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Xing Y, Zhou L, Yu J, Wang Z, Ding Z, Xie C, Li Y, Wang F, Tang L. Analgesic efficacy of nitrous oxide in adults in the emergency department: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Solano Calvo JA, Del Valle Rubido C, Rodríguez-Miguel A, de Abajo FJ, Delgado Espeja JJ, González Hinojosa J, Fernández Muñoz L, Zapico Goñi Á. Nitrous oxide versus lidocaine versus no analgesic for in-office hysteroscopy: a randomised clinical trial. BJOG 2021; 128:1364-1372. [PMID: 33528862 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of inhaled nitrous oxide (INO) on pain control during in-office hysteroscopy with 1% lidocaine paracervical infiltration and no analgesic. DESIGN Single-blind stratified randomised clinical trial with masked assessment by a third party. SETTING Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a Spanish hospital. POPULATION Women who underwent hysteroscopy. METHODS Patients were stratified into three groups according to the purpose of the hysteroscopy (biopsy, polypectomy or tubal sterilisation) and then assigned to different treatment groups through a permuted-blocks randomisation within strata. Pain scale was provided by a gynaecologist totally blinded to procedures and treatments. Effects were assessed using a one-way analysis of variance following an intention-to-treat approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 100 mm. RESULTS A total of 314 women were included: 105 to INO, 104 to 1% lidocaine and 105 to no analgesic. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Mean VAS score after the procedure was 34.7 ± 25.8 mm, 36.1 ± 22.9 mm (P = 1.0) and 47.3 ± 28.2 mm (P = 0.001) for INO, 1% lidocaine and no analgesic, respectively. No adverse events were reported in 91 (86.7%) patients in the INO group compared with 79 (76%) in the 1%-lidocaine group (P = 0.04) and 85 (81%) in the no-analgesic group (P = 0.26). CONCLUSION INO was as effective as 1% lidocaine in pain control for in-office hysteroscopy and was better tolerated. The no-analgesic group presented the poorer results, so was the least recommended clinical option.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Solano Calvo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Del Valle Rubido
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Ramón y Cajal', Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Miguel
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J de Abajo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Delgado Espeja
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J González Hinojosa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fernández Muñoz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Á Zapico Goñi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital 'Príncipe de Asturias', Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Serin M, Altinel D, Leblebici C, Biltekin B, Huseyinbas O, Kurt Yazar S, Irmak F, Sonmez A, Bayramicli M. Subdermal nitrous oxide delivery increases skin microcirculation and random flap survival in rats. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2018; 53:37-44. [PMID: 30371138 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2018.1531013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Random skin flaps are essential tools in reconstructive surgery. In this study, we investigated the effect of subdermal nitrous oxide (N2O) application on random flap survival. In this experimental study, we used 21 female rats in three groups. In the N2O and air groups, gases were administrated under the proposed dorsal flap areas daily for seven days. Following the treatment period, flaps were raised and inserted back into their place from the dorsal skin. In the control group, the flaps were elevated and inserted back to their place without any pretreatment. Calculation of necrotic flap areas, histological examination and microangiography was performed to evaluate the results 7 days after the flap surgery. The average of necrotic flap area in the N2O, air and control group was 13.45%, 37.67% and 46.43%, respectively. (N2O vs air p = .044; N2O vs control p = .003). The average number of capillary formations identified in the histological analysis was 7.0 ± 1.58, 3.75 ± 2.36 and 4.4 ± 0.54 in the N2O, air and control group, respectively. (N2O vs air p = .017; N2O vs control p = .037). The average number of capillary structures identified in the angiography images were 6.3 ± 1.52, 1.6 ± 1.15 and 1.3 ± 0.57 in the N2O, air and control group, respectively. (N2O vs air p = .04; N2O vs control p = .02). We conclude that subdermal N2O application increases random flap survival through an increase in the skin microcirculation and could be promising for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merdan Serin
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Dincer Altinel
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cem Leblebici
- b Department of Pathology , Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Burcu Biltekin
- c Department of Histology and Embryology , Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Onder Huseyinbas
- d Animal Research Laboratory , Istanbul Bezmialem University Medical School , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sevgi Kurt Yazar
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Fatih Irmak
- e Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Istanbul Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Sonmez
- f Private practice in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bayramicli
- g Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Marmara University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
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Chi SI. Complications caused by nitrous oxide in dental sedation. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2018; 18:71-78. [PMID: 29744381 PMCID: PMC5932993 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2018.18.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The first clinical application of nitrous oxide (N2O) was in 1844, by an American dentist named Horace Wells who used it to control pain during tooth extraction. Since then, N2O has shared a 170-year history with modern dental anesthesia. N2O, an odorless and colorless gas, is very appealing as a sedative owing to its anxiolytic, analgesic, and amnestic properties, rapid onset and recovery, and, in particular, needle-free application. Numerous studies have reported that N2O can be used safely and effectively as a procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) agent. However, N2O can lead to the irreversible inactivation of vitamin B12, which is essential for humans; although rare, this can be fatal in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong In Chi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dankook University Sejong Dental Hospital, Sejong, South Korea
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Cazarim GDS, Verçosa N, Carneiro L, Pastor R, da Silva EFV, Barrucand L, Cavalcanti IL. A 50-50% mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A randomized and prospective clinical trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195574. [PMID: 29702684 PMCID: PMC5922537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TUSPB) is the standard method of diagnosis for prostate cancer, and although it is well tolerated by some patients, it presents a discomfort rate of 65 to 90%, which may be associated with pain. For convenience, it is agreed that a method of analgesia and sedation is necessary. For this purpose, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of inhalation of a 50–50% N2O-O2 gas mixture on pain intensity in these patients. Material and methods Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, conducted at Antônio Pedro University Hospital (Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro), Niterói, RJ, Brazil, containing two groups of 42 patients: a control (C) group, which received 100% oxygen inhalation, and a nitrous oxide (NO) group, which received inhalation of the 50–50% N2O-O2 mixture, self-administered during TUSPB. The pain intensity and degree of satisfaction were evaluated through a visual analogue scale (VAS), as was the frequency of adverse events. Results Eighty-four patients were included in the study, with 42 in each group. The mean pain intensity was lower in the NO group than in the C group [2.52 (0–10) vs 5.95 (0–10), p < 0.001], and the degree of satisfaction was higher in the NO group than in the C group (8.14 vs. 4.69, p < 0.001). The adverse effects were somnolence, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, discomfort and euphoria without differences between the groups. Conclusion The 50–50% N2O-O2 mixture was effective in reducing pain intensity and increasing the degree of satisfaction in TUSPB, with tolerable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da Silva Cazarim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Federal Fluminense University, University hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nubia Verçosa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University hospital Clementino Fraga Fihlo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonel Carneiro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Federal Fluminense University, University hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Pastor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Federal Fluminense University, University hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Louis Barrucand
- Department of Statistic, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University hospital Clementino Fraga Fihlo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ismar Lima Cavalcanti
- Department of Anesthesiology, Federal Fluminense University, University hospital Antonio Pedro, Niterói, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
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Guillot O, Le Borgne P, Kauffmann P, Steinmetz J, Schaeffer M, Kam C, Lavoignet C, Adam P, Bilbault P. Luxations aiguës d'épaule : évaluation rétrospective aux urgences et proposition d'un protocole de sédation procédurale. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/s13341-017-0805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction : Les luxations d'épaule sont des pathologies fréquentes aux urgences, parmi les plus douloureuses et pour lesquelles il n'existe pas de recommandations spécifiques. Elles représentent 45 % de l'ensemble des luxations. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'analyser la gestion de la douleur dans cette pathologie.
Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons conduit une étude observationnelle, monocentrique et rétrospective colligeant 238 patients ayant consulté aux urgences pour une luxation aiguë d'épaule (01/01/2012-30/04/2015). Les luxations réduites spontanément, les luxations sur prothèse et les luxations chroniques étaient exclues de l'étude.
Résultats : Les luxations aiguës d'épaule étaient majoritairement réduites aux urgences (90 %, IC95 % : [86-94]). Il s'agissait d'une pathologie hyperalgique (Echelle numérique médiane : 8/10, [EIC : 6-9]) touchant plutôt les sujets jeunes (âge médian : 48 ans, EIC : 28-73). Il existait une grande hétérogénéité dans la répartition des antalgiques utilisés, le mélange équimolaire d'oxygène et de protoxyde d'azote (MEOPA) était l'antalgique le plus prescrit (50 % (IC95 % : [42-55])), suivi par le paracétamol (25 %) et le néfopam (15 %). Dans le sous-groupe des luxations compliquées d'une fracture, le MEOPA était également le plus prescrit. La répartition des autres antalgiques était par ailleurs similaire. Enfin, la comparaison entre les deux équipes médicales (urgentiste vs orthopédiste) ne retrouvait aucune différence de prescription en dehors du midazolam davantage utilisé par les urgentistes (16 % vs 4 %, p=0,001).
Conclusion : Il existait une grande hétérogénéité des pratiques et une sous-utilisation d'antalgiques et d'hypnotiques malgré des douleurs importantes dès l'admission. Un chemin clinique visant à améliorer cette prise en charge est proposé afin d'homogénéiser les pratiques.
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Abstract
The use of nitrous oxide (N2O) for labor and birth has very recently emerged as a viable modality in the United States, despite a long history of use in Canada and Europe. Usually associated with dental procedures, there are significant differences between dental and parturition utility, efficacy, and staff exposure. In addition to using it for pain relief and anxiolysis, those centers utilizing it have noted it to be multipurpose and useful for such situations as: external cephalic version, manual removal of placenta, intravenous starts, during placement of urinary catheters and intracervical Foley bulbs. Nitrous oxide has proven to be especially helpful for repair of lacerations under local anesthesia and is a multiuse modality that should be available to women in all birth settings. This article explores the history of N2O use, provides a comparison of obstetrical use to use in the dental industry, examines the contraindications to, and implications for usage, and discusses logistical points of consideration for clinicians working with women using N2O for labor and birth.
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Nitrous Oxide, From the Operating Room to the Emergency Department. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016; 4:11-18. [PMID: 27073749 PMCID: PMC4819505 DOI: 10.1007/s40138-016-0092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a gas inhalation agent that has a long history of administration in procedures requiring analgesia and sedation. Although use may be limited by patient condition, patient comorbidities, and appropriate scavenging equipment, nitrous is a proven and safe tool for use in many health care settings—from the dental office to the operating room to the emergency department.
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Kapoor S, White J, Thorn BE, Block P. Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Pain: The Significant Role of Pain Catastrophizing and State Anxiety. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:1069-78. [PMID: 26814269 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain is one of the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits. Given the significant association of psychological variables and pain experience, it is critical to examine the relation of such factors with ED pain reports. This study sought to analyze the association of reported pain intensity in ED with pain catastrophizing and state anxiety. METHODS One hundred participants presenting with a primary complaint of acute pain in an urban ED completed the study. The measures included a demographic survey with questions pertaining to pain intensity, type and duration of present pain, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Subscale (STAI-S). RESULTS Pain intensity was significantly and positively associated with pain catastrophizing and state anxiety. Follow-up PROCESS mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of pain catastrophizing on the relationship between state anxiety and pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that it is important to assess the psychological distress due to anxiety and pain catastrophizing of patients presenting to EDs with acute pain. Setting-appropriate brief behavioral interventions in conjunction with pharmacological interventions could improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kapoor
- *Department of Psychology, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama;
| | - Jessica White
- Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Alabama, USA
| | - Beverly E Thorn
- *Department of Psychology, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama;
| | - Phoebe Block
- *Department of Psychology, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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Kuivalainen AM, Ebeling F, Poikonen E, Rosenberg PH. Nitrous oxide analgesia for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy - A randomized, controlled and patient blinded study. Scand J Pain 2015; 7:28-34. [PMID: 29911602 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims Bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy (BMAB), performed under local anaesthesia in adults, is a common and often painful procedure. Anxiety is known to intensify pain during the procedure. Nitrous oxide (N2O), known for its sedative and analgesic benefit in various short medical procedures and labour pain, could be advantageous also for pain relief during bone marrow examination. N2O acts rapidly and is eliminated in a couple of minutes once the inhalation is stopped, and occasional side effects (e.g. dizziness and nausea) are mild. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of inhaled 50% mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen to 50% oxygen during bone marrow examination. Methods In this randomized, controlled, patient and observer blinded study patients received either 50% mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen or 50% mixture of oxygen in air during bone marrow examination, in addition to local analgesia. Both patient groups comprised 35 adult patients. Pre-procedural anxiety and procedural pain were rated on the Numeral Rating Scale (NRS 0‒10). Cognitive function was measured before and 30 min after the procedure. Possible side effects were recorded. A telephone interview was performed 24 h later. Results There were no statistically significant differences in pain scores of the procedural steps (median NRS ranging 3.0‒4.0) between the study groups. High pain scores of 8‒10 comprised 0% vs. 8.6% of the scores during infiltration, 2.9% vs. 5.7% during puncture, 11.4% vs. 14.3% during aspiration and 2.9% vs. 2.9% during biopsy in N2O and 50% O2 groups, respectively (NS). Pre-procedural anxiety (median NRS 3.5 in both groups), measured in the outpatient clinic just prior to procedure, correlated with pain intensity during bone marrow aspiration (P = 0.045). There were no significant differences between side effects. During the BMAB four patients (3 in N2O group, 1 in 50% O2 group) reported dizziness and one patient in the N2O group reported nausea. Gas inhalation did not affect the cognitive function of the participants. In both groups the majority (>80%) of the patients was satisfied with the inhalation technique. During the 24 h interview, most of the participants were pain free and they did not report any serious adverse effects. Conclusions In spite of similar moderate to strong procedural pain in both groups and no benefit of N2O, most patients were satisfied with the inhalational techniques. We assume that the bedside presence of an anaesthesiologist and the distraction caused by the inhalational arrangements introduced positive context-sensitive therapeutic effect independent of the gas used. Pre-procedural anxiety predicted pain associated with bone marrow aspiration. Implications Inhaled 50% nitrous oxide was not an effective analgesic during bone marrow examination in our unselected outpatient population. Further studies should concentrate on its use with patients predicted to be at increased risk of suffering intense pain during the procedure, such as very anxious patients or those who have a painful history of previous bone marrow examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Kuivalainen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Freja Ebeling
- Cancer Center, Division of Haematology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 372, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eira Poikonen
- Cancer Center, Division of Haematology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 372, FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per H Rosenberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Del Valle Rubido C, Solano Calvo JA, Rodríguez Miguel A, Delgado Espeja JJ, González Hinojosa J, Zapico Goñi Á. Inhalation analgesia with nitrous oxide versus other analgesic techniques in hysteroscopic polypectomy: a pilot study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015; 22:595-600. [PMID: 25596171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To show the decrease in pain and better tolerance to inhalation analgesia with a 50% equimolar mixture of nitrogen protoxide and oxygen in hysteroscopic polypectomy compared with paracervical anesthesia and a control group. DESIGN One hundred six patients scheduled for office hysteroscopy and polypectomy were divided into the following 3 groups: the control group, the nitrous oxide group, and the paracervical infiltration group. Patients were assigned sequentially (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING The study took place in a hysteroscopy outpatient clinic under the supervision of a gynecologist and 2 nurses trained to cooperate in the trial. PATIENTS One hundred six women from Area III of Madrid Community, Spain, who had been diagnosed with endometrial polyps at a gynecology office and were scheduled for office hysteroscopy and polypectomy agreed to participate in the study. INTERVENTIONS Patients in group 1 (control group) received no treatment. Group 2 received inhaled nitrous oxide and group 3 paracervical infiltration with 1% lidocaine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (0-10). Pain perceived by patients was lower in the nitrous Oxide group (mean: 3.55 ± 0.60, median: 3) versus the control group (mean: 5.49 ± 1.88, median: 6, p < .05) and the paracervical infiltration group (mean: 4.22 ± 1.73, median: 5). Tolerance to pain, assessed by the medical staff using qualitative variables, was bad for the control group, very good for the nitrous oxide group, and good for the paracervical infiltration group (p < .05). There were no complications in 82% of the patients in the nitrous oxide group, whereas in the paracervical infiltration group, there were complications in more than 50% of the patients. No severe complications occurred. CONCLUSION Nitrous oxide is a safe and effective analgesic technique for polipectomy office hysteroscopy compared with the paracervical infiltration and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Del Valle Rubido
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Juan José Delgado Espeja
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Zapico Goñi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
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Manouchehrian N, Bakhshaei MH. Nitrous oxide effect on relieving anxiety and pain in parturients under spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Anesth Pain Med 2014; 4:e16662. [PMID: 24977119 PMCID: PMC4071269 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anxiety is an unpleasant experience that may have adverse effects on the process of anesthesia, cesarean delivery, recovery period and postoperative pain. Anxiety can also affect maternal satisfaction of the medical cares that provided by the medical team. Objectives: To compare the effects of inhalational 50% nitrous oxide (N2O) with oxygen on reducing anxiety and pain in parturients who have undergone caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Patients and Methods: In this double-blind clinical trial, 56 primigravid parturients were randomly assigned into two groups according to the operating list schedule. The experimental group received inhalational 50% N2O three minutes before spinal anesthesia to the end of delivery. The control group received only oxygen. Flow meters were covered by a dark shield and monitored by an experienced nurse anesthetist. Pain and anxiety of patients were measured using visual analogue scale (VAS) by another nurse who was neither involved in the anesthetic process nor aware of the participants' allocation and inhalation agents. Data regarding sedation level, ephedrine use, nausea, vomiting, and neonate Apgar score were recorded as well. Results: Overall mean ± SD of anxiety VAS scores was 1.77 ± 1.5 in the experimental group and 3.12 ± 1.73 in the control groups (P = 0.003). The mean ± SD of pain VAS scores of the experimental and control groups were 0.82 ± 1.5 and 1.64 ± 1.45, respectively (P = 0.042). No significant differences were seen regarding blood oxygen saturation, neonate Apgar scores, total used ephedrine, operation time, delivery time, nausea, and vomiting between the two studied groups. Conclusions: Inhalation of 50% N2O can significantly decrease anxiety (without clinically significant side effects) compared with O2 inhalation in parturients who have undergone caesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Manouchehrian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fatemieh Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ekbatan Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Department of Anesthesiology, Ekbatan Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Tel: +98-9188129971, Fax: +98-813264001717, E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to provide a general descriptive account of the physical properties, end-organ effects, therapeutic applications, and delivery techniques of nitrous oxide (N2O) as used in the arena of procedural sedation. DATA SOURCE A computerized bibliographic search regarding the applications of nitrous for provision of sedation and analgesia during procedures with an emphasis on the pediatric population was performed. RESULTS The end-organ effects of N2O have been well described in the operating room setting. Aside from its effects on the central nervous system of sedation and analgesia, N2O may alter intracerebral dynamics and alter cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure especially in patients with altered intracranial compliance. Effects on ventilation include a dose-related depression of ventilatory function and control of upper airway patency. These effects are generally limited in the absence of comorbid diseases and potentiated by other sedative and analgesic agents. The more clinically significant respiratory effect of N2O on ventilatory function is a dose-dependent depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxemia. Hemodynamic effects include a mild direct depressant effect on myocardial function, which in the absence of comorbid cardiac disease is generally compensated by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Nitrous oxide may potentially aggravate pulmonary hypertension. Additional physiologic effects on neurologic and hematologic function may result in inactivation of the enzyme, methionine synthetase. Recent concern has also been raised regarding the potential effects of N2O on immune function and its relationship to perioperative surgical site infections. Given differences in the solubility, N2O will diffuse into and significantly expand gas-filled cavities. Chronic exposure of health care works to N2O is also a concern. Although there are limited data in the literature to clearly substantiate concerns regarding the reproductive toxicity of occupational exposure to N2O, appropriate scavenging and use of other techniques are mandatory. Nitrous oxide has been shown to be effective for a variety of minor surgical procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous cannula placement, lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration, laceration repair, dental care, and minor dermatologic procedures. It is generally as effective as midazolam, with several studies demonstrating it to be more effective. However, its utility is not as great in severely painful procedures such as fracture reduction. Demonstrated advantages to parenteral sedation include a more rapid onset and a shorter recovery time with the majority of patients preferring it to over other agents or agreeing to its use for subsequent procedures. The literature also suggests increased success rates with simple procedures such as intravenous cannula placement when compared with placebo. In general, life-threatening adverse events have not been reported. Most common adverse effects include dysphoria and vomiting. For more painful procedures, combination with another agent may be used, and in all cases, topical or infiltrative local anesthesia is recommended. CONCLUSIONS In general, N2O is a useful adjunct for procedural sedation. Given the variety of procedures performed in the pediatric patient, ongoing research is required to identify the most appropriate and effective use of this agent. This may be particularly relevant when evaluating its use for procedures associated with significant pain. In these scenarios, the combination of N2O with other agents needs to be evaluated. Given the potential for adverse effects, strict adherence to published guidelines regarding procedural sedation and monitoring is suggested.
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Chéron G. [Sedation and analgesia in emergency structure. Paediatry: Which sedation and analgesia for the child under spontaneous ventilation?]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 2012; 31:369-76. [PMID: 22464837 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Chéron
- Département des urgences pédiatriques, université Paris Descartes Paris-V, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75730 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Freysz M, Orliaguet G. [Sedation and analgesia in emergency structure. Which are the properties and the disadvantages of the products used?]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 2012; 31:283-294. [PMID: 22436603 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Freysz
- Departement de medecine d'urgence, universite de Bourgogne, CHU de Dijon, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon cedex, France.
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Ozil C, Vialle R, Thevenin-Lemoine C, Conti E, Annequin D. Use of a combined oxygen/nitrous oxide/morphine chlorydrate protocol for analgesia in burned children requiring painful local care. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:263-7. [PMID: 19921515 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present the results of the use of a protocol of inhalational oxygen/nitrous oxide mixtures associated with oral opioids on a prospective cohort of 33 children undergoing local care for acute but limited burned skin lesions. METHODS All the children were orally administered 0.4 mg/kg morphine chlorydrate, and nitrous oxide was administered as an equimolar mixture (50% N2O, 50% O2) via a face mask during the procedure. Pain and comfort of the patient were evaluated by the use of a validated behavioural score. After the end of the procedure, child and parent satisfactions were noted. RESULTS Mean age was 3 years 6 months (10 months-11 years). A successful detersion procedure was performed in all the cases. Behavioural score was 6 in 15 cases out of 33, comprising between 7 and 9 in 15 patients and 10 in three patients. Subjective satisfaction of pain management was noted in 16 out of 20 patients after the procedure. Subjective satisfaction of the parents was noted in all the cases. DISCUSSION Our study demonstrates that the use of a simple protocol of inhalational oxygen/nitrous oxide mixtures associated with oral opioids could be safe and effective. This association was well tolerated without any adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ozil
- Burned Care Unit, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, 26, avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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Mace SE, Brown LA, Francis L, Godwin SA, Hahn SA, Howard PK, Kennedy RM, Mooney DP, Sacchetti AD, Wears RL, Clark RM. Clinical policy: critical issues in the sedation of pediatric patients in the emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 2008; 34:e33-107. [PMID: 18558240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mace SE, Brown LA, Francis L, Godwin SA, Hahn SA, Howard PK, Kennedy RM, Mooney DP, Sacchetti AD, Wears RL, Clark RM. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Sedation of Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2008; 51:378-99, 399.e1-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Robinson PA, Carr S, Pearson S, Frampton C. Lignocaine is a better analgesic than either ethyl chloride or nitrous oxide for peripheral intravenous cannulation. Emerg Med Australas 2007; 19:427-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Emmanouil DE, Quock RM. Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide. Anesth Prog 2007; 54:9-18. [PMID: 17352529 PMCID: PMC1821130 DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006(2007)54[9:aiutao]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) has been used for well over 150 years in clinical dentistry for its analgesic and anxiolytic properties. This small and simple inorganic chemical molecule has indisputable effects of analgesia, anxiolysis, and anesthesia that are of great clinical interest. Recent studies have helped to clarify the analgesic mechanisms of N(2)O, but the mechanisms involved in its anxiolytic and anesthetic actions remain less clear. Findings to date indicate that the analgesic effect of N(2)O is opioid in nature, and, like morphine, may involve a myriad of neuromodulators in the spinal cord. The anxiolytic effect of N(2)O, on the other hand, resembles that of benzodiazepines and may be initiated at selected subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor. Similarly, the anesthetic effect of N(2)O may involve actions at GABA(A) receptors and possibly at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as well. This article reviews the latest information on the proposed modes of action for these clinical effects of N(2)O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris E Emmanouil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Athens University, Athens, Greece.
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Ishikawa M, Matsushita Y, Abe K, Utsunomiya I, Hoshi K, Quock RM, Taguchi K. Involvement of brain protein kinase C in nitrous oxide-induced antinociception in mice. Neuroscience 2006; 140:227-33. [PMID: 16533570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of mice to the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O) produces a marked antinociceptive effect. Protein kinase C is a key regulatory enzyme that may be targeted by general anesthetics. However, a relationship between N(2)O-induced antinociception and protein kinase C has yet to be established. The present study was conducted to identify whether protein kinase C might influence N(2)O-induced antinociception in mice. Regular exposure (11 min) to N(2)O produced concentration-dependent antinociception in mice, as determined using the abdominal constriction test. N(2)O-induced antinociception was attenuated by i.c.v. pretreatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, a protein kinase C activator. This phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate antagonism of N(2)O-induced antinociception was reversed by i.c.v. pretreatment with calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Long-term exposure (41 min in total, including 30 min prior to, and 11 min of analgesic testing) to 70% N(2)O produced reduced analgesic effects, compared with regular exposure to 70% N(2)O, thus indicating acute tolerance to N(2)O-induced antinociception. However, mice pretreated with calphostin C, chelerythrine, which is another protein kinase C inhibitor, and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, did not develop acute tolerance. Regarding activation of protein kinase C, regular exposure to 70% N(2)O did not increase protein kinase C within the membrane fraction of brain tissue, as determined by immunoblot analysis, but long-term exposure to 70% N(2)O did. The i.c.v. pretreatment with calphostin C and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate prevented the increase in protein kinase C observed with long-term exposure to 70% N(2)O. These results suggest that brain protein kinase C negatively regulates the antinociceptive effect of N(2)O, and that activation of brain protein kinase C is related to the development of acute tolerance to N(2)O-induced antinociception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, P.O. Box 3-3165, Higashitamagawagakuen, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Vallejo MC, Phelps AL, Shepherd CJ, Kaul B, Mandell GL, Ramanathan S. Nitrous oxide anxiolysis for elective cesarean section. J Clin Anesth 2005; 17:543-8. [PMID: 16297755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine if inhaled 40% nitrous oxide (N(2)O) via facemask is an effective anxiolytic in women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. SETTING Tertiary-care women's hospital. PATIENTS Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II patients scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to 2 groups to receive either 100% O2 via facemask or 40% N2O in O2 via facemask. MEASUREMENTS Vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation) and measured variables (visual analog scale [VAS] anxiety, VAS pain, and sedation scores) were obtained at specific periods during the procedure (preoperatively, entering the operating room, spinal injection, skin incision, uterine incision, delivery, and at the conclusion of the surgical procedure). In addition, surgical time and delivery time, mean dose and percentage of patients requiring ephedrine or phenylephrine boluses, the emesis rate, and Apgar scores were measured. MAIN RESULTS No differences were noted with respect to maternal mean blood pressure, heart rate, pulse-oximeter oxygen saturation, and sedation or VAS pain scores during the measured periods. No differences were noted in surgical and delivery times, mean dose, or percentage of patients who required ephedrine or phenylephrine to maintain maternal blood pressure, the emesis rate, or 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores. Mean anxiety scores for the N2O group were significantly lower at the time of spinal injection, skin incision, and uterine incision. Multivariate analysis of variance for high-anxiety patients (> or =50 VAS) revealed significantly lower VAS scores in the N2O group, compared with the O2 group again at spinal injection, skin incision, and uterine incision. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled 40% N2O via facemask provides effective anxiolysis in women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia in patients with high anxiety (> or =50 VAS) at the time of spinal injection, skin incision, and uterine incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Vallejo
- Department of Anesthesia, Magee-Womens Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lücker P, Stahlheber-Dilg BA. Pain related to Optiva 2, Biovalve, and Venflon 2 intravenous catheters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 12:1345-51. [PMID: 14688656 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2003.12.22.11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain related to the insertion of intravenous catheters is a major issue for many patients. This study investigated differences in pain on insertion for three different catheters - Optiva 1, Biovalve and Venflon 2 - as assessed by 100 volunteers. Clinicians also assessed a variety of parameters related to their overall ease of use. This study demonstrates that Optiva 2 can offer significant benefits for both patient and clinician. Pain on insertion was significantly lower with Optiva 2 than with Venflon 2, but comparable with Biovalve. Ease of insertion and flashback were significantly better for Optiva 2 than for Venflon 2, but similar to Biovalve. For the parameters 'ease of catheter advancement' and 'overall ease of use', the operators rated Optiva 2 significantly better than Biovalve and Venflon 2.
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Ishikawa M, Quock RM. Role of nitric-oxide synthase isoforms in nitrous oxide antinociception in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:484-9. [PMID: 12721331 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of mice to the anesthetic gas N2O evokes a prominent antinociceptive effect that is sensitive to antagonism by nonselective nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. The present study was conducted to identify whether a specific NOS isoform is implicated in N2O antinociception in mice. In the abdominal constriction test, exposure of mice to 25, 50, and 70% N2O resulted in a concentration-dependent antinociceptive effect that persisted for up to 6 min following removal of the mice from the N2O atmosphere into room air. This N2O antinociceptive effect was antagonized by pretreatment with S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline (SMTC) and higher doses of l-N5-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (l-NIO), which reportedly inhibit the neuronal and endothelial isoforms of NOS, respectively. Nevertheless, the N2O-induced antinociception was unaffected by pretreatment with low doses of either SMTC or l-NIO or by pretreatment with 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (AMT), which selectively inhibits inducible NOS. The s.c. pretreatment with SMTC and l-NIO reduced brain NOS activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas AMT had no such effect. Moreover, in blood pressure experiments, SMTC increased SBP in dose-unrelated fashion, whereas l-NIO showed an appreciably weaker but dose-related increase in SBP. The i.c.v. pretreatment with SMTC also reduced N2O antinociception and brain NOS activity without increasing of SBP. These results suggest that it is the neuronal isoform of NOS that is involved in mediation of the antinociceptive effect of N2O in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masago Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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