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Ercan N, Yildirim A, Duzlu O, Ercan F, Yetismis G, Pekmezci GZ, Inci A. Identification and distribution of some medico-veterinary important pathogens in muscid flies in two geographical regions of Türkiye. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38864653 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Some dipteran flies play an important role in the transmission of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan parasites in humans and other animals. Despite this importance, knowledge of the prevalence and molecular characteristics of some pathogens in flies is limited, and no data are available for Türkiye. In this study, we investigated the possible vector role of muscid fly species for the transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Desportes (Chytridiopsida: Enterocytozoonidae), Encephalitozoon spp., Coxiella burnetii Derrick (Legionellales: Coxiellaceae) and Thelazia spp. using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The flies were trapped in different animal-related places and surroundings from two different geographical regions of Türkiye including Central Anatolia and Middle Black Sea. According to the morphological keys, 850 (85%), 141 (14.1%) and 6 (0.6%) of the total of 1000 fly specimens identified as Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae), respectively. The other species including Haematobia irritans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), Muscina stabulans Fallén (Diptera: Muscidae) and Hydrotaea ignava Harris (Diptera: Muscidae) were each represented by a single specimen. Screening of the pathogens identified E. bieneusi only in M. domestica with a prevalence of 2.4%. Sequence analyses identified three known genotypes, Type IV, BEB6 and BEB8, and one novel genotype named AEUEb of E. bieneusi in M. domestica. Coxiella burnetii was detected in M. domestica and S. calcitrans with prevalences of 2.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The one specimen of H. ignava was also positive for C. burnetii. Encephalitozoon spp. and Thelazia spp. were not found in the examined specimens. Our results contribute to the current knowledge on the vector potential of muscid flies and their possible role in the transmission dynamics of certain pathogens, especially in regions where diseases are prevalent and affect public and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Ercan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Ercan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci
- Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Jiang S, Yu S, Feng Y, Zhang L, Santin M, Xiao L, Li W. Widespread distribution of human-infective Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in small rodents in northeast China and phylogeny and zoonotic implications revisited. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107160. [PMID: 38408590 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi features high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and over 500 genotypes in 11 phylogenetic groups have been defined. Here we investigated 291 small rodents in Heilongjiang province, northeast China, for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Nine of 60 (15.0 %) gray squirrels from a park in Harbin, 120 of 201 (59.7 %) guinea pigs from a pet shop in Harbin, and two of 30 (6.7 %) peridomestic rats from a pasture in Qiqihar were positive for the parasite. Six known genotypes (EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2, D, S7 and HLJ-CP1) and two novel genotypes (NESQ1 and NEGP1) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS, with EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2 and NESQ1 found in squirrels, D, S7 and NEGP1 in guinea pigs, and EbpB and HLJ-CP1 in rats. Widespread distribution of human-infective Group 10 genotype S7 and Group 1 genotype D in guinea pigs raised our concerns about the importance of pet animals as zoonotic reservoirs of microsporidiosis. Co-occurrence of Group 1 genotypes D and HLJ-CP1 in cancer patients and rodents in Heilongjiang indicated a possibility of zoonotic transmission. The host range of Group 1 genotype EbpB previously considered pig-adapted was extended. A potential variant of genotype S7, namely NESQ1, went into the existing Group 10 in phylogenetic analysis. The other new genotype, NEGP1, was clustered in an undefined clade we proposed as Group 15. With the emerging epidemiologic evidence, the host specificity of existing E. bieneusi genotypes is now being challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, AR, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Tuo H, Zhang B, He Y, Zhao A, Zhang Z, Qi M, Yu F. Molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild Altai marmot (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China: host specificity and adaptation. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:7. [PMID: 38053002 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is responsible for opportunistic infections leading to gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. A total of 334 fresh fecal samples were collected from wild Altai marmots (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China, and E. bieneusi was screened via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the small submit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). The results indicated that 22.8% (76/334) of the wild Altai marmot fecal samples were positive for E. bieneusi, and the highest positive rate was detected in Akqi (51.9%, 27/52), with a significant difference from other sampling sites (p < 0.01). Four known genotypes (BEB6, CHG3, GX2, and YAK1) and three novel genotypes (XJHT2 to XJHT4) were identified in the present study. Genotype XJHT3 was dominant and detected in 48 fecal samples. In the phylogenetic analysis, the novel genotypes XJHT2 and XJHT3 were clustered in Group 1 together with the known genotype YAK1, while genotypes CHG3 and BEB6 were clustered in Group 2. The novel genotype XJHT4 was clustered together with other rodent-derived genotypes and generated a novel Group 14. These data confirmed the host specificity and adaptation of E. bieneusi in rodents. These findings enrich our understanding of the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in wild Altai marmots in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Tuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongqiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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Lv C, Li C, Wang J, Qian W. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and a new Enterocytozoon sp. in pet hairless guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from China. Parasite 2023; 30:37. [PMID: 37728509 PMCID: PMC10510651 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common microsporidian species, has been detected in humans and a variety of animals worldwide. However, limited information is available on the prevalence and molecular characterization of this parasite in guinea pigs. In this study, we conducted the first investigation of E. bieneusi infection in hairless guinea pigs recently introduced into China as new exotic pets. A total of 324 fecal samples were collected from hairless guinea pigs from a pet market and four breeding facilities in China. Sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) revealed an infection rate of 14.2% (46/324) and two known ITS genotypes, S7 and PGP. Genotype S7 was the dominant genotype in these animals (42/46, 91.3%). Due to significant ITS sequence divergence, four and two PGP isolates from hairless and regular guinea pigs, respectively were further identified by PCR and phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, as well as phylogenetic analysis of the ITS locus using E. hepatopenaei and two related genera Enterospora and Nucleospora as the outgroup. Three out of the six PGP isolates were successfully sequenced and generated the same sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA and ITS loci revealed that PGP isolates formed a separate clade that was distinct and far away from E. bieneusi, suggesting that they represent a new species of Enterocytozoon. These findings indicate the dominance of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotype S7 in hairless guinea pigs and the existence of a cryptic Enterocytozoon species in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
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Zhao W, Wang T, Ren G, Li J, Tan F, Li W, Zhu C, Lu G, Huang H. Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines (Atherurus macrourus) and bamboo rats (Rhizomys pruinosus) from Hainan Province, China: Common occurrence, wide genetic variation and high zoonotic potential. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106915. [PMID: 36997011 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and genotypic diversity of E. bieneusi in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats from Hainan Province, China. Four hundred and sixty-seven fresh feces were collected from 164 Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and 303 bamboo rats. DNA extraction from the feces and genotyping of E. bieneusi were performed by the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of E. bieneusi using PCR. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed based on the sequences obtained here and other sequences of E. bieneusi genotypes stored in Genbank. The total rate of infection with E. bieneusi was 32.5% (152/467), with 14.6% (24/164) in Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and 42.2% (128/303) in bamboo rats infected. Seventeen genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified including 12 known genotypes, i.e., D (n = 78), Henan-III (n = 21), SHW7 (n = 19), KIN-1 (n = 11), ETMK5 (n = 7), TypeIV (n = 4), EbpD (n = 2), EbpA (n = 1), EbpC (n = 1), S7 (n = 1), HNPL-III (n = 1), HNR-VII (n = 1), and five novel genotypes named as HNZS-I (n = 1) and HNHZ-I to HNHZ-IV (n = 1 per genotype). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the genotypes found here except genotype S7 fell into Group 1. The present study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of E. bieneusi infection (32.5%) and a large genetic variation of E. bieneusi (seventeen genotypes) in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats in Hainan, China. The high proportion (78.3%) of zoonotic genotypes identified in the animals investigated here suggests that there is the potential for zoonotic or cross-species transmission which may pose a serious public health threat in the area. Public education on the management of Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats should be implemented in the investigated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guangxu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China.
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Vioque F, Dashti A, Santín M, Ruiz-Fons F, Köster PC, Hernández-Castro C, García JT, Bailo B, Ortega S, Olea PP, Arce F, Chicharro C, Nieto J, González F, Viñuela J, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Wild micromammal host spectrum of zoonotic eukaryotic parasites in Spain. Occurrence and genetic characterisation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2926-e2942. [PMID: 35752461 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Micromammals have historically been recognized as highly contentious species in terms of the maintenance and transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Limited information is currently available on the epidemiology and potential public health significance of intestinal eukaryotes in wild micromammals. We examined 490 faecal samples, grouped into 155 pools, obtained from 11 micromammal species captured in 11 Spanish provinces for the presence of DNA from Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. The presence of Leishmania spp. was investigated in individual spleen samples. All micromammal species investigated harboured infections by at least one eukaryotic parasite, except Apodemus flavicollis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex coronatus and Sciurus vulgaris, but the sample size for these host species was very low. Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent species found (3.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2-5.7), followed by G. duodenalis (2.8%, 95% CI: 1.6-4.6) and E. bieneusi (2.6%, 95% CI: 1.4-4.3). All pooled faecal samples tested negative for Blastocystis sp. Leishmania infantum was identified in 0.41% (95% CI: 0.05-1.46) of the 490 individual spleen samples analysed. Sequence analyses allowed the identification of Cryptosporidium andersoni (5.9%), C. ditrichi (11.7%), C. muris (5.9%), C. parvum (5.9%), C. tyzzeri (5.9%), rat genotypes CR97 (5.9%) and W19 (5.9%), vole genotypes V (11.7%) and VII (5.9%) and Cryptosproridium spp. (35.3%) within Cryptosporidium (n = 17). Known genotypes C (66.7%) and Peru11 (25.0%) and a novel genotype (named MouseSpEb1, 8.3%) were detected within E. bieneusi (n = 12). None of the G. duodenalis-positive samples could be genotyped at the assemblage level. Molecular data indicate that wild micromammals were primarily infected by rodent-adapted species/genotypes of eukaryotic pathogens and thereby have a limited role as a source of human infections. The presence of ruminant-adapted species C. andersoni along with finding C. parvum is indicative of an overlap between domestic/peri-domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Vioque
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- EnvironmentalMicrobial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesus T García
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Ortega
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro P Olea
- Department of Ecology, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Research on Biodiversity and Global Change (CIBC-UAM), Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Arce
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Viñuela
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yu M, Liu X, Karim F, Xie M, Wu J, Li D, Ni Q, Zhang M, Yu G, Xiao H, Xu H, Yao Y. Prevalence and new genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in China: A zoonotic concern. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:61-67. [PMID: 35492574 PMCID: PMC9052075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of animal host. There are only few reports of E. bieneusi infection in wild Chinese rhesus macaques. Here, we determined the prevalence of E. bieneusi in nine wild rhesus macaque populations and assessed their zoonotic potential by performed genotype of ITS gene. A total of 324 fecal samples of rhesus macaque were collected in nine geographical populations from five Chinese provinces (Sichuan, Chongqing, Qinghai, Tibet and Hainan). 38 samples (11.7%) were found to be infected with E. bieneusi, and 11 genotypes were identified including three known genotypes (D, EbpC and SCC-2) and eight novel genotypes named Mul6∼13. Genotype D (63.2%) was the most prevalent, being observed in seven populations except XZ-2 and QH, and other genotypes were identified only in a single area. According to the phylogenetic analysis, Mul6∼9, Mul11∼13 and zoonotic genotype D were clustered into Group 1, indicating that these genotypes may be potentially zoonotic. Among nine populations, population SC-3 had the highest infection rate (26.3%), and the lowest was the wild QH population without infection, but the difference of infection rate among the nine populations is not significant. It is concluded that, rhesus macaque populations are generally infected E. bieneusi in many areas of China, and there may be a risk of cross infection with E. bieneusi in some areas found having zoonotic genotypes, and these areas should be paid more attention to prevent. Nine geographical populations (3 semi-wild and 6 wild) from five Chinese provinces (Sichuan, Chongqing, Qinghai, Tibet and Hainan). 11 genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi were identified. Three known genotypes (D, EbpC and SCC-2) and eight novel genotypes (Mul6∼13).
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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Turkey. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106568. [PMID: 35716763 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular fungus-like parasites that infect humans and animals worldwide. However, there is limited epidemiological data on the occurrence and molecular diversity of microsporidia in buffaloes worldwide. In the present study, fecal samples of 300 water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Kayseri, Sivas, and Samsun provinces of Turkey were investigated using two nested PCR assays targeting the rRNA of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. All the fecal samples from water buffalo were found to be negative for Encephalitozoon spp. PCR positive isolates of E. bieneusi were bidirectionally sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analyses. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the only microsporidian species identified in 8 water buffaloes with an overall molecular prevalence of 2.7%. Two known genotypes, YNDCEB-90 (n = 5) and J (n = 3) were identified by ITS sequence analysis. The YNDCEB-90 and J genotypes fall into zoonotic Group 1 and 2 of E. bieneusi in the phylogenetic tree, respectively. These findings suggested that water buffalo in Turkey are harbouring zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi and may have a significant risk for zoonotic transmission to humans. This is the first report of detecting E. bieneusi genotypes J and YNDCEB-90 in water buffaloes. Further insight into the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in water buffaloes in different geographical areas in Turkey will be highly important to have determined the public health significance of this pathogen.
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Lv C, Wang J, Li C, Zhang M, Qian W. First detection and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) in China. Parasite 2022; 29:15. [PMID: 35315766 PMCID: PMC8939298 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a common opportunistic pathogen, has been detected in humans and a wide range of animals worldwide. However, no information on the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in hamsters is available worldwide. In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 175 golden hamsters and 175 Siberian hamsters purchased from pet shops in three provinces of China. The average infection rate of E. bieneusi was 12.0% (42/350), with 14.9% (26/175) in pet golden hamsters and 9.1% (16/175) in pet Siberian hamsters. Four genotypes were identified in pet golden hamsters, including three known genotypes (D, Henan-II, and SHW5) and one novel genotype (named Ebph1). Five genotypes were found in pet Siberian hamsters, including one known genotype (D) and four novel genotypes (named Ebph2 to Ebph5). Genotypes D and Ebph2 were the dominant genotype in pet golden hamsters (23/26, 88.5%) and Siberian hamsters (9/16, 56.3%), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E. bieneusi isolates clustered into two groups: Group 1 (D, Henan-II, SHW5, and Ebph1) and Group 3 (Ebph2 to Ebph5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in golden hamsters and Siberian hamsters worldwide. The identification of four genotypes belonging to Group 1 of high zoonotic potential suggests that pet hamsters especially golden hamsters can be potential sources of human microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Abdoli A, Javanmard E. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Global Molecular Epidemiology of Microsporidia Infection Among Rodents: A Serious Threat to Public Health. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:18-30. [PMID: 34176043 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidiosis as a zoonotic disease has caused serious health problems in high-risk groups, including immunosuppressed individuals. Among the potential animal reservoirs of microsporidia, rodents play a key role due to close-contact with humans and their dispersion in different environments. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the global status and genetic diversity of microsporidia infection in different rodents. METHODS The standard protocol of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from 1 January 2000 to 15 April 2021. All peer-reviewed original research articles describing the molecular prevalence of microsporidia infection in rodents were included. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. The variance between studies (heterogeneity) were quantified by I2 index. RESULTS Of 1695 retrieved studies, 22 articles (including 34 datasets) were included for final meta-analysis. The pooled global molecular prevalence (95% CI) of microsporidia infection in rodents was 14.2% (95% CI 10.9-18.3%). The highest prevalence of microsporidia was found in Apodemus spp. 27.3% (95% CI 15-44.5%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the most common pathogen (26/34; 76.47% studies) according to PCR-based methods, and the genotype D as the highest reported genotype (15 studies). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study showed a relatively high prevalence of microsporidia infection in rodents as a potential animal reservoir for infecting human. Given the relatively high incidence of microsporidiosis, designing strategies for control, and prevention of microsporidia infection in rodents should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ehsan Javanmard
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Microsporidia are pathogenic organism related to fungi. They cause infections in a wide variety of mammals as well as in avian, amphibian, and reptilian hosts. Many microsporidia species play an important role in the development of serious diseases that have significant implications in human and veterinary medicine. While microsporidia were originally considered to be opportunistic pathogens in humans, it is now understood that infections also occur in immune competent humans. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are primarily mammalian pathogens. However, many other species of microsporidia that have some other primary host that is not a mammal have been reported to cause sporadic mammalian infections. Experimental models and observations in natural infections have demonstrated that microsporidia can cause a latent infection in mammalian hosts. This chapter reviews the published studies on mammalian microsporidiosis and the data on chronic infections due to these enigmatic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Ni HB, Sun YZ, Qin SY, Wang YC, Zhao Q, Sun ZY, Zhang M, Yang D, Feng ZH, Guan ZH, Qiu HY, Wang HX, Xue NY, Sun HT. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Wild Rodents From Six Provinces in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:783508. [PMID: 34900760 PMCID: PMC8656357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most important zoonotic enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases in animals and humans. However, it is still not known whether E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are carried by wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, a total of 536 feces samples were collected from Rattus (R.) norvegicus, Mus musculus, Spermophilus (S.) dauricus, and Lasiopodomys brandti in six provinces of China, and were detected by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and ITS gene of E. bieneusi from June 2017 to November 2020. Among 536 wild rodents, 62 (11.6%) and 18 (3.4%) samples were detected as E. bieneusi- and Cryptosporidium spp.-positive, respectively. Differential prevalence rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in different regions. E. bieneusi was more prevalent in R. norvegicus, whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequently identified in S. dauricus. Sequence analysis indicated that three known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes (Cryptosporidium viatorum, Cryptosporidium felis, and Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype II/III) and two uncertain Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium sp. novel1 and Cryptosporidium sp. novel2) were present in the investigated wild rodents. Meanwhile, 5 known E. bieneusi genotypes (XJP-II, EbpC, EbpA, D, and NCF7) and 11 novel E. bieneusi genotypes (ZJR1 to ZJR7, GXM1, HLJC1, HLJC2, and SDR1) were also observed. This is the first report for existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and Shandong, China. The present study also demonstrated the existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in S. dauricus worldwide for the first time. This study not only provided the basic data for the distribution of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium genotypes/species, but also expanded the host range of the two parasites. Moreover, the zoonotic E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified in the present study, suggesting wild rodents are a potential source of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Veterinary Department, Muyuan Foods Co., Ltd., Nanyang, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Zheng-Yao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Guan
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hao-Xian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Nian-Yu Xue
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
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First genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) from the Qinghai Plateau, Northwest China. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:453-457. [PMID: 34448107 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is considered the most common microsporidian species and is frequently detected in humans and various animals worldwide. However, information on E. bieneusi infection in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) is somewhat limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the infection status and genotype characteristics of E. bieneusi in plateau pikas in China. A total of 33 fresh fecal samples were collected from plateau pikas captured on the Qinghai Plateau. By PCR assay and DNA sequencing of the ITS gene, 5 (15.2%, 5/33) isolates were diagnosed as positive. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of one known sheep-derived genotype, CHS17 (4/5), and a novel E. bieneusi genotype, CHPP1 (1/5), with maximum shared identity with the CHS17 genotype. Phylogenetically, these isolates were clustered into subgroup 1i of zoonotic group 1 with genotypes CHS17 and CHN14 from plateau ruminants, but the new CHP1 genotype formed a cluster separate from those genotypes. This is the first report of E. bieneusi in plateau pikas. The findings suggested that these animals might be potential reservoirs of zoonotic E. bieneusi, and transmission of the pathogen between plateau pikas and sheep probably occurs in the region.
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Yu F, Cao Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Zhao A, Qi M, Zhang L. Host-adaptation of the rare Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype CHN4 in Myocastor coypus (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:578. [PMID: 33198788 PMCID: PMC7667729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen and can infect both humans and animals. The coypu (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent, in which few E. bieneusi infections have been reported and the distribution of genotypes and zoonotic potential remains unknown. METHODS A total of 308 fresh fecal samples were collected from seven coypu farms in China to determine the infection rate and the distribution of genotypes of E. bieneusi from coypus using nested-PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. RESULTS Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected with an infection rate of 41.2% (n = 127). Four genotypes were identified, including three known genotypes (CHN4 (n = 111), EbpC (n = 8) and EbpA (n = 7)) and a novel genotype named CNCP1 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS The rare genotype CHN4 was the most common genotype in the present study, and the transmission dynamics of E. bieneusi in coypus were different from other rodents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infections in coypus in China. Our study reveals that E. bieneusi in coypus may be a potential infection source to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangwenna Cao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Experimental and Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Deng L, Chai Y, Xiang L, Wang W, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhong Z, Fu H, Peng G. First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in pet rabbits in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:212. [PMID: 32571322 PMCID: PMC7310219 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are common opportunistic parasites in humans and animals, including rabbits. However, only limited epidemiology data concern about the prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in rabbits. This study is the first detection and genotyping of Microsporidia in pet rabbits in China. Results A total of 584 faecal specimens were collected from rabbits in pet shops from four cities in Sichuan province, China. The overall prevalence of microsporidia infection was 24.8% by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. respectively. E. bieneusi was the most common species (n = 90, 15.4%), followed by Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 34, 5.8%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 16, 2.7%). Mixed infections (E. bieneusi and E. cuniculi) were detected in five another rabbits (0.9%). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of microsporidia were observed among different cities (χ2 = 38.376, df = 3, P < 0.01) and the rabbits older than 1 year were more likely to harbour microsporidia infections (χ2 = 9.018, df = 2, P < 0.05). Eleven distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi were obtained, including five known (SC02, I, N, J, CHY1) and six novel genotypes (SCR01, SCR02, SCR04 to SCR07). SC02 was the most prevalent genotype in all tested cities (43.3%, 39/90). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genotypes were clustered into group 1–3 and group 10. Meanwhile, two genotypes (I and II) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS region of E. cuniculi. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microsporidia infection in pet rabbits in China. Genotype SC02 and four novel genotypes were classified into potential zoonotic group 1, suggesting that pet rabbits may cause microsporidiosis in humans through zoonotic transmissions. These findings provide preliminary reference data for monitoring microsporidia infections in pet rabbits and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijun Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Leiqiong Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuyou Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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