growth factor (EGF). The increase in BEC proliferation was accompanied by overexpression of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase 5 (MEK5), and subsequent phosphorylation of ERK5 in vitro. The increased proliferative activity was significantly inhibited by the transfection of short interfering RNA against MEK5 mRNA. An EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib ("Iressa", ZD1839), also significantly inhibited the abnormal growth of cultured BECs of PCK rats. By contrast, treatment with PD98059 and U0126, inhibitors for MEK1/2, was less effective. These results suggest that the activation of the MEK5-ERK5 cascade plays a pivotal role in the biliary dysgenesis of PCK rats, and also provide insights into the pathogenesis of Caroli's disease with CHF. As the MEK5-ERK5 interaction is highly specific, it may represent a potential target of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sato
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Mrug M, Li R, Cui X, Schoeb TR, Churchill GA, Guay-Woodford LM. Kinesin family member 12 is a candidate polycystic kidney disease modifier in the cpk mouse. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:905-16. [PMID: 15728779 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cpk mouse is the most extensively characterized model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). The major ARPKD-related renal and biliary phenotypes are modulated in F2 mutants by genetic background, suggesting that quantitative trait loci (QTL) modulate disease severity. In 461 F2 cpk mice, kidney length, weight, and volume were scored as quantitative traits (QT), and a semiquantitative method to assess biliary duct number, area (BDA), portal vein area, and total area of each portal field, as well as the severity of cholangitis, was developed. QTL mapping was performed with Pseudomarker v1.02. Candidate genes were identified within the QTL intervals on the basis of expression profiling, reverse transcriptase-PCR, haplotypes, and sequence analysis. The renal QT were normally distributed in the F2 cohort and strongly correlated (P < 0.001). Among the biliary QT, only BDA correlated with the renal QT (P < 0.01). Genome-wide scan identified a major effect QTL on chromosome (Chr) 4 for the renal traits, adjusted BDA, and cholangitis with logarithm of odds scores of 18, 8, and 5, respectively. Regression modeling refined the Chr 4 main effect into an approximately 50-cM region with three distinct QTL peaks at 16, 34, and 54 cM. Kif12, a gene encoding a novel kinesin, mapped beneath the 34 cM QTL peak and has expression level variants and strain-specific sequences that were associated with renal disease severity in affected mice. Therefore, the positional candidate gene, Kif12, fulfills the major criteria for QTL gene discovery established by the Complex Trait Consortium, and, thus, it is proposed that Kif12 is a cpk modifier gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mrug
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 740 Kaul Human Genetics Building, 720 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Sharma M, Brantley JG, Alcalay NI, Zhou J, Heystek E, Maser RL, Vanden Heuvel GB. Differential expression of Cux-1 and p21 in polycystic kidneys from Pkd1 null and cpk mice. Kidney Int 2005; 67:432-42. [PMID: 15673290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cux-1 is a murine homeodomain protein that functions as a cell cycle-dependent transcriptional repressor in proliferating cells. Targets of Cux-1 repression include the cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. In the kidney, Cux-1 is spatially and temporally regulated, and ectopic expression of Cux-1 in transgenic mice results in renal hyperplasia. Previously, we observed that Cux-1 is deregulated in cystic kidneys from cpk mice. Recent studies have suggested a role for the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 in the development of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in mice lacking PKD1. METHODS Since p21 is a target of transcriptional repression by Cux-1, we compared the expression of Cux-1 and p21 in kidneys from Pkd1 null and cpk mice by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. We also evaluated apoptosis and the expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27 in Pkd1 null and cpk mice by terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS In both early and late embryonic kidneys from Pkd1 null mice, Cux-1 was highly and ectopically expressed in normal-appearing tubule epithelium, interstitial cells, and in the epithelial cells lining the cysts, where it colocalized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Increased Cux-1 expression in Pkd1 null kidneys was also associated with a decrease in p27 expression at late stages of cystogenesis. In cpk kidneys, Cux-1 was not up-regulated until late stages of cyst development. Moreover, in contrast to Pkd1 null kidneys, p21 and p27 were highly expressed in cpk kidneys. In late stages of cystogenesis, Cux-1 and p21 colocalized in cyst lining cells, which also showed a high incidence of apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cyst development in Pkd1 null mice and cpk mice proceeds through different mechanisms. In Pkd1 null mice, ectopic expression of Cux-1 is associated with increased cell proliferation. In contrast, in cpk mice, ectopic expression of Cux-1 is associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Husson H, Manavalan P, Akmaev VR, Russo RJ, Cook B, Richards B, Barberio D, Liu D, Cao X, Landes GM, Wang CJ, Roberts BL, Klinger KW, Grubman SA, Jefferson DM, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O. New insights into ADPKD molecular pathways using combination of SAGE and microarray technologies. Genomics 2004; 84:497-510. [PMID: 15498457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 gene, but cellular mechanisms of cystogenesis remain unclear. In an attempt to display the array of cyst-specific molecules and to elucidate the disease pathway, we have performed comprehensive high-throughput expression analysis of normal and ADPKD epithelia in a two-step fashion. First, we generated expression profiles of normal and cystic epithelia derived from kidney and liver using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). We found 472 and 499 differentially expressed genes with fivefold difference in liver and kidney libraries, respectively. These genes encode growth factors, transcription factors, proteases, apoptotic factors, molecules involved in cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and ion channels. As a second step, we constructed a custom cDNA microarray using a subset of the differentially regulated genes identified by SAGE and interrogated ADPKD patient samples. Subsequently, a set of differentially expressed genes was refined to 26 up-regulated and 48 down-regulated genes with ap value of <0.01. This study may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of ADPKD and suggest potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Husson
- Functional Genomics, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA
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Cano DA, Murcia NS, Pazour GJ, Hebrok M. orpkmouse model of polycystic kidney disease reveals essential role of primary cilia in pancreatic tissue organization. Development 2004; 131:3457-67. [PMID: 15226261 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) includes a group of disorders that are characterized by the presence of cysts in the kidney and other organs,including the pancreas. Here we show that in orpk mice, a model system for PKD that harbors a mutation in the gene that encodes the polaris protein, pancreatic defects start to occur at the end of gestation, with an initial expansion of the developing pancreatic ducts. Ductal dilation continues rapidly after birth and results in the formation of large,interconnected cysts. Expansion of pancreatic ducts is accompanied by apoptosis of neighboring acinar cells, whereas endocrine cell differentiation and islet formation appears to be unaffected. Polaris has been shown to co-localize with primary cilia, and these structures have been implicated in the formation of renal cysts. In the orpk pancreas, cilia numbers are reduced and cilia length is decreased. Expression of polycystin-2, a protein involved in PKD, is mislocalized in orpk mice. Furthermore, the cellular localization of β-catenin, a protein involved in cell adhesion and Wnt signaling, is altered. Thus, polaris and primary cilia function are required for the maturation and maintenance of proper tissue organization in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cano
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Guay-Woodford LM. Murine models of polycystic kidney disease: molecular and therapeutic insights. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285:F1034-49. [PMID: 14600027 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00195.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous murine (mouse and rat) models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) have been described in which the mutant phenotype results from a spontaneous mutation or engineering via chemical mutagenesis, transgenic technologies, or gene-specific targeting in mouse orthologs of human PKD genes. These murine phenotypes closely resemble human PKD, with common abnormalities observed in tubular epithelia, the interstitial compartment, and the extracellular matrix of cystic kidneys. In both human and murine PKD, genetic background appears to modulate the renal cystic phenotype. In murine models, these putative modifying effects have been dissected into discrete factors called quantitative trait loci and genetically mapped. Several lines of experimental evidence support the hypothesis that PKD genes and their modifiers may define pathways involved in cystogenesis and PKD progression. Among the various pathway abnormalities described in murine PKD, recent provocative data indicate that structural and/or functional defects in the primary apical cilia of tubular epithelia may play a key role in PKD pathogenesis. This review describes the most widely studied murine models; highlights the data regarding specific gene defects and genetic modifiers; summarizes the data from these models that have advanced our understanding of PKD pathogenesis; and examines the effect of various therapeutic interventions in murine PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Division of Genetic and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul 740, 1530 3rd Ave. South 19th St., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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