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Lisi V, Moulton C, Fantini C, Grazioli E, Guidotti F, Sgrò P, Dimauro I, Capranica L, Parisi A, Di Luigi L, Caporossi D. Steady-state redox status in circulating extracellular vesicles: A proof-of-principle study on the role of fitness level and short-term aerobic training in healthy young males. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:266-275. [PMID: 37182793 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the role of redox homeostasis in exercise-induced signaling and adaptation, this study focuses on the exercise training-related intercellular communication of redox status mediated by circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). 19 healthy young males were divided into trained (TG, 7) and untrained (UG, 12) subjects based on their VO2MAX. The UG subjects were further randomly distributed in experimental (UGEX, N = 7) and control (UGCTRL, N = 5) groups. The steady state of plasma EVs in TG and UGEX have been characterized for total number and size, as well as cargo redox status (antioxidants, transcription factors, HSPs) before, 3 and 24 h after a single bout of aerobic exercise (30', 70% HRM). Plasma EVs from UGEX and UGCTRL have been further characterized after 24 h from the last session of a 5-day consecutive aerobic training or no training, respectively. No differences were detected in the EVs' size and distribution at baseline in TG and UGEX (p>0.05), while the EVs cargo of UGEX showed a significantly higher concentration of protein carbonyl, Catalase, SOD2, and HSF1 compared to TG (p<0.05). 5 days of consecutive aerobic training in UGEX did not determine major changes in the steady-state number and size of EVs. The post-training levels of protein carbonyl, HSF1, Catalase, and SOD2 in EVs cargo of UGEX resulted significantly lower compared with UGEX before training and UGCTRL, resembling the steady-state levels in circulating EVs of TG subjects. Altogether, these preliminary data indicate that individual aerobic capacity influences the redox status of circulating EVs, and that short-term aerobic training impacts the steady-state redox status of EVs. Taking this pilot study as a paradigm for physio-pathological stimuli impacting redox homeostasis, our results offer new insights into the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers of exercise efficacy and of early impairment of oxidative-stress related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lisi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Chantalle Moulton
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Cristina Fantini
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Elisa Grazioli
- Physical Exercise and Sport Sciences Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Guidotti
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Attilio Parisi
- Physical Exercise and Sport Sciences Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Italy.
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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Oxidative Regulation of Vascular Ca v1.2 Channels Triggers Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension-Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122432. [PMID: 36552639 PMCID: PMC9774363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) channel in small arteries and arterioles plays an essential role in regulating Ca2+ influx, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure. In addition, diabetes has a high prevalence of hypertension. The etiology of these disorders remains elusive, involving the complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Common to these disorders are oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondria are primary sources of vascular oxidative stress, whereas dysfunction of the Cav1.2 channel confers increased vascular resistance in hypertension. This review will discuss the importance of ROS derived from NOXs and mitochondria in regulating vascular Cav1.2 and potential roles of ROS-mediated Cav1.2 dysfunction in aberrant vascular function in hypertension, diabetes, and preeclampsia.
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Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Atherothrombotic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071408. [PMID: 35883899 PMCID: PMC9312358 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is generated by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and antioxidant scavenger system’s activity. Increased ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite, likely contribute to the development and complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). In genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis, the overexpression of ROS-generating enzymes and uncontrolled ROS formation appear to be associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Conversely, the overexpression of ROS scavenger systems reduces or stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions, depending on the genetic background of the mouse model. In humans, higher levels of circulating biomarkers derived from the oxidation of lipids (8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, and malondialdehyde), as well as proteins (oxidized low-density lipoprotein, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, advanced glycation end-products), are increased in conditions of high cardiovascular risk or overt ASCVD, and some oxidation biomarkers have been reported as independent predictors of ASCVD in large observational cohorts. In animal models, antioxidant supplementation with melatonin, resveratrol, Vitamin E, stevioside, acacetin and n-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced ROS and attenuated atherosclerotic lesions. However, in humans, evidence from large, placebo-controlled, randomized trials or prospective studies failed to show any athero-protective effect of antioxidant supplementation with different compounds in different CV settings. However, the chronic consumption of diets known to be rich in antioxidant compounds (e.g., Mediterranean and high-fish diet), has shown to reduce ASCVD over decades. Future studies are needed to fill the gap between the data and targets derived from studies in animals and their pathogenetic and therapeutic significance in human ASCVD.
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Al-hadlaq SM, Balto HA, Hassan WM, Marraiki NA, El-Ansary AK. Biomarkers of non-communicable chronic disease: an update on contemporary methods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12977. [PMID: 35233297 PMCID: PMC8882335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases constitute a major global burden with significant impact on health systems, economies, and quality of life. Chronic diseases include a broad range of diseases that can be communicable or non-communicable. Chronic diseases are often associated with modifications of normal physiological levels of various analytes that are routinely measured in serum and other body fluids, as well as pathological findings, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of at-risk populations, early diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis play a major role in preventing or reducing the burden of chronic diseases. Biomarkers are tools that are used by health professionals to aid in the identification and management of chronic diseases. Biomarkers can be diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic. Several individual or grouped biomarkers have been used successfully in the diagnosis and prediction of certain chronic diseases, however, it is generally accepted that a more sophisticated approach to link and interpret various biomarkers involved in chronic disease is necessary to improve our current procedures. In order to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased coverage of the literature, first a primary frame of the manuscript (title, headings and subheadings) was drafted by the authors working on this paper. Second, based on the components drafted in the preliminary skeleton a comprehensive search of the literature was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. Multiple keywords related to the topic were used. Out of screened papers, only 190 papers, which are the most relevant, and recent articles were selected to cover the topic in relation to etiological mechanisms of different chronic diseases, the most recently used biomarkers of chronic diseases and finally the advances in the applications of multivariate biomarkers of chronic diseases as statistical and clinically applied tool for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases was discussed. Recently, multivariate biomarkers analysis approach has been employed with promising prospect. A brief discussion of the multivariate approach for the early diagnosis of the most common chronic diseases was highlighted in this review. The use of diagnostic algorithms might show the way for novel criteria and enhanced diagnostic effectiveness inpatients with one or numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. The search for new relevant biomarkers for the better diagnosis of patients with non-communicable chronic diseases according to the risk of progression, sickness, and fatality is ongoing. It is important to determine whether the newly identified biomarkers are purely associations or real biomarkers of underlying pathophysiological processes. Use of multivariate analysis could be of great importance in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaiman M. Al-hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Najat A. Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf K. El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Balkrishna A, Kumar A, Arya V, Rohela A, Verma R, Nepovimova E, Krejcar O, Kumar D, Thakur N, Kuca K. Phytoantioxidant Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Green Approach to Combat Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3155962. [PMID: 34737844 PMCID: PMC8563134 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3155962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is gaining significant attention, with numerous biomedical applications. Silver in wound dressings, copper oxide and silver in antibacterial preparations, and zinc oxide nanoparticles as a food and cosmetic ingredient are common examples. However, adverse effects of nanoparticles in humans and the environment from extended exposure at varied concentrations have yet to be established. One of the drawbacks of employing nanoparticles is their tendency to cause oxidative stress, a significant public health concern with life-threatening consequences. Cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory problems and diabetes are among the oxidative stress-related disorders. In this context, phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a novel and effective alternative. In addition to performing their intended function, they can protect against oxidative damage. This review was designed by searching through various websites, books, and articles found in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. To begin with, oxidative stress, its related diseases, and the mechanistic basis of oxidative damage caused by nanoparticles are discussed. One of the main mechanisms of action of nanoparticles was unearthed to be oxidative stress, which limits their use in humans. Secondly, the role of phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles in oxidative damage prevention is critically discussed. The parameters for the characterization of nanoparticles were also discussed. The majority of silver, gold, iron, zinc oxide, and copper nanoparticles produced utilizing various plant extracts were active free radical scavengers. This potential is linked to several surface fabricated phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids and phenols. These phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles could be a better alternative to nanoparticles prepared by other existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Vedpriya Arya
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Akansha Rohela
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Center for Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Naveen Thakur
- Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur 177001, India
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove 50005, Czech Republic
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Qian Y, Zeng Y, Lin Q, Huang H, Zhang W, Yu H, Deng B. Association of platelet count and plateletcrit with nerve conduction function and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1835-1844. [PMID: 33650778 PMCID: PMC8504918 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Diabetes has been considered as a 'pro-thrombotic state' with enhanced platelet reactivity. Abnormality in platelet aggregation has been found in patients with its most common chronic complication - diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential association of platelet indices with nerve conduction function and the presence of DPN in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study involved a total of 211 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 55 healthy individuals for whom nerve conduction studies were carried out. DPN was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association recommendation. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. RESULTS Patients with diabetes in whom neuropathy developed had lower levels of platelet count (PLT) and plateletcrit (PCT) than healthy controls (P < 0.05). Statistically significant associations of low PLT and PCT levels with the reduction of summed amplitude/velocity Z-score, and the prolongation of F-wave minimum latency in nerve conduction studies were found. Furthermore, after multivariate adjustment, logistic regression analysis showed that low levels of PLT (odds ratio 2.268, 95% confidence interval 1.072-4.797; P < 0.05; PLT <226 vs PLT ≥226) and PCT (odds ratio 2.050, 95% confidence interval 1.001-4.201; P < 0.05; PCT <0.222 vs PCT ≥0.222) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were risk factors for the presence of DPN. CONCLUSIONS Lower PLT and PCT levels are closely associated with poorer peripheral nerve conduction functions and the presence of neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which suggests that PLT and PCT might be potential biomarkers for showing DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of NeurologyRuijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yaying Zeng
- First School of Clinical MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Qingxia Lin
- Department of PsychiatryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Huanjie Huang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of PediatricsTianjin Children's HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Binbin Deng
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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Al-Taie A, Sancar M, Izzettin FV. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine: A valuable predictor of oxidative DNA damage in cancer and diabetes mellitus. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Borlinghaus J, Reiter J, Ries M, Gruhlke MC. Screening procedures and tests for antioxidants. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lipoxidation in cardiovascular diseases. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101119. [PMID: 30833142 PMCID: PMC6859589 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids can go through lipid peroxidation, an endogenous chain reaction that consists in the oxidative degradation of lipids leading to the generation of a wide variety of highly reactive carbonyl species (RCS), such as short-chain carbonyl derivatives and oxidized truncated phospholipids. RCS exert a wide range of biological effects due to their ability to interact and covalently bind to nucleophilic groups on other macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and proteins, forming reversible and/or irreversible modifications and generating the so-called advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Lipoxidation plays a relevant role in the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), mainly in the atherosclerosis-based diseases in which oxidized lipids and their adducts have been extensively characterized and associated with several processes responsible for the onset and development of atherosclerosis, such as endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Herein we will review the current knowledge on the sources of lipids that undergo oxidation in the context of cardiovascular diseases, both from the bloodstream and tissues, and the methods for detection, characterization, and quantitation of their oxidative products and protein adducts. Moreover, lipoxidation and ALEs have been associated with many oxidative-based diseases, including CVD, not only as potential biomarkers but also as therapeutic targets. Indeed, several therapeutic strategies, acting at different levels of the ALEs cascade, have been proposed, essentially blocking ALEs formation, but also their catabolism or the resulting biological responses they induce. However, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of formation and targets of ALEs could expand the available therapeutic strategies.
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Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:757-772. [PMID: 29731617 PMCID: PMC5927356 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s158513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2003] [Impact Index Per Article: 333.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced by several endogenous and exogenous processes, and their negative effects are neutralized by antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress occurs from the imbalance between RONS production and these antioxidant defenses. Aging is a process characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. The oxidative stress theory of aging is based on the hypothesis that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of RONS-induced damages. At the same time, oxidative stress is involved in several age-related conditions (ie, cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer), including sarcopenia and frailty. Different types of oxidative stress biomarkers have been identified and may provide important information about the efficacy of the treatment, guiding the selection of the most effective drugs/dose regimens for patients and, if particularly relevant from a pathophysiological point of view, acting on a specific therapeutic target. Given the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions and aging, antioxidant therapy could positively affect the natural history of several diseases, but further investigation is needed to evaluate the real efficacy of these therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of literature on this complex topic of ever increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Liguori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bulli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Aran
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Gargiulo
- Division of Internal Medicine, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi di Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Heart Transplantation Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Bonaduce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Plasma Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Second and Third Trimester. Obstet Gynecol Int 2016; 2016:3865454. [PMID: 27803713 PMCID: PMC5075618 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3865454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To determine plasma markers of oxidative stress during the second and third trimester of pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Study Design. We conducted a prospective nested case-control study involving 400 pregnant women, 22 of whom developed GDM. As control group, 30 normal pregnant women were chosen randomly. Plasma samples were analyzed for 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs), protein carbonyl (PCO), glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPX-3), and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) at 16–20 weeks, 24–28 weeks, and 32–36 weeks of gestation. Results. Compared to control subjects, the plasma levels of PCO, AOPPs, and 8-iso-PGF2α were elevated at 16–20 weeks' and 32–36 weeks' gestation in GDM. There was no significant difference in PCO and 8-iso-PGF2α at 24–28 weeks in GDM. GPX-3 was statistically significantly increased at 16–20 weeks and 32–36 weeks in GDM. PON1 reduced in patients with GDM. No significant differences were found at 24–28 and 32–36 weeks between the GDM and control groups. In GDM, PCO, AOPPs, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels were higher and GPX-3 and PON1 levels were lower in the second than the third trimester. Conclusion. Oxidation status increased in GDM, especially protein oxidation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of GDM.
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Dayal S, Gu SX, Hutchins RD, Wilson KM, Wang Y, Fu X, Lentz SR. Deficiency of superoxide dismutase impairs protein C activation and enhances susceptibility to experimental thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1798-804. [PMID: 26069236 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical evidence suggests an association between oxidative stress and vascular disease, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species can have prothrombotic effects on vascular and blood cells. It remains unclear, however, whether elevated levels of reactive oxygen species accelerate susceptibility to experimental thrombosis in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a murine model with genetic deficiency in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), we measured susceptibility to carotid artery thrombosis in response to photochemical injury. We found that SOD1-deficient (Sod1(-/-)) mice formed stable arterial occlusions significantly faster than wild-type (Sod1(+/+)) mice (P<0.05). Sod1(-/-) mice also developed significantly larger venous thrombi than Sod1(+/+) mice after inferior vena cava ligation (P<0.05). Activation of protein C by thrombin in lung was diminished in Sod1(-/-) mice (P<0.05 versus Sod1(+/+) mice), and generation of activated protein C in response to infusion of thrombin in vivo was decreased in Sod1(-/-) mice (P<0.05 versus Sod1(+/+) mice). SOD1 deficiency had no effect on the expression of thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, or tissue factor in lung or levels of protein C in plasma. Exposure of human thrombomodulin to superoxide in vitro caused oxidation of multiple methionine residues, including critical methionine 388, and a 40% decrease in thrombomodulin-dependent activation of protein C (P<0.05). SOD and catalase protected against superoxide-induced methionine oxidation and restored protein C activation in vitro (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SOD prevents thrombomodulin methionine oxidation, promotes protein C activation, and protects against arterial and venous thrombosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Dayal
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle.
| | - Sean X Gu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ryan D Hutchins
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Katina M Wilson
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Steven R Lentz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
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14
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Santilli F, Simeone P, Liani R, Davì G. Platelets and diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 120:28-39. [PMID: 25986598 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation plays a key role in atherothrombosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and increased in vivo platelet activation with enhanced thromboxane (TX) biosynthesis has been reported in patients with impairment of glucose metabolism even in the earlier stages of disease and in the preclinical phases. In this regards, platelets appear as addresses and players carrying and transducing metabolic derangement into vascular injury. The present review critically addresses key pathophysiological aspects including (i) hyperglycemia, glycemic variability and insulin resistance as determinants and predictors of platelet activation, (ii) inflammatory mediators derived from platelets, such as soluble CD40 ligand, soluble CD36, Dickkopf-1 and probably soluble receptor for advanced glycation-end-products (sRAGE), which expand the functional repertoire of platelets from players of hemostasis and thrombosis to powerful amplifiers of inflammation by promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines, cell activation, and cell-cell interactions; (iii) molecular mechanisms underpinning the less-than-expected antithrombotic protection by aspirin (ASA), despite regular antiplatelet prophylaxis at the standard dosing regimen, and (iv) stratification of patients deserving different antiplatelet strategies, based on the metabolic phenotype. Taken together, these pathophysiological aspects may contribute to the development of promising mechanism-based therapeutic strategies to reduce the progression of atherothrombosis in diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santilli
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Simeone
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Italy
| | - Rossella Liani
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Davì
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Italy.
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15
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Narayanasamy SK, Simpson DC, Martin I, Grotewiel M, Gronert S. Paraquat exposure and Sod2 knockdown have dissimilar impacts on the Drosophila melanogaster carbonylated protein proteome. Proteomics 2014; 14:2566-77. [PMID: 25091824 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Paraquat and RNA interference knockdown of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) are known to result in significant lifespan reduction, locomotor dysfunction, and mitochondrial degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. Both perturbations increase the flux of the progenitor ROS, superoxide, but the molecular underpinnings of the resulting phenotypes are poorly understood. Improved understanding of such processes could lead to advances in the treatment of numerous age-related disorders. Superoxide toxicity can act through protein carbonylation. Analysis of carbonylated proteins is attractive since carbonyl groups are not present in the 20 canonical amino acids and are amenable to labeling and enrichment strategies. Here, carbonylated proteins were labeled with biotin hydrazide and enriched on streptavidin beads. On-bead digestion was used to release carbonylated protein peptides, with relative abundance ratios versus controls obtained using the iTRAQ MS-based proteomics approach. Western blotting and biotin quantitation assay approaches were also investigated. By both Western blotting and proteomics, Paraquat exposure, but not Sod2 knockdown, resulted in increased carbonylated protein relative abundance. For Paraquat exposure versus control, the median carbonylated protein relative abundance ratio (1.53) determined using MS-based proteomics was in good agreement with that obtained using a commercial biotin quantitation kit (1.36).
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16
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Bock F, Shahzad K, Vergnolle N, Isermann B. Activated protein C based therapeutic strategies in chronic diseases. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:610-7. [PMID: 24652581 DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein C (aPC) is a natural anticoagulant and a potent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent. At the expense of increased bleeding risk aPC has been used - with some success - in sepsis. The design of cytoprotective-selective aPC variants circumvents this limitation of increased bleeding, reviving the interest in aPC as a therapeutic agent. Emerging studies suggest that aPC`s beneficial effects are not restricted to acute illness, but likewise relevant in chronic diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, neurodegeneration or wound healing. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression, reduction of oxidative stress, and regulation of ROS-dependent transcription factors are potential mechanisms of sustained cytoprotective effects of aPC in chronic diseases. Given the available data it seems questionable whether a unifying mechanism of aPC dependent cytoprotection in acute and chronic diseases exists. In addition, the signalling pathways employed by aPC are tissue and cell specific. The mechanistic insights gained from studies exploring aPC`s effects in various diseases may hence lay ground for tissue and disease specific therapeutic approaches. This review outlines recent investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of long-term modulation of aPC-signalling in models of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Berend Isermann
- Berend Isermann, MD, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Pathobiochemistry, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 391 67 13900, Fax: +49 391 67 13902, E-mail: ;
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17
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Overview of platelet physiology: its hemostatic and nonhemostatic role in disease pathogenesis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:781857. [PMID: 24729754 PMCID: PMC3960550 DOI: 10.1155/2014/781857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate cell fragments that circulate in blood playing crucial role in managing vascular integrity and regulating hemostasis. Platelets are also involved in the fundamental biological process of chronic inflammation associated with disease pathology. Platelet indices like mean platelets volume (MPV), platelets distributed width (PDW), and platelet crit (PCT) are useful as cheap noninvasive biomarkers for assessing the diseased states. Dynamic platelets bear distinct morphology, where α and dense granule are actively involved in secretion of molecules like GPIIb , IIIa, fibrinogen, vWf, catecholamines, serotonin, calcium, ATP, ADP, and so forth, which are involved in aggregation. Differential expressions of surface receptors like CD36, CD41, CD61 and so forth have also been quantitated in several diseases. Platelet clinical research faces challenges due to the vulnerable nature of platelet structure functions and lack of accurate assay techniques. But recent advancement in flow cytometry inputs huge progress in the field of platelets study. Platelets activation and dysfunction have been implicated in diabetes, renal diseases, tumorigenesis, Alzheimer's, and CVD. In conclusion, this paper elucidates that platelets are not that innocent as they keep showing and thus numerous novel platelet biomarkers are upcoming very soon in the field of clinical research which can be important for predicting and diagnosing disease state.
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18
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Braemswig TB, Usnich T, Albach FN, Brunecker P, Grittner U, Scheitz JF, Fiebach JB, Nolte CH. Early New Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions Appear More Often in Stroke Patients With a Multiple Territory Lesion Pattern. Stroke 2013; 44:2200-4. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Diabetes Mellitus. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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20
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Perego F, Davì G. Beyond hyperglycemia in diabetes: role of statin treatment on thrombogenesis triggered by inflammation: Editorial to: "Impact of statins on the coagulation status of type 2 diabetes patients evaluated by a novel thrombin-generations assay" by P. Ferroni et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 26:281-4. [PMID: 22585309 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Ferroni P, Vazzana N, Riondino S, Cuccurullo C, Guadagni F, Davì G. Platelet function in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms, redox considerations to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1447-85. [PMID: 22458931 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress appears to be of fundamental importance in the pathogenesis and development of several disease processes. Indeed, it is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert critical regulatory functions within the vascular wall, and it is, therefore, plausible that platelets represent a relevant target for their action. Platelet activation cascade (including receptor-mediated tethering to the endothelium, rolling, firm adhesion, aggregation, and thrombus formation) is tightly regulated. In addition to already well-defined platelet regulatory factors, ROS may participate in the regulation of platelet activation. It is already established that enhanced ROS release from the vascular wall can indirectly affect platelet activity by scavenging nitric oxide (NO), thereby decreasing the antiplatelet properties of endothelium. On the other hand, recent data suggest that platelets themselves generate ROS, which may evoke pro-thrombotic responses, triggering many biological processes participating in atherosclerosis initiation, progression, and complication. That oxidative stress may alter platelet function is conceivable when considering that antioxidants play a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, although the precise mechanism accounting for changes attributable to antioxidants in atherosclerosis remains unknown. It is possible that the effects of antioxidants may be a consequence of their enhancing or promoting the antiplatelet effects of NO derived from both endothelial cells and platelets. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding ROS-dependent regulation of platelet function in health and disease, and summarizes in vitro and in vivo evidence for their physiological and potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferroni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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22
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Davì G, Vazzana N, Sestili S. Variability in the response to antiplatelet treatment in diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:48-55. [PMID: 22330860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is a leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Among factors contributing to the diabetic prothrombotic state, platelet activation plays a pivotal role. Numerous studies have investigated the benefits of antiplatelet therapy for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention in diabetic patients. However, there are limited evidences that low-dose aspirin may be effective in this clinical setting. Several disease-specific factors have been identified as potential determinants of aspirin treatment failure. In this review, the main determinants of interindividual variability in response to antiplatelet agents are discussed, with particular emphasis on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms of clinical efficacy and safety of antiplatelet drugs in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Davì
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Italy.
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23
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Cellular dysfunction in diabetes as maladaptive response to mitochondrial oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:696215. [PMID: 22253615 PMCID: PMC3255456 DOI: 10.1155/2012/696215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in diabetes long-term complications. In this paper, we summarize the growing evidence suggesting that hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of superoxide by mitochondrial electron transport chain triggers a maladaptive response by affecting several metabolic and signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of cellular dysfunction and diabetic complications. In particular, it is our goal to describe physiological mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial free radical production and regulation to explain the oxidative stress derived from a high intracellular glucose concentration and the resulting maladaptive response that leads to a cellular dysfunction and pathological state. Finally, we outline potential therapies for diabetes focused to the prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage.
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24
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MS) identifies substantial additional cardiovascular risk beyond the individual risk factors, and is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events even regardless of body mass index, thus suggesting a common downstream pathway conferring increased cardiovascular risk. Platelet hyper-reactivity/activation plays a central role to accelerate atherothrombosis and is the result of the interaction among the features clustering in obesity and MS: insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, the same pathogenic events largely account for the less-than-expected response to antiplatelet agents, namely low-dose aspirin. The proposed explanations for this phenomenon, besides underdosing of drug and/or reduced bioavailability, subsequent to excess of adipose tissue, include enhanced platelet turnover, leading to unacetylated COX-1 and COX-2 in newly formed platelets as a source of aspirin-escaping thromboxane formation; extraplatelet sources of thromboxane, driven by inflammatory triggers; and enhanced lipid peroxidation, activating platelets with a mechanism bypassing COX-1 acetylation or limiting COX-isozyme acetylation by aspirin. This review will address the complex interactions between platelets and the pathogenic events occurring in obesity and MS, trying to translate this body of mechanistic information into a clinically relevant read-out, in order to establish novel strategies in the prevention/treatment of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Santilli
- Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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25
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Diabetes mellitus and thrombosis. Thromb Res 2011; 129:371-7. [PMID: 22197180 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Several mechanisms contribute to the diabetic prothrombotic state, including endothelial dysfunction, coagulative activation and platelet hyper-reactivity. In particular, diabetic platelets are characterised by dysregulation of several signaling pathways leading to enhanced adhesion, activation and aggregation. These alterations result from the interaction among hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress. This review will provide an overview of the current status of knowledge on mechanisms of accelerated atherothrombosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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26
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Zhang Y, Du Y, Le W, Wang K, Kieffer N, Zhang J. Redox control of the survival of healthy and diseased cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2867-908. [PMID: 21457107 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Cellular redox homeostasis is the first line of defense against diverse stimuli and is crucial for various biological processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of numerous cellular events, may serve in turn as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, when overproduced ROS fail to be scavenged by the antioxidant system, they may damage cellular components, giving rise to senescent, degenerative, or fatal lesions in cells. Accordingly, this review not only covers general mechanisms of ROS production under different conditions, but also focuses on various types of ROS-involved diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In addition, potentially therapeutic agents and approaches are reviewed in a relatively comprehensive manner. However, due to the complexity of ROS and their cellular impacts, we believe that the goal to design more effective approaches or agents may require a better understanding of mechanisms of ROS production, particularly their multifaceted impacts in disease at biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic levels. Thus, it requires additional tools of omics in systems biology to achieve such a goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 15, 2867-2908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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27
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Rizzo M, Berneis K, Koulouris S, Pastromas S, Rini GB, Sakellariou D, Manolis AS. Should we measure routinely oxidised and atherogenic dense low-density lipoproteins in subjects with type 2 diabetes? Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:1632-42. [PMID: 20831734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations, in recent years, several clinical studies have shown that both oxidised and small, dense LDL have a strong predictive role for the presence of vascular atherosclerosis. These two lipid parameters seem to have a synergistic impact on cardiovascular risk, with a greater importance in patients at higher-risk, such as those with type-2 diabetes. Increased levels of oxidised and small, dense LDL levels are a feature of diabetic dyslipidaemia, and small, dense LDL have been shown to be a good predictor of future cardiovascular events, at both univariate and multivariate analyses. On the other hand, although the association of oxidised LDL with surrogate markers of atherosclerosis is consistent, the correlation with hard clinical end points seems to be smaller. Yet, measurement of these two lipid parameters has not been widely used in daily practice because of the limited availability of clinical data and methodological problems: lack of availability of easy, cheap and reproducible essays for measurement of oxidised and, particularly, small, dense LDL has reduced their assessment in large clinical end-points trials. However, on the basis of available data, the therapeutic modulation of small, dense LDL is significantly associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, even after adjustment for confounding factors. In conclusion, the routine measurement of oxidised and small, dense LDL in patients with type-2 diabetes cannot be recommended in daily clinical practice so far; yet, their measurement is strongly encouraged to better understand their role on the cardiovascular risk of patients with type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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28
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Matheson A, Willcox MDP, Flanagan J, Walsh BJ. Urinary biomarkers involved in type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:150-71. [PMID: 20222150 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most challenging health concerns of the 21st century. With at least 30% of the diabetic population remaining undiagnosed, effective and early diagnosis is of critical concern. Development of a diagnostic test, more convenient and reliable than those currently used, would therefore be highly beneficial. Urine as a diagnostic medium allows for non-invasive detection of biomarkers, including some associated with type 2 diabetes and its complications. This review provides a synopsis of those urinary biomarkers that potentially may provide a basis for the development of improved diagnostic tests. Three main pathways for the sourcing of potential makers are identified: kidney damage, oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation including atherosclerosis/vascular damage. This review briefly presents each pathway and some of the most relevant urinary biomarkers that may be used to monitor the development or progression of diabetes and its complications. In particular, biomarkers of renal dysfunction such as transferrin, type IV collagen and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase might prove to be more sensitive than urinary albumin, the current gold standard, in the detection of incipient nephropathy and risk assessment of cardiovascular disease. Inflammatory markers including orosomucoid, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine may also be useful biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring of diabetic complications, particularly kidney disease. However, the sensitivity of these markers compared with albumin requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Matheson
- Minomic Pty Ltd, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia.
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29
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Matsuki A, Nozawa T, Igarashi N, Sobajima M, Ohori T, Suzuki T, Fujii N, Igawa A, Inoue H. Fluvastatin attenuates diabetes-induced cardiac sympathetic neuropathy in association with a decrease in oxidative stress. Circ J 2010; 74:468-75. [PMID: 20103973 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress might contribute to diabetic (DM) neuropathy, so the effects of long-term treatment with fluvastatin (FL) on myocardial oxidative stress and cardiac sympathetic neural function were investigated in diabetic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS FL (10 mg . kg(-1) . day(-1), DM-FL) or vehicle (DM-VE) was orally administered for 2 weeks to streptozotocin-induced DM rats. Cardiac oxidative stress was determined by myocardial 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) and NADPH oxidase subunit p22(phox) mRNA expression. Sympathetic neural function was quantified by autoradiography using (131)I- and (125)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). FL did not affect plasma glucose levels but remarkably decreased PGF(2alpha) levels compared with DM-VE rats (13.8+/-9.2 vs 175.0+/-93.9 ng/g tissue), although PGF(2alpha) levels were below the detection limit in non-DM rats. FL significantly reduced myocardial p22(phox) mRNA expression. Cardiac (131)I-MIBG uptake was lower in DM-VE rats than in non-DM rats, but the decrease was attenuated in DM-FL rats (1.31+/-0.08, 1.88+/-0.22, and 1.58+/-0.18 %kg dose/g, respectively, P<0.01). Cardiac MIBG clearance was not affected by the induction of DM or by FL, indicating that the reduced MIBG uptake in DM rats might result from impaired neural function. CONCLUSIONS FL ameliorates cardiac sympathetic neural dysfunction in DM rats in association with attenuation of increased myocardial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsuki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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30
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Singh NR, Rondeau P, Hoareau L, Bourdon E. Identification of preferential protein targets for carbonylation in human mature adipocytes treated with native or glycated albumin. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:1078-88. [PMID: 17886029 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701487674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications in proteins can participate in the regulation of cellular functions and are frequently observed in numerous states of diseases. Albumin can undergo increased glycation during diabetes. An accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins in human mature adipocytes incubated with glycated albumin has previously been described. This study herein reports the identification of specifically carbonylated targets following separation of the cell proteins by 2D gels, Western blotting and mass spectrometry analyses. It identified eight oxidatively modified proteins, two of which (ACTB and Annexin A2) appeared as significantly more carbonylated in adipocytes treated with glycated albumin than with native albumin. Intracellular stress, evaluated in SW872 cell line, showed an impairment in the protective antioxidant action exerted by native BSA after the glycation of the protein. Decreased proteasome peptidase activities were found in glycated BSA-treated mature adipocytes. The data suggest an association of oxidative damage with the progression of diabetes disorders at the adipocytes level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Ranjan Singh
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université de La Réunion, Cedex 09, Saint Denis, France
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31
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Belia S, Santilli F, Beccafico S, De Feudis L, Morabito C, Davì G, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA. Oxidative-induced membrane damage in diabetes lymphocytes: Effects on intracellular Ca2 + homeostasis. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:138-48. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802629588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Belia
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Beccafico
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 29 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucrezia De Feudis
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Morabito
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 29 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Davì
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fanò
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 29 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria A. Mariggiò
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. D'Annunzio University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, I-66013, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini, 29 66013, Chieti, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated both in initiation of immunity and in immune tolerance. The mechanisms whereby tolerogenic DC may induce and maintain peripheral tolerance include the generation or expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and the promotion of T-cell anergy or deletion. A wide spectrum of hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are endowed with the ability to differentiate tolerogenic DC both in vitro and in vivo. Based on this knowledge, therapeutic vaccination with cytokine-modulated tolerogenic DC has been applied to animal models of autoimmune disorders. This article will review the current experimental evidence underpinning DC dysfunction in rheumatic autoimmune diseases and will discuss how the manipulation of DC and Treg number and function may control undesired T-cell responses.
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33
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Angiolillo DJ, Suryadevara S. Aspirin and clopidogrel: efficacy and resistance in diabetes mellitus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23:375-88. [PMID: 19520310 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus patients are characterized by enhanced platelet reactivity which exposes them to an increased risk of atherothrombotic events in the setting of acute coronary syndromes or percutaneous coronary interventions. Although aspirin and clopidogrel, used either solely or in combination, are associated with improved clinical outcomes in high-risk patients, diabetics patients treated with antiplatelet agents remain at higher risk of recurrent ischemic events. Recent laboratory findings suggest that this observation may be related to a reduced responsiveness or 'resistance' to these agents. In this chapter the efficacy of currently available oral antiplatelet agents in preventing ischemic events is reviewed. In addition, the antiplatelet 'resistance' phenomenon in the diabetic population and its impact on clinical outcomes is summarized. Finally, future developments in the field directed towards individualized treatment strategies and novel antiplatelet agents are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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Totta P, De Cristofaro R, Giampietri C, Aguzzi MS, Faraone D, Capogrossi MC, Facchiano A. Thrombin-mediated impairment of fibroblast growth factor-2 activity. FEBS J 2009; 276:3277-89. [PMID: 19438723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin generation increases in several pathological conditions, including cancer, thromboembolism, diabetes and myeloproliferative syndromes. During tumor development, thrombin levels increase along with several other molecules, including cytokines and angiogenic factors. Under such conditions, it is reasonable to predict that thrombin may recognize new low-affinity substrates that usually are not recognized under low-expression levels conditions. In the present study, we hypothesized that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 may be cleaved by thrombin and that such action may lead to an impairment of its biological activity. The evidence collected in the present study indicates that FGF-2-induced proliferation and chemotaxis/invasion of SK-MEL-110 human melanoma cells were significantly reduced when FGF-2 was pre-incubated with active thrombin. The inhibition of proliferation was not influenced by heparin. Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl ketone, a specific inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of thrombin, abolished the thrombin-induced observed effects. Accordingly, both FGF-2-binding to cell membranes as well as FGF-2-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation were decreased in the presence of thrombin. Finally, HPLC analyses demonstrated that FGF-2 is cleaved by thrombin at the peptide bond between residues Arg42 and Ile43 of the mature human FGF-2 sequence. The apparent k(cat)/K(m) of FGF-2 hydrolysis was 1.1 x 10(4) M(-1) x s(-1), which is comparable to other known low-affinity thrombin substrates. Taken together, these results demonstrate that thrombin digests FGF-2 at the site Arg42-Ile43 and impairs FGF-2 activity in vitro, indicating that FGF-2 is a novel thrombin substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangela Totta
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, IDI-IRCCS, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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Alterations in the transfer of phospholipids from very-low density lipoproteins to activated platelets in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2008; 203:119-25. [PMID: 18619595 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a situation at high cardiovascular risk, characterized by platelet hyperactivation, oxidative stress, elevated very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low high-density lipoprotein concentrations. In the present report, we describe the effects of these alterations on the transfers of phospholipids (PL) from VLDL to platelets in basal conditions or after thrombin (0.1U/mL) or lipoprotein lipase (LPL, 500ng/mL)-mediated platelet activation. In vitro transfer of radiolabelled PL from VLDL (200microM PL) to platelets (2x10(8)/mL) was measured after incubations of 1h at 37 degrees C in a series of recombination experiments using control or diabetic platelets and VLDL, as well as normal or oxidized PL. Basal- and thrombin-stimulated transfers from diabetic VLDL were similar to those from control VLDL. However, LPL-stimulated transfer was decreased when using diabetic VLDL. This was likely due to their lowered ability to be lipolyzed. When we compared the platelets from either diabetic patients or control subjects, we observed that the transfers of PL from control VLDL to diabetic platelets were 20-30% higher than those to control platelets, whether in basal conditions or under LPL or thrombin stimulations. Finally, we observed that, in all conditions tested, the rate of transfers of oxidized PL was two to three times more elevated than that of non oxidized PL. Collective consideration of these data suggests that the transfer of PL from VLDL to platelets might be elevated in type 2 diabetes, favoring oxidative stress-mediated platelet hyperactivation.
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Advanced oxidation protein products in obese women: its relation to insulin resistance and resistin. Clin Exp Med 2008; 7:173-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-007-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Formoso G, De Filippis EA, Michetti N, Di Fulvio P, Pandolfi A, Bucciarelli T, Ciabattoni G, Nicolucci A, Davì G, Consoli A. Decreased in vivo oxidative stress and decreased platelet activation following metformin treatment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24:231-7. [PMID: 17966969 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In type 2 diabetes, metformin reduces cardiovascular risk beyond the effect of glycaemic control. Since oxidative stress and the consequent enhanced platelet activation contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes, we hypothesized that metformin could reduce oxidative stress in this condition. METHODS We randomized 26 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects to assume either metformin (M, n = 13) or gliclazide (G, n = 13) for 12 weeks. Drugs were titrated as needed to achieve good glycaemic control. Before and after treatment, we determined blood glucose, insulin, HbA(1c), vitamin A and E levels and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B(2) urinary excretion, an in vivo oxidative stress and a thromboxane-dependent platelet activation marker, respectively. RESULTS Notwithstanding a comparable improvement in metabolic control, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) (M from 708 +/- 32 to 589 +/- 45 pg/mg cr, p < 0.001; G from 646 +/- 80 to 665 +/- 79, pg/mg cr, p = ns) and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B(2) (M from 2190 +/- 196 to 1753 +/- 150 pg/mg cr, p < 0.05; G from 2048 +/- 202 to 1923 +/- 223, pg/mg cr, p = ns) urinary excretion decreased after metformin but not after gliclazide treatment. After metformin, vitamin A and E levels significantly increased while they remained unchanged after gliclazide. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that metformin could improve oxidative stress, preserve antioxidant function and restrain platelet activation in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Formoso
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University -G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Patel C, Ghanim H, Ravishankar S, Sia CL, Viswanathan P, Mohanty P, Dandona P. Prolonged reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal in the obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4476-9. [PMID: 17785362 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because obesity is associated with chronic oxidative and inflammatory stress, and high-fat, high-carbohydrate meals induce significant oxidative and inflammatory stress in normal subjects, we have now hypothesized that the intake of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal would result in a greater and more prolonged oxidative and inflammatory stress in the obese than in normal subjects. METHODS Ten normal-weight and eight obese subjects were given a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected at baseline and hourly following the meal for 3 h. RESULTS Reactive oxygen species generation by mononuclear cells increased significantly by 2 h in both groups but continued to increase significantly at 3 h in the obese subjects, whereas in normal subjects it returned to baseline. Levels of p47(phox) increased significantly (by 81 +/- 26%) at 3 h in obese individuals (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant change in p47(phox) in normal subjects. Nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding in mononuclear cells increased significantly (by 48 +/- 58%, P < 0.036) at 2 h but not at 3 h in normal subjects, whereas in the obese, nuclear factor-kappaB increased significantly at both 2 and 3 h (by 36 +/- 57 and 42 +/- 63%, respectively, P < 0.004). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations were significantly higher in the obese at baseline (580 +/- 103.9 vs. 373 +/- 30.03 ng/ml, P < 0.05) and increased to significantly greater concentrations after the meal than in the lean subjects. CONCLUSIONS High-fat, high-carbohydrate meals induced a significantly more prolonged and greater oxidative and inflammatory stress in the obese. This may contribute to the increased atherogenic risk in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA
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Khanolkar MP, Morris RHK, Thomas AW, Bolusani H, Roberts AW, Geen J, Jackson SK, Evans LM. Rosiglitazone produces a greater reduction in circulating platelet activity compared with gliclazide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus--an effect probably mediated by direct platelet PPARgamma activation. Atherosclerosis 2007; 197:718-24. [PMID: 17765245 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with enhanced platelet activation. We conducted a randomised double-blind study to compare the effects of combination metformin and rosiglitazone or metformin and gliclazide therapy on platelet function in persons with T2DM. METHODS Fifty subjects on metformin monotherapy received either rosiglitazone 4 mg or gliclazide 80 mg. HbA1c, HOMA-R, markers of platelet activation, inflammation, endothelial activation and oxidative stress were measured at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Separate in vitro platelet function studies were conducted on platelets pre-incubated with rosiglitazone and gliclazide. RESULTS A significantly greater reduction in platelet aggregation was observed in the rosiglitazone treated group compared to gliclazide. HbA1c and markers of endothelial activation were reduced to a similar extent in both groups. A significant reduction in HOMA-R, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress was only observed with rosiglitazone. Reduction in platelet aggregation with rosiglitazone correlated with reduction in oxidative stress. In the in vitro study, rosiglitazone produced significantly greater reduction in platelet aggregation compared with gliclazide. CONCLUSION Greater reduction in platelet activity observed with rosiglitazone may be related to reduced oxidative stress and a possible direct PPARgamma mediated effect on platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Khanolkar
- Llandough Hospital Diabetes Center, Department of Diabetes, Penarth, Cardiff, UK.
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Calzada C, Coulon L, Halimi D, Le Coquil E, Pruneta-Deloche V, Moulin P, Ponsin G, Véricel E, Lagarde M. In vitro glycoxidized low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins isolated from type 2 diabetic patients activate platelets via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1961-4. [PMID: 17341567 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Platelet hyperactivation contributes to the increased risk for atherothrombosis in type 2 diabetes and is associated with oxidative stress. Plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are exposed to both hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, and their role in platelet activation remains to be ascertained. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LDLs modified by both glycation and oxidation in vitro or in vivo on platelet arachidonic acid signaling cascade. The activation of platelet p38 MAPK, the stress kinase responsible for the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2), and the concentration of thromboxane B(2), the stable catabolite of the proaggregatory arachidonic acid metabolite thromboxane A(2), were assessed. RESULTS First, in vitro-glycoxidized LDLs increased the phosphorylation of platelet p38 MAPK as well as the concentration of thromboxane B(2). Second, LDLs isolated from plasma of poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients stimulated both platelet p38 MAPK phosphorylation and thromboxane B(2) production and possessed high levels of malondialdehyde but normal alpha-tocopherol concentrations. By contrast, LDLs from sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers had no activating effects on platelets. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that LDLs modified by glycoxidation may play an important contributing role in platelet hyperactivation observed in type 2 diabetes via activation of p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Calzada
- INSERM, UMR 870/Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with diabetes mellitus are characterized by a prothrombotic status. Since platelet reactivity is key to the development of atherothrombotic complications, antiplatelet therapy has a pivotal role in reducing ischemic risk, especially in diabetes mellitus patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on how antiplatelet therapy affects this high-risk patient population. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have shown the clinical benefit of antiplatelet agents in reducing ischemic events in diabetes mellitus patients. Despite the clinical benefit achieved with antiplatelet agents, however, patients with diabetes mellitus continue to have an increased risk of ischemic events compared to non-diabetes mellitus. Recent observations suggest that this may be in part due to inadequate platelet inhibition achieved in diabetes mellitus patients compared to non-diabetics, exposing these subjects to an enhanced ischemic risk. SUMMARY Whilst antiplatelet therapy has been clearly shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus, there are accruing data demonstrating that in these patients the degree of platelet inhibition achieved with standard treatment regimens may be inadequate. This supports the need for specific antiplatelet drug regimens, with either different dosages of current medication or development of novel antiplatelet drugs, which are more specific to tackle the hyperreactive diabetic platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Shands, Jacksonville, Florida 32209, USA.
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Does the oxidation of methionine in thrombomodulin contribute to the hypercoaguable state of smokers and diabetics? Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:811-21. [PMID: 17064853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The leading cause of premature death in smokers is cardiovascular disease. Diabetics also suffer from increased cardiovascular disease. This results, in part, from the hypercoagulable state associated with these conditions. However, the molecular cause(s) of the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and the prothrombotic state of smokers and diabetics remain unknown. It is well known that oxidative stress is increased in both conditions. In smokers, it is established that oxidation of methionine residues takes place in alpha(1)-antitrypsin in lungs and that this leads to emphysema. Thrombomodulin is a key regulator of blood clotting and is found on the endothelium. Oxidation of methionine 388 in thrombomodulin is known to slow the rate at which the thrombomodulin-thrombin complex activates protein C, a protein which, in turn, degrades the factors which activate thrombin and lead to clot formation. In analogy to the cause of emphysema, it is hypothesized that oxidation of this methionine is elevated in smokers relative to non-smokers and, perhaps, in conditions such as diabetes that impose oxidative stress on the body. Evidence for the hypothesis that such an oxidation and concomitant reduction in activated protein C levels would lead to elevated cardiovascular risk is presented.
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Kitano S, Hisatomi H, Hibi N, Kawano K, Harada S. Improved method of plasma 8-Isoprostane measurement and association analyses with habitual drinking and smoking. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5846-52. [PMID: 17007051 PMCID: PMC4100666 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To develop a simple and accurate method for quantifying 8-isoprostane in plasma by employing a combination of two-step solid-phase extraction of samples and a commercially available ELISA kit, and by this method to examine the effects of drinking and smoking habits against the levels of plasma 8-isoprostane in healthy Japanese volunteers.
METHODS: Plasma 8-isoprostane was extracted with ODS gel suspension followed by NH2 Sep-Pak column. The 8-isoprostane fractions were assayed using a commercially available ELISA kit. We measured plasma 8-isoprostane levels in 157 healthy Japanese volunteers divided into three groups (64 non-habitual drinkers, 56 moderate drinkers and 37 habitual drinkers) according to their alcohol consumption per week. Genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) were also determined to investigate the plasma 8-isoprostane levels with reference to drinking habits. In addition, the plasma 8-isoprostane levels of 96 non-smokers and 61 smokers from the same subjects were compared.
RESULTS: Our method fulfilled all the requirements for use in routine clinical assays with respect to sensitivity, intra- and inter-assay reproducibility, accuracy and dynamic assay range. Significant increases of plasma 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female habitual drinkers when compared with those of non-habitual drinkers (t = 5.494, P < 0.0001) as well as moderate drinkers (t = 3.542, P < 0.005), and 8-isoprostane levels were also significantly different between ALDH2*2/1 and ALDH2*1/1 in the female habitual drinkers (t = 6.930, P < 0.0001), suggesting that excessive drinking of alcohol may increase oxidization stress, especially in females. On the contrary, no significant difference of the plasma 8-isoprostane levels was observed between non-smokers and smokers.
CONCLUSION: Our present method was proved to be a simple and accurate tool for measuring plasma 8-isoprostane. However, the clinical utility of plasma 8-isoprostane for drinking and smoking habits was limited since elevated 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female heavy drinkers, and no association was found between smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Kitano
- Development Planning Section, Technology Development Department, SRL Inc., 5-6-50 Shinmachi, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-0002, Japan.
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Giuliani A, Pérez-Davison G, León-Fernández OS. Oxidized proteins and their contribution to redox homeostasis. Redox Rep 2006; 10:175-85. [PMID: 16259785 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x57382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are major target for radicals and other oxidants when these are formed in both intra- and extracellular environments in vivo. Formation of lesions on proteins may be highly sensitive protein-based biomarkers for oxidative damage in mammalian systems. Oxidized proteins are often functionally inactive and their unfolding is associated with enhanced susceptibility to proteinases. ROS scavenging activities of intact proteins are weaker than those of misfolded proteins or equivalent concentrations of their constituent amino acids. Protein oxidation and enhanced proteolytic degradation, therefore, have been suggested to cause a net increase in ROS scavenging capacity. However, certain oxidized proteins are poorly handled by cells, and together with possible alterations in the rate of production of oxidized proteins, may contribute to the observed accumulation and damaging actions of oxidized proteins during ageing and in pathologies such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Protein oxidation may play a controlling role in cellular remodelling and cell growth. There is some evidence that antioxidant supplementation may protect against protein oxidation, but additional controlled studies of antioxidant intake to evaluate the significance of dietary/pharmacological antioxidants in preventing physiological/pathological oxidative changes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez
- Centre for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Havana University, Cuba.
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Atli T, Keven K, Avci A, Kutlay S, Turkcapar N, Varli M, Aras S, Ertug E, Canbolat O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in elderly diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 39:269-75. [PMID: 15381345 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and impaired anti-oxidant defense have been suggested as contributory factors for initiation and progression of complications in diabetes mellitus. Aging itself has been shown to be along with increased oxidative stress and lower anti-oxidant defense. We aimed at investigating oxidative stress and anti-oxidant enzymes in 61 elderly subjects. Fifteen healthy individuals (group 1, mean age 72.2 +/- 5.13), 13 glucose intolerant patients (group 2, mean age 71.7 +/- 4.9), 19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without any complication (group 3, mean age 70.0 +/- 6.0), and 14 patients with T2DM with at least one complication (group 4, mean age 69.8 +/- 4.7) were included in the study. Whilst plasma levels for malondialdehyde (MDAP) and erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDAE) were measured as markers of oxidative stress, activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were taken as markers of oxidative defense system. MDAP level was significantly elevated in group 4 (P = 0.001). MDAE was elevated in patients with T2DM, particularly in group 4, however, the difference between the groups was of borderline significance (P = 0.07). Whilst CAT was elevated in groups 3 and 4 compared to control subjects (P = 0.025 and 0.002, respectively), no difference was found for SOD between the groups. GSH-Px activity was found to be increased in groups 2, 3 and 4, it did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.106). There were significant correlations between CAT and MDAE (P < 0.0001, r = 0.056) and MDAP (P = 0.016, r = 0.306). These results suggest that there was an increased oxidative stress in elderly diabetics, however, this is not due to reduced erythrocyte antioxidant defense potential but, rather, increased free radical production possibly due to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teslime Atli
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci, 06110, Turkey.
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Lopez LR, Hurley BL, Simpson DF, Matsuura E. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein/β2-Glycoprotein I Complexes and Autoantibodies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:97-103. [PMID: 16126948 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a high incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications that result from chronic metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. The oxidative-modification of low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and oxLDL/beta(2)-GPI complex formation have been reported in patients with autoimmune disorders. OxLDL/beta(2)-GPI complexes and autoantibodies to these complexes were measured by ELISA in serum samples from 50 type 2 DM patients and 50 age/sex-matched healthy controls. Mean OD for oxLDL/beta(2)-GPI complexes in DM was 0.099 +/- 0.065 with 50% of patients reacting above the assay cutoff (P < 0.001 vs. controls). Mean OD for controls was 0.037 +/- 0.015 with 2% positives. Thirty-six (72%) DM patients were taking cholesterol-lowering statins and had a significantly lower mean OD complex level (0.092 +/- 0.071, P = 0.05) compared to patients not taking statins (0.112 +/- 0.05). Mean OD for IgG anti-oxLDL/beta(2)-GPI antibodies in DM was 0.157 +/- 0.112, similar to the controls (0.146 +/- 0.098, P = 0.328). Increased serum levels of oxLDL/beta(2)-GPI complexes may be a consequence of oxidative stress and LDL modification in DM. Lower levels of oxLDL/beta(2)GPI complexes in DM patients taking statins are in agreement with the antioxidant and antithrombotic properties of these drugs. No significant IgG autoantibody production was observed in this group of DM patients. The interaction of oxLDL with beta(2)-GPI in circulation suggests the intriguing possibility that oxLDL/beta(2)-GPI complexes may also play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular complications in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Lopez
- Corgenix Inc., 12061 Tejon Street, Westminster, CO 80234, USA.
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Komosińska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Olczyk P, Winsz-Szczotka K. Effects of metabolic control and vascular complications on indices of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 68:207-16. [PMID: 15936462 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The direct effect and the interaction of diabetic angiopathy and metabolic control on free radical and antioxidant activity indices was investigated in 48 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) levels were 34 and 178% of control values, respectively. An approximate two-fold decrease in plasma thiols (PSH) and erythrocyte lysate thiols (LSH) concentrations, parameters reflecting protein oxidative damage, was found. Impairment of blood antioxidant potential in diabetic patients was reflected by an 81% increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, a 30% decrease in catalase (CT), 20% decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as by lowered total antioxidant status (TAS). CD, TBARS and SOD values were positively correlated with plasma glucose concentration and glycated hemoglobin level. A negative correlation existed between levels of LSH, PSH, CT, GPx or TAS and both glucose and HbA(1c). Blood glucose control and vascular complications had strong independent effects on prooxidant-antioxidant status, apart from blood glucose and GR activity. In addition, glycemic control and diabetic vasculopathy interact in their influence on most of the free radical and antioxidant indices, except for CD, LSH levels and CT activity. Thus, we observed different mechanisms by which vascular complications and glucose control affect blood free radical indices and antioxidant status parameters in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Komosińska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Wood MJ, Helena Prieto J, Komives EA. Structural and functional consequences of methionine oxidation in thrombomodulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1703:141-7. [PMID: 15680222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an endothelial cell surface glycoprotein that is responsible for switching the catalytic activity of thrombin away from fibrinogen cleavage (pro-coagulant) and towards protein C cleavage (anticoagulant). Although TM is a large protein, only the fourth and fifth epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains are required for anticoagulant function. These two domains must work together, and the linker between the two domains contains a single methionine residue, Met 388. Oxidation of Met 388 is deleterious for TM activity. Structural studies, both X-ray and NMR, of wild type and variants at position 388 show that Met 388 provides a key linkage between the two domains. Oxidation of the methionine has consequences for the structure of the fifth domain, which binds to thrombin. Oxidation also appears to disrupt the interdomain contacts resulting in structural and dynamic changes. The functional consequences of oxidation of Met 388 include decreased anticoagulant activity. Oxidative stress from several causes is reflected in lower serum levels of activated protein C and a higher thrombotic tendency, and this is thought to be linked to the oxidation of Met 388 in TM. Thus, TM structure and function are altered in a subtle but functionally critical way upon oxidation of Met 388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Wood
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430, USA
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Abstract
Discovery of the F2-isoprostanes, a group of prostaglandin F2-like compounds biosynthesized from arachidonic acid nonenzymatically, has uncovered a new and novel facet of free radical biology. Some of these compounds are bioactive and thus may mediate adverse effects associated with oxidant stress. F2-Isoprostanes have also been shown to be reliable biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Factors influencing their formation and metabolism have been studied to some extent, although much remains to be determined. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of conditions that modulate endogenous generation of these compounds. Isoprostanes have a wide daily variation in secretion in humans. Although normal levels can be defined, these compounds are found in increased concentrations in various pathophysiological states, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, and in experimental conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. Alterations in isoprostane biosynthesis, secretion, and excretion in normal physiology and in pathophysiological states are due to the various types of endogenous and exogenous regulatory mechanisms that control the availability of precursors required for isoprostane synthesis, such as dietary and tissue arachidonic acid content, oxygen concentration, and the generation of various free radical species. Selected aspects of issues related to isoprostane formation and metabolism in vivo will be examined herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Section of Geriatrics and Clinical Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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