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Amaro FX, Kim D, Restelatto R, Carvalho P, Arriola K, Duvalsaint EJC, Cervantes AP, Jiang Y, Agarussi MCN, Silva VP, Adesogan AT, Ferraretto LF, Staples CR, Eun JS, Moon JO, Vyas D. Lactational performance of dairy cows in response to supplementing N-acetyl-l-methionine as source of rumen-protected methionine. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2301-2314. [PMID: 34955263 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a rumen-protected source of Met, N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM), on lactational performance and nitrogen metabolism in early- to mid-lactation dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation (27 ± 4.3 d in milk, SD) were assigned to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked by actual milk yield. Treatments were as follows: (1) no NALM (control); (2) 15 g/d of NALM (NALM15); (3) 30 g/d of NALM (NALM30); and (4) 45 g/d of NALM (NALM45). Diets were formulated using a Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) v.6.5 model software to meet or exceed nutritional requirements of lactating dairy cows producing 42 kg/d of milk and to undersupply metabolizable Met (control) or supply incremental amounts of NALM. The digestible Met (dMet) supply for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45 were 54.7, 59.8, 64.7, and 72.2 g/d, respectively. The supply of dMet was 88, 94, 104, and 115% of dMet requirement for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45, respectively. Milk yield data were collected, dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily, and milk samples were collected twice per week for 22 wk. Blood, ruminal fluid, urine, and fecal samples were collected during the covariate period and during wk 4, 8, and 16. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute) using covariates in the model for all variables except body weight. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were also tested. Treatments did not affect DMI, milk yield, and milk component concentration and yield; however, feed efficiency expressed as milk yield per DMI and 3.5% fat-corrected milk per DMI were quadratically affected, with greater response observed for NALM15 and NALM30 compared with control. Acetate proportion linearly increased, whereas propionate proportion linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Blood urea nitrogen linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Total plasma essential AA concentrations were quadratically affected, as greater values were observed for control and NALM45 than other treatments. Plasma Met concentration was quadratically affected as lower levels were observed with NALM15, whereas Met concentrations increased with NALM45 compared with control. Nitrogen utilization efficiency and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by treatment. Supplementation of NALM at 15 or 30 g/head per day resulted in the greatest improvements in feed efficiency without affecting N metabolism of early- to mid-lactation dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R Restelatto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, 80060, Brazil
| | - P Carvalho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, 78557, Brazil
| | - K Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E J C Duvalsaint
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A P Cervantes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M C N Agarussi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, 36570, Brazil
| | - V P Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, 36570, Brazil
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J-S Eun
- BIO Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 04560, South Korea
| | - J O Moon
- BIO Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 04560, South Korea
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Ineichen S, Kuenzler A, Kreuzer M, Marquardt S, Reidy B. Digestibility, nitrogen utilization and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed hay from species rich mountainous grasslands with elevated herbal and phenolic contents. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sadri H, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Kluess J, Dänicke S, Saremi B, Sauerwein H. Plasma amino acids and metabolic profiling of dairy cows in response to a bolus duodenal infusion of leucine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176647. [PMID: 28453535 PMCID: PMC5409510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu), one of the three branch chain amino acids, acts as a signaling molecule in the regulation of overall amino acid (AA) and protein metabolism. Leucine is also considered to be a potent stimulus for the secretion of insulin from pancreatice β-cells. Our objective was to study the effects of a duodenal bolus infusion of Leu on insulin and glucagon secretion, on plasma AA concentrations, and to do a metabolomic profiling of dairy cows as compared to infusions with either glucose or saline. Six duodenum-fistulated Holstein cows were studied in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 periods of 7 days, in which the treatments were applied at the end of each period. The treatments were duodenal bolus infusions of Leu (DIL; 0.15 g/kg body weight), glucose (DIG; at Leu equimolar dosage) or saline (SAL). On the day of infusion, the treatments were duodenally infused after 5 h of fasting. Blood samples were collected at -15, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 120, 180, 210, 240 and 300 min relative to the start of infusion. Blood plasma was assayed for concentrations of insulin, glucagon, glucose and AA. The metabolome was also characterized in selected plasma samples (i.e. from 0, 50, and 120 min relative to the infusion). Body weight, feed intake, milk yield and milk composition were recorded throughout the experiment. The Leu infusion resulted in significant increases of Leu in plasma reaching 20 and 15-fold greater values than that in DIG and SAL, respectively. The elevation of plasma Leu concentrations after the infusion led to a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the plasma concentrations of isoleucine, valine, glycine, and alanine. In addition, the mean concentrations of lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, and asparagine across all time-points in plasma of DIL cows were reduced (P<0.05) compared with the other groups. In contrast to the working hypothesis about an insulinotropic effect of Leu, the circulating concentrations of insulin were not affected by Leu. In DIG, insulin and glucose concentrations peaked at 30-40 and 40-50 min after the infusion, respectively. Insulin concentrations were greater (P<0.05) from 30-40 min in DIG than DIL and SAL, and glucose was elevated in DIG over DIL and SAL from 30-75 min and 40-50 min, respectively. Multivariate metabolomics data analysis (principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis) revealed a clear separation when the DIL cows were compared with the DIG and SAL cows at 50 and 120 min after the infusion. By using this analysis, several metabolites, mainly acylcarnitines, methionine sulfoxide and components from the kynurenine pathway were identified as the most relevant for separating the treatment groups. These results suggest that Leu regulates the plasma concentrations of branched-chain AA, and other AA, apparently by stimulating their influx into the cells from the circulation. A single-dose duodenal infusion of Leu did not elicit an apparent insulin response, but affected multiple intermediary metabolic pathways including AA and energy metabolism by mechanisms yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Sadri
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Behnam Saremi
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, Hanau, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Giallongo F, Hristov AN, Oh J, Frederick T, Weeks H, Werner J, Lapierre H, Patton RA, Gehman A, Parys C. Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3292-308. [PMID: 25726096 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with the objective to investigate the effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected (RP) Met and His supplementation of a metabolizable protein (MP)-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) on lactation performance of dairy cows. Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a 10-wk randomized complete block-design trial. Cows were fed a covariate diet for 2 wk and then assigned to one of the following treatments for an 8-wk experimental period: (1) MP-adequate diet [AMP; 107% of MP requirements, based on the National Research Council (NRC, 2001)]; (2) MP-deficient diet (DMP; 95% of MP requirements); (3) DMP supplemented with slow-release urea (DMPU); (4) DMPU supplemented with RPMet (DMPUM); and (5) DMPUM supplemented with RPHis (DMPUMH). Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein, and urinary N and urea-N excretions were decreased by DMP, compared with AMP. Addition of slow-release urea to the DMP diet increased urinary urea-N excretion. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield (on average 44.0±0.9kg/d) were not affected by treatments, except DMPUMH increased DMI and numerically increased milk yield, compared with DMPUM. Milk true protein concentration and yield were increased and milk fat concentration tended to be decreased by DMPUMH, compared with DMPUM. Cows gained less body weight on the DMP diet, compared with AMP. Plasma concentrations of His and Lys were not affected by treatments, whereas supplementation of RPMet increased plasma Met concentration. Plasma concentration of 3-methylhistidine was or tended to be higher for DMP compared with AMP and DMPU, respectively. Addition of RPHis to the DMPUM diet tended to increase plasma glucose and creatinine. In conclusion, feeding a 5% MP-deficient diet (according to NRC, 2001) did not decrease DMI and yields of milk and milk components, despite a reduction in nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of RPHis increased DMI and milk protein concentration and yield. These results are in line with our previous data and suggest that His may have a positive effect on voluntary feed intake and milk production and composition in high-yielding dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giallongo
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - T Frederick
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Weeks
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Werner
- Animal Resource Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R A Patton
- Nittany Dairy Nutrition Inc., Mifflinburg, PA 17844
| | - A Gehman
- Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, 40356
| | - C Parys
- Evonik Industries AG, 63457 Hanau, Germany
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Haque M, Rulquin H, Lemosquet S. Milk protein responses in dairy cows to changes in postruminal supplies of arginine, isoleucine, and valine. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:420-30. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Patton R. Effect of rumen-protected methionine on feed intake, milk production, true milk protein concentration, and true milk protein yield, and the factors that influence these effects: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2105-18. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rulquin H, Rigout S, Lemosquet S, Bach A. Infusion of Glucose Directs Circulating Amino Acids to the Mammary Gland in Well-Fed Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:340-9. [PMID: 14762077 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intestinal glucose supply on mammary utilization of amino acids (AA) was studied in four lactating dairy cows. Glucose (0, 443, 963, and 2398 g/d) was continuously infused in the duodenum over 14-d periods using a Latin square design. A grass silage-based diet was formulated so that treatments (diet + infusions) were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and met 100 and 110% of energy and protein requirements, respectively. Mammary AA uptake was determined by arteriovenous difference and continuous blood flow measurement. The milk protein yield tended to be quadratically increased (to +88 g/d for 963 g of glucose) by glucose infusion, but milk protein content was not significantly affected. Treatments did not change significantly arterial concentrations of urea and glucogenic AA. Mammary arterial fluxes of essential AA increased linearly with glucose infusion, whereas fluxes of nonessential and glucogenic AA were not significantly affected. Mammary arteriovenous differences and extraction rates were roughly unchanged by treatments. Mammary uptake of all essential AA, excluding Arg and Val, increased linearly with increasing supply of glucose. Ratio of blood AA uptake to milk protein output increased significantly for His, Met, and Leu. For the highest infused dose of glucose, all AA except for His were taken up in excess relative to their secretion in milk. Based on evolution of extraction rate and ratio of uptake to output, His and Leu could have limited the milk protein yield response to glucose infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rulquin
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Production du Lait, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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Kröber TF, Külling DR, Menzi H, Sutter F, Kreuzer M. Quantitative effects of feed protein reduction and methionine on nitrogen use by cows and nitrogen emission from slurry. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:2941-51. [PMID: 11132866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects on N use and N volatilization from slurry were investigated in 24 early-lactation Brown Swiss cows (32 kg/d milk) fed four diets with 128, 124, 147 and 175 g/kg DM of crude protein (CP). All diets were supplemented with 0.75 g/kg of rumen-protected Met except for one of the low-protein rations (128 g/kg of CP). The unsupplemented low-protein ration was calculated to be deficient in Met by approximately 20%. No significant treatment effects on performance, water intake and excretion, and slurry quantities were observed. Differences in N intake were closely reflected in the daily excretions of total and urea N via urine, and in urine N as a proportion of total excretory N. These values were higher for the unsupplemented low-protein ration than for the Met-supplemented low-protein ration. The treatment effects on fecal N excretion were generally smaller, and milk N excretion and N balance were not affected. Feed N utilization for milk N excretion increased with decreasing CP content from 27% for the high-protein group to about 35% for the two low-protein groups. Comparing the Met supplemented rations only, ammonia N emission from fresh slurry (excreta:water = 1:0.5) decreased from 231 to 160 and 55 microg/s per square meter of surface with 175, 147 and 124 g/kg of CP, respectively, and the corresponding total N losses during 7 wk of slurry storage declined from 89 to 57 and 25 g/d per cow. Regression analysis demonstrated the basic suitability of milk urea N excretion to estimate urine N excretion and, consequently, potential N emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Kröber
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition, ETH centre/LFW, Switzerland
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