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Leblond JD, Sabir K, Whittemore HL. Sterol Composition of the Peridinin-Containing Dinoflagellate Gertia stigmatica, a Member of the Kareniaceae without a Canonical Haptophyte-Derived Plastid. Protist 2023; 174:125939. [PMID: 36758501 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2023.125939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gertia stigmatica is a recently described member of the Kareniaceae with a peridinin-containing plastid rather than the aberrant, haptophyte-derived, tertiary plastid found in canonical Kareniaceae genera such as Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. G. stigmatica provides a unique opportunity to compare biochemical traits, such as sterol composition, between these two fundamentally different types of Kareniaceae. To this point, canonical members of the Kareniaceae have been observed to typically produce a set of 4α-methyl-substituted, Δ8(14)-nuclear-unsaturated major sterols, such as (24R)-4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (gymnodinosterol) and 27-nor-(24R)-4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (brevesterol), which are very uncommon throughout other members of the class Dinophyceae. Our objective was to compare the sterols of G. stigmatica to canonical Kareniaceae to elucidate whether these same distinctive sterols are found, with our hypothesis being that they would because G. stigmatica is indeed a member of the Kareniaceae. Contrary to our hypothesis, G. stigmatica lacks gymnodinosterol and brevesterol, with its sterols instead dominated by 4-desmethyl sterols, such as cholesterol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol, and the unusual tri-unsaturated sterols ergosta-5,8(14),22E-trien-3β-ol and cholesta-5,8(14),22E-trien-3β-ol. No sterols were found to possess a 4α-methyl substituent or a single Δ8(14) nuclear unsaturation. Thus, G. stigmatica's sterol composition as a member of the Kareniaceae is atypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Kyra Sabir
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Henry L Whittemore
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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2
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Leblond JD, Elkins LC, Sabir K, Graeff JE. Sterols of Testudodinium testudo (formerly Amphidinium testudo): Production of the Δ 8 (14) sterol gymnodinosterol and chemotaxonomic relationship to the Kareniaceae. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12929. [PMID: 35686428 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Testudodinium testudo is a peridinin-containing dinoflagellate recently renamed from Amphidinium testudo. While T. testudo has been shown via phylogenetic analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to reside in a clade separate from the genus Amphidinium, it does possess morphological features similar to Amphidinium sensu stricto. Previous studies of Amphidinium carterae and Amphidinium corpulentum have found the sterols to be enriched in Δ8(14) sterols, such as 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),24(28)-dien-3β-ol (amphisterol), uncommon to most other dinoflagellate taxa and thus considered possible biomarkers for the genus Amphidinium. Here, we provide an examination of the sterols of T. testudo and show they are dominated not by amphisterol, but rather by a different Δ8(14) sterol, (24R)-4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β-ol (gymnodinosterol), previously thought to be a major sterol only within the Kareniaceae genera Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. Also found to be present at low levels were 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8,14,22-trien-3β-ol, a sterol previously observed in Karenia brevis to be an intermediate in the production of gymnodinosterol, and cholesterol, a sterol common to many other dinoflagellates. The presence of gymnodinosterol in T. testudo is the first report of this sterol as the sole major sterol in a dinoflagellate outside of the Kareniaceae. The implication of this chemotaxonomic relationship to the Kareniaceae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsey C Elkins
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyra Sabir
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jori E Graeff
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Leblond JD, Elkins LC, Sabir K. Sterols of Amphidinium species in the Operculatum Clade: Predominance of cholesterol instead of Δ 8 (14) sterols previously considered Amphidinium-specific biomarkers. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12942. [PMID: 36039683 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellates Amphidinium carterae and Amphidinium corpulentum have been previously characterized as having Δ8(14) -nuclear unsaturated 4α-methyl-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol (C28:1 ) and 4α-methyl-5α-ergosta-8(14),24(28)-dien-3β-ol (amphisterol; C29:2 ) as predominant sterols, where they comprise approximately 80% of the total sterol composition. These two sterols have hence been considered as possible major sterol biomarkers for the genus. Here, we have examined the sterols of four recently identified species of Amphidinium (Amphidinium fijiense, Amphidinium magnum, Amphidinium theodori, and Amphidinium tomasii) that are closely related to Amphidinium operculatum as part of what is termed the Operculatum Clade to show that each species has its sterol composition dominated by the common dinoflagellate sterol cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol; C27:1 ), which is found in many other dinoflagellate genera, rather than Δ8(14) sterols. While the Δ8(14) sterols 4α-methyl-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol and 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α-cholest-8(14),22E-dien-3β-ol (C30:2 ) were present as minor sterols along with another common dinoflagellate sterol, 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α-cholest-22E-en-3β-ol (dinosterol; C30:1 ), in some of these four species, amphisterol was not conclusively observed. From a chemotaxonomic perspective, while this does reinforce the genus Amphidinium's ability to produce Δ8(14) sterols, albeit here as minor sterols, these results demonstrate that caution should be used when considering Δ8(14) sterols, especially amphisterol, as Amphidinium-specific biomarkers within these species where cholesterol is the predominant sterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsey C Elkins
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyra Sabir
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA
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Fabris M, Abbriano RM, Pernice M, Sutherland DL, Commault AS, Hall CC, Labeeuw L, McCauley JI, Kuzhiuparambil U, Ray P, Kahlke T, Ralph PJ. Emerging Technologies in Algal Biotechnology: Toward the Establishment of a Sustainable, Algae-Based Bioeconomy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:279. [PMID: 32256509 PMCID: PMC7090149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mankind has recognized the value of land plants as renewable sources of food, medicine, and materials for millennia. Throughout human history, agricultural methods were continuously modified and improved to meet the changing needs of civilization. Today, our rapidly growing population requires further innovation to address the practical limitations and serious environmental concerns associated with current industrial and agricultural practices. Microalgae are a diverse group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms that are emerging as next-generation resources with the potential to address urgent industrial and agricultural demands. The extensive biological diversity of algae can be leveraged to produce a wealth of valuable bioproducts, either naturally or via genetic manipulation. Microalgae additionally possess a set of intrinsic advantages, such as low production costs, no requirement for arable land, and the capacity to grow rapidly in both large-scale outdoor systems and scalable, fully contained photobioreactors. Here, we review technical advancements, novel fields of application, and products in the field of algal biotechnology to illustrate how algae could present high-tech, low-cost, and environmentally friendly solutions to many current and future needs of our society. We discuss how emerging technologies such as synthetic biology, high-throughput phenomics, and the application of internet of things (IoT) automation to algal manufacturing technology can advance the understanding of algal biology and, ultimately, drive the establishment of an algal-based bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fabris
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Raffaela M. Abbriano
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Donna L. Sutherland
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey S. Commault
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Hall
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Leen Labeeuw
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Janice I. McCauley
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Parijat Ray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J. Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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J Kramer B, J Bourdelais A, Kitchen SA, Taylor AR. Uptake and localization of fluorescently-labeled Karenia brevis metabolites in non-toxic marine microbial taxa. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:47-59. [PMID: 30239000 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brevetoxin (PbTx) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. We used a novel, fluorescent BODIPY-labeled conjugate of brevetoxin congener PbTx-2 (B-PbTx) to track absorption of the metabolite into a variety of marine microbes. The labeled toxin was taken up and brightly fluoresced in lipid-rich regions of several marine microbes including diatoms and coccolithophores. The microzooplankton (20-200 μm) tintinnid ciliate Favella sp. and the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis also took up B-PbTx. Uptake and intracellular fluorescence of B-PbTx was weak or undetectable in phytoplankton species representative of dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, and cyanobacteria over the same (4 h) time course. The cellular fate of two additional BODIPY-conjugated K. brevis associated secondary metabolites, brevenal (B-Bn) and brevisin (B-Bs), were examined in all the species tested. All taxa exhibited minimal or undetectable fluorescence when exposed to the former conjugate, while most brightly fluoresced when treated with the latter. This is the first study to observe the uptake of fluorescently-tagged brevetoxin conjugates in non-toxic phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa, demonstrating their potential in investigating whether marine microbes can serve as a significant biological sink for algal toxins. The highly variable uptake of B-PbTx observed among taxa suggests some may play a more significant role than others in vectoring lipophilic toxins in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kramer
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea J Bourdelais
- MARBIONC, CREST Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheila A Kitchen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison R Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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Brevetoxin-Producing Spherical Cells Present in Karenia brevis Bloom: Evidence of Morphological Plasticity? JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spherical cells were detected in low salinity waters during a bloom of Karenia brevis in Alabama coastal waters. These balls resembled K. brevis in size and organelle appearance, contained similar concentration of brevetoxin, and occurred during ongoing K. brevis bloom. Based on the environmental conditions in which these cells were observed, we speculate that a rapid drop in salinity triggered the sphere formation in K. brevis. Brevetoxin concentrations were comparable between surface water samples containing typical and atypical cells ranging from 1 to 10 ng/mL brevetoxin-3 equivalents. Accurate identification and quantification of cell abundance in the water column is essential for routine monitoring of coastal waters, so misidentification of these spherical cells may result in significant underestimation of cell densities, and consequently, brevetoxin level. These potential discrepancies may negatively impact the quality of regulatory decisions and their impact on shellfish harvest area closures. We demonstrate that traditional monitoring based on microscopy alone is not sufficient for brevetoxin detection, and supporting toxin data is necessary to evaluate potential risk.
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Houle HM, Lopez CB, Leblond JD. Sterols of the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium bahamense. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:528-532. [PMID: 30120793 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrodinium bahamense is a dinoflagellate of concern in subtropical and tropical coastal environments. To date, there is only a single published study on its fatty acids, but no published data on its sterol composition. Sterols, which are membrane-reinforcing lipids in eukaryotes, display a great diversity of structures in dinoflagellates, with some serving as chemotaxonomic markers. We have examined the sterol compositions of two isolates of P. bahamense from Indian River Lagoon and Tampa Bay, Florida, and have found both to produce three sterols: cholesterol, dinosterol, and 4α-methylgorgostanol. All three sterols are found in closely related, armored taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Houle
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132
| | - Cary B Lopez
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701
| | - Jeffrey D Leblond
- Ecology and Evolution Group, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132.,Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 37132
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8
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Giner JL, Ceballos H, Tang YZ, Gobler CJ. Sterols and Fatty Acids of the Harmful Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:249-52. [PMID: 26880439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sterol and fatty acid compositions were determined for Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a toxic, bloom-forming dinoflagellate of global significance. The major sterols were dinosterol (40% of total sterols), dihydrodinosterol (32%), and the rare 4α-methyl Δ(8(14)) sterol, amphisterol (23%). A minor sterol, 4α-methylergost-24(28)-enol was also detected (5.0%). The fatty acids had a high proportion of PUFAs (47%), consisting mainly of EPA (20%) and the relatively uncommon octadecapentaenoic acid (18 : 5, 22%). While unlikely to be responsible for toxicity to fish, these lipids may contribute to the deleterious effects of this alga to invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York - ESF, Syracuse NY 13210, USA, (phone: +1-315-470-6895; fax: +1-315-470-6856).
| | - Harriette Ceballos
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York - ESF, Syracuse NY 13210, USA, (phone: +1-315-470-6895; fax: +1-315-470-6856)
| | - Ying-Zhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Giner JL, Zhao H, Dixon MS, Wikfors GH. Bioconversion of (13)C-labeled microalgal phytosterols to cholesterol by the Northern Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 192:1-8. [PMID: 26577022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks lack de novo cholesterol biosynthesis capabilities and therefore rely upon dietary sources of sterols for rapid growth. Microalgae that constitute the main source of nutrition for suspension-feeding bivalves contain a diverse array of phytosterols, in most cases lacking cholesterol. Rapid growth of bivalves on microalgal diets with no cholesterol implies that some phytosterols can satisfy the dietary requirement for cholesterol through metabolic conversion to cholesterol, but such metabolic pathways have not been rigorously demonstrated. In the present study, stable isotope-labeled phytosterols were used to supplement a unialgal diet of Rhodomonas sp. and their biological transformation to cholesterol within scallop tissues was determined using (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Scallops efficiently dealkylated ∆(5) C29 (24-ethyl) sterols to cholesterol, and the only C28 sterol that was dealkylated efficiently possessed the 24(28)-double bond. Non-metabolized dietary phytosterols accumulated in the soft tissues. Observed formation of ∆(5,7) sterols (provitamin D) from ∆(5) sterols may represent initiation of steroid hormone (possibly ecdysone) biosynthesis. These findings provide a key component necessary for formulation of nutritionally complete microalgal diets for hatchery production of seed for molluscan aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mark S Dixon
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NMFS, NOAA, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NMFS, NOAA, Milford, CT 06460, USA.
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Khadka M, Salem M, Leblond JD. Sterol Composition and Biosynthetic Genes of Vitrella brassicaformis
, a Recently Discovered Chromerid: Comparison to Chromera velia
and Phylogenetic Relationship with Apicomplexan Parasites. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:786-98. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khadka
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Jeffrey D. Leblond
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
- Ecology and Evolution Group; Middle Tennessee State University; PO Box 60 Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
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11
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Dang LX, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang Y, Yang WD, Li HY, Liu JS. Chemical Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi
Against Grazing by Three Species of Zooplankton. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:470-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xi Dang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Guangzhou 510632 China
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12
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Martin-Creuzburg D, Oexle S, Wacker A. Thresholds for sterol-limited growth of Daphnia magna: a comparative approach using 10 different sterols. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1039-50. [PMID: 25228231 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods are incapable of synthesizing sterols de novo and thus require a dietary source to cover their physiological demands. The most prominent sterol in animal tissues is cholesterol, which is an indispensable structural component of cell membranes and serves as precursor for steroid hormones. Instead of cholesterol, plants and algae contain a variety of different phytosterols. Consequently, herbivorous arthropods have to metabolize dietary phytosterols to cholesterol to meet their requirements for growth and reproduction. Here, we investigated sterol-limited growth responses of the freshwater herbivore Daphnia magna by supplementing a sterol-free diet with increasing amounts of 10 different phytosterols and comparing thresholds for sterol-limited growth. In addition, we analyzed the sterol composition of D. magna to explore sterol metabolic constraints and bioconversion capacities. We show that dietary phytosterols strongly differ in their potential to support somatic growth of D. magna. The dietary threshold concentrations obtained by supplementing the different sterols cover a wide range (3.5-34.4 μg mg C(-1)) and encompass the one for cholesterol (8.9 μg mg C(-1)), indicating that certain phytosterols are more efficient in supporting somatic growth than cholesterol (e.g., fucosterol, brassicasterol) while others are less efficient (e.g., dihydrocholesterol, lathosterol). The dietary sterol concentration gradients revealed that the poor quality of particular sterols can be alleviated partially by increasing dietary concentrations, and that qualitative differences among sterols are most pronounced at low to moderate dietary concentrations. We infer that the dietary sterol composition has to be considered in zooplankton nutritional ecology to accurately assess potential sterol limitations under field conditions.
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Cell biology of chromerids: autotrophic relatives to apicomplexan parasites. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:333-69. [PMID: 24016529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromerida are algae possessing a complex plastid surrounded by four membranes. Although isolated originally from stony corals in Australia, they seem to be globally distributed. According to their molecular phylogeny, morphology, ultrastructure, structure of organellar genomes, and noncanonical pathway for tetrapyrrole synthesis, these algae are thought to be the closest known phototrophic relatives to apicomplexan parasites. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of cell biology and evolution of this novel group of algae, which contains only two formally described species, but is apparently highly diverse and virtually ubiquitous in marine environments.
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14
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Leblond JD, Dodson J, Khadka M, Holder S, Seipelt RL. Sterol Composition and Biosynthetic Genes of the Recently Discovered Photosynthetic Alveolate, Chromera velia (Chromerida), a Close Relative of Apicomplexans. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2012; 59:191-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Leblond
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; P. O. Box 60; Murfreesboro; Tennessee; 37132
| | - Joshua Dodson
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; P. O. Box 60; Murfreesboro; Tennessee; 37132
| | - Manoj Khadka
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; P. O. Box 60; Murfreesboro; Tennessee; 37132
| | - Sabrina Holder
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; P. O. Box 60; Murfreesboro; Tennessee; 37132
| | - Rebecca L. Seipelt
- Department of Biology; Middle Tennessee State University; P. O. Box 60; Murfreesboro; Tennessee; 37132
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Leblond JD, Lasiter AD. Sterols of the Green-Pigmented, Aberrant Plastid Dinoflagellate, Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Dinophyceae). Protist 2012; 163:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Giner JL, Wikfors GH. "Dinoflagellate Sterols" in marine diatoms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1896-1901. [PMID: 21621802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sterol compositions for three diatom species, recently shown to contain sterols with side chains typically found in dinoflagellates, were determined by HPLC and ¹H NMR spectroscopic analyses. The centric diatom Triceratium dubium (=Biddulphia sp., CCMP 147) contained the highest percentage of 23-methylated sterols (37.2% (24R)-23-methylergosta-5,22-dienol), whereas the pennate diatom Delphineis sp. (CCMP 1095) contained the cyclopropyl sterol gorgosterol, as well as the 27-norsterol occelasterol. The sterol composition of Ditylum brightwellii (CCMP 358) was the most complex, containing Δ⁰- and Δ⁷-sterols, in addition to the predominant Δ⁵-sterols. A pair of previously unknown sterols, stigmasta-5,24,28-trienol and stigmasta-24,28-dienol, were detected in D. brightwellii and their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis and by synthesis of the former sterol from saringosterol. Also detected in D. brightwellii was the previously unknown 23-methylcholesta-7,22-dienol.
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17
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Ma H, Krock B, Tillmann U, Bickmeyer U, Graeve M, Cembella A. Mode of action of membrane-disruptive lytic compounds from the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Toxicon 2011; 58:247-58. [PMID: 21741395 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain allelochemicals of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense cause lysis of a broad spectrum of target protist cells but the lytic mechanism is poorly defined. We first hypothesized that membrane sterols serve as molecular targets of these lytic compounds, and that differences in sterol composition among donor and target cells may cause insensitivity of Alexandrium and sensitivity of targets to lytic compounds. We investigated Ca(2+) influx after application of lytic fractions to a model cell line PC12 derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla to establish how the lytic compounds affect ion flux associated with lysis of target membranes. The lytic compounds increased permeability of the cell membrane for Ca(2+) ions even during blockade of Ca(2+) channels with cadmium. Results of a liposome assay suggested that the lytic compounds did not lyse such target membranes non-specifically by means of detergent-like activity. Analysis of sterol composition of isolates of A. tamarense and of five target protistan species showed that both lytic and non-lytic A. tamarense strains contain cholesterol and dinosterol as major sterols, whereas none of the other tested species contain dinosterol. Adding sterols and phosphatidylcholine to a lysis bioassay with the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina for evaluation of competitive binding indicated that the lytic compounds possessed apparent high affinity for free sterols and phosphatidylcholine. Lysis of protistan target cells was dose-dependently reduced by adding various sterols or phosphatidylcholine. For three tested sterols, the lytic compounds showed highest affinity towards cholesterol followed by ergosterol and brassicasterol. Cholesterol comprised a higher percentage of total sterols in plasma membrane fractions of A. tamarense than in corresponding whole cell fractions. We conclude therefore that although the molecular targets of the lytic compounds are likely to involve sterol components of membranes, A. tamarense must have a complex self-protective mechanism that still needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ma
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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18
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Sufrin JR, Finckbeiner S, Oliver CM. Marine-derived metabolites of S-adenosylmethionine as templates for new anti-infectives. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:401-34. [PMID: 19841722 PMCID: PMC2763108 DOI: 10.3390/md7030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is a key biochemical co-factor whose proximate metabolites include methylated macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, phospholipids), methylated small molecules (e.g., sterols, biogenic amines), polyamines (e.g., spermidine, spermine), ethylene, and N-acyl-homoserine lactones. Marine organisms produce numerous AdoMet metabolites whose novel structures can be regarded as lead compounds for anti-infective drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice R. Sufrin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, NY, USA; E-Mails: (S.F.); (C.O.)
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19
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Place AR, Bai X, Kim S, Sengco MR, Wayne Coats D. DINOFLAGELLATE HOST-PARASITE STEROL PROFILES DICTATE KARLOTOXIN SENSITIVITY(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:375-385. [PMID: 27033816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the sterol profile of Karlodinium veneficum (D. Ballant.) J. Larsen, Akashiwo sanguinea (Hiraska) Ge. Hansen et Moestrup, Alexandrium tamarense (M. Lebour) Balech, Alexandrium affine (H. Inoue et Fukuyo) Balech, Gonyaulax polygramma F. Stein, and Gymnodinium instriatum (Freud. et J. J. Lee) Coats, along with their Amoebophyra parasites. There were no consistent sterol profiles that characterized the genus Amoebophyra. Instead, in five out of six comparisons, the host and parasite sterol profiles where highly correlated. The one exception, Amoebophyra sp. ex Alex. tamarense, was least like its host in sterol profile and also possessed the widest host range for infection. There was little correlation between host and parasite in fatty acid profiles, with the parasite being deficient in fatty acids characteristic of the plastid [e.g., 18:5(n-3) associated with galactolipids of the thylakoids, as previously published by Adolf et al. (2007)]. Those hosts and parasites with sterol profiles dominated by desmethyl sterols were most sensitive to karlotoxin toxicity. In the host-parasite pairs most sensitive to karlotoxin addition, recovery of the intact karlotoxin molecule was poorest. Given the sensitivity to karlotoxin, some species of Amoebophyra may avoid infection of K. veneficum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen R Place
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USAThe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USAThe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
| | - Sunju Kim
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USAThe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
| | - Mario R Sengco
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USAThe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
| | - D Wayne Coats
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USAThe Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, PO Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd. Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
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20
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Mooney BD, De Salas M, Hallegraeff GM, Place AR. SURVEY FOR KARLOTOXIN PRODUCTION IN 15 SPECIES OF GYMNODINIOID DINOFLAGELLATES (KARENIACEAE, DINOPHYTA)(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:164-175. [PMID: 27033655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxin analysis of 15 species of Kareniaceae revealed the presence of karlotoxin, KmTx 2, in only a single species (Karlodinium veneficum) but with variable activity in strains from the Swan (Km(Swan) Tx 2-1, 2.1 pg · cell(-1) ; and Km(Swan) Tx 2-2, 0.53 pg · cell(-1) ), Huon (Km(Huon) Tx 2, 0.86 pg · cell(-1) ), and Derwent rivers (<0.001 pg · cell(-1) ) in Australia. A newly isolated Southern Ocean species, Karlodinium conicum, contained a novel poorly hemolytic karlotoxin analogue (Kmconicum Tx, 2.8 pg · cell(-1) ). The hemolytic potency (HD50%) of the Australian karlotoxins were as follows: Km(Swan) Tx 2-1 (65.9 ± 4.8 ng) and Km(Swan) Tx 2-2 (63.4 ± 3.7 ng), Km(Huon) Tx 2 (343 ± 4.9 ng), and Kmconicum Tx (>4,000 ng). Species from the closely related genera Takayama (T. helix, T. tasmanica, T. tuberculata), Karenia (K. asterichroma, K. brevis, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. umbella), and Karlodinium (Ka. australe, Ka. antarcticum, Ka. ballantinum, Ka. corrugatum, Ka. decipiens) were all consistently negative for karlotoxin production. Brevetoxin (PbTx) was only detected in K. brevis, and hemolytic activity was only observed in Ka. veneficum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Mooney
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaUMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Miguel De Salas
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaUMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaUMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
| | - Allen R Place
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaUMBI Center of Marine Biotechnology, 701 E. Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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21
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Schaeffer BA, Kamykowski D, McKay L, Sinclair G, Milligan E. LIPID CLASS, CAROTENOID, AND TOXIN DYNAMICS OF KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE) DURING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:154-163. [PMID: 27033654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The internal lipid, carotenoid, and toxin concentrations of Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) Gert Hansen and Moestrup are influenced by its ability to use ambient light and nutrients for growth and reproduction. This study investigated changes in K. brevis toxicity, lipid class, and carotenoid concentrations in low-light, nitrate-replete (250 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , 80 μM NO3 ); high-light, nitrate-replete (960 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , 80 μM NO3 ); and high-light, nitrate-reduced (960 μmol quanta · m(-2) · s(-1) , <5 μM NO3 ) mesocosms. Reverse-phase HPLC quantified the epoxidation state (EPS) of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin, and a Chromarod Iatroscan thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC/FID) system quantified changes in lipid class concentrations. EPS did not exceed 0.20 in the low-light mesocosm, but increased to 0.65 in the high-light mesocosms. Triacylglycerol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) were the largest lipid classes consisting of 9.3% to 48.7% and 37.3% to 69.7% of total lipid, respectively. Both lipid classes also experienced the greatest concentration changes in high-light experiments. K. brevis increased EPS and toxin concentrations while decreasing its lipid concentrations under high light. K. brevis may mobilize its toxins into the surrounding environment by reducing lipid concentrations, such as sterols, limiting competition, or toxins are released because lipids are decreased in high light, reducing any protective mechanism against their own toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Schaeffer
- U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563, USADepartment of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA
| | - Daniel Kamykowski
- U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563, USADepartment of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA
| | - Laurie McKay
- U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563, USADepartment of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA
| | - Geoff Sinclair
- U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563, USADepartment of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA
| | - Edward Milligan
- U.S. EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32563, USADepartment of Marine, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA
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22
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Giner JL, Zhao H, Tomas C. Sterols and fatty acids of three harmful algae previously assigned as Chattonella. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2167-2171. [PMID: 18620714 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sterol and fatty acid compositions were determined for three harmful algal species previously classified in the genus Chattonella (Raphidophyceae): the new genus Chloromorum toxicum (ex Chattonella cf. verruculosa), Verrucophora farcimen (Dictyochophyceae), previously Chattonella aff. verruculosa, and Verrucophora verruculosa (=Pseudochattonella verruculosa) previously Chattonella verruculosa. The major fatty acids of C. toxicum were 14:0, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:4n-3 and 20:5n-3, and those of the Verrucophora strains were. 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:4n-3, 18:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. C. toxicum contained the 24beta-ethyl sterols, poriferasterol and clionasterol, as its major sterols. For comparison, the stereochemistry of the 24-ethyl sterols of two raphidophytes, Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo, was determined to be 24alpha and 24beta, respectively. Both Verrucophora strains contained the 27-nor sterol occelasterol as the only detected sterol. This was the first time occelasterol has been found in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY-ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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23
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Leblond JD, Sengco MR, Sickman JO, Dahmen JL, Anderson DM. Sterols of the Syndinian Dinoflagellate Amoebophrya sp., a Parasite of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53:211-6. [PMID: 16677345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several harmful photosynthetic dinoflagellates have been examined over past decades for unique chemical biomarker sterols. Little emphasis has been placed on important heterotrophic genera, such as Amoebophrya, an obligate, intracellular parasite of other, often harmful, dinoflagellates with the ability to control host populations naturally. Therefore, the sterol composition of Amoebophrya was examined throughout the course of an infective cycle within its host dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense, with the primary intent of identifying potential sterol biomarkers. Amoebophrya possessed two primary C(27) sterols, cholesterol and cholesta-5,22Z-dien-3beta-ol (cis-22-dehydrocholesterol), which are not unique to this genus, but were found in high relative percentages that are uncommon to other genera of dinoflagellates. Because the host also possesses cholesterol as one of its major sterols, carbon-stable isotope ratio characterization of cholesterol was performed in order to determine whether it was produced by Amoebophrya or derived intact from the host. Results indicated that cholesterol was not derived intact from the host. A comparison of the sterol profile of Amoebophrya to published sterol profiles of phylogenetic relatives revealed that its sterol profile most closely resembles that of the (proto)dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina rather than other extant genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Leblond
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, 37132, USA.
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24
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Teixeira VL, Barbosa JP, Rocha FD, Kaplan MAC, Houghton PJ, Pereira RC. Hydroperoxysterols from the Brazilian Brown Seaweeds Dictyopteris justii and Spatoglossum schroederi (Dictyotales): A Defensive Strategy against Herbivory. Nat Prod Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the Brazilian brown seaweeds Dictyopteris justii and Spatoglossum schroederi showed the presence of a cytotoxic mixture of 24R- and 24S-epimers of 24-hydroperoxy-24-vinylcholesterol (1). The derivation of 1 from fucosterol is proposed. Laboratory experiments assessed the anti-herbivory properties against the crab, Pachygrapsus transversus, of the crude extract and the epimers of 1 found in D. justii. The crude extract did not inhibit feeding, but the mixture of 1 epimers had a significant inhibitory effect. We propose that these unusual sterol compounds cannot be easily converted to assimilable compounds by this crustacean, thus acting as a defensive strategy for the seaweed against herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Teixeira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, P.O. Box 100.644, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24001-970, Brazil
| | - J. P. Barbosa
- Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Morro do Valonguinho s/no, CEP 24020-150, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - F. D. Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação de Produtos Naturais, Nücleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
- NUPESC, Universidade Regional de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77410-100, Brazil
| | - M. A. C. Kaplan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação de Produtos Naturais, Nücleo de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - P. J. Houghton
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, SEI 8WA, United Kingdom
| | - R. C. Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, P.O. Box 100.644, Niterói, RJ, CEP 24001-970, Brazil
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25
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Abstract
This review covers the recent marine chemical ecology literature for phytoplankton, macroalgae, sponges and other benthic invertebrates; 249 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA
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26
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Prince EK, Lettieri L, McCurdy KJ, Kubanek J. Fitness consequences for copepods feeding on a red tide dinoflagellate: deciphering the effects of nutritional value, toxicity, and feeding behavior. Oecologia 2005; 147:479-88. [PMID: 16261377 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton exhibit a diversity of morphologies, nutritional values, and potential chemical defenses that could affect the feeding and fitness of zooplankton consumers. However, how phytoplankton traits shape plant-herbivore interactions in the marine plankton is not as well understood as for terrestrial or marine macrophytes and their grazers. The occurrence of blooms of marine dinoflagellates such as Karenia brevis suggests that, for uncertain reasons, grazers are unable to capitalize on, or control, this phytoplankton growth-making these systems appealing for testing mechanisms of grazing deterrence. Using the sympatric copepod Acartia tonsa, we conducted a mixed diet feeding experiment to test whether K. brevis is beneficial, toxic, nutritionally inadequate, or behaviorally rejected as food relative to the palatable and nutritionally adequate phytoplankter Rhodomonas lens. On diets rich in K. brevis, copepods experienced decreased survivorship and decreased egg production per female, but the percentage of eggs that hatched was unaffected. Although copepods showed a 6-17% preference for R. lens over K. brevis on some mixed diets, overall high ingestion rates eliminated the possibility that reduced copepod fitness was caused by copepods avoiding K. brevis, leaving nutritional inadequacy and toxicity as remaining hypotheses. Because egg production was dependent on the amount of R. lens consumed regardless of the amount of K. brevis eaten, there was no evidence that fitness costs were caused by K. brevis toxicity. Copepods limited to K. brevis ate 480% as much as those fed only R. lens, suggesting that copepods attempted to compensate for low food quality with increased quantity ingested. Our results indicate that K. brevis is a poor food for A. tonsa, probably due to nutritional inadequacy rather than toxicity, which could affect bloom dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico where these species co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Prince
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0230, USA
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