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Ramakrishnan K, Turner J, Desai M, Tongut A, Nuskowski M. Gaseous Nitric Oxide-Cangrelor Combination to Prevent Clots in Extracorporeal Life Support System. J Surg Res 2024; 293:468-474. [PMID: 37820395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to investigate the potential synergistic utility of a combination of gaseous nitric oxide (gNO)-intravenous Cangrelor as an effective pharmacological option for the prevention of thrombosis in an animal model of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) circuits. METHODS 10 newborn lambs were placed on ECLS. 5 of them were administered a combination of gNO and intravenous Cangrelor. The remaining 5 were not administered any anticoagulant. The primary end point was duration of ECLS without clot formation. The secondary outcome measure was the absolute maximum transmembrane pressure gradient. RESULTS The mean duration of ECLS were 168 min (standard deviation 224.98 min) in the control group and 402 min (standard deviation 287.5 min) in the experimental group (P = 0.17). The peak trans-oxygenator pressure difference was 43 mm Hg (standard deviation 23 mm Hg) in the control group and 62 mm Hg (standard deviation 71 mm Hg) in the experimental group(P = 0.64). Two animals in the experimental group were supported up to 12 h without clot formation. Clot formation in the experimental group occurred after placement of the cannulae but prior to initiation of ECLS flows after cannulation. CONCLUSIONS A combination of gNO and Cangrelor is prevents clot formation in an experimental animal model when administered through a clean clot-free circuit. However, the combination s ineffective when there are pre-existing clots in the circuit. A bolus of anticoagulation prior to cannulation is needed prior to testing this combination in future studies with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramakrishnan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Joel Turner
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Manan Desai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aybala Tongut
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Nuskowski
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
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Kerstein JS, Adams PS, Maul TM, Stebler J, Baust T, Saenz L, Albert O, Palmer D, Morell VO, Domnina Y. Predictors of Mediastinal Exploration While on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. ASAIO J 2023; 69:610-617. [PMID: 36562607 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgical patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are at increased risk for hemorrhage due to necessary anticoagulation, in-situ cannulas, and disturbed hemostasis. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients 0-18 years old in our cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) cannulated to ECMO within 48 h of cardiopulmonary bypass. The 69 patients included in the study were divided into three analysis groups based on serial chest tube output per hour: no bleeding (NB) on admission to the CICU (21/69, 30%), bleeding stopped (BS) with medical management (26/69, 38%), bleeding requiring emergent mediastinal exploration (BME) (22/69, 32%). The NB group had a more favorable coagulation profile upon admission to the CICU (PTT 53 s NB, 105 s BS, 83 s BME p < 0.001, ACT 169 s NB, 225 s BS, 211 s BME, p =0.013). Only chest tube output during the first three postcannulation hours remained associated with the need for mediastinal exploration by multivariable analysis. An average chest-tube output of 11.6 mL/kg/h during the first three hours had the highest percentage of patients classified correctly (84%) for requiring mediastinal exploration during their ECMO run (sensitivity 91%, specificity 81%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Kerstein
- From the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Phillip S Adams
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Timothy M Maul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - Jamie Stebler
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tracy Baust
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Lucas Saenz
- Department of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oluchi Albert
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David Palmer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Victor O Morell
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yuliya Domnina
- Department of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
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Perry T, Henry B, Cooper DS, Keswani SG, Burton KS, Lim FY, Chernoguz A, Frischer JS. Antithrombin III infusion improves anticoagulation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2023; 38:507-514. [PMID: 34939461 DOI: 10.1177/02676591211063805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Achieving effective anticoagulation during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) without increasing the risk of hemorrhage remains challenging. The use of antithrombin III (AT-III) for this purpose has been examined, but studies have been limited to intermittent bolus dosing. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an institutionally developed AT-III continuous infusion protocol in neonates receiving ECMO for the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). METHODS In this single center, retrospective study, all neonates with a CDH who received ECMO support during the study period were included. Data on anticoagulation labs and therapy, life-threatening bleeding, and circuit changes were analyzed. RESULTS Eleven patients were divided into two groups: patients with AT-III continuous infusion (n = 5) and without (n = 6). There were no differences in the gestational age (p = 0.29), sex (p = 1.00), ECMO duration (p = 0.59), or initial AT-III levels (p = 0.76) between groups. Patients in the AT-III infusion group had on average 18.5% higher AT-III levels (p < 0.0001). Patients receiving continuous AT-III infusions spent a significantly higher percentage of ECMO time within the therapeutic range, measured using anti-Factor Xa levels (64.9±4.2% vs. 29.1±8.57%, p = 0.008), and required fewer changes to the heparin infusion rate (6.48±0.88 vs 2.38±0.36 changes/day changes/day, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed continuous infusion of AT-III did not increase the rate of intracranial or surgical bleeding (p = 0.27). CONCLUSION AT-III as a continuous infusion in CDH neonates on ECMO provides a decreased need to modify heparin infusion and more consistent therapeutic anticoagulation without increasing the risk of life-threatening bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Perry
- The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Henry
- The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David S Cooper
- The Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sundeep G Keswani
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly S Burton
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Foong-Yen Lim
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Artur Chernoguz
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason S Frischer
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2518Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Chegondi M, Vijayakumar N, Totapally BR. Management of Anticoagulation during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children. Pediatr Rep 2022; 14:320-332. [PMID: 35894028 PMCID: PMC9326610 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric14030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is often used in critically ill children with severe cardiopulmonary failure. Worldwide, about 3600 children are supported by ECMO each year, with an increase of 10% in cases per year. Although anticoagulation is necessary to prevent circuit thrombosis during ECMO support, bleeding and thrombosis are associated with significantly increased mortality risk. In addition, maintaining balanced hemostasis is a challenging task during ECMO support. While heparin is a standard anticoagulation therapy in ECMO, recently, newer anticoagulant agents are also in use. Currently, there is a wide variation in anticoagulation management and diagnostic monitoring in children receiving ECMO. This review intends to describe the pathophysiology of coagulation during ECMO support, review of literature on current and newer anticoagulant agents, and outline various diagnostic tests used for anticoagulation monitoring. We will also discuss knowledge gaps and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuradhar Chegondi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Niranjan Vijayakumar
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Balagangadhar R. Totapally
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL 33155, USA;
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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5
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Lee JH, Park JH, Jang JH, Kim SH, Hong SY, Heo W, Lee DH, Choi HS, Kim KH, Jang HJ. The role of nafamostat mesilate as a regional anticoagulant during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Acute Crit Care 2022; 37:177-184. [PMID: 35545240 PMCID: PMC9184977 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2021.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) usually is required to prevent thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of nafamostat mesilate (NM) as a regional anticoagulant during veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 16 patients receiving VA-ECMO and NM from January 2017 to June 2020 at Haeundae Paik Hospital. We compared clinical and laboratory data, including activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which was measured simultaneously in patients and the ECMO site, to estimate the efficacy of regional anticoagulation. Results The median patient age was 68.5 years, and 56.3% of patients were men. Cardiovascular disease was the most common primary disease (75.0%) requiring ECMO treatment, followed by respiratory disease (12.5%). The median duration of ECMO treatment was 7.5 days. Among 16 patients, seven were switched to NM after first using heparin as an anticoagulation agent, and nine received only NM. When comparing aPTT values in the NM group between patients and the ECMO site, that in patients was significantly lower than that at the ECMO site (73.57 vs. 79.25 seconds; P=0.010); in contrast, no difference was observed in the heparin group. Conclusions NM showed efficacy as a regional anticoagulation method by sustaining a lower aPTT value compared to that measured at the ECMO site. NM should be considered as a safer regional anticoagulation method in VA-ECMO for patients at high risk of bleeding.
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Gurnani PK, Michalak LA, Tabachnick D, Kotwas M, Tatooles AJ. Outcomes of Extubated COVID and Non-COVID Patients Receiving Awake Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2022; 68:478-485. [PMID: 35349522 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cessation of continuous analgesia and sedation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receiving venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) facilitates early extubation, family, patient and provider engagement, and mobility. Outcomes associated with an awake ECMO strategy have not been well described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes in patients receiving this strategy. This was a retrospective review of ARDS patients receiving awake VV ECMO. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included days requiring ECMO, time from cannulation to extubation, complications, patients requiring tracheostomy, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and discharge disposition. In a subgroup analysis, outcomes were compared between non-COVID and COVID ECMO patients. Sixty-two patients were included with a survival to hospital discharge of 85.5%. Days requiring ECMO was 33.0 (0.0-75.0) and cannulation to extubation was 6.0 (4.0-11.0). Three patients received a tracheostomy (4.8%). Bleeding and infection were reported in 80.6% and 82.3% of patients, respectively. Intensive care unit length of stay was 46.0 days (29.0-90.0) and hospital LOS was 51.0 days (32.0-91.0). Over half of the patients (51.6%) were discharged to an acute rehabilitation facility and 27.4% were discharged home. There was similar survival to hospital discharge between the COVID and non-COVID awake ECMO patients (85% in both groups, p = 1.000). This study highlights the impact of an awake ECMO approach on survival to hospital discharge. Future studies are needed to evaluate this approach as compared to current practice to determine if this should become the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal K Gurnani
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren A Michalak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deborah Tabachnick
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Kotwas
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Antone J Tatooles
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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7
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Hong TH, Kim HW, Kim HS, Park S. Assessing Clinical Feasibility and Safety of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support in the Intensive Care Unit. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.17479/jacs.2022.12.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A tracheostomy is often used to wean patients off the ventilator, as it helps maintain extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) without sedation. A percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) performed in critically ill patients is widely accepted, however, its feasibility and safety in ECMO is unclear.Methods: This retrospective observational study included 78 patients who underwent a PDT and ECMO at the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) in a tertiary hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019. We analyzed their medical records, including PDT-related complications and clinical variables.Results: The median values of hemoglobin, platelet count, international normalized ratio, partial thromboplastin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time before the tracheostomy were 9.2 (8.5-10.2) g/dL, 81 (56-103) × 103/dL, 1.22 (1.13-1.30), 15.2 (14.3-16.1) seconds, and 55.1 (47.4-61.1) seconds, respectively. No clotting was observed within the extracorporeal circuit, however, minimal bleeding was observed at the tracheostomy site in 10 (12.8%) patients. Of 4 patients with major bleeding, local hemorrhage was controlled in 3 patients, and intratracheal bleeding continued in 1 patient. The mortality rate was 60.9% and 57.1% in the complication and no-complication group, respectively. The durations of SICU stay, hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation were not statistically different between the groups.Conclusion: A PDT performed in critically ill patients was associated with a low rate of bleeding. Complications did not appear to significantly affect the patient outcome. PDT can be performed in patients who usually require a tracheostomy to maintain ECMO.
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8
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Niemiec SM, Louiselle AE, Phillips R, Hilton SA, Derderian SC, Zaretsky MV, Galan HL, Behrendt N, Kinsella JP, Liechty KW, Gien J. Reduction in blood product transfusion requirements with early on-ECMO repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. ANNALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43159-021-00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For infants with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) stabilized with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), early repair on ECMO improves outcome; however when compared to operative repair after ECMO, repair on ECMO is associated with increase bleeding risk and need for blood product transfusions.
Methods
A retrospective review of 54 patients with CDH placed on ECMO prior to CDH repair was performed. For the subset of patients repaired on ECMO, analysis comparing those repaired early (within 48 h of cannulation) and late (beyond 48 h) on ECMO was performed. Outcomes of interest included survival to discharge, days on ECMO, and postoperative blood product utilization.
Results
When compared to those patients repaired prior to 48 h of ECMO initiation, 57.7% of patients survived versus 40.9% of late repair patients. For those repaired early, blood product utilization was significantly less. Early repair patients received a median of 72 mL/kg packed red blood cells (PRBC) and 75 mL/kg platelets compared to 151.9 mL/kg and 98.7 mL/kg, respectively (p < 0.05 respectively). There was no difference in median days on ECMO (p = 0.38).
Conclusion
Our data supports prior reports of improved outcome with repair with 48 h of ECMO initiation and suggests early repair on ECMO is associated with less bleeding and decreased blood product requirement in the postoperative period.
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Mazzeffi MA, Rao VK, Dodd-O J, Del Rio JM, Hernandez A, Chung M, Bardia A, Bauer RM, Meltzer JS, Satyapriya S, Rector R, Ramsay JG, Gutsche J. Intraoperative Management of Adult Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: An Expert Consensus Statement From the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists-Part I, Technical Aspects of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1459-1477. [PMID: 34559089 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to support patients with refractory cardiopulmonary failure. Given ECMO's increased use in adults and the fact that many ECMO patients are cared for by anesthesiologists, the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists ECMO working group created an expert consensus statement that is intended to help anesthesiologists manage adult ECMO patients who are cared for in the operating room. In the first part of this 2-part series, technical aspects of ECMO are discussed, and related expert consensus statements are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mazzeffi
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Vidya K Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jeffrey Dodd-O
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose Mauricio Del Rio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mabel Chung
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit Bardia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca M Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph S Meltzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sree Satyapriya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raymond Rector
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Ramsay
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacob Gutsche
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Mazzeffi MA, Rao VK, Dodd-O J, Rio JMD, Hernandez A, Chung M, Bardia A, Bauer RM, Meltzer JS, Satyapriya S, Rector R, Ramsay JG, Gutsche J. Intraoperative Management of Adult Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: an Expert Consensus Statement From the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists-Part I, Technical Aspects of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35:3496-3512. [PMID: 34774252 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to support patients with refractory cardiopulmonary failure. Given ECMO's increased use in adults and the fact that many ECMO patients are cared for by anesthesiologists, the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists ECMO working group created an expert consensus statement that is intended to help anesthesiologists manage adult ECMO patients who are cared for in the operating room. In the first part of this 2-part series, technical aspects of ECMO are discussed, and related expert consensus statements are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mazzeffi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.
| | - Vidya K Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jeffrey Dodd-O
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose Mauricio Del Rio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mabel Chung
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amit Bardia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca M Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph S Meltzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sree Satyapriya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raymond Rector
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Ramsay
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacob Gutsche
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Lin JC, Barron LM, Vogel AM, Colvin RM, Baltagi SA, Doctor A, Gazit AZ, Mehegan M, O'Connor N, Said AS, Shepard M, Wallendorf M, Spinella PC. Context-Responsive Anticoagulation Reduces Complications in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:637106. [PMID: 34179125 PMCID: PMC8224528 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.637106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We sought to determine the impact of a comprehensive, context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline on bleeding and thrombotic complication rates and blood product utilization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Design: Single-center, observational pre- and post-implementation cohort study. Setting: Academic pediatric hospital. Patients: Patients in the PICU, CICU, and NICU receiving ECMO support. Interventions: Program-wide implementation of a context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline. Measurements: Pre-implementation subjects consisted of all patients receiving ECMO between January 1 and December 31, 2012, and underwent retrospective chart review. Post-implementation subjects consisted of all ECMO patients between September 1, 2013, and December 31, 2014, and underwent prospective data collection. Data collection included standard demographic and admission data, ECMO technical specifications, non-ECMO therapies, coagulation parameters, and blood product administration. A novel grading scale was used to define hemorrhagic complications (major, intermediate, and minor) and major thromboembolic complications. Main Results: Seventy-six ECMO patients were identified: 31 during the pre-implementation period and 45 in the post-implementation period. The overall observed mortality was 33% with no difference between groups. Compared to pre-implementation, the post-implementation group experienced fewer major hemorrhagic and major thrombotic complications and less severe hemorrhagic complications and received less RBC transfusion volume per kg. Conclusions: Use of a context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline was associated with a reduction in hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications and reduced RBC transfusion requirements. Further evaluation of guideline content, compliance, performance, and sustainability is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Lin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lauren M Barron
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Adam M Vogel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ryan M Colvin
- Pediatric Computing Facilities, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sirine A Baltagi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Allan Doctor
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Avihu Z Gazit
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mary Mehegan
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Ahmed S Said
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mark Shepard
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael Wallendorf
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Abstract
Patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) often require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Providers may be reluctant to perform tracheostomies on patients during ECMO due to their tenuous clinical status and systemic anticoagulation. We report our experience with performing open and percutaneous tracheostomies on patients supported on ECMO from August 2009 to December 2017. Of the 127 patients who underwent tracheostomy during ECMO support, the median age was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR], 29-54), 99 (78%) patients had venovenous (VV) cannulation, 22 (17%) patients had venoarterial (VA) cannulation, and six (5%) patients had hybrid configurations. Percutaneous tracheostomy was performed in 110 (87%) patients. Median-activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at the time of tracheostomy was 47.5 seconds (IQR, 41-57.6 seconds). The median time from ECMO initiation to tracheostomy was 7 days (IQR, 4-11 days). A total of 55 patients (43%) received packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusions within 48 hours after tracheostomy with a median transfusion of 2 units (IQR, 1-3). There was no procedural mortality. Overall, 88 (69%) patients survived to decannulation and 74 (58%) survived to hospital discharge. Our experience with the largest published series of tracheostomies during ECMO demonstrates that excellent outcomes can be achieved without significant morbidity.
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Surti J, Jain I, Mishra A, Gajjar T, Solanki A, Patel J, Shah J, Shah S. Venoarterial extra corporeal membrane oxygenation and blood component usage in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Single centre experience. Ann Card Anaesth 2021; 24:203-208. [PMID: 33884977 PMCID: PMC8253037 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_112_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is a well-known tool for providing life-saving support in patients developing post cardiotomy cardiogenic shock in post cardiac surgeries. The current study was designed to evaluate blood transfusion requirements and its relation to mortality in neonate and pediatric cardiac patients requiring venoarterial cardiac ECMO during post-operative period following cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods Overall 24 pediatric patients (including neonates) who underwent VA ECMO in post cardiac surgery at our institute from January 2016 to October 2017 were included in the study. The details of demographics, blood transfusion, ECMO, and morbidity and mortality were collected for all the patients. Objective of the Study The primary objective of our study was to assess the outcome of patients on ECMO in post pediatric cardiac surgery. The secondary objective of the study was to assess the effect of blood transfusion on the outcome of the patients. Results Overall mortality rate was 50% (n = 12). The overall transfusion rate of packed red blood cells was higher in patients who did not survive even after institution of VA ECMO. The transfusion of other blood products like platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma were also higher in this group of patients though it was statistically non-significant except for packed red cell transfusion. Though statistically non-significant, the patients who didn't survive even after institution of VA ECMO post-surgery had relatively higher mean age (703.88 ± 998.94 days) as compared to their counterparts (510.63 ± 384.36 days). Conclusion The use of ECMO is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Packed red cell transfusion is definitely higher in expired patients, indicative of deteriorated status of the patient. However, considering non-significant association of other blood components, except packed red cell it is recommended that patients' overall clinical condition should be taken into consideration for transfusion of blood products and not only targeting the transfusion triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Surti
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Imelda Jain
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Trushar Gajjar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Atul Solanki
- Department of Perfusion, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Patel
- Department of Perfusion, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jatin Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sapna Shah
- Department of Cardiology, U.N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Mulcahy CF, Ghulam-Smith M, Mamidi IS, Thakkar PG, Edwards H, Tummala N, Tracy LF. Oropharyngeal hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19: A multi-institutional case series. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102691. [PMID: 32890807 PMCID: PMC7435325 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Patients with COVID-19 who are intubated and require mechanical ventilation have been observed to have oropharyngeal bleeding necessitating otolaryngology intervention. Methods We report five cases of oropharyngeal hemorrhage in COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation requiring evaluation by otolaryngologists at George Washington University Hospital (GWUH) and Boston Medical Center (BMC) from March to April 2020. Institutional Review Board at both institutions exempted this study from informed consent because there were no identifiable patient characteristics, photographs, or imaging studies included. Results All five patients were managed conservatively; four required packing with Kerlix gauze by an otolaryngologist. Two patients had the additional requirement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and associated anticoagulation. Three patients improved with oropharyngeal packing; two had persistent bleeding. Three patients expired. Endotracheal tubes were repositioned less frequently due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Intubated patients with COVID-19 may have an increased risk of oropharyngeal hemorrhage. This may be due to anticoagulation, prolonged intubation, or decreased frequency of endotracheal tube repositioning. Otolaryngologists should wear appropriate PPE when managing this hemorrhagic complication.
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Antithrombin Supplementation During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:1636-1644. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim TW, Ryu KH, Park SG, Jeong CY, Choi JH, Park DH. Successful resuscitation by using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with amniotic fluid embolism: a case report. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520903640. [PMID: 32090659 PMCID: PMC7111119 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520903640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare disease, but it is a potentially fatal condition, as well as a leading cause of unpredictable maternal death in developed countries. The typical clinical symptoms of AFE include hypoxia, hypotension, and coagulopathy, and with rapid progression, it may cause cardiac arrest and death. We report a case of sudden hemodynamic instability due to amniotic fluid embolism, which was successfully treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A 39-year-old woman was scheduled for delivery at 38 weeks and 2 days of gestation. During labor, sudden generalized tonic-clonic seizures developed, followed by dyspnea and cyanosis. Despite immediate cesarean section being performed, she became hypoxemic and experienced cardiovascular collapse. ECMO was promptly applied, and the patient became stable 8 days after cesarean section. ECMO appears to be an appropriate treatment option for catastrophic amniotic fluid embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Keon Hee Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun Gyoo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Young Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eulji University Medical Center, Daejeon, Korea
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17
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Sun W, Wang S, Chen Z, Zhang J, Li T, Arias K, Griffith BP, Wu ZJ. Impact of high mechanical shear stress and oxygenator membrane surface on blood damage relevant to thrombosis and bleeding in a pediatric ECMO circuit. Artif Organs 2020; 44:717-726. [PMID: 31970795 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The roles of the large membrane surface of the oxygenator and the high mechanical shear stress (HMSS) of the pump in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit were examined under a pediatric support setting. A clinical centrifugal pump and a pediatric oxygenator were used to construct the ECMO circuit. An identical circuit without the oxygenator was constructed for comparison. Fresh human blood was circulated in the two circuits for 4 hours under the identical pump speed and flow. Blood samples were collected hourly for blood damage assessment, including platelet activation, generation of platelet-derived microparticles (PDMP), losses of key platelet hemostasis receptors (glycoprotein (GP) Ibα (GPIbα) and GPVI), and high molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and plasma free hemoglobin (PFH). Platelet adhesion on fibrinogen, VWF, and collagen was further examined. The levels of platelet activation and generation of PDMP and PFH exhibited an increasing trend with circulation time while the expression levels of GPIbα and GPVI receptors on the platelet surface decreased. Correspondingly, the platelets in the blood samples exhibited increased adhesion capacity to fibrinogen and decreased adhesion capacities on VWF and collagen with circulation time. Loss of HMWM of VWF occurred in both circuits. No statistically significant differences were found in all the measured parameters for blood damage and platelet adhesion function between the two circuits. The results indicate that HMSS from the pump played a dominant role in blood damage associated with ECMO and the impact of the large surface of the oxygenator on blood damage was insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shigang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zengsheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tieluo Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherin Arias
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bartley P Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhongjun J Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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18
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Mortality and Factors Associated With Hemorrhage During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2020; 21:75-81. [PMID: 31593556 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify and identify factors associated with bleeding events during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study with primary outcome of bleeding days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. SETTING Single tertiary care children's hospital. SUBJECTS One-hundred twenty-two children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for greater than 12 hours during January 2015 through December 2016. INTERVENTIONS Bleeding days were identified if mediastinal or cannula site exploration, activated factor VII administration, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or intracranial hemorrhages occurred. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with bleeding days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Study population was identified from institutional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation database. Clinical, laboratory, and survival data were obtained from medical records. Only data from patients' first extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run were used. One-hundred twenty-two patients with median age of 17 weeks (interquartile range, 1-148 wk) were analyzed. Congenital heart disease (n = 56, 46%) was the most common diagnosis. Bleeding days comprised 179 (16%) of the 1,121 observed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-patient-days. By extracorporeal membrane oxygenation day 4, 50% of users had experienced a bleeding day. Central rather than peripheral cannulation (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.47-4.52; p < 0.001), older age (odds ratio, 1.31 per increased week; 95% CI, 1.14-1.52; p < 0.001), higher lactate (odds ratio, 1.08 per 1 mmol/L increase; 95% CI, 1.05-1.12; p < 0.001), and lower platelets (odds ratio, 0.87 per 25,000 cell/μL increase; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99; p = 0.005) were associated with bleeding days. Patients who experienced more frequent bleeding (> 75th percentile) had fewer ventilator-free and hospital-free days in the 60 days after cannulation (0 vs 31; p = 0.002 and 0 vs 0; p = 0.008) and higher in-hospital mortality (68 vs 34%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Central cannulation, older age, low platelets, and high lactate are associated with bleeding days during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Patients who bleed more frequently during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have higher in-hospital mortality, longer technological dependence, and reduced hospital-free days.
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19
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Contemporary Comprehensive Monitoring of Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients. Can J Cardiol 2019; 36:291-299. [PMID: 31924449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has increased substantially over the past few decades. Today's clinicians now have a powerful means with which to salvage a growing population of patients at risk for cardiopulmonary collapse. At the same time, patients supported with VA ECMO have become increasingly more complex. The successful use of VA ECMO depends not only on selecting the appropriate patients, but also on effectively navigating a potential torrent of device- and patient-related complications until ECMO is no longer needed. A multitude of monitoring tools are now available to help the treatment team determine the adequacy of care, to detect problems, and to anticipate recovery. Monitoring with devices such as the Swan-Ganz catheter, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, chest radiography, and near-infrared spectroscopy can provide useful information to complement routine clinical care. Leveraging data derived from the ECMO circuit itself also can be instrumental in both evaluating the sufficiency of support and troubleshooting complications. Each of these tools, however, has its own unique sets of limitations and liabilities. A thorough understanding of these risks and benefits is critical to the contemporary care of the individual managed with VA ECMO. In addition, more research is needed to establish optimal evidence-based care pathways and best-practice principles for using these devices to improve patient outcomes.
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20
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Moreno Garijo J, Cypel M, McRae K, Machuca T, Cunningham V, Slinger P. The Evolving Role of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Lung Transplantation: Implications for Anesthetic Management. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:1995-2006. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Panigada M, Spinelli E, Cucino A, Cipriani E, De Falco S, Panarello G, Occhipinti G, Arcadipane A, Sales G, Fanelli V, Brazzi L, Novembrino C, Consonni D, Pesenti A, Grasselli G. Antithrombin supplementation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: study protocol for a pilot randomized clinical trial. Trials 2019; 20:349. [PMID: 31186035 PMCID: PMC6558738 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal levels of plasma antithrombin (AT) activity might decrease heparin requirements to achieve an adequate level of anticoagulation during treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Acquired AT deficiency during ECMO is common, but formal recommendations on target, timing, and rate of AT supplementation are lacking. Thus, we conceived a pilot trial to evaluate the feasibility and safety of prolonged AT supplementation in patients requiring veno-venous ECMO for respiratory failure. METHODS Grifols Antithrombin Research Awards (GATRA) is a prospective, randomized, single blinded, multicenter, controlled two-arm trial. Patients undergoing veno-venous ECMO will be randomized to either receive AT supplementation to maintain a functional AT level between 80 and 120% (AT supplementation group) or not (control group) for the entire ECMO course. In both study groups, anticoagulation will be provided with unfractionated heparin following a standardized protocol. The primary endpoint will be the dose of heparin required to maintain the ratio of activated partial thromboplastin time between 1.5 and 2. Secondary endpoints will be the adequacy of anticoagulation and the incidence of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. DISCUSSION GATRA is a pilot trial that will test the efficacy of a protocol of AT supplementation in decreasing the heparin dose and improving anticoagulation adequacy during ECMO. If positive, it might provide the basis for a future larger trial aimed at verifying the impact of AT supplementation on a composite outcome endpoint including hemorrhagic events, transfusion requirements, and mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03208270 . Registered on 5 July 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Panigada
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Spinelli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Cucino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cipriani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano De Falco
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Panarello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ISMETT IRCCS (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Occhipinti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ISMETT IRCCS (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Arcadipane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, ISMETT IRCCS (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), UPMC, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sales
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vito Fanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Novembrino
- Clinical Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Pesenti
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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22
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Wu X, Tao P, Zhu J, Wu C, Wei Y, Peng Y, Gao B. In Vitro Study on the Dynamics of Blood Flow Impelled by an Alternating Current Magnetohydrodynamic Blood Pump. Artif Organs 2019; 42:E349-E356. [PMID: 30474888 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artificial hearts are effective devices to treat heart failure in clinical practice and can be divided into two categories: artificial hearts and ventricular assist devices. The goal of this work was to investigate the fluidity and biological changes of in vitro sheep blood using a novel alternating current (AC) magnetohydrodynamic blood pump (central magnetic intensity: 0.9 T, alternating current frequency of the electric motor: 0-80 Hz). Blood samples were collected from five sheep and were divided into two groups: the control group (no exposure to an external magnetic field) and the exposed group (3 h of exposure to an alternating magnetic field). The blood cell counts, changes in blood viscosity, and ultrastructural changes of the blood cells under transmission electron microscopy were investigated. This study demonstrated several findings: (i) Continuous sheep blood flow can be achieved; (ii) The blood cell counts remained unchanged after 3 h of exposure to an alternating magnetic field; (iii) Compared with the control group, the high- and low-shear viscosities of the whole blood from the sheep significantly decreased after 3 h of exposure to an alternating magnetic field (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Plasma viscosity was significantly reduced after exposure to high-intensity alternating magnetic fields (P < 0.001); (iv) The cytoplasm of blood cells (especially erythrocytes) became lighter in color in the exposure group compared to the control group, and "beads-on-string" aggregations of black particles appeared. This work provides detailed and reliable scientific research data for the development of this type of blood pump, which may serve as a transition to the clinical artificial heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
| | - Pengxian Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
| | - Yaling Wei
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Ocean Energy Conversion, The Institute of Electrical Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingren Gao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou City, Gansu, China
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23
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Impact of Anticoagulation and Circuit Technology on Complications During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2019; 65:270-276. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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Okulu E, Erdeve O, Pekcici BB, Kendirli T, Eyileten Z, Atasay B, Arsan S. A Successful Whole Body Therapeutic Hypothermia for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy During an ECMO Run in a Newborn. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:95. [PMID: 30968010 PMCID: PMC6439343 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data regarding the safety of using therapeutic hypothermia (TH) with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonates with both hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and respiratory failure are lacking. TH is not associated with an increased incidence of hemostatic complications, but hypothermia may impair coagulation. Herein, we report a case of a newborn who had meconium aspiration syndrome and HIE and underwent both TH and ECMO. He did not have any bleeding or circuit complications, and mortality as short-term outcome along with well-neurodevelopmental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Okulu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Erdeve
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahar Bingoler Pekcici
- Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tanil Kendirli
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Eyileten
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Atasay
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saadet Arsan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Gurnani PK, Bohlmann A, March RJ. Prolonged use of eptifibatide as a bridge to maintain drug-eluting stent patency in a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2018; 33:699-703. [PMID: 29874954 DOI: 10.1177/0267659118780802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been used as a bridge to cardiac recovery in patients following a major cardiac event. There is a lack of literature surrounding prolonged use of eptifibatide and optimal dosing during ECMO. This case report describes our experience with extended durations and standard dosing of eptifibatide in the setting of ECMO. CASE A 40-year-old male with a history of Marfan's syndrome, aortic root and ascending aortic aneurysm status post a modified Bentall with a St. Jude mechanical aortic valve conduit and hemi-Cabrol with a Dacron graft to the left main coronary artery presented with exertional chest pain and was found to have an anastomotic narrowing to the left main which occluded while awaiting surgical revision. A rescue percutaneous coronary intervention at the anastomotic site was performed. Due to hemodynamic instability, he was placed on femoral VA-ECMO. The patient was started on anticoagulation for the ECMO circuit and eptifibatide to maintain stent patency. The patient experienced several bleeding episodes for which he received supportive care, endoscopic intervention and left gastric artery embolization. Eptifibatide was maintained at standard dosing and the heparin infusion was withheld. A coronary angiogram revealed no thrombus within the Cabrol graft a patent stent previously placed at the site of the distal graft-coronary anastomosis. The patient was decannulated from ECMO and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and division of the hemi-Cabrol graft. CONCLUSION While eptifibatide was effective in maintaining stent patency, our patient experienced several bleeding episodes during ECMO. Thus, the risks and benefits of concurrent antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy must be appropriately weighed in this patient population. Additionally, as the need for dual antiplatelet therapy due to coronary stent implantation is increasing, further studies are needed to validate optimal dosing of eptifibatide in patients at a high risk of bleeding during ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal K Gurnani
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allison Bohlmann
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J March
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lynch
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77551-0528, USA
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Abstract
The need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy is a marker of disease severity for which multiple medications are required. The therapy causes physiologic changes that impact drug pharmacokinetics. These changes can lead to exposure-driven decreases in efficacy or increased incidence of side effects. The pharmacokinetic changes are drug specific and largely undefined for most drugs. We review available drug dosing data and provide guidance for use in the ECMO patient population.
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Annich GM, Zaulan O, Neufeld M, Wagner D, Reynolds MM. Thromboprophylaxis in Extracorporeal Circuits: Current Pharmacological Strategies and Future Directions. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2017; 17:425-439. [PMID: 28536932 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-017-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of extracorporeal devices for organ support has been a part of medical history and progression since the late 1900s. These types of technology are primarily used and developed in the field of critical care medicine. Unfractionated heparin, discovered in 1916, has really been the only consistent form of thromboprophylaxis for attenuating or even preventing the blood-biomaterial reaction that occurs when such technologies are initiated. The advent of regional anticoagulation for procedures such as continuous renal replacement therapy and plasmapheresis have certainly removed the risks of systemic heparinization and heparin effect, but the challenges of the blood-biomaterial reaction and downstream effects remain. In addition, regional anticoagulation cannot realistically be applied in a system such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation because of the high blood flow rates needed to support the patient. More recently, advances in the technology itself have resulted in smaller, more compact extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems that can-at certain times and in certain patients-run without any form of anticoagulation. However, the majority of patients on ECLS systems require some type of systemic anticoagulation; therefore, the risks of bleeding and thrombosis persist, the most devastating of which is intracranial hemorrhage. We provide a concise overview of the primary and alternate agents and monitoring used for thromboprophylaxis during use of ECLS. In addition, we explore the potential for further biomaterial and technologic developments and what they could provide when applied in the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Annich
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Oshri Zaulan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Neufeld
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah Wagner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa M Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Okan Y, Sertac H, Erkut O, Taner K, Selen OI, Firat AH, Nihat C, Pelin A, Halime E, Alper G. Initial Clinical Experiences With Novel Diagonal ECLS System in Pediatric Cardiac Patients. Artif Organs 2017; 41:717-726. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Okan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Haydin Sertac
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ozturk Erkut
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kasar Taner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Onan I. Selen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Altin H. Firat
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery; Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cine Nihat
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery; Kartal Koşuyolu Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ayyildiz Pelin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Erkan Halime
- Pediatric Perfusion; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Guzeltas Alper
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
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Kruit N, Valchanov K, Blaudszun G, Fowles JA, Vuylsteke A. Bleeding Complications Associated With Percutaneous Tracheostomy Insertion in Patients Supported With Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygen Support: A 10-Year Institutional Experience. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 32:1162-1166. [PMID: 29129346 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the bleeding complications associated with percutaneous tracheostomy while a patient is receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygen (VV ECMO) support. DESIGN Retrospective, observational analysis. SETTING Single-center, tertiary, academic institution. PARTICIPANTS All consecutive patients on VV ECMO over a 10 year-period undergoing percutaneous tracheostomy. INTERVENTIONS Percutaneous tracheostomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Fifty percutaneous tracheostomies were performed in patients requiring VV ECMO support over the 10-year period. The authors observed a 40% incidence of bleeding, with 32% of these incidences characterized as minor (self-limiting, localized stomal ooze) and 8% characterized as significant (necessitating surgical control and frequent packing or accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin >20%). CONCLUSIONS Bleeding is associated with percutaneous tracheostomy and is self-limiting in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kruit
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kamen Valchanov
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregoire Blaudszun
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jo-Anne Fowles
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alain Vuylsteke
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Cho HJ, Kim DW, Kim GS, Jeong IS. Anticoagulation Therapy during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator Support in Pediatric Patients. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:110-117. [PMID: 28584789 PMCID: PMC5457945 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a salvage therapy for critically ill patients. Although ECMO is becoming more common, hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications remain the major causes of death in patients undergoing ECMO treatments. These complications commence upon blood contact with artificial surfaces of the circuit, blood pump, and oxygenator system. Therefore, anticoagulation therapy is required in most cases to prevent these problems. Anticoagulation is more complicated in pediatric patients than in adults, and the foreign surface of ECMO only increases the complexity of systemic anticoagulation. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of coagulation, anticoagulants, and monitoring tools in pediatric patients receiving ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, Asia-Pacific Chapter, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Do Wan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Gwan Sic Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In Seok Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed L. Abdussalam
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hamad General Hospital, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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Chung YS, Cho DY, Sohn DS, Lee WS, Won H, Lee DH, Kang H, Hong J. Is Stopping Heparin Safe in Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Treatment? ASAIO J 2017; 63:32-36. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Esper
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Venkatesh K, Nair PS, Hoechter DJ, Buscher H. Current Limitations of the Assessment of Haemostasis in Adult Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients and the Role of Point-of-Care Testing. Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 44:669-680. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1604400601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemostatic perturbations are commonly seen in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients and remain a clinical challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. The approach to anticoagulation monitoring and the management of bleeding varies considerably across ECMO centres. Routine laboratory tests have their limitations in terms of turnaround time and specificity of information provided. Newer point-of-care testing (POCT) for coagulation may overcome these issues, as it provides information about the entire coagulation pathway from clot initiation to lysis. It is also possible to obtain qualitative information on platelet function from these tests. Furthermore, the ability to incorporate these results into a goal-directed algorithm to manage bleeding with targeted transfusion strategies appears particularly attractive and cost effective. Further studies are required to evaluate the utility of POCT to optimise bleeding and anticoagulation management in these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Venkatesh
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Conjoint Associate Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - P. S. Nair
- Intensive Care Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - D. J. Hoechter
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - H. Buscher
- Intensive Care Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Conjoint Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
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Ovine platelet function is unaffected by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation within the first 24 h. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016. [PMID: 26196193 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated platelet dysfunction during short-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and secondarily to determine if hyperoxaemia contributes to this dysfunction. Healthy sheep were anaesthetized and maintained on ECMO for either 2 or 24 h, with or without induction of smoke inhalation acute lung injury. A specialized animal-operating theatre was used to conduct the experimentation. Forty-three healthy female sheep were randomized into either a test or a control group. Following anaesthesia, test groups received ECMO ± smoke inhalation acute lung injury (SALI), whereas control groups were maintained with ventilation only ± SALI. Physiological, biochemical and coagulation data were obtained throughout via continuous monitoring and blood sampling. Platelet function was quantified through whole blood impedance aggregometry using Multiplate. Ovine platelet activity induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen was unaffected during the first 24 h of ECMO. However, progressive divergence of ADP-induced platelet activity was noted at cessation of the experiment. PaO2 was inversely related to ADP-dependent platelet activity in the ECMO groups--a relationship not identified in the control groups. ADP and collagen-dependent platelet activity are not significantly affected within the first 24 h of ECMO in sheep. However, dysfunction in ADP-dependent platelet activity may have continued to develop if observed beyond 24 h. Hyperoxaemia during ECMO does appear to affect how platelets react to ADP and may contribute to this developing dysfunction. Long-term animal models and investigation in clinical animals are warranted to fully investigate platelet function during ECMO.
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The Complex Relationship of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Acute Kidney Injury: Causation or Association? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1094296. [PMID: 27006941 PMCID: PMC4783537 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1094296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a modified cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit capable of providing prolonged cardiorespiratory support. Recent advancement in ECMO technology has resulted in increased utilisation and clinical application. It can be used as a bridge-to-recovery, bridge-to-bridge, bridge-to-transplant, or bridge-to-decision. ECMO can restitute physiology in critically ill patients, which may minimise the risk of progressive multiorgan dysfunction. Alternatively, iatrogenic complications of ECMO clearly contribute to worse outcomes. These factors affect the risk : benefit ratio of ECMO which ultimately influence commencement/timing of ECMO. The complex interplay of pre-ECMO, ECMO, and post-ECMO pathophysiological processes are responsible for the substantial increased incidence of ECMO-associated acute kidney injury (EAKI). The development of EAKI significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality; however, there is a lack of evidence defining a potential benefit or causative link between ECMO and AKI. This area warrants investigation as further research will delineate the mechanisms involved and subsequent strategies to minimise the risk of EAKI. This review summarizes the current literature of ECMO and AKI, considers the possible benefits and risks of ECMO on renal function, outlines the related pathophysiology, highlights relevant investigative tools, and ultimately suggests an approach for future research into this under investigated area of critical care.
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Pichler P, Antretter H, Dünser M, Eschertzhuber S, Gottardi R, Heinz G, Pölzl G, Pretsch I, Rajek A, Wasler A, Zimpfer D, Geppert A. Positionspapier der Österreichischen Kardiologischen Gesellschaft zum Einsatz der extrakorporalen Membranoxygenation (ECMO) bei Erwachsenen kardiologischen Patienten. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00063-015-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gehrmann LP, Hafner JW, Montgomery DL, Buckley KW, Fortuna RS. Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: An Introduction for Emergency Medicine Physicians. J Emerg Med 2015; 49:552-60. [PMID: 25980372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy has supported critically ill pediatric patients in the intensive care unit setting with cardiac and respiratory failure. This therapy is beginning to transition to the emergency department setting. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW This article describes the fundamentals of ECMO and familiarizes the emergency medicine physician with its use in critically ill pediatric patients. DISCUSSION ECMO can be utilized as either venoarterial (VA) or venovenous (VV), to support oxygenation and perfusion in respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiac arrest, and environmental hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn P Gehrmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ministry Medical Group Saint Mary's Hospital, Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - John W Hafner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois; Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Daniel L Montgomery
- Emergency Medicine Residency Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Klayton W Buckley
- Department of Perfusion, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Randall S Fortuna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois; Extracorporeal Life Support (ECMO) Services, Congenital Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois; Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois
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40
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Weingart C, Lubnow M, Philipp A, Bein T, Camboni D, Müller T. Comparison of Coagulation Parameters, Anticoagulation, and Need for Transfusion in Patients on Interventional Lung Assist or Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Artif Organs 2015; 39:765-73. [PMID: 25921195 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical data on anticoagulation needs of modern extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and its impact on coagulation are scarce. Therefore, we analyzed coagulation-related parameters, need for transfusion, and management of anticoagulation in adult patients with severe acute respiratory failure during treatment with either pumpless interventional lung assist (iLA) or veno-venous ECMO (vv-ECMO). Sixty-three patients treated with iLA and 192 patients treated with vv-ECMO at Regensburg University Hospital between January 2005 and May 2011 were analyzed. Data related to anticoagulation, transfusion, and coagulation parameters were collected prospectively by the Regensburg ECMO registry. Except for a higher, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score in the ECMO group (12 [9-15] vs. 11 [7-14], P = 0.007), a better oxygenation, and a lower dosage of vasopressors in the iLA patients, both groups had similar baseline characteristics. No difference was noted in terms of outcome and overall transfusion requirements. Factors of the plasmatic coagulation system were only marginally altered over time and did not differ between groups. Platelet counts in ECMO-treated patients, but not in those treated with iLA, dropped significantly during extracorporeal support. A more intense systemic anticoagulation with a mean activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) > 53 s led to a higher need for transfusions compared with the group with a mean aPTT < 53 s, whereas the average durability of membrane oxygenators was not affected. Need for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was highest in patients with extrapulmonary sepsis (257 mL/day), and was significantly lower in primary pulmonary adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (102 mL/day). Overall, 110 (0-274) mL RBC was transfused in the ECMO group versus 146 (41-227) mL in the iLA group per day on support. The impact of modern iLA and ECMO systems on coagulation allows comparatively safe long-term treatment of adult patients with acute respiratory failure. A moderate systemic anticoagulation seems to be sufficient. Importantly, platelets are more affected by vv-ECMO compared with pumpless iLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weingart
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lubnow
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alois Philipp
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniele Camboni
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Pichler P, Antretter H, Dünser M, Eschertzhuber S, Gottardi R, Heinz G, Pölzl G, Pretsch I, Rajek A, Wasler A, Zimpfer D, Geppert A. [Use of ECMO in adult patients with cardiogenic shock: a position paper of the Austrian Society of Cardiology]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:169-84. [PMID: 25821055 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of ECMO to stabilize critically ill patients with severely depressed cardiac function and hemodynamics increased in the last years due to broader availability, better performance and easier implantation of the devices. The present guidelines of the Austrian Society of Cardiology focus on the use of ECMO in adult non-operated patients with cardiac diseases. Not only indications and contraindications are highlighted, but also the equally important issues of monitoring, complication management, measures during implantation and operation, and weaning of the devices are treated in detail. Thereby the present guidelines aim to optimize the use of ECMO in the individual centers, and aim to help current non-ECMO centers in developing a local ECMO-program or to contact ECMO-centers for discussion of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pichler
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
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Werho DK, Pasquali SK, Yu S, Donohue J, Annich GM, Thiagarajan RR, Hirsch-Romano JC, Gaies MG. Hemorrhagic complications in pediatric cardiac patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:276-88. [PMID: 25651048 PMCID: PMC4668708 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hemorrhagic complications in children with cardiac disease requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DESIGN Retrospective review of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry (2002-2013). SETTING Participating Extracorporeal Life Support Organization centers. PATIENTS Patients less than 18 years old on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 21,845 patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the study period, 8,905 (41%) had cardiac disease, and 79% of whom (6,995) had cardiac surgery. Hemorrhagic complications occurred in 8,480 patients (39% of overall cohort), with higher rates in cardiac versus noncardiac patients (49% vs 32%; p < 0.0001) related to cannulation and surgical site bleeding. Cardiac surgical patients had higher rates of hemorrhage compared with cardiac medical patients (57% vs 38%; p < 0.0001), and cardiac patients with hemorrhage had higher extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mortality compared with those without (42% vs 22% in medical patients and 34% vs 20% in surgical patients; both p < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis in both the cardiac medical and surgical groups, hemorrhage risk was higher in children greater than 1 year old and in patients with longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration. Additional independent risk factors for hemorrhage in cardiac surgical patients included pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mediastinal exploration (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.1-6.3), Society of Thoracic Surgeons morbidity category 4-5 (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.03-1.5), cannulation less than 24 hours after surgery (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (≥ 282 min [upper quartile]; odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9). CONCLUSIONS In this large, multicenter analysis, hemorrhagic complications occurred in nearly half of children with heart disease on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and were associated with a significant mortality risk. Several factors were associated with hemorrhagic complications in cardiac surgical patients including pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mediastinal exploration, greater surgical complexity, early postoperative cannulation, and longer bypass times. Whether these risks can be mitigated by modifying or delaying systemic anticoagulation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Werho
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. 2Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. 3Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Onan İS, Haydin S, Ündar A, Yalındağ-Öztürk MN, Demirkol D, Kalkan G, Ceyran H, Atay Y, Şaşmazel A, Karacı AR, Şevketoğlu E, Köroğlu T, Altın HF, Yazıcı P, Yıldızdaş D, Çicek AE, Ödemiş E, Akçevin A, Bakır İ. A multidisciplinary approach to expand the use of pediatric ECLS systems in Turkey. Artif Organs 2015; 39:7-13. [PMID: 25626574 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İsmihan Selen Onan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Division, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Murphy DA, Hockings LE, Andrews RK, Aubron C, Gardiner EE, Pellegrino VA, Davis AK. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-hemostatic complications. Transfus Med Rev 2014; 29:90-101. [PMID: 25595476 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for cardiac and respiratory failure has increased in recent years. Improvements in ECMO oxygenator and pump technologies have aided this increase in utilization. Additionally, reports of successful outcomes in supporting patients with respiratory failure during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and reports of ECMO during cardiopulmonary resuscitation have led to increased uptake of ECMO. Patients requiring ECMO are a heterogenous group of critically ill patients with cardiac and respiratory failure. Bleeding and thrombotic complications remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on ECMO. In this review, we describe the mechanisms and management of hemostatic, thrombotic and hemolytic complications during ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Murphy
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Lisen E Hockings
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cecile Aubron
- ANZIC Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Transfusion Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Vincent A Pellegrino
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda K Davis
- Department of Haematology, Alfred Hospital Melbourne, Australia
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45
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Wolff S, Schuler G, Sandri M. Resolution of aortic root thrombosis in a patient treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clin Res Cardiol 2014; 104:272-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-014-0785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kostousov V, Nguyen K, Hundalani SG, Teruya J. The Influence of Free Hemoglobin and Bilirubin on Heparin Monitoring by Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Anti-Xa Assay. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1503-6. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0572-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Elevated free hemoglobin (Hb) and bilirubinemia complicate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and could affect unfractionated heparin (UH) therapy monitoring by anti-Xa assay and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).
Objectives
To compare in vitro response of anti-Xa and aPTT assays to UH in samples with artificial hyperbilirubinemia and hyperhemoglobinemia and to estimate if this interference is also observed in vivo in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Design
Measurement of aPTT and anti-Xa activity in plasma spiked with UH and increased concentration of free Hb and/or conjugated bilirubin. All samples with anti-Xa activity, antithrombin, free Hb, and bilirubin determination and infused dose of UH from inpatients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were extracted from the clinical patient database and analyzed.
Results
Each increment of free Hb by 100 mg/dL significantly shortened aPTT, whereas an increment of bilirubin by 6 mg/dL caused significant prolongation of aPTT and stepwise increase of free Hb and/or bilirubin in plasma decreased anti-Xa activity by 0.03 to 0.05 IU/mL. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation samples with free Hb 50 mg/dL or greater had significantly lower anti-Xa activity compared with normal ones: 0.33 (0.25–0.42) versus 0.4 (0.31–0.48) IU/mL (P = .01), despite the identical UH infusion and similar antithrombin activity. Moderate increase of free Hb by 59 mg/dL was associated with absolute decrease of anti-Xa activity by 0.07 IU/mL.
Conclusions
Activated partial thromboplastin time and anti-Xa assay are affected by elevated level of free Hb and/or bilirubin in the presence of UH, and lower anti-Xa activity is noted in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with elevated free Hb. Severe hemolysis and/or hyperbilirubinemia could compromise UH monitoring based on these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Kostousov
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology (Drs Kostousov and Teruya), Pediatrics (Drs Hundalani and Teruya), and Medicine (Dr Teruya), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Division of Transfusion Medicine & Coagulation (Drs Kostousov and Teruya and Ms Nguyen) and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology (Dr Hundalani), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Kim Nguyen
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology (Drs Kostousov and Teruya), Pediatrics (Drs Hundalani and Teruya), and Medicine (Dr Teruya), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Division of Transfusion Medicine & Coagulation (Drs Kostousov and Teruya and Ms Nguyen) and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology (Dr Hundalani), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Shilpa G. Hundalani
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology (Drs Kostousov and Teruya), Pediatrics (Drs Hundalani and Teruya), and Medicine (Dr Teruya), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Division of Transfusion Medicine & Coagulation (Drs Kostousov and Teruya and Ms Nguyen) and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology (Dr Hundalani), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Jun Teruya
- From the Department of Pathology & Immunology (Drs Kostousov and Teruya), Pediatrics (Drs Hundalani and Teruya), and Medicine (Dr Teruya), Baylor College of Medicine, and the Division of Transfusion Medicine & Coagulation (Drs Kostousov and Teruya and Ms Nguyen) and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology (Dr Hundalani), Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
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Saini A, Spinella PC. Management of Anticoagulation and Hemostasis for Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Clin Lab Med 2014; 34:655-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Antithrombin III supplementation on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: impact on heparin dose and circuit life. ASAIO J 2014; 60:57-62. [PMID: 24296776 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin III (ATIII) is used during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) based on physiologic rationale and studies during cardiopulmonary bypass. In February 2008, our institution began using ATIII as replacement for low ATIII activity (<70%) in patients supported with ECMO. We hypothesized that ATIII supplementation would reduce heparin infusion rates, increase unfractionated heparin anti-Xa levels, and prolong ECMO circuit life. Data from 40 consecutive patients (45 deployments) requiring ECMO support for >72 hours with venoarterial ECMO from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2008, were collected. Antithrombin III concentrate was administered for ATIII activity <70% at the discretion of the attending physician. The primary outcome was whether the heparin infusion rate was reduced by 10% or more as a result of ATIII administration. No difference in heparin infusion rate (p = 0.245) as a result of ATIII administration was observed. Anti-Xa levels were lower before ATIII administration (p< 0.001) and were increased after ATIII administration (p < 0.001). There was an increased frequency of circuit failure in ATIII treatment group compared with nontreatment group (p = 0.018). Neither heparin responsiveness nor circuit life was enhanced by daily ATIII supplementation for activity <70%. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of antithrombin replacement.
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The Use of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2014; 60:413-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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50
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von Willebrand Factor Multimers in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support. ASAIO J 2014; 60:419-23. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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