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Lu Z, Tang Y, Luo J, Zhang S, Zhou X, Fu L. Advances in targeting the transforming growth factor β1 signaling pathway in lung cancer radiotherapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5681-5687. [PMID: 29113195 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer was demonstrated to be the most lethal type of malignant tumor amongst humans in the global cancer statistics of 2012. As one of the primary treatments, radiotherapy has been reported to induce remission in, and even cure, patients with lung cancer. However, the side effects of radiotherapy may prove lethal in certain patients. In past decades, the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) signaling pathway has been revealed to serve multiple functions in the control of lung cancer progression and the radiotherapy response. In mammals, this signaling pathway is initiated through activation of the TGFB1 receptor complex, which signals via cytoplasmic SMAD proteins or other downstream signaling pathways. Multiple studies have demonstrated that TGFB1 serves important functions in lung cancer radiotherapy. The present study summarized and reviewed recent progress in elucidating the function of the TGFB1 signaling pathway in predicting radiation pneumonitis, as well as current strategies for targeting the TGFB1 signaling pathway in lung cancer radiotherapy, which may provide potential targets for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, P.R. China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
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2
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Ojiaku CA, Yoo EJ, Panettieri RA. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Function in Airway Remodeling and Hyperresponsiveness. The Missing Link? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:432-442. [PMID: 27854509 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0307tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma includes a complex interplay among airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Current evidence suggests that airway structural cells, including bronchial smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, mediate all three aspects of asthma pathogenesis. Although studies show a connection between airway remodeling and changes in bronchomotor tone, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a growth factor elevated in the airway of patients with asthma, plays a role in airway remodeling and in the shortening of various airway structural cells. However, the role of TGF-β1 in mediating airway hyperresponsiveness remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing the role of TGF-β1 in airway remodeling and shortening. Through our review, we aim to further elucidate the role of TGF-β1 in asthma pathogenesis and the link between airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and to define TGF-β1 as a potential therapeutic target for reducing asthma morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Ojiaku
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edwin J Yoo
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- 2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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3
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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4
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“Three sources and three component parts” of free oligosaccharides. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2014; 86:5-17. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj86.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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5
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The molecular mechanism of hypertrophic scar. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:239-52. [PMID: 23504443 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HTS) is a dermal form of fibroproliferative disorder which often develops after thermal or traumatic injury to the deep regions of the skin and is characterized by excessive deposition and alterations in morphology of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. HTS are cosmetically disfiguring and can cause functional problems that often recur despite surgical attempts to remove or improve the scars. In this review, the roles of various fibrotic and anti-fibrotic molecules are discussed in order to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of HTS. These molecules include growth factors, cytokines, ECM molecules, and proteolytic enzymes. By exploring the mechanisms of this form of dermal fibrosis, we seek to provide some insight into this form of dermal fibrosis that may allow clinicians to improve treatment and prevention in the future.
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Barnes J, Warejcka D, Simpliciano J, Twining S, Steet R. Latency-associated peptide of transforming growth factor-β1 is not subject to physiological mannose phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7526-34. [PMID: 22262853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.308825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent TGF-β1 was one of the first non-lysosomal glycoproteins reported to bear mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues on its N-glycans. Prior studies have suggested that this sugar modification regulates the activation of latent TGF-β1 by allowing it to bind cell surface-localized Man-6-P receptors. Man-6-P has also been proposed as an anti-scarring therapy based on its ability to directly block the activation of latent TGF-β1. A complete understanding of the physiological relevance of latent TGF-β1 mannose phosphorylation, however, is still lacking. Here we investigate the degree of mannose phosphorylation on secreted latent TGF-β1 and examine its Man-6-P-dependent activation in primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts. Contrary to earlier reports, minimal to no Man-6-P modification was found on secreted and cell-associated latent TGF-β1 produced from multiple primary and transformed cell types. Results showed that the inability to detect Man-6-P residues was not due to masking by the latent TGF-β1-binding protein (LTBP). Moreover, the efficient processing of glycans on latent TGF-β1 to complex type structures was consistent with the lack of mannose phosphorylation during biosynthesis. We further demonstrated that the conversion of corneal stromal fibroblast to myofibroblasts, a well known TGF-β1-dependent process, was not altered by Man-6-P addition when latent forms of this growth factor were present. Collectively, these findings indicate that Man-6-P-dependent effects on latent TGF-β1 activation are not mediated by direct modification of its latency-associated peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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7
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Barnes J, Lim JM, Godard A, Blanchard F, Wells L, Steet R. Extensive mannose phosphorylation on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) controls its extracellular levels by multiple mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24855-64. [PMID: 21613225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to soluble acid hydrolases, many nonlysosomal proteins have been shown to bear mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues. Quantification of the extent of mannose phosphorylation and the relevance to physiological function, however, remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the mannose phosphorylation status of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a previously identified high affinity ligand for the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), and we analyzed the effects of this modification on its secretion and uptake in cultured cells. When media from LIF-overexpressing cells were fractionated using a CI-MPR affinity column, 35-45% of the total LIF molecules were bound and specifically eluted with free Man-6-P thus confirming LIF as a bona fide Man-6-P-modified protein. Surprisingly, mass spectrometric analysis of LIF glycopeptides enriched on the CI-MPR column revealed that all six N-glycan sites could be Man-6-P-modified. The relative utilization of these sites, however, was not uniform. Analysis of glycan-deleted LIF mutants demonstrated that loss of glycans bearing the majority of Man-6-P residues leads to higher steady-state levels of secreted LIF. Using mouse embryonic stem cells, we showed that the mannose phosphorylation of LIF mediates its internalization thereby reducing extracellular levels and stimulating embryonic stem cell differentiation. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments indicate that LIF is targeted directly to lysosomes following its biosynthesis, providing another mechanism whereby mannose phosphorylation serves to control extracellular levels of LIF. Failure to modify LIF in the context of mucolipidosis II and its subsequent accumulation in the extracellular space may have important implications for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
With >10,000,000 cancer survivors in the U.S. alone, the late effects of cancer treatment are a significant public health issue. Over the past 15 years, much work has been done that has led to an improvement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of normal tissue injury after cancer therapy. In many cases, these injuries are characterized at the histologic level by loss of parenchymal cells, excessive fibrosis, and tissue atrophy. Among the many cytokines involved in this process, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is thought to play a pivotal role. TGF-beta1 has a multitude of functions, including both promoting the formation and inhibiting the breakdown of connective tissue. It also inhibits epithelial cell proliferation. TGF-beta1 is overexpressed at sites of injury after radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, TGF-beta1 represents a logical target for molecular therapies designed to prevent or reduce normal tissue injury after cancer therapy. Herein, the evidence supporting the critical role of TGF-beta1 in the development of normal tissue injury after cancer therapy is reviewed and the results of recent research aimed at preventing normal tissue injury by targeting the TGF-beta1 pathway are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Anscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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9
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El‐Shewy HM, Luttrell LM. Chapter 24 Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐2/Mannose‐6 Phosphate Receptors. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2009; 80:667-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Jeanjean A, Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Leiris S, Garcia M, Morère A. Synthesis of new sulfonate and phosphonate derivatives for cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6240-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Wang JF, Jiao H, Stewart TL, Shankowsky HA, Scott PG, Tredget EE. Fibrocytes from burn patients regulate the activities of fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:113-21. [PMID: 17244327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2006.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing requires an elaborate interplay between numerous cell types that orchestrate a series of regulated and overlapping events. Fibrocytes are a unique leukocyte subpopulation implicated in this process. One role proposed for these cells in wound healing is to synthesize extracellular matrix. Interestingly, using mass spectrometry to quantify hydroxyproline, we discovered that the capacity of fibrocytes from normal subjects or from burn patients to produce collagen is much less than that of dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, we investigated whether fibrocytes could play an indirect, regulatory, role in the healing of burn wounds by affecting the functions of dermal fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts treated with medium conditioned by burn patient fibrocytes, but not by those derived from normal subjects, showed an increase in cell proliferation and migration. Using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting, we found the level of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression to be increased in these treated dermal fibroblasts, which also showed an enhanced ability to contract collagen lattices. To determine whether these effects could be attributed to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) or to connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), we measured total TGF-beta1 levels in the conditioned medium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbtion assay and assessed levels of CTGF mRNA and protein in fibroblasts and fibrocytes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The results showed significantly higher levels of TGF-beta1 and CTGF produced by burn patient fibrocytes. In addition, the application of a TGF-beta1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the effect of burn patient fibrocyte medium on dermal fibroblast proliferation, migration, and collagen lattice contraction. Our results suggest that in healing burn wounds, fibrocytes could regulate the activities of local fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fei Wang
- Wound Healing Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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12
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Wang LS, Chen YW, Li DG, Lu HM. Arg-gly-asp-mannose-6-phosphate inhibits activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells in vitro. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1303-7. [PMID: 16534891 PMCID: PMC4124449 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i8.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of arg-gly-asp-mannose-6 phosphate (RGD-M6P) on the activation and proliferation of primary hepatic stellate cells in vitro.
METHODS: Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated from rats by in situ collagenase perfusion of liver and 18% Nycodenz gradient centrifugation and cultured on uncoated plastic plates for 24 h with DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS/DMEM) before the culture medium was substituted with 2% FBS/DMEM for another 24 h. Then, HSCs were cultured in 2% FBS/DMEM with transforming growth factor β1, M6P, RGD, or RGD-M6P, respectively. Cell morphology was observed under inverted microscope, smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) was detected by immunocytochemistry, type III procollagen (PCIII) in supernatant was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the proliferation rate of HSCs was assessed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: RGD-M6P significantly inhibited the morphological transformation and the α-SMA and PCIII expressions of HSCs in vitro and also dramatically prevented the proliferation of HSCs in vitro. Such effects were remarkably different from those of RGD or M6P.
CONCLUSION: The new compound, RGD-M6P, which has a dramatic effect on primary cultured HSCs in vitro, can inhibit the transformation of HSCs in culture caused by TGFβ1, suppresses the expression of PCIII and decreases proliferation rate of HSC. RGD-M6P can be applied as a selective drug carrier targeting at HSCs, which may be a new approach to the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Wang
- Digestive Disease Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Ruiz-de-Erenchun R, Dotor de las Herrerías J, Hontanilla B. Use of the Transforming Growth Factor-??1 Inhibitor Peptide in Periprosthetic Capsular Fibrosis: Experimental Model with Tetraglycerol Dipalmitate. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116:1370-8. [PMID: 16217481 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000181694.07661.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsular contracture is the most common specific complication associated with silicone prostheses. It is thought to be caused by the gradual retraction of the fibrous scar tissue that forms around the prosthesis. Molecular biology has made it possible to determine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the scar physiopathology of any fibrotic process, including periprosthetic capsular fibrosis. The effects on the inhibition of TGF-beta have also been demonstrated in experimental models of scar formation and fibrosis, which opens the way for new therapeutic alternatives in the treatment of capsular contracture. METHODS Three experimental groups of 10 rats each were formed to evaluate periprosthetic fibrosis after its modulation with a newly synthesized TGF-beta1 peptide inhibitor in a tetraglycerol dipalmitate matrix. In the first group, subcutaneously and submuscularly placed, smooth, solid silicone prostheses were left untreated; in the second group, the prostheses were left after being immersed in a solution of tetraglycerol dipalmitate; and in the third group, following the same protocol as in the second group, the solution contained tetra-glycerol dipalmitate mixed with the inhibitor peptide of TGF-beta1. The animals were euthanized 8 weeks after implantation, and the capsules were assessed both macroscopically and histologically. RESULTS Inhibition of capsular thickness and cellularity was significantly more effective in the group of animals treated with the inhibitor peptide of TGF-beta1. CONCLUSIONS The TGF-beta1 inhibitor peptide applied in a matrix with tetraglycerol dipalmitate is significantly effective in achieving a reduction in periprosthetic fibrosis after placement of silicone implants, either subcutaneously or submuscularly. This result suggests new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruiz-de-Erenchun
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Romano PS, Carvelli L, López AC, Jofré G, Sartor T, Sosa MA. Developmental differences between cation-independent and cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptors in rat brain at perinatal stages. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 158:23-30. [PMID: 15982751 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) play a role in the selective transport of macromolecules bearing mannose-6-phosphate residue to lysosomes. To date, two types of MPRs have been described in most of cells and tissues: the cation-dependent (CD-MPR) and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). In order to elucidate their possible role in the central nervous system, the expression and binding properties of both MPRs were studied in rat brain along perinatal development. It was observed that the expression of CI-MPR decreases progressively from fetuses to adults, while the CD-MPR increases around the 10th day of birth, and maintains these values up to adulthood. Binding assays showed differences in the Bmax and KD values between the ages studied, and they did not correlate with the expression levels of both MPRs. Variations in lysosomal enzyme activities and expression of phosphomannosylated ligands during development correlated more with CD-MPR than with CI-MPR expression. These results suggest that both receptors play a different role in rat brain during perinatal development, being CD-MPR mostly involved in lysosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Romano
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56, Centro Universitario, Parque General San Martín, (5500) Mendoza, Argentina
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15
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Hawkes C, Kar S. The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor: structure, distribution and function in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 44:117-40. [PMID: 15003389 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein which, along with the cation-dependent M6P (CD-M6P) receptor, mediates the trafficking of M6P-containing lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to lysosomes. Cell surface IGF-II/M6P receptors also function in the degradation of the non-glycosylated IGF-II polypeptide hormone, as well as in the capture and activation/degradation of extracellular M6P-bearing ligands. In recent years, the multifaceted role of the receptor has become apparent, as several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to its role in lysosomal enzyme trafficking, clearance and/or activation of a variety of growth factors and endocytosis-mediated degradation of IGF-II, the IGF-II/M6P receptor may also mediate transmembrane signal transduction in response to IGF-II binding under certain conditions. However, very little is known about the physiological significance of the receptor in the function of the central nervous system (CNS). This review aims to delineate what is currently known about IGF-II/M6P receptor structure, its ligand binding properties and role in lysosomal enzyme transport. It also summarizes the recent data regarding the role of the receptor in the CNS, including its distribution, possible importance for normal and activity-dependent functioning as well as its implications in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hawkes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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16
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Arpornmaeklong P, Kochel M, Depprich R, Kübler NR, Würzler KK. Influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells. An in vitro study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33:60-70. [PMID: 14690661 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2003.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical reports suggest that the application of an autologous blood plasma enriched with thrombocytes by centrifugal concentration (platelet-rich plasma: PRP) can enhance the formation of new bone. There are very fewin vitro or in vivo studies published on the efficiency of PRP. In this project a three dimensional cell culture system was used to compare PRP and rhBMP-2 in vitro. Marrow derived bone forming cells from Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats were seeded on porous collagenous carriers (d=5mm, h=3mm) at a density of 4 x 10(4) cells/carrier and exposed to different concentrations of PRP (platelet counts from 2.5 x 10(8)-1.6 x 10(7) platelets/culture), rhBMP-2 (300 ng) or plasma poor in thrombocytes (platelet-poor plasma, PPP). Cultures without additional supplements were used as controls. During a culture period of 21 days cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and calcium content (days 18, 21) were measured in 3 day intervals.PRP showed a dose dependent stimulation of cell proliferation, while reducing ALP activity and calcium deposition in the culture. BMP-2 led to an opposite cell response and induced the highest ALP activity and mineral deposition. These data suggest that PRP inhibited osteogenic differentiation of marrow derived pre-osteoblasts in a dose dependent manner. PRP is not a substitute for BMP-2 in osteogenic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arpornmaeklong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
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17
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Lim IK. Spectrum of molecular changes during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN and other chemicals in Fisher 344 male rats [Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 123 (2002) 1665-1680]. Mech Ageing Dev 2003; 124:697-708. [PMID: 12825548 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike other tissues such as breast, colon and renal cell carcinoma, it is not an easy task to single out any representative oncogene or tumor suppressor genes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which play a pivotal role. To investigate putatively altered main pathways in HCC, F344 male rats were treated with a single injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), followed by either twice/week injections of nodularin for 10 weeks or thioacetamide (TAA) in drinking water for 39 weeks. p53 expression was dramatic in both hepatocytes and mesenchymal cells after a single injection of DEN, however, PCR-SSCP assay could not detect any p53 mutation during the development of hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). The data indicate that wtp53 response was mostly for removal of damaged cells during the initiation of carcinogenesis. When treated with DEN-TAA, induction of gankyrin expression during hepatic fibrosis preceded the loss of pRB protein, accompanied with significant expressions of G1phase cyclins and CDKs. Moreover, p16(INK4A) exon 1 was hypermethylated during the development of poorly differentiated HCCs. These changes would result in complete inactivation of the pRB regulatory pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis. Induction of TGF-beta1 expression with loss of its receptor expression occurred rapidly in the altered hepatocytes by DEN-nodularin treatment. CONCLUSION Therefore, escape from TGF-beta1 induced apoptosis and severe degradation of pRB protein during the early stage of carcinogenesis can perform a symphony to proliferate and to transform the altered hepatocytes to tumor cells. Inactivation of p16(INK4A) and p53 genes at the later stage of carcinogenesis would endow HCC with malignancy, which is highly resistant to any therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyunggi-do, Suwon, South Korea.
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Lim IK. Spectrum of molecular changes during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by DEN and other chemicals in Fischer 344 male rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:1665-80. [PMID: 12470904 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike other tissues such as breast, colon and renal cell carcinoma, it is not an easy task to single out any representative oncogene or tumor suppressor genes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which play a pivotal role. To investigate putatively altered main pathways in HCC, F344 male rats were treated with a single injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), followed by either twice/week injections of nodularin for 10 weeks or thioacetamide (TAA) in drinking water for 39 weeks. p53 expression was dramatic in both hepatocytes and mesenchymal cells after a single injection of DEN, however, PCR-SSCP assay could not detect any p53 mutation during the development of hepatocellular adenoma. The data indicate that wtp53 response was mostly for removal of damaged cells during the initiation of carcinogenesis. When treated with DEN-TAA, induction of gankyrin expression during hepatic fibrosis preceded the loss of pRB protein, accompanied with significant expressions of G1 phase cyclins and CDKs. Moreover, p16(INK4A) exon 1 was hypermethylated during the development of poorly differentiated HCCs. These changes would result in complete inactivation of the pRB regulatory pathway during hepatocarcinogenesis. Induction of TGF-beta1 expression with loss of its receptor expression occurred rapidly in the altered hepatocytes by DEN-nodularin treatment. CONCLUSION Therefore, escape from TGF-beta1 induced apoptosis and severe degradation of pRB protein during the early stage of carcinogenesis can perform a symphony to proliferate and to transform the altered hepatocytes to tumor cells. Inactivation of p16(INK4A) and p53 genes at the later stage of carcinogenesis would endow HCC with malignancy, which is highly resistant to any therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, South Korea.
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Yang L, Scott PG, Giuffre J, Shankowsky HA, Ghahary A, Tredget EE. Peripheral blood fibrocytes from burn patients: identification and quantification of fibrocytes in adherent cells cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1183-92. [PMID: 12218079 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000027841.50269.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood fibrocytes are a newly identified leukocyte subpopulation that displays fibroblast-like properties. These blood-borne cells can rapidly enter the site of injury at the same time as circulating inflammatory cells. We hypothesize that circulating fibrocytes represent an important source of fibroblasts for healing of extensive burn wounds where it may be difficult for fibroblasts to migrate from the edges of uninjured tissue. In this study we identified and quantified fibrocytes among the adherent cells cultured from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 18 burn patients and 12 normal individuals, based on their ability to express type I collagen. Our results showed that adherent cells cultured from PBMC of burn patients differentiated to fibrocytes more efficiently than did those from normal individuals. The percentage of type I collagen-positive fibrocytes was significantly higher for patients than for controls (89.7 +/- 7.9% versus 69.9 +/- 14.7%, p < 0.001). This percentage was consistently higher for patients with a >/=30% total body surface area burn until 1 year, with the highest percentage appearing within 3 weeks of injury. A positive correlation was found between the levels of serum transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and the percentage of fibrocytes developing in the cultures of PBMC derived from these patients. We also demonstrated that fibrocytes were derived from CD14(+) cells but not CD14(-) cells. Conditioned medium from CD14(-) cells was, however, required for fibrocyte differentiation, whereas direct contact between CD14(-) and CD14(+) cells was not necessary. Treatment of the cell cultures with TGF-beta1 enhanced the development of collagen-positive cells, whereas the inclusion of neutralizing anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies in the CD14(-) conditioned medium suppressed fibrocyte differentiation. These data suggest that the development of fibrocytes is up-regulated systemically in burn patients. Increased TGF-beta in serum stimulates the differentiation of the CD14(+) cell population in PBMC into collagen-producing cells that may be important in wound healing and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liju Yang
- Department of Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Ghahary A, Tredget EE, Ghahary A, Bahar MA, Telasky C. Cell proliferating effect of latent transforming growth factor-beta1 is cell membrane dependent. Wound Repair Regen 2002; 10:328-35. [PMID: 12406170 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2002.10509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of in vivo activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), which is critical to its role in many physiological and pathological conditions, is not fully understood. To explore the mechanism by which dermal fibroblasts respond to latent TGF-beta1 directly, the efficacy of either latent TGF-beta1 (LTGF-beta1) alone or LTGF-beta1 plus cell membranes isolated from fibroblasts, mink lung, and one skin-related (Sk23) and two skin-unrelated (U251 and D54MG) transformed cell lines was examined using the mink lung epithelial cell (Mv1Lu) inhibition assay. As a source of LTGF-beta1, PA317 cells were transfected with previously constructed pLin-TGF-beta1 or pLin vectors with no TGF-beta1 insert. LTGF-beta1 expressing PA317 cells were then enriched by growth in the presence of 0.5 mg G-418 for 6-10 days. Eight out of 53 colonies of cells expressing high levels of LTGF-beta1 were selected and their conditioned media were removed after 3 days and used to evaluate the latency and bioactivity of TGF-beta1 using ELISA and Mv1Lu growth inhibition assay, respectively. The level of TGF-beta1 was 19-fold greater (21.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) in conditioned medium derived from pLin-TGF-beta1 transfected cells than that of control. These conditioned media were then used for the subsequent cell proliferating experiments. The results showed that latent TGF-beta1, which proved to be inactive in an Mv1Lu inhibition assay, significantly stimulates fibroblast cell proliferation compared to that of control in a dose-dependent fashion. In another set of experiments, cells were treated with either active (acidified/neutralized) or latent TGF-beta1 and the results showed a significant increase in cell proliferation in response to low concentrations of active TGF-beta1. However, high concentrations of active TGF-beta1 markedly suppressed fibroblast proliferation. These dual effects were in contrast to a steady increase in fibroblast proliferation found in response to latent TGF-beta1. To explore why LTGF-beta1 has a differential proliferating effect on epithelial and fibroblast cell proliferation, cell membranes from these cells were isolated and incubated with PA317-conditioned medium containing LTGF-beta1 and then added to mink lung cells. Only isolated fibroblast cell membranes incubated with LTGF-beta1 inhibited Mv1Lu cells. To examine whether the LTGF-beta1 cell proliferating activity is unique to dermal fibroblasts or is a general phenomenon, in similar experimental conditions cell membranes from several cell lines, U251, D54MG, and SK23, were isolated, incubated with LTGF-beta1, and then added to an Mv1Lu inhibition assay. The proliferation of Mv1Lu epithelial cells was significantly (1547 +/- 269 vs. 3568 +/- 23) inhibited with SK23, but not U251 cell membranes plus LTGF-beta1 relative to that of control. The inhibitory effect of SK23 plus LTGF-beta1 was cell membrane dose-dependent. In conclusion, the result of this study shows that LTGF-beta1 may directly modulate cell proliferation of those cells that possess a cell membrane associated LTGF-beta1 activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ghahary
- Department of Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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