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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Madinabeitia-Cabrera I, Alarcón-López F, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Pelayo-Tejo I, Cárdenas-Vélez D. The cognitive benefits of basketball training compared to a combined endurance and resistance training regimen: a four-month intervention study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11132. [PMID: 37429866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive function, especially executive functioning, is positively associated with better fitness or higher levels of physical activity (PA). Previous research suggests that combined endurance and resistance (AER+R) training leads to greater improvements than training in either modality separately. Dynamic team sports with cognitive dimensions, such as basketball (BAS), may be an excellent context for improving cognition. This study compared the effects of following a four-month PA training program in BAS versus AER+R on executive functions along with a control group with low PA. Fifty participants completed the training period and were randomly distributed into three groups: BAS (16 participants), AER+R (18), and control (16). Participants in the BAS group showed improved inhibition and working memory and those in the AER+R group showed improved inhibition and cognitive flexibility, while inhibition deteriorated in the control group. There were significant differences between groups only in inhibition. It appears that following a four-month PA training program is enough to enhance executive functioning, and improvements in inhibition are more evident when the program includes an open sport such as BAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Madinabeitia-Cabrera
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Alarcón-López
- Department of General and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis J Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pelayo-Tejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - David Cárdenas-Vélez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Schaupp A, Bidlingmaier M, Martini S, Reincke M, Schluessel S, Schmidmaier R, Drey M. Resistance training-induced improvement in physical function is not associated to changes in endocrine somatotropic activity in prefrail older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 103:104792. [PMID: 36037722 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Resistance training improves muscle function in prefrail and frail elderly. The role of the somatotropic axis in this physiologic process remains unclear. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its associated proteins Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and acid labile subunit (ALS) build a circulating ternary complex that mediates growth hormone (GH) effects on peripheral organs and can serve as a measure of endocrine somatotropic activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association between resistance training-induced changes in physical performance and basal levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS in prefrail older adults. METHODS 69 prefrail community-dwelling older adults, aged 65 to 94 years, were randomly assigned to a 12-week period of strength or power training or to a control group. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00783159. Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS were measured at rest before and after the intervention. Hormonal differences were examined in relation to changes in physical performance assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS While resistance training led to significant improvements in SPPB score it did not induce significant differences in somatotropic hormone concentrations. Pre- and post-intervention changes in IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS or IGF/IGFBP-3 molar ratio were not related to the intervention mode, even after adjustment for age, sex, nutritional status, as well as SPPB and hormone concentrations at baseline. CONCLUSION Training-induced improvements in physical performance in prefrail older adults were not associated with significant changes in endocrine somatotropic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schaupp
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany.
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martini
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Sabine Schluessel
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmidmaier
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Michael Drey
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Ziemssenstraße 5, Munich 80336, Germany
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Physical Activity Influences Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone (Sulfate) Levels in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 31:330-351. [PMID: 35981715 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes affect the ratio between two steroid hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate) (DHEA[S]). Physical activity (PA) may buffer the effects of chronic stress and counteract the aging decline of DHEA(S). Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to understand how PA influences physiological markers of cortisol and/or DHEA(S) and whether there is a difference in observational associations or experimental effects in older adults aged 65 years and older. A narrative synthesis was performed on nine observational studies, and meta-analyses were performed on 22 randomized controlled trials. There was low- to moderate-quality evidence that regular PA beneficially reduces cortisol and increases DHEA(S) levels. Subgroup analyses showed no clinically important differences between men and women, different exercise modalities, or health states. The findings cautiously suggest that regular PA of older adults' own choice that they find enjoyable could be recommended to improve cortisol and/or DHEA(S) levels.
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Sawicka AK, Jaworska J, Brzeska B, Sabisz A, Samborowska E, Radkiewicz M, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ, Szarmach A, Olek RA. L-Carnitine Combined with Leucine Supplementation Does Not Improve the Effectiveness of Progressive Resistance Training in Healthy Aged Women. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:945-953. [PMID: 36259583 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) in combination with leucine supplementation on muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy in aged women participating in a resistance exercise training (RET) program. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven out of sixty (38.3% dropout) healthy women aged 60-75 years (mean 67.6 ± 0.7 years) completed the intervention in one of three groups. One of the supplemented groups received 1 g of L-carnitine-L-tartrate in combination with 3 g of L-leucine per day (LC+L group; n = 12), and the second supplemented group received 4 g of L-leucine per day (L group; n = 13). The control group (CON group; n = 12) received no supplementation. INTERVENTION All three groups completed the same RET protocol involving exercise sessions twice per week for 24 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Before and after the experiment, participants performed isometric and isokinetic muscle strength testing on the Biodex dynamometer. The cross-sectional areas of the major knee extensors and total thigh muscles were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), myostatin and decorin, and plasma levels of total carnitine (TC) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels were measured. RESULTS The 24-week RET significantly increased muscle strength and muscle volume, but the group and time interactions were not significant for the muscle variables analyzed. Plasma total carnitine increased only in the LC+L group (p = 0.009). LC supplementation also caused a significant increase in plasma TMAO, which was higher after the intervention in the LC+L group than in the L (p < 0.001), and CON (p = 0.005) groups. The intervention did not change plasma TMAO concentration in the L (p = 0.959) and CON (p = 0.866) groups. After the intervention serum decorin level was higher than before in both supplemented groups combined (p = 0.012), still not significantly different to post intervention CON (p = 0.231). No changes in serum IGF-1 and myostatin concentrations and no links between the changes in blood markers and muscle function or muscle volume were observed. CONCLUSIONS LC combined with leucine or leucine alone does not appear to improve the effectiveness of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sawicka
- Robert A. Olek, Department of Athletics, Strength, and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39; 61-871 Poznan, Poland, e-mail: , ORCID: 0000-0002-3714-7386
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Amiri N, Fathei M, Mosaferi Ziaaldini M. Effects of resistance training on muscle strength, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in healthy elderly subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:247-257. [PMID: 33442864 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings regarding the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscle strength, serum level of IGF-1, and its binding proteins are contradictory. To resolve this contradiction, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of RT on muscle strength, the levels of serum IGF-1, and IGF-binding protein-3 in the elderly and aged. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were systematically searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing subjects who underwent RT and control individuals up to May 15, 2020. This study was performed following the Preferred Items for Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We identified and analyzed 11 eligible trials in this meta-analysis. RESULTS Pooled data displayed an overall significant elevation in IGF-1 (mean difference (MD): 17.34 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.23, 27.46) and in muscle strength in leg press (SMD: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.30, 1.34) and bench press (SMD: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.42, 1.23) following RT. By contrast, the pooled estimate showed a non-significant elevation in IGFBP-3 (MD: 0.13 ng/ml; 95% CI: - 39.39, 39.65). Subgroup analysis revealed that the elevation in serum IGF-1 levels after RT was significant only in women (MD: 19.30 ng/ml); moreover, it increased after intervention durations of both > 12 weeks (MD: 21.98 ng/ml) and of ≤ 12 weeks (MD: 15.31 ng/ml). CONCLUSION RT was associated with elevated muscle strength. Moreover, RT was correlated with increased serum levels of IGF-1 among women and among those who received the training for ≤ 12 weeks or > 12 weeks. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the impact of RT on IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Amiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Fathei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mahmoud N, Mohammadreza HA, Abdolhosein TK, Mehdi N, Arent SM. Serum myokine levels after linear and flexible non-linear periodized resistance training in overweight sedentary women. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:658-668. [PMID: 33655812 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1895893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the capacity of linear-(LP) and non-linear periodized (NLP) resistance training to improve select myokines and metabolic parameters in overweight sedentary women. An additional purpose was to compare these variables between the overweight and lean women. Fitness- and age-matched overweight women between 28 and 43 years old were randomly allocated to LP (body fat [BF]% = 38.7 ± 2.6, n = 10), NLP (BF% = 39.3 ± 2.4, n = 9) and control (BF% = 39.8 ± 2.6, n = 9) groups. Lean women (BF% = 29.1 ± 2.3, n = 16) matched for age and fitness were also included for baseline comparison. Resistance training programmes (12 weeks, 3 d.wk-1, 9 exercises, 60-90% of 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) were performed with different periodization schemes. Glucose, insulin, interleukin (IL)-7, IL-15, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels were measured at baseline and after training. Overweight subjects had significantly lower IL-15, IGF-1 and higher insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA-IR) than lean subjects at baseline (all, P < .05). IL-15 and VO2max increased significantly after NLP compared with CON, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in HOMA-IR (all, P < .03). Muscular endurance improved significantly in both models after training compared to CON (all, P < .01), but it increased more in NLP than in LP (P = .01). Both training protocols were equally effective at reducing BF% and increasing IGF-1, IL-7, muscle mass and bench press 1RM (P < .01). It appears that LP and NLP are both effective strategies for improving health markers in overweight women, but LP is not as effective as NLP to improve IL-15, HOMA-IR and aerobic capacity.Highlights Overweight women had a significantly lower IL-15 and IGF-1 compared to lean encounters, but no significant difference was noted for maximal strength, aerobic capacity, muscle mass, IL-7 and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.Twelve weeks of either linear or flexible non-linear periodized resistance training resulted in reduction in BF% and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and increased IGF-1, IL-7, muscle mass and bench press 1RM, with no difference between the two training protocols.Linear protocol is not as effective as non-linear protocol to improve IL-15, HOMA-IR and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikseresht Mahmoud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | | | - Nikseresht Mehdi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Ye G, Xiao Z, Luo Z, Huang X, Abdelrahim MEA, Huang W. Resistance training effect on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum: a meta-analysis. Aging Male 2020; 23:1471-1479. [PMID: 32844706 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2020.1801622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resistance exercise has drawn considerable attention to the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum. However, the relationship between resistance exercise and the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum is conflicting. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate this relationship. METHODS A systematic literature search up to May 2020 was performed and 22 studies were detected with 680 subjects. They reported relationships between resistance exercise and the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated comparing the resistance exercise and the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum using the continuous method with a random or fixed-effect model. RESULTS Significantly higher insulin-like growth factor 1 was observed in subjects performing resistance training for less than 16 weeks (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.49-5.57, p<.001); subjects performing resistance training for more than 16 weeks (OR, 11.55; 95% CI, 6.58-16.52, p<.001); subjects older than 60 years (OR, 11.88; 95% CI, 9.84-13.93, p<.001); females (OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 2.26-5.49, p<.001) and males (OR, 16.82; 95% CI, 7.29-26.35, p<.001). However, significantly lower insulin-like growth factor 1 was observed in subjects younger than 60 years (OR, -4.80; 95% CI, -7.74 to -1.86, p=.001). CONCLUSIONS However, the resistance exercise significantly increases insulin-like growth factor 1 in subjects older than 60 years, both males and females, and subjects performing resistance exercise for all any period. Surprisingly, resistance exercise significantly decreases insulin-like growth factor 1 in subjects younger than 60 years. This relationship forces us to recommend the resistance exercise to improve insulin-like growth factor 1 in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlun Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Zhifang Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhuozhang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital's Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Mohamed E A Abdelrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The effect of resistance training on serum insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2020; 50:102360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Fragala MS, Cadore EL, Dorgo S, Izquierdo M, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD, Ryan ED. Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2019-2052. [PMID: 31343601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragala, MS, Cadore, EL, Dorgo, S, Izquierdo, M, Kraemer, WJ, Peterson, MD, and Ryan, ED. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2019-2052, 2019-Aging, even in the absence of chronic disease, is associated with a variety of biological changes that can contribute to decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Such losses decrease physiologic resilience and increase vulnerability to catastrophic events. As such, strategies for both prevention and treatment are necessary for the health and well-being of older adults. The purpose of this Position Statement is to provide an overview of the current and relevant literature and provide evidence-based recommendations for resistance training for older adults. As presented in this Position Statement, current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat the loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, physiological vulnerability, and their debilitating consequences on physical functioning, mobility, independence, chronic disease management, psychological well-being, quality of life, and healthy life expectancy. This Position Statement provides evidence to support recommendations for successful resistance training in older adults related to 4 parts: (a) program design variables, (b) physiological adaptations, (c) functional benefits, and (d) considerations for frailty, sarcopenia, and other chronic conditions. The goal of this Position Statement is to a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to resistance training for older adults, b) promote the health and functional benefits of resistance training for older adults, and c) prevent or minimize fears and other barriers to implementation of resistance training programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo L Cadore
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan-Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Gill R, Gater DR, Lavis TD, Cardozo CP, Adler RA. Low-Dose Testosterone and Evoked Resistance Exercise after Spinal Cord Injury on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: An Open-Label Randomized Clinical Trial. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2631-2645. [PMID: 30794084 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the work is to investigate the effects of low-dose testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and evoked resistance training (RT) on body composition and metabolic variables after spinal cord injury (SCI). Twenty-two individuals with chronic motor complete SCI (ages 18-50 years) were randomly assigned to either TRT+RT (n = 11) or TRT (n = 11) for 16 weeks following a 4 -week delayed entry period. TRT+RT men underwent twice weekly progressive RT using electrical stimulation with ankle weights. TRT was administered via testosterone patches (2-6 mg/day). Body composition was tested using anthropometrics, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging. After an overnight fast, basal metabolic rate (BMR), lipid panel, serum testosterone, adiponectin, inflammatory and anabolic biomarkers (insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 [IGFBP-3]), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and insulin sensitivity (Si) were measured. Total body lean mass (LM; 2.7 kg, p < 0.0001), whole muscle (p < 0.0001), and whole muscle knee extensor cross-sectional areas (CSAs; p < 0.0001) increased in the TRT+RT group, with no changes in the TRT group. Visceral adiposity decreased (p = 0.049) in the TRT group, with a trend in the TRT+RT (p = 0.07) group. There was a trend (p = 0.050) of a 14-17% increase in BMR following TRT+RT. Sg showed a trend (p = 0.07) to improvement by 28.5-31.5% following both interventions. IGFBP-3 increased (p = 0.0001) while IL-6 decreased (p = 0.039) following both interventions, and TRT+RT suppressed adiponectin (p = 0.024). TRT+RT resulted in an increase in LM and whole thigh and knee extensor muscle CSAs, with an increase in BMR and suppressed adiponectin. Low-dose TRT may mediate modest effects on visceral adipose tissue, Sg, IGFBP-3, and IL-6, independent of changes in LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Refka E Khalil
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ranjodh Gill
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - David R Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy D Lavis
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert A Adler
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Multicomponent Exercise on Physical Function, Cognition and Hemodynamic Parameters of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122184. [PMID: 31226762 PMCID: PMC6616426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a quasi-experimental study that aimed to identify changes in muscle function (i.e., mobility, maximal walking speed, lower limb muscle strength, balance, and transfer capacity), cognition (i.e., executive function) and hemodynamic parameters of community-dwelling Brazilian older adults during a six-month multicomponent exercise program (MCEP). A total of 436 community-dwelling older adults performed functional, cognitive and hemodynamic assessments before and after a six-month MCEP. The program of exercise was performed twice a week over 26 weeks at moderate intensity. Results indicate that balance, mobility (i.e., usual and maximal walking speeds) and transfer capacity (p < 0.05) were significantly improved after the MCEP. Moreover, all hemodynamic parameters (i.e., systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures), except for heart rate (p > 0.05), were significantly reduced after the intervention. The current findings indicate that a six-month MCEP may provide physical and hemodynamic benefits in community-dwelling older adults. Nevertheless, our findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and better designed studies.
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The Effect of Exercise on Glucoregulatory Hormones: A Countermeasure to Human Aging: Insights from a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101709. [PMID: 31096708 PMCID: PMC6572009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hormones are secreted in a circadian rhythm, but also follow larger-scale timetables, such as monthly (hormones of the menstrual cycle), seasonal (i.e., winter, summer), and, ultimately, lifespan-related patterns. Several contexts modulate their secretion, such as genetics, lifestyle, environment, diet, and exercise. They play significant roles in human physiology, influencing growth of muscle, bone, and regulating metabolism. Exercise training alters hormone secretion, depending on the frequency, duration, intensity, and mode of training which has an impact on the magnitude of the secretion. However, there remains ambiguity over the effects of exercise training on certain hormones such as glucoregulatory hormones in aging adults. With advancing age, there are many alterations with the endocrine system, which may ultimately alter human physiology. Some recent studies have reported an anti-aging effect of exercise training on the endocrine system and especially cortisol, growth hormone and insulin. As such, this review examines the effects of endurance, interval, resistance and combined training on hormones (i.e., at rest and after) exercise in older individuals. We summarize the influence of age on glucoregulatory hormones, the influence of exercise training, and where possible, examine masters' athletes' endocrinological profile.
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Effects of 12-Week Resistance Exercise on Electroencephalogram Patterns and Cognitive Function in the Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Sport Med 2018; 28:500-508. [PMID: 28727639 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a 12-week resistance exercise program with an elastic band on electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns and cognitive function in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Community center. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two subjects with MCI and 25 healthy volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: subjects with MCI who undertook the exercise program (MCI-EX; n = 10), an MCI control group (MCI-Con; n = 12), a healthy volunteer exercise group (NG-EX; n = 12), and a healthy volunteer control group (NG-Con; n = 13). INTERVENTION The exercise group engaged in a 15-repetition maximum (15RM; 65% of 1RM) resistance exercise program for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Electroencephalograms, neuropsychological tests, and Senior Fitness Test. RESULTS The 12-week 15RM (65% of 1RM) resistance exercise program significantly improved variables related to the physical fitness of the elderly subjects. Furthermore, for the EEG test, the MCI and NG groups showed significant differences at baseline in relative beta waves on electrodes Fp1 (P < 0.05) and F3 (P < 0.05), as well as in relative beta2 waves on F3 (P < 0.05). In addition, after the 12-week exercise intervention, differences in a region that benefits from exercise were observed between (1) the MCI-EX group in the relative theta power on F3 (P < 0.05) and the relative alpha power on T3 (P < 0.05) and in (2) the NG-EX group in the relative theta power on P3 (P < 0.05) and P4 (P < 0.01). In addition, only the score of the digit span backward in the MCI-EX group changed significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 12-week resistance exercise with an elastic band had a positive effect on EEG patterns in elderly subjects with MCI, along with providing physical benefits and slight changes in cognitive function in MCI-EX group. SIGNIFICANCE A 15RM resistance exercise program can be an effective treatment for delaying cognitive decline and improving physical fitness.
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Nascimento MAD, Gerage AM, Silva DRPD, Ribeiro AS, Machado DGDS, Pina FLC, Tomeleri CM, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Mayhew JL, Cyrino ES. Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, and testosterone in older women. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:199-207. [PMID: 30016192 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1496145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. METHODS Forty-five physically independent older women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12 weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10-15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF-1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre-training, post-training, and after detraining (12 weeks). RESULTS Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post-training (G2X = +5.5% and G3X = +5.8%, P < .0001) with no differences between groups, and gains were retained after detraining (G2X = 100% and G3X = 99%, P < .0001). IGF-1 and dietary intake did not change for the groups during the study. Testosterone did not change post-training but significantly decreased after detraining (G2X = -21% and G3X = -50%, P < .0001). CONCLUSION We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF-1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community-dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Amarante Do Nascimento
- a Paranavaí Campus, Paraná State University - UNESPAR , Paranavaí , Paraná , Brazil.,b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Aline Mendes Gerage
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,c Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Danilo Rodrigues Pereira Da Silva
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Alex Silva Ribeiro
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,d Center for Research in Health Science , University of Northern Paraná - UNOPAR , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Da Silva Machado
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil.,e Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Cheche Pina
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Crisieli Maria Tomeleri
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Danielle Venturini
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Décio Sabbatini Barbosa
- f Graduation Program in Health Sciences , Londrina State University - UEL , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Jerry L Mayhew
- g Exercise Science Program , Truman State University , Kirksville , MO , USA
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- b Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center , Londrina State University , Londrina , Paraná , Brazil
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Askari B, Bijeh N, Rashid Lamir A. Effects of 8 Weeks of Resistance Training and IGF-1 Injection on Biochemical Markers of Cancer and Colorectal Structures in Rats. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.6.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Chang H, Kim K, Jung YJ, Kato M. Effects of acute high-Intensity resistance exercise on cognitive function and oxygenation in prefrontal cortex. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:1-8. [PMID: 28715880 PMCID: PMC5545209 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Moderate-intensity exercise is known to be the best effective intensity to enhance cognitive function, including memory and learning. However, the effects of high-intensity exercise in comparison with moderate- intensity exercise on cognitive function remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity resistance exercise on cognitive function. [Methods] Thirty-six healthy female college students volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were divided into four groups: (i) control group (CON); (ii) high-intensity resistance exercise group (HIR); (iii) high-intensity aerobic exercise group (HIA); and (iv) combined moderate-intensity exercise group (MIC). Immediately prior to and after exercise, the solved number (SN) and reaction times (RT) in the Stroop test (neutral task, NT and incongruent task, IT), as well as the tissue oxygen index (TOI) in the left and right prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured in all groups. [Results] In the NT, both HIR and MIC groups showed significant improvements in SN and RT compared with the CON group. Meanwhile, performance in the HIA group was significantly attenuated compared with that in the MIC group. In the IT, only the MIC group showed a significant increase in SN and RT compared with the CON group. Furthermore, the TOI in the PFC (left PFC in the NT, and bilaterally in the IT) was significantly lower in the HIR group compared with that in the CON group. [Conclusion] The results of this study show worse cognitive performance and decreased PFC oxygenation in high-intensity exercise compared with moderate-intensity exercise and controls. These results suggest that high-intensity exercise may not improve cognition as effectively as moderate-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukki Chang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Kim
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Morimasa Kato
- Department of Human Movement Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Walsh JJ, Scribbans TD, Bentley RF, Kellawan JM, Gurd B, Tschakovsky ME. Neurotrophic growth factor responses to lower body resistance training in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:315-23. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Resistance exercise is an efficacious stimulus for improving cognitive function in older adults, which may be mediated by the upregulation of blood-borne neurotrophic growth factors (NTFs) like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, the NTF response to resistance exercise and training in older adults is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the timing and magnitude of the NTF response following an acute bout of resistance exercise before and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Ten cognitively normal, older adults (ages 60–77 years, five men) were examined. The acute NTF response to resistance exercise was assessed via serum samples drawn at designated time points following exercise. This procedure was then repeated following 8 weeks of resistance training. BDNF increased immediately post-exercise (Δ9% pre-training, Δ11% post-training) then returned to resting levels while IGF-1 remained stable following resistance exercise before and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Basal levels of both NTFs were unaffected by the 8 week training period. We report a transient increase in serum BDNF following a bout of resistance exercise in older adults, which could have implications for the design of interventions seeking to maximize cognitive function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Walsh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert F. Bentley
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Brendon Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael E. Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Devin JL, Bolam KA, Jenkins DG, Skinner TL. The Influence of Exercise on the Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Oncology: Physiological Basis, Current, and Future Perspectives. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:239-49. [PMID: 26677213 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have been shown to reduce the risk of many common cancers and strongly influence tumor biology. A cause-effect mechanism explaining this relationship is dependent on cellular pathways that can influence tumor growth and are exercise responsive. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is reported to promote the development and progression of carcinomas through cellular signaling in cancerous tissues. This review summarizes the physiologic basis of the role of the IGF axis in oncology and the influence of exercise on this process. We examined the effects of exercise prescription on the IGF axis in cancer survivors by evaluating the current scope of the literature. The current research demonstrates a remarkable heterogeneity and inconsistency in the responses of the IGF axis to exercise in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors. Finally, this review presents an in-depth exploration of the physiologic basis and mechanistic underpinnings of the seemingly disparate relationship between exercise and the IGF axis in oncology. Although there is currently insufficient evidence to categorize the effects of exercise prescription on the IGF axis in cancer survivors, the inconsistency of results suggests a multifaceted relationship, the complexities of which are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Devin
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kate A Bolam
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David G Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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A hypothesis for a possible synergy between ghrelin and exercise in patients with cachexia: Biochemical and physiological bases. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:927-33. [PMID: 26404870 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the biochemical and physiological observations underpinning the synergism between ghrelin and ghrelin agonists with exercise, especially progressive resistance training that has been shown to increase muscle mass. The synergy of ghrelin agonists and physical exercise could be beneficial in conditions where muscle wasting is present, such as that found in patients with advanced cancer. The principal mechanism that controls muscle anabolism following the activation of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system involves the release of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1). GH/IGF-1 axis has a dual pathway of action on muscle growth: (a) a direct action on muscle, bone and fat tissue and (b) an indirect action via the production of both muscle-restricted mIGF-1 and anti-cachectic cytokines. Progressive resistance training is a potent inducer of the secretion the muscle-restricted IGF-1 (mIGF-1) that enhances protein synthesis, increases lean body mass and eventually leads to the improvement of muscle strength. Thus, the combination of ghrelin administration with progressive resistance training may serve to circumvent ghrelin resistance and further reduce muscle wasting, which are commonly associated with cachexia.
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Kim H, Suzuki T, Kim M, Kojima N, Ota N, Shimotoyodome A, Hase T, Hosoi E, Yoshida H. Effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on body composition, physical function, and hematological parameters in community-dwelling frail Japanese women: a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, follow-up trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116256. [PMID: 25659147 PMCID: PMC4319727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the combined and separate effects of exercise and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on frailty, physical function, physical activity level, and hematological parameters in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. Methods A total of 131 frail, elderly women over 75 years were randomly assigned to one of four groups: exercise and MFGM supplementation (Ex+MFGM), exercise and placebo (Ex+Plac), MFGM supplementation, or the placebo group. The exercise group attended a 60-minute training program twice a week for three months, and the MFGM group ingested 1g of the MFGM supplement in pill form, daily for 3 months. The primary outcome measure was change in frailty status based on Fried’s frailty phenotype. Secondary outcome measures included body composition, physical function and hematological parameters, and interview survey components assessing lifestyle factors. Participants were followed for 4 months post-intervention. Results Significant group×time interactions were observed for usual walking speed (P = 0.005), timed up & go (P<0.001), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 / insulin-like growth factor 1 ratio (P = 0.013). The frailty components revealed that weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slow walking speed were reversed, but low muscle strength did not significantly changed. Frailty reversal rate was significantly higher in the Ex+MFGM (57.6%) than in the MFGM (28.1%) or placebo (30.3%) groups at post-intervention (χ2 = 8.827, P = 0.032), and at the follow-up was also significantly greater in the Ex+MFGM (45.5%) and Ex+Plac (39.4%) groups compared with the placebo (15.2%) group (χ2 = 8.607, P = 0.035). The exercise+MFGM group had the highest odds ratio (OR) for frailty reversal at post-intervention and follow-up (OR = 3.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–8.60; and OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 1.45–15.08, respectively). Conclusion This study suggests that interventions including exercise and nutrition can improve frailty status. Statistically significant additive effects of MFGM with exercise could not be confirmed in this population, and further investigation in larger samples is necessary. Trial Registration The Japan Medical Association Clinical Trial Registry (JMACCT)JMA-IIA00069
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunkyung Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Suzuki
- National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miji Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Kojima
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Biological Science Laboratories, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Erika Hosoi
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyo Yoshida
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Karabulut M, Sherk VD, Bemben DA, Bemben MG. Inflammation marker, damage marker and anabolic hormone responses to resistance training with vascular restriction in older males. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:393-9. [PMID: 23701309 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine anabolic hormone, muscle damage marker and inflammation marker responses to two types of resistance training protocols in older men. Thirty-six healthy older males (mean age = 56.6 ± 0.6 years) completed 6 weeks of high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT), low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction (LI-BFR) or no exercise control group (CON) three times per week. Three upper body exercises were performed by both exercise groups at the same intensity (at 80% 1-RM), but lower body exercises were performed by the HI-RT group at 80% 1-RM and by the LI-BFR group at 20% 1-RM with vascular restriction. Resting serum creatine kinase (CK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and testosterone (T) were measured before and after training. No significant group differences in resting CK, IL-6, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and T were detected following training (P>0.05). In addition, there were no significant changes in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), but a trend for significant decreases in the percent changes in thigh subcutaneous fat (P = 0.051). Although training-induced anabolic hormone response did not reach statistical significance, our findings on CK and IL-6 indicated that the LI-BFR training protocol was safe and well tolerated for older men to perform to improve muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karabulut
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
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Orsatti FL, Nahas EA, Orsatti CL, de Oliveira EP, Nahas-Neto J, da Mota GR, Burini RC. Muscle Mass Gain After Resistance Training Is Inversely Correlated With Trunk Adiposity Gain in Postmenopausal Women. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2130-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318239f837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Horstman AM, Dillon EL, Urban RJ, Sheffield-Moore M. The role of androgens and estrogens on healthy aging and longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:1140-52. [PMID: 22451474 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a loss of sex hormone in both men (andropause) and women (menopause). In men, reductions in testosterone can trigger declines in muscle mass, bone mass, and in physical function. In women, the impact of the loss of sex hormones, such as estradiol, on bone is well elucidated, but evidence is limited on whether the loss of estradiol negatively affects muscle mass and physical function. However, deficiencies in multiple anabolic hormones have been shown to predict health status and longevity in older persons. Thus, consideration should be given as to whether targeted hormone replacement therapies may prove effective at treating clinical conditions, such as age-related sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, and/or acute or chronic illnesses. If initiated carefully in the appropriate clinical population, hormone replacement therapies in men and women may prevent and reverse muscle and bone loss and functional declines and perhaps promote healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Horstman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1060, USA.
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Ahlskog JE, Geda YE, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86:876-84. [PMID: 21878600 PMCID: PMC3258000 DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly growing literature strongly suggests that exercise, specifically aerobic exercise, may attenuate cognitive impairment and reduce dementia risk. We used PubMed (keywords exercise and cognition) and manuscript bibliographies to examine the published evidence of a cognitive neuroprotective effect of exercise. Meta-analyses of prospective studies documented a significantly reduced risk of dementia associated with midlife exercise; similarly, midlife exercise significantly reduced later risks of mild cognitive impairment in several studies. Among patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) documented better cognitive scores after 6 to 12 months of exercise compared with sedentary controls. Meta-analyses of RCTs of aerobic exercise in healthy adults were also associated with significantly improved cognitive scores. One year of aerobic exercise in a large RCT of seniors was associated with significantly larger hippocampal volumes and better spatial memory; other RCTs in seniors documented attenuation of age-related gray matter volume loss with aerobic exercise. Cross-sectional studies similarly reported significantly larger hippocampal or gray matter volumes among physically fit seniors compared with unfit seniors. Brain cognitive networks studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging display improved connectivity after 6 to 12 months of exercise. Animal studies indicate that exercise facilitates neuroplasticity via a variety of biomechanisms, with improved learning outcomes. Induction of brain neurotrophic factors by exercise has been confirmed in multiple animal studies, with indirect evidence for this process in humans. Besides a brain neuroprotective effect, physical exercise may also attenuate cognitive decline via mitigation of cerebrovascular risk, including the contribution of small vessel disease to dementia. Exercise should not be overlooked as an important therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Ahlskog
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Peterson MD, Sen A, Gordon PM. Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:249-58. [PMID: 20543750 PMCID: PMC2995836 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181eb6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE sarcopenia plays a principal role in the pathogenesis of frailty and functional impairment that occur with aging. There are few published accounts that examine the overall benefit of resistance exercise (RE) for lean body mass (LBM) while considering a continuum of dosage schemes and/or age ranges. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of RE on LBM in older men and women while taking these factors into consideration. METHODS this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations. Randomized controlled trials and randomized or nonrandomized studies among adults ≥ 50 yr were included. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochran Q and the I statistics, and publication bias was evaluated through physical inspection of funnel plots as well as formal rank-correlation statistics. Mixed-effects meta-regression was incorporated to assess the relationship between RE dosage and changes in LBM. RESULTS data from 49 studies, representing a total of 1328 participants, were pooled using random-effect models. Results demonstrated a positive effect for LBM, and there was no evidence of publication bias. The Cochran Q statistic for heterogeneity was 497.8, which was significant (P < 0.01). Likewise, I was equal to 84%, representing rejection of the null hypothesis of homogeneity. The weighted pooled estimate of mean LBM change was 1.1 kg (95% confidence interval = 0.9-1.2 kg). Meta-regression revealed that higher-volume interventions were associated (β = 0.05, P < 0.01) with significantly greater increases in LBM, whereas older individuals experienced less increase (β = -0.03, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS RE is effective for eliciting gains in LBM among aging adults, particularly with higher-volume programs. Findings suggest that RE participation earlier in life may provide superior effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Peterson
- Laboratory for Physical Activity and Exercise Intervention Research, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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Flack KD, Davy KP, Hulver MW, Winett RA, Frisard MI, Davy BM. Aging, resistance training, and diabetes prevention. J Aging Res 2010; 2011:127315. [PMID: 21197110 PMCID: PMC3010636 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aging of the baby-boom generation and increases in life expectancy, the American population is growing older. Aging is associated with adverse changes in glucose tolerance and increased risk of diabetes; the increasing prevalence of diabetes among older adults suggests a clear need for effective diabetes prevention approaches for this population. The purpose of paper is to review what is known about changes in glucose tolerance with advancing age and the potential utility of resistance training (RT) as an intervention to prevent diabetes among middle-aged and older adults. Age-related factors contributing to glucose intolerance, which may be improved with RT, include improvements in insulin signaling defects, reductions in tumor necrosis factor-α, increases in adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, and reductions in total and abdominal visceral fat. Current RT recommendations and future areas for investigation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kevin P. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard A. Winett
- Center for Research in Health Behavior, 460 Turner Street, Suite 203, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Madlyn I. Frisard
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brenda M. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, 221 Wallace Hall (0430), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone Physiology in Resistance Exercise and Training. Sports Med 2010; 40:1037-53. [PMID: 21058750 DOI: 10.2165/11536910-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Anderson-Hanley C, Nimon JP, Westen SC. Cognitive health benefits of strengthening exercise for community-dwelling older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010; 32:996-1001. [PMID: 20408001 DOI: 10.1080/13803391003662702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While aerobic exercise has been linked to improved performance on cognitive tasks of executive functioning among older adults, not all older adults can avail themselves of such exercise due to physical limitations. In this study, community-dwelling older adults were evaluated on tasks of executive functioning before and after a month-long strengthening, nonaerobic exercise program. A total of 16 participants who engaged in such exercise showed significantly improved scores on Digits Backward and Stroop C tasks when compared to 16 participants who were on an exercise waiting list. Positive benefits of strengthening exercise on cognition are supported. Additional research is needed to clarify the generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cay Anderson-Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Union College, Healthy Aging & Neuropsychology Lab, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA.
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31
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Diet, physical activity and energy balance and their impact on breast and prostate cancers. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 19:197-215. [PMID: 19079886 DOI: 10.1017/s095442240720294x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, physical activity status and circulating levels of sex steroid hormones and growth factor proteins are intrinsically linked to energy balance. Epidemiological studies have previously reported associations between these factors and the risk of hormone-related cancers such as prostate and breast cancer in men and postmenopausal women. An increasing number of intervention studies in 'at-risk' populations and cancer survivors are now investigating the effects of lifestyle interventions that promote negative energy balance on circulating levels of sex hormones and growth factor proteins as surrogate markers of cancer risk. Evidence from these studies suggests that lifestyle interventions can improve insulin sensitivity, alter the balance of circulating sex steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis proteins (including IGF-1 and the IGF binding proteins 1 and 3) and change the functioning of immune cells in peripheral blood. Such changes could influence the risk of developing hormone-related cancers, as well as having the potential to improve disease-free survival in patients recovering from cancer treatment. However, despite promising results, the methodological quality of most intervention studies has been limited due to small subject numbers, lack of adequate control groups or non-randomised designs and the absence of long-term follow-up measures. More intervention studies with randomised controlled designs, higher numbers of subjects and longer-term follow-up measures are needed to establish which combination of specific dietary and physical activity interventions work best for reducing risk in 'at-risk' populations and survivors, optimal dose-response relationships and the magnitude of change in surrogate markers of cancer risk that is required to induce a protective effect.
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Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, Brickman AM, Cosentino S, Tang MX, Stern Y. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2009; 302:627-37. [PMID: 19671904 PMCID: PMC2765045 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Both higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet and more physical activity have been independently associated with lower Alzheimer disease (AD) risk but their combined association has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the combined association of diet and physical activity with AD risk. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Prospective cohort study of 2 cohorts comprising 1880 community-dwelling elders without dementia living in New York, New York, with both diet and physical activity information available. Standardized neurological and neuropsychological measures were administered approximately every 1.5 years from 1992 through 2006. Adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet (scale of 0-9; trichotomized into low, middle, or high; and dichotomized into low or high) and physical activity (sum of weekly participation in various physical activities, weighted by the type of physical activity [light, moderate, vigorous]; trichotomized into no physical activity, some, or much; and dichotomized into low or high), separately and combined, were the main predictors in Cox models. Models were adjusted for cohort, age, sex, ethnicity, education, apolipoprotein E genotype, caloric intake, body mass index, smoking status, depression, leisure activities, a comorbidity index, and baseline Clinical Dementia Rating score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Time to incident AD. RESULTS A total of 282 incident AD cases occurred during a mean (SD) of 5.4 (3.3) years of follow-up. When considered simultaneously, both Mediterranean-type diet adherence (compared with low diet score, hazard ratio [HR] for middle diet score was 0.98 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.72-1.33]; the HR for high diet score was 0.60 [95% CI, 0.42-0.87]; P = .008 for trend) and physical activity (compared with no physical activity, the HR for some physical activity was 0.75 [95% CI, 0.54-1.04]; the HR for much physical activity was 0.67 [95% CI, 0.47-0.95]; P = .03 for trend) were associated with lower AD risk. Compared with individuals neither adhering to the diet nor participating in physical activity (low diet score and no physical activity; absolute AD risk of 19%), those both adhering to the diet and participating in physical activity (high diet score and high physical activity) had a lower risk of AD (absolute risk, 12%; HR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.44-0.96]; P = .03 for trend). CONCLUSION In this study, both higher Mediterranean-type diet adherence and higher physical activity were independently associated with reduced risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS, Skinner JS. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1510-30. [PMID: 19516148 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2322] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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LaStayo P, McDonagh P, Lipovic D, Napoles P, Bartholomew A, Esser K, Lindstedt S. Elderly patients and high force resistance exercise--a descriptive report: can an anabolic, muscle growth response occur without muscle damage or inflammation? J Geriatr Phys Ther 2008; 30:128-34. [PMID: 18171497 DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200712000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Elderly individuals participate in resistance exercise to induce an anabolic response and grow muscle to help overcome functional deficits. It is thought that a muscle damage and inflammatory response to resistance exercise is a necessary prerequisite for an anabolic and muscle growth response. METHODS This is a descriptive study of 11 elderly individuals in rehabilitation who underwent a 2-3x/week high force resistance exercise that used eccentric contractions. Serum measures of muscle damage, inflammation, and an anabolic response are reported along with changes in muscle mass as measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Negative work increased >3-fold during the 11 weeks of resistance exercise. There were no significant changes in the damage measure of serum creatine kinase (pretraining: 18.5 +/- 1.2 Sigma units/ml; post-training: 19.2 +/- 1.1 Sigma units/ml). Proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha values remained within normal range (<4.0 pg/ml) throughout the 11 weeks of training. A nonsignificant trend for an anabolic increase (65%) in insulin like growth factor-1 was noted along with a significant increase (6%) in thigh muscle mass. CONCLUSIONS Neither damage, nor inflammation appear to be prerequisites for inducing anabolic and muscle growth responses in elderly individuals undergoing a high force resistance exercise with eccentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul LaStayo
- University of Utah, Division of Physical Therapy and the Department of Orthopedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Ormsbee M, Clapper JA, Clapper J, Vukovich MD. Moderate changes in energy balance combined with exercise do not alter insulin-like growth factor I or insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. Nutr Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Judge JO, Kleppinger A, Kenny A, Smith JA, Biskup B, Marcella G. Home-based resistance training improves femoral bone mineral density in women on hormone therapy. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:1096-108. [PMID: 15754082 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-004-1816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether moderate resistance training would improve femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in long-term users of hormone therapy with low BMD. The study was a 2-year randomized, controlled, trial (RCT) of moderate resistance training of either the lower extremity or the upper extremity. Eighty-five women participated in a 6-month observation period. The setting was center-based and home-based training. The participants were 189 women aged 59-78 years, with total femur T-scores from -0.8 to -2.8 and on hormone therapy (HT) for a minimum of 2 years (mean 11.8 years); 153 completed the trial. Lower extremity training used weight belts (mean 7.8 kg) in step-ups and chair rises; upper extremity training used elastic bands and dumbbells. Measurements were BMD and body composition [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)], bone turnover markers. Total femoral BMD showed a downward trend during the observation period: 0.35%+/-0.18% (P=0.14). The response to training was similar in the upper and lower groups in the primary outcomes. At 2 years, total femoral BMD increased 1.5% (95% CI 0.8%-2.2%) in the lower group and 1.8% (95% CI 1.1%-2.5%) in the upper group. Trochanter BMD increased 2.4% (95% CI 1.3%-3.5%) in the lower group and 2.5% (95% CI 1.4%-3.6%) in the upper group (for both analyses time effect P<0.001). At 1 year, a bone resorption marker (C-telopeptide) decreased 9% (P=0.04). Bone formation markers, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, decreased 5% (P<0.001), and N-terminal type I procollagen peptide decreased 7% (P=0.01). Body composition (percent lean and percent body fat) was maintained in both groups. We concluded that long-term moderate resistance training reversed bone loss, decreased bone turnover, increased femur BMD, and maintained body composition. The similarity of response in upper and lower groups supports a systemic response rather than a site-specific response to moderate resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Oat Judge
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 01032, USA.
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Lowenthal DT, Vincent KR. Clinical physiology and pharmacology conference: a nonpharmacological, evidence based medical approach using exercise method to lower and maintain blood pressure control in the elderly. Int Urol Nephrol 2005; 36:473-6. [PMID: 15783127 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-004-1241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David T Lowenthal
- Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608-1197, USA
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McAuley E, Kramer AF, Colcombe SJ. Cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive function in older adults: a brief review. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:214-20. [PMID: 15116743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a brief review of the extant research on the influence of cardiovascular fitness training on brain and cognition. The review includes an examination of the non-human animal literature that has reported molecular, cellular, and behavioral consequences of fitness interventions. We relate this literature to human studies of the relationship between fitness and cognition, as well as the nascent literature on fitness influences on human brain structure and function with state-of-the art neuroimaging techniques. We also consider the important topic of participant adherence in clinical exercise trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for studies of cardiovascular fitness, aging, and neurocognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward McAuley
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass and its effects seem to be exacerbated by glucocorticoids; however, its response to resistance training is not well known. This study examined 12 wk of resistance training on the mRNA and protein expression of myostatin, follistatin-like related gene (FLRG), activin IIb receptor, cortisol, glucocorticoid receptor, myofibrillar protein, as well as the effects on muscle strength and mass and body composition. METHODS Twenty-two untrained males were randomly assigned to either a resistance-training [RTR (N = 12)] or control group [CON (N = 10)]. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained before and after 6 and 12 wk of resistance training. RTR trained 3 x wk(-1) using three sets of six to eight repetitions at 85-90% 1-RM on lower-body exercises, whereas CON performed no resistance training. Data were analyzed with two- and three-way ANOVA. RESULTS After 12 wk of training, RTR increased total body mass, fat-free mass, strength, and thigh volume and mass; however, they increased myostatin mRNA, myostatin, FLRG, cortisol, glucocorticoid receptor, and myofibrillar protein after 6 and 12 wk of training (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Resistance training and/or increased glucocorticoid receptor expression appears to up-regulate myostatin mRNA expression. Furthermore, it is possible that any plausible decreases in skeletal muscle function from the observed increase in serum myostatin were attenuated by increased serum FLRG levels and the concomitant down-regulation of the activin IIb receptor. It is therefore concluded that the increased myostatin in response to cortisol and/or resistance training appears to have no effects on training-induced increases in muscle strength and mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise and Molecular Kinesiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Copeland JL. Anabolic Hormones in Aging Women: Effects of Supplementation vs. Physical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 29:76-89. [PMID: 15001806 DOI: 10.1139/h04-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in bone mass, muscle mass, strength, and physical function, and women are more likely to suffer from these physical changes than men. The model presented in this paper illustrates the age related changes in anabolic hormones and how this may partly explain the diminished physical function of older women. The model can also be used to identify potential sites of intervention that could delay the atrophy of the musculoskeletal system. Various pharmacological hormone therapies have been shown to be beneficial, but there may be health risks associated with their use. There is evidence that regular physical activity is related to higher levels of anabolic hormones in older persons, therefore exercise could be an alternative to drugs for slowing the age related changes in the endocrine system. However, some research suggests that the hormone response to exercise is blunted in older women. This lower hormonal response may not be a consequence of aging per se but instead may result from secondary characteristics of aging such as a decline in physical fitness and exercise intensity or changes in body composition. Further research is needed to determine whether exercise-induced increases in endogenous hormones have clinical significance in improving muscle or bone mass in aging women. Key words: hormone replacement therapy, exercise, sex steroids, growth hormone, IGF-I
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