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Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nikpoor F, Raeisi A, Abai MR, Zaim M. Situation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the World Health Organization of Eastern Mediterranean region 1990-2020. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:1-21. [PMID: 35237407 PMCID: PMC8882812 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most important mosquito-borne disease, which is transmitted by Anopheles species. According to the recent report of World Health Organization, there were an estimated 229 million malaria cases in 2019 in 87 malaria endemic countries. There are several vector control method specially using pesticides. The aim of this study was to collect all the data about insecticide resistant of malaria vectors in the Eastern Mediterranean region countries. In this study, all the published papers related to insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in the region were collected and resistant status of vectors in the countries was mapped. Resistance to different insecticide classes such as pyrethroids, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamates were evaluated using World Health Organization guidelines. Results showed a wide variety of susceptibility/resistance status to these chemicals according to the location, historical context of pesticide used, genetic background of vectors, age and abdominal conditions of adults may play a role in the susceptibility status of these species to different insecticides. The results of this study is providing a guideline for countries to manage their vector control activities against insecticide resistance of malaria vectors and provide novel approaches such as male sterility, using Wolbachia, using new insecticide with new mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Malaria Control Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Current Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Malaria, Vector Control Status and Malaria Elimination Prospects in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071431. [PMID: 34361867 PMCID: PMC8307262 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most common vector-borne parasitic infection causing significant human morbidity and mortality in nearly 90 tropical/sub-tropical countries worldwide. Significant differences exist in the incidence of malaria cases, dominant Plasmodium species, drug-resistant strains and mortality rates in different countries. Six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, UAE) in the Middle East region with similar climates, population demographics and economic prosperity are aiming to achieve malaria elimination. In this narrative review, all studies indexed in PubMed describing epidemiological characteristics of indigenous and imported malaria cases, vector control status and how malaria infections can be controlled to achieve malaria elimination in GCC countries were reviewed and discussed. These studies have shown that indigenous malaria cases are absent in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and UAE and have progressively declined in Oman and Saudi Arabia. However, imported malaria cases continue to occur as GCC countries have large expatriate populations originating from malaria-endemic countries. Various malaria control and prevention strategies adopted by GCC countries including more stringent measures to reduce the likelihood of importing malaria cases by prior screening of newly arriving expatriates and vector elimination programs are likely to lead to malaria elimination in this region.
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Bibi Z, Fatima A, Rani R, Maqbool A, Khan S, Naz S, Waseem S. Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as genetic markers. Malar J 2021; 20:112. [PMID: 33632220 PMCID: PMC7908770 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax contributes to over 70% malaria burden in Pakistan, but limited data exists on various aspects including genetic diversity of the parasite as compared to other parts of the world. Since the information about the genetic diversity of P. vivax assists to understand the population dynamics of the parasite, the current study was designed to understand population divergence of P. vivax in Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as molecular markers. Methods The PCR for pvcsp and pvmsp-1 genes was carried out for 150 P. vivax isolates, followed by DNA sequencing of 35 and 30, respectively. Genetic diversity and polymorphism were analysed using ChromasPro, ClustalW, MEGA7, DnaSP v.5 and WebLogo programs. Results The PCR for pvcsp and pvmsp-1 genes was carried out for 150 P. vivax isolates and resulting the PCR products of 1100 bp for pvcsp and ~ 400 bp for pvmsp-1 genes, respectively. In the central-repeat region (CRR) of pvcsp gene, sequences comprised of four variable repeats of PRMs, out of which GDRADGQPA (PRM1), GDRAAGQPA (PRM2) were more extensively dispersed among the P. vivax isolates. Partial sequences (~ 400 bp) of block 2 of pvmsp-1 gene depicted high level of diversity. Conclusion The results revealed the polymorphism and genetic diversity especially at the CRR of pvcsp and block 2 of pvmsp-1 genes, respectively. The base-line data presented here warrants future studies to investigate more into the genetic diversity of P. vivax with large sample size from across the country for better understanding of population dynamics of P. vivax that will help to control malaria at individual and community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Bibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Rani
- Department of Life Sciences, Abasyn University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Maqbool
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samea Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Naz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Waseem
- Alpha Genomics (Pvt) Ltd, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,ABO SCIENTIFIC, Dhamial Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Current Status and the Epidemiology of Malaria in the Middle East Region and Beyond. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020338. [PMID: 33572053 PMCID: PMC7915327 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne parasitic infectious diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne parasitic infection and is caused by five Plasmodium species, namely P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. Epidemiologically, differences in the patterns of malaria cases, causative agent, disease severity, antimicrobial resistance, and mortality exist across diverse geographical regions. The world witnessed 229 million malaria cases which resulted in 409,000 deaths in 2019 alone. Although malaria cases are reported from 87 countries globally, Africa bears the brunt of these infections and deaths as nearly 94% of total malaria cases and deaths occur in this continent, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the Middle East Region countries are malaria-free as no indigenous cases of infection have been described in recent years. However, imported cases of malaria continue to occur as some of these countries. Indeed, the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have large expatriate population originating from malaria endemic countries. In this review, the current status and epidemiology of malaria in the Middle East Region countries and other malaria-endemic countries that are home to a large migrant workforce being employed in Middle East Region countries are discussed.
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Iqbal J, Al-Awadhi M, Ahmad S. Decreasing trend of imported malaria cases but increasing influx of mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in malaria-free Kuwait. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243617. [PMID: 33306727 PMCID: PMC7732060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria still continues to be the most important parasitic disease worldwide, affecting 228 million people and causing 405,000 deaths each year. In this retrospective study during 2013 to 2018, we documented the incidence of imported malaria infection and evaluated the impact of malaria preventive measures in Kuwait, a non-endemic country. The epidemiologic and demographic data of all malaria cases was collected from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait where all suspected cases of malaria are referred for confirmation and therapeutic intervention. The diagnosis of malaria infection was done by microscopy of Giemsa stained blood films. Selected samples were retested with BinaxNOW® Malaria rapid test and molecular assay to reconfirm the Plasmodium spp. or mixed infection. Overall, 1913 (25.9%) malaria cases were detected, 81.5% of which were among male subjects. Male subjects had higher incidence of P. vivax malaria (113; 91.1%) and mixed infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax (1245; 90.0%) compared to females who had higher rate of P. falciparum infection (52.4%). An overwhelming majority of malaria cases (1895; 99.1%) were detected among expatriates from malaria-endemic countries; India (1012; 52.9%), Pakistan (390; 20.4%), Afghanistan (94; 4.9%) and African countries (313; 16.3%). Only 18 cases involved Kuwaiti nationals, all with a history of travel to African countries. The majority of malaria cases were detected during the summer and fall months (May-October). Our data showed that the incidence rate of imported malaria cases was stable during 2013 to 2018, however, the incidence of total malaria cases showed a declining trend over the years. This study confirms that the preventive program has been successful in reducing the incidence of imported malaria infections in Kuwait. The most striking finding of this study was high incidence of mixed infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax, with almost all (97%) cases among workers from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshaid Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Al-Awadhi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
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Al-Abri S, Al-Lamki S, Petersen E, Al-Mandhari A. The Future Importance of Travel Health in the Middle East: Oman's opportunity to enhance its services. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e121-e124. [PMID: 32655903 PMCID: PMC7328843 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | | | - Eskild Petersen
- Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Mandhari
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
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Al-Rumhi A, Al-Hashami Z, Al-Hamidhi S, Gadalla A, Naeem R, Ranford-Cartwright L, Pain A, Sultan AA, Babiker HA. Influx of diverse, drug resistant and transmissible Plasmodium falciparum into a malaria-free setting in Qatar. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:413. [PMID: 32539801 PMCID: PMC7296620 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful control programs have impeded local malaria transmission in almost all Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, a prodigious influx of imported malaria via migrant workers sustains the threat of local transmission. Here we examine the origin of imported malaria in Qatar, assess genetic diversity and the prevalence of drug resistance genes in imported Plasmodium falciparum, and finally, address the potential for the reintroduction of local transmission. METHODS This study examined imported malaria cases reported in Qatar, between 2013 and 2016. We focused on P. falciparum infections and estimated both total parasite and gametocyte density, using qPCR and qRT-PCR, respectively. We also examined ten neutral microsatellites and four genes associated with drug resistance, Pfmrp1, Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13, to assess the genetic diversity of imported P. falciparum strains, and the potential for propagating drug resistance genotypes respectively. RESULTS The majority of imported malaria cases were P. vivax, while P. falciparum and mixed species infections (P. falciparum / P. vivax) were less frequent. The primary origin of P. vivax infection was the Indian subcontinent, while P. falciparum was mostly presented by African expatriates. Imported P. falciparum strains were highly diverse, carrying multiple genotypes, and infections also presented with early- and late-stage gametocytes. We observed a high prevalence of mutations implicated in drug resistance among these strains, including novel SNPs in Pfkelch13. CONCLUSIONS The influx of genetically diverse P. falciparum, with multiple drug resistance markers and a high capacity for gametocyte production, represents a threat for the reestablishment of drug-resistant malaria into GCC countries. This scenario highlights the impact of mass international migration on the reintroduction of malaria to areas with absent or limited local transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Al-Rumhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Zainab Al-Hashami
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salama Al-Hamidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Gadalla
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Raeece Naeem
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdulla University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Arnab Pain
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdulla University for Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Research Centre for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NDCLS), The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hamza A Babiker
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Bansal D, Bharti PK, Acharya A, Abdelraheem MH, Patel P, Elmalik A, Abosalah S, Khan FY, ElKhalifa M, Kaur H, Farag E, Sarmah NP, Mohapatra PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA. Molecular surveillance of putative drug resistance markers of antifolate and artemisinin among imported Plasmodium falciparum in Qatar. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:158-166. [PMID: 31296112 PMCID: PMC6758627 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1639018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge and is of global importance. Imported malaria is a growing problem in non-endemic areas throughout the world and also in Qatar due to a massive influx of migrants from endemic countries. Antimalarial drug resistance is an important deterrent in our fight against malaria today. Molecular markers mirror intrinsic antimalarial drug resistance and their changes precede clinical resistance. Thus, in the present study, molecular markers of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (Pfdhfr and Pfdhps) and artemisinin (PfATPase6 and Pfk13) were sequenced to determine the drug resistance genotypes among 118 imported P. falciparum isolates in Qatar, between 2013 and 2016. All the isolates had mutant Pfdhfr alleles, with either double mutant (51I/108N) (59.3%) or triple mutant (51I, 59R and 108N) (30.6%) genotypes. I164L substitution was not found in this study. In case of Pfdhps, majority of the samples were carriers of either single (S436A/ A437G/ K540E) mutant (47.2%) or double (S436A/K540E, A437G/K540E, K540E/A581G) mutant (39.8%). A single novel point mutation (431V) was observed in the samples originated from Nigeria and Ghana. Polymorphisms in PfATPase6 were absent and only one non-synonymous mutation in Pfk13 was found at codon G453A from a sample of Kenyan origin. High levels of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in the present study provide potential information about the spread of antimalarial drug resistance and will be beneficial for the treatment of imported malaria cases in Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City , Doha , Qatar
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Indian Council of Medical Research , Jabalpur , India
| | - Anushree Acharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohamed H Abdelraheem
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Priyanka Patel
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Indian Council of Medical Research , Jabalpur , India
| | - Ashraf Elmalik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Salem Abosalah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Fahmi Y Khan
- Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohamed ElKhalifa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Hargobinder Kaur
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | | | - Nilanju P Sarmah
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research , Dibrugarh , India
| | - Pradyumna K Mohapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research , Dibrugarh , India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE, Indian Council of Medical Research , Dibrugarh , India
| | - Ali A Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City , Doha , Qatar
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Genetic diversity and transmissibility of imported Plasmodium vivax in Qatar and three countries of origin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8870. [PMID: 29891983 PMCID: PMC5995916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control program in the Arabian Peninsula, backed by adequate logistical support, has interrupted transmission with exception of limited sites in Saudi Arabia and sporadic outbreaks in Oman. However, sustained influx of imported malaria represents a direct threat to the above success. Here we examined the extent of genetic diversity among imported P. vivax in Qatar, and its ability to produce gametocytes, compared to parasites in main sites of imported cases, the Indian subcontinent (india) and East Africa (Sudan and Ethiopia). High diversity was seen among imported P. vivax in Qatar, comparable to parasites in the Indian subcontinent and East Africa. Limited genetic differentiation was seen among imported P. vivax, which overlapped with parasites in India, but differentiated from that in Sudan and Ethiopia. Parasite density among imported cases, ranged widely between 26.25–7985934.1 Pv18S rRNA copies/µl blood, with a high prevalence of infections carried gametocytes detectable by qRT-PCR. Parasitaemia was a stronger predictor for P. vivax gametocytes density (r = 0.211, P = 0.04). The extensive diversity of imported P. vivax and its ability to produce gametocytes represent a major threat for re-introduction of malaria in Qatar. The genetic relatedness between P. vivax reported in Qatar and those in India suggest that elimination strategy should target flow and dispersal of imported malaria into the region.
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