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Gallus R, Rizzo D, Rossi G, Mureddu L, Galli J, Artuso A, Bussu F. p16 Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Surrogate or Independent Prognostic Marker? Pathogens 2024; 13:100. [PMID: 38392838 PMCID: PMC10892421 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy that, despite scientific advancements, has not seen an improvement in its prognosis in the last decades. Few promising predictive markers have been found and none are relevant in clinical practice. p16ink4a, an oncosuppressor protein involved in cell cycle arrest, with a prognostic impact on other cancers, has been widely used in the head and neck region as a surrogate marker of HPV infection. Published papers and recent meta-analyses seem to minimize the biological role of HPV in the context of LSCC's cancerogenesis, and to disprove the reliability of p16ink4a as a surrogate prognostic marker in this context, while still highlighting its potential role as an independent predictor of survival. Unfortunately, the available literature, in particular during the last two decades, is often not focused on its potential role as an independent biomarker and few relevant data are found in papers mainly focused on HPV. The available data suggest that future research should focus specifically on p16ink4a, taking into account both its potential inactivation and overexpression, different patterns of staining, and immunohistochemistry cutoffs, and should focus not on its potential role as a surrogate marker but on its independent role as a predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gallus
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Davide Rizzo
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Rossi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
| | - Luca Mureddu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, “A. Gemelli” Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (J.G.)
- Department of Head-Neck and Sensory Organs, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Artuso
- Otolaryngology, Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy; (R.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Francesco Bussu
- U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.R.); (F.B.)
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Ideta T, Li B, Flynn C, Igarashi Y, Lowman G, Looney T, Devers TJ, Birk J, Forouhar F, Giardina C, Rosenberg DW. The Epithelial-Stromal Microenvironment in Early Colonic Neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 20:56-61. [PMID: 34670862 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells play a central role in promoting the progression of colorectal cancer. Here, we analyze molecular changes within the epithelial and stromal compartments of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formed in the ascending colon, where rapidly developing interval cancers occur. We found strong activation of numerous neutrophil/monocyte chemokines, consistent with localized inflammation. The data also indicated a decrease in interferon signaling and cell-based immunity. The immune checkpoint and T-cell exhaustion gene PDCD1 was one of the most significantly upregulated genes, which was accompanied by a decrease in cytotoxic T-cell effector gene expression. In addition, CDKN2A expression was strongly upregulated in the stroma and downregulated in the epithelium, consistent with diverse changes in senescence-associated signaling on the two tissue compartments. IMPLICATIONS: Decreased CD8 T-cell infiltration within proximal colon ACF occurs within the context of a robust inflammatory response and potential stromal cell senescence, thus providing new insight into potential promotional drivers for tumors in the proximal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Ideta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Boyang Li
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Christopher Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yuichi Igarashi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Tim Looney
- ThermoFisher Scientific, South San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas J Devers
- Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - John Birk
- Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Faripour Forouhar
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, John Dempsey Hospital, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Charles Giardina
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.
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Jovanovic DV, Mitrovic SL, Milosavljevic MZ, Ilic MB, Stankovic VD, Vuletic MS, Dimitrijevic Stojanovic MN, Milosev DB, Azanjac GL, Nedeljkovic VM, Radovanovic D. Breast Cancer and p16: Role in Proliferation, Malignant Transformation and Progression. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091240. [PMID: 34575014 PMCID: PMC8468846 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of new molecular biomarkers could provide a more reliable approach in predicting the prognosis of invasive breast cancers (IBC). The aim of this study is to analyze the expression of p16 protein in IBC, as well as its participation in malignant transformation. The study included 147 patients diagnosed with IBC. The presence of non-invasive lesions (NIL) was noted in each IBC and surrounding tissue. p16 expression was determined by reading the percentage of nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression in epithelial cells of IBC and NIL, but also in stromal fibroblasts. Results showed that expression of p16 increases with the progression of cytological changes in the epithelium; it is significantly higher in IBC compared to NIL (p < 0.0005). Cytoplasmic p16 expression is more prevalent in IBC (76.6%), as opposed to nuclear staining, which is characteristic of most NIL (21.1%). There is a difference in p16 expression between different molecular subtypes of IBC (p = 0.025). In the group of p16 positive tumors, pronounced mononuclear infiltrates (p = 0.047) and increased expression of p16 in stromal fibroblasts (p = 0.044) were noted. In conclusion, p16 protein plays an important role in proliferation, malignant transformation, as well as in progression from NIL to IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor V. Jovanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Slobodanka L. Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-658080877
| | - Milos Z. Milosavljevic
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.Z.M.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Milena B. Ilic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Vesna D. Stankovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Milena S. Vuletic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Milica N. Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.V.J.); (M.B.I.); (V.D.S.); (M.S.V.); (M.N.D.S.)
| | - Danijela B. Milosev
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.Z.M.); (D.B.M.)
| | - Goran L. Azanjac
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladica M. Nedeljkovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Pristina—Kosovska Mitrovica,38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Dragce Radovanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Xu J, Li N, Deng W, Luo S. Discovering the mechanism and involvement of the methylation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene and its special locus region in gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:1286-1298. [PMID: 33896386 PMCID: PMC8806355 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1887646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene methylation has been paramount in the development of malignant masses. The purpose of the conducted research was to evaluate the mechanism and involvement of methylation in regards to the CDKN2A gene and the specific locus region in gastric cancer (GC) with comprehensive statistical analysis utilizing statistics acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that the level of CDKN2A gene methylation and its locus in GC tissues was increased compared to para-cancerous tissues. In multivariate analysis, low methylation of CDKN2A gene, cg03079681, cg04026675, cg07562918, and cg13601799 locus were independently linked to better OS. In addition, the methylation of CDKN2A gene, cg00718440, cg03079681, cg04026675, cg07562918, cg10848754, cg14069088 and cg14430974 locus were negative correlated with CDKN2A gene expression. Meanwhile, the methylation of cg12840719 locus was positively correlated with CDKN2A gene expression. GSEA showed that hallmark_kras_signaling_dn, hallmark_myogenesis, and hallmark_epithelial_mesenchymal_transition pathways were enriched in the CDKN2A gene hypermethylation phenotype. Taken together, the low methylation of CDKN2A gene, cg03079681, cg04026675, cg07562918, and cg13601799 locus indicated a better prognosis in GC. The methylation levels of cg14069088 were most negatively correlated with CDKN2A gene expression. Hallmark_kras_signaling_dn, Hallmark_myogenesis, and hallmark_epithelial_mesenchymal_transition pathways might be important in the regulation of CDKN2A gene hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Xu
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenying Deng
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Molina MA, Carosi Diatricch L, Castany Quintana M, Melchers WJ, Andralojc KM. Cervical cancer risk profiling: molecular biomarkers predicting the outcome of hrHPV infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:1099-1120. [PMID: 33044104 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1835472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer affects half a million women worldwide annually. Given the association between high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and carcinogenesis, hrHPV DNA testing became an essential diagnostic tool. However, hrHPV alone does not cause the disease, and, most importantly, many cervical lesions regress to normal in a year because of the host immune system. Hence, the low specificity of hrHPV DNA tests and their inability to predict the outcome of infections have triggered a further search for biomarkers. AREAS COVERED We evaluated the latest viral and cellular biomarkers validated for clinical use as primary screening or triage for cervical cancer and assessed their promise for prevention as well as potential use in the future. The literature search focused on effective biomarkers for different stages of the disease, aiming to determine their significance in predicting the outcome of hrHPV infections. EXPERT OPINION Biomarkers such as p16/Ki-67, hrHPV genotyping, hrHPV transcriptional status, and methylation patterns have demonstrated promising results. Their eventual implementation in the screening programs may support the prompt diagnosis of hrHPV infection and its progression to cancer. These biomarkers will help in making clinical management decisions on time, thus, saving the lives of hrHPV-infected women, particularly in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Molina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marina Castany Quintana
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jg Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina M Andralojc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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High Glucose Concentrations Negatively Regulate the IGF1R/Src/ERK Axis through the MicroRNA-9 in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040326. [PMID: 30965609 PMCID: PMC6523516 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed that people with hyperglycemia have a high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Hyperglycemia may be responsible for supplying energy to CRC cells. However, the potential molecular mechanism for this association remains unclear. Furthermore, microRNA-9 (miR-9) has a tumor-suppressive function in CRC. Aberrant reduced expression of miR-9 is involved in the development and progression of malignancy caused by a high glucose (HG) concentration. In this study, we used an HG concentration to activate miR-9 downregulation in CRC cells. Our results indicated that miR-9 decreased the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R)/Src signaling pathway and downstream cyclin B1 and N-cadherin but upregulated E-cadherin. The HG concentration not only promoted cell proliferation, increased the G1 population, and modulated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression and morphology but also promoted the cell migration and invasion ability of SW480 (low metastatic potential) and SW620 (high metastatic potential) cells. In addition, low glucose concentrations could reverse the effect of the HG concentration in SW480 and SW620 cells. In conclusion, our results provide new evidence for multiple signaling pathways being regulated through hyperglycemia in CRC. We propose that blood sugar control may serve as a potential strategy for the clinical management of CRC.
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Zhao H, Zhang X, Han Z, Wang Y. Circulating anti-p16a IgG autoantibodies as a potential prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1875-1881. [PMID: 30410866 PMCID: PMC6212647 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that p16 protein is overexpressed in many types of solid cancer and its aberrant expression may trigger the immune response, leading to the secretion of anti‐p16 antibodies. Here, we developed an in‐house ELISA with three p16‐derived linear peptide antigens to examine plasma anti‐p16 antibody levels in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Blood samples were taken from 200 control subjects and 211 patients with NSCLC prior to anticancer therapy. A Mann–Whitney U test demonstrated that plasma anti‐p16a IgG levels were significantly higher in NSCLC patients than in control subjects (Z = −11.14, P < 0.001). However, neither plasma anti‐p16b nor plasma anti‐p16c IgG levels showed significant differences in patients with NSCLC as compared to control subjects. Moreover, further analysis indicated that anti‐p16a IgG levels increased with tumor stages, and patients with late stage NSCLC, namely group IV, had the highest IgG levels among four subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the anti‐p16a IgG assay had a sensitivity of 32.7% against a specificity of 95.0% in group IV, while Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed no significant difference in overall survival between patients with high anti‐p16a IgG levels and those with low anti‐p16a IgG levels (χ2 = 0.24, P = 0.63). In conclusion, anti‐p16a IgG may be suitable for use as a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Zhifeng Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery China-Japan Union Hospital Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
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Chauhan S, Sen S, Sharma A, Kashyap S, Tandon R, Bajaj MS, Pushker N, Vanathi M, Chauhan SS. p16 INK4a overexpression as a predictor of survival in ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:840-847. [PMID: 29511060 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the expression and methylation status of the p16INK4a gene in early and advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) and to correlate its association with clinicopathological features and survival. METHODS Sixty-four (35 early and 29 advanced AJCC stage) patients with OSSN formed part of this study and were followed up for 36-58 (mean 48±3.6) months. Immunohistochemical expression of the p16INK4a protein and methylation status of the p16INK4a gene were determined by methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS Overexpression of p16INK4a was observed in 18/64 (28%) and hypermethylation in 35/64 (54.7%) OSSN cases. A gradual significant increase in the expression of p16INK4a (0%-48%, P=0.03) and decrease in its methylation (75%-16%, P=0.001) was observed with disease progression from early to advanced tumour stage. Overexpression of p16INK4a was significantly associated with palpebral location and diffuse growth pattern in both early and advanced T stage. Hypermethylation of p16INK4a was significantly associated with history of longer sunlight exposure in both early and advanced T stage of OSSN cases. In advanced T stage, p16INK4a overexpression was associated with reduced disease-free survival (P=0.02) and poor prognosis (HR, 0.2; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS OSSN patients presenting at an advanced AJCC stage with p16INK4a overexpression may require more aggressive treatment. Epigenetic inactivation of the p16INK4a gene due to sunlight exposure could be responsible for pathogenesis of OSSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Chauhan
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep S Bajaj
- Ophthalmoplasty Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Ophthalmoplasty Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam S Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zhou N, Gu Q. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of p16 protein aberrant expression in colorectal cancer: A PRISMA-compliant Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0195. [PMID: 29561443 PMCID: PMC5895319 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have examined the potential role of p16 protein expression as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cancers. However, it remains unclear whether p16 protein expression is a prognostic and diagnostic factor for colorectal cancer. Therefore, this meta-analysis is conducted to evaluate the associations of p16 protein expression with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. METHODS According to PRISMA guideline, relevant literatures were identified by searching Medicine, Web of Science, WanFang, and CNKI databases. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from included studies to assess the association between p16 protein expression and OS of patients with colorectal cancer. Other relevant data were extracted to evaluate the correlations of p16 protein expression with risk and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. Stata 12.0 software was applied to calculate the strength of association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included to evaluate the association between p16 protein expression and colorectal cancer. Nine studies involving 1731 patients with colorectal cancer found that there was no association between p16 protein expression and OS of colorectal cancer in the overall analysis (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.55-1.10). However, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with a better prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer when cut-off value of p16 protein expression was <10% (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.66). The results of subgroup analysis based on ethnicity indicated that p16 protein overexpression was a risk factor for the occurrence of colorectal cancer in Caucasians (odds ratio = 28.95, 95% CI: 6.08-137.89), but not in Asians. Furthermore, p16 protein overexpression was significantly associated with the Dukes stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis-stage of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS p16 protein overexpression might be a useful biomarker to predict the clinicopathological progress and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
The ARF and INK4a genes are located in the same CDKN2a locus, both showing its tumor suppressive activity. ARF has been shown to detect potentially harmful oncogenic signals, making incipient cancer cells undergo senescence or apoptosis. INK4a, on the other hand, responds to signals from aging in a variety of tissues including islets of Langerhans, neuronal cells, and cancer stem cells in general. It also detects oncogenic signals from incipient cancer cells to induce them senescent to prevent neoplastic transformation. Both of these genes are inactivated by gene deletion, promoter methylation, frame shift, and aberrant splicing although mutations changing the amino acid sequences affect only the latter. Recent studies indicated that polycomb gene products EZH2 and BMI1 repressed p16INK4a expression in primary cells, but not in cells deficient for pRB protein function. It was also reported that that p14ARF inhibits the stability of the p16INK4a protein in human cancer cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts through its interaction with regenerating islet-derived protein 3γ. Overexpression of INK4a is associated with better prognosis of cancer when it is associated with human papilloma virus infection. However, it has a worse prognostic value in other tumors since it is an indicator of pRB loss. The p16INK4a tumor suppressive protein can thus be used as a biomarker to detect early stage cancer cells as well as advanced tumor cells with pRB inactivation since it is not expressed in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Elizabeth A Fry
- The Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Wang JL, Wu JH, Hong C, Wang YN, Zhou Y, Long ZW, Zhou Y, Qin HS. Involvement of Bmi-1 gene in the development of gastrointestinal stromal tumor by regulating p16 Ink4A /p14 ARF gene expressions: An in vivo and in vitro study. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1542-1551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Shi SS, Wang X, Xia QY, Rao Q, Shen Q, Ye SB, Li R, Shi QL, Lu ZF, Ma HH, Zhou XJ. P16 overexpression inBRAF-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 17:195-201. [PMID: 28034324 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1272413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-shan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-yuan Xia
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Rao
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-bin Ye
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qun-li Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-feng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Heng-hui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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13
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Patnaik A, Rosen LS, Tolaney SM, Tolcher AW, Goldman JW, Gandhi L, Papadopoulos KP, Beeram M, Rasco DW, Hilton JF, Nasir A, Beckmann RP, Schade AE, Fulford AD, Nguyen TS, Martinez R, Kulanthaivel P, Li LQ, Frenzel M, Cronier DM, Chan EM, Flaherty KT, Wen PY, Shapiro GI. Efficacy and Safety of Abemaciclib, an Inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, for Patients with Breast Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:740-53. [PMID: 27217383 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects, and antitumor activity of abemaciclib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, in a multicenter study including phase I dose escalation followed by tumor-specific cohorts for breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. A total of 225 patients were enrolled: 33 in dose escalation and 192 in tumor-specific cohorts. Dose-limiting toxicity was grade 3 fatigue. The maximum tolerated dose was 200 mg every 12 hours. The most common possibly related treatment-emergent adverse events involved fatigue and the gastrointestinal, renal, or hematopoietic systems. Plasma concentrations increased with dose, and pharmacodynamic effects were observed in proliferating keratinocytes and tumors. Radiographic responses were achieved in previously treated patients with breast cancer, NSCLC, and melanoma. For hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, the overall response rate was 31%; moreover, 61% of patients achieved either response or stable disease lasting ≥6 months. SIGNIFICANCE Abemaciclib represents the first selective inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6 with a safety profile allowing continuous dosing to achieve sustained target inhibition. This first-in-human experience demonstrates single-agent activity for patients with advanced breast cancer, NSCLC, and other solid tumors. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 740-53. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Lim et al., p. 697This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Patnaik
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Lee S Rosen
- University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Leena Gandhi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Drew W Rasco
- South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Aejaz Nasir
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lily Q Li
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Wu CL, Wang Y, Jin B, Chen H, Xie BS, Mao ZB. Senescence-associated Long Non-coding RNA (SALNR) Delays Oncogene-induced Senescence through NF90 Regulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30175-92. [PMID: 26491010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as key players in many physiologic and pathologic processes. Although many lncRNAs have been identified, few lncRNAs have been characterized functionally in aging. In this study, we used human fibroblast cells to investigate genome-wide lncRNA expression during cellular senescence. We identified 968 down-regulated lncRNAs and 899 up-regulated lncRNAs in senescent cells compared with young cells. Among these lncRNAs, we characterized a senescence-associated lncRNA (SALNR), whose expression was reduced during cellular senescence and in premalignant colon adenomas. Overexpression of SALNR delayed cellular senescence in fibroblast cells. Furthermore, we found that SALNR interacts with NF90 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, 90 kDa), an RNA-binding protein suppressing miRNA biogenesis. We demonstrated that NF90 is a SALNR downstream target, whose inhibition led to premature senescence and enhanced expressions of senescence-associated miRNAs. Moreover, our data showed that Ras-induced stress promotes NF90 nucleolus translocation and suppresses its ability to suppress senescence-associated miRNA biogenesis, which could be rescued by SALNR overexpression. These data suggest that lncRNA SALNR modulates cellular senescence at least partly through changing NF90 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lin Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory for "Posttranslational Modification and Cellular Function," Health Science Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Wang
- the Departments of Urology and Microbiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, and
| | - Bo Jin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory for "Posttranslational Modification and Cellular Function," Health Science Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Chen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory for "Posttranslational Modification and Cellular Function," Health Science Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bu-Shan Xie
- the Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Zheng Street, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Ze-Bin Mao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory for "Posttranslational Modification and Cellular Function," Health Science Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China,
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15
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Boquoi A, Arora S, Chen T, Litwin S, Koh J, Enders GH. Reversible cell cycle inhibition and premature aging features imposed by conditional expression of p16Ink4a. Aging Cell 2015; 14:139-47. [PMID: 25481981 PMCID: PMC4326901 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p16Ink4a (p16) is a canonical mediator of cellular senescence and accumulates in aging tissues, where it constrains proliferation of some progenitor cells. However, whether p16 induction in tissues is sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation, mediate senescence, and/or impose aging features has remained unclear. To address these issues, we generated transgenic mice that permit conditional p16 expression. Broad induction at weaning inhibited proliferation of intestinal transit-amplifying and Lgr5+ stem cells and rapidly imposed features of aging, including hair loss, skin wrinkling, reduced body weight and subcutaneous fat, an increased myeloid fraction in peripheral blood, poor dentition, and cataracts. Aging features were observed with multiple combinations of p16 transgenes and transactivators and were largely abrogated by a germline Cdk4 R24C mutation, confirming that they reflect Cdk inhibition. Senescence markers were not found, and de-induction of p16, even after weeks of sustained expression, allowed rapid recovery of intestinal cell proliferation and reversal of aging features in most mice. These results suggest that p16-mediated inhibition of Cdk activity is sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation and impose aging features in somatic tissues of mammals and that at least some of these aging features are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Boquoi
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sanjeevani Arora
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sam Litwin
- Department of Biostatistics Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
| | - James Koh
- Department of Surgery Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA
| | - Greg H. Enders
- Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Medicine Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia PA USA
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16
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Jin B, Wang Y, Wu CL, Liu KY, Chen H, Mao ZB. PIM-1 modulates cellular senescence and links IL-6 signaling to heterochromatin formation. Aging Cell 2014; 13:879-89. [PMID: 25040935 PMCID: PMC4331745 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable state of proliferative arrest that provides a barrier against malignant transformation and contributes to the antitumor activity of certain chemotherapies. Unexpectedly, we found that the expression of proto-oncogene PIM-1, which can promote tumorigenesis, is induced at transcriptional level during senescence. Inhibition of PIM-1 alleviated both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence. Conversely, ectopic expression of PIM-1 resulted in premature senescence. We also revealed that PIM-1 interacts with and phosphorylates heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) on Ser93. This PIM-1-mediated HP1γ phosphorylation enhanced HP1γ's capacity to bind to H3K9me3, resulting in heterochromatin formation and suppression of proliferative genes, such as CCNA2 and PCNA. Analysis of the mechanism underlying the up-regulation of PIM-1 expression during senescence demonstrated that IL-6, a critical regulator of cellular senescence, is responsible for PIM-1 induction. Our study demonstrated that PIM-1 is a key component of the senescence machinery that contributes to heterochromatin formation. More importantly, we demonstrated that PIM-1 is also a direct target of IL-6/STAT3 signaling and mediates cytokine-induced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Health Science Center Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology School of Medicine New York University 550 First Avenue New York NY 10016USA
| | - Chen Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Health Science Center Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191China
| | - Kai Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Health Science Center Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Health Science Center Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191China
| | - Ze Bin Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Health Science Center Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191China
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17
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Zhu B, Ferry CH, Markell LK, Blazanin N, Glick AB, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) promotes oncogene-induced cellular senescence through repression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20102-19. [PMID: 24898257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress-associated unfolded protein response (UPR) can promote cancer cell survival, but it remains unclear whether they can influence oncogene-induced senescence. The present study examined the role of ER stress in senescence using oncogene-dependent models. Increased ER stress attenuated senescence in part by up-regulating phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) and decreasing phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK). A positive feed forward loop between p-AKT, ER stress, and UPR was discovered whereby a transient increase of ER stress caused reduced senescence and promotion of tumorigenesis. Decreased ER stress was further correlated with increased senescence in both mouse and human tumors. Interestingly, H-RAS-expressing Pparβ/δ null cells and tumors having increased cell proliferation exhibited enhanced ER stress, decreased cellular senescence, and/or enhanced tumorigenicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate a new role for ER stress and UPR that attenuates H-RAS-induced senescence and suggest that PPARβ/δ can repress this oncogene-induced ER stress to promote senescence in accordance with its role as a tumor modifier that suppresses carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Zhu
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
| | - Christina H Ferry
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
| | - Lauren K Markell
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
| | - Nicholas Blazanin
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
| | - Adam B Glick
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- the Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- From the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 and
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18
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Alhejaily A, Day AG, Feilotter HE, Baetz T, Lebrun DP. Inactivation of the CDKN2A tumor-suppressor gene by deletion or methylation is common at diagnosis in follicular lymphoma and associated with poor clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1676-86. [PMID: 24449825 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Follicular lymphoma, the most common indolent lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous. CDKN2A encodes the tumor suppressors p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) and frequently suffers deleterious alterations in cancer. We investigated the hypothesis that deletion or hypermethylation of CDKN2A might identify follicular lymphoma cases with distinct clinical or pathologic features potentially amenable to tailored clinical management. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Deletion of CDKN2A was detected in pretreatment biopsy specimens using a single nucleotide polymorphism-based approach or endpoint PCR, and methylation of CpG elements in CDKN2A was quantified by methylation-specific PCR. Correlations between CDKN2A status and pathologic or clinical characteristics, including overall survival (OS), were investigated in 106 cases using standard statistical methods. RESULTS Deletion of CDKN2A was detected in 9 of 111 samples (8%) and methylation was detectable in 22 of 113 (19%). CDKN2A was either deleted or methylated in 29 of 106 cases (27%) and this status was associated with inferior OS especially among patients treated with rituximab (P = 0.004). CDKN2A deletion or methylation was associated with more advanced age (P = 0.012) and normal hemoglobin (P = 0.05) but not with sex, FLIPI score, ECOG stage, LDH, performance status, number of involved nodal sites, B symptoms, histologic grade, the presence of a component of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, proliferation index, or other pathologic factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that deletion or methylation of CDKN2A is relatively common in pretreatment follicular lymphoma biopsy specimens and defines a group of cases associated with reduced survival in the rituximab era presumably on the basis of more aggressive disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen Alhejaily
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University; Clinical Research Centre; and Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Zhu B, Ferry CH, Blazanin N, Bility MT, Khozoie C, Kang BH, Glick AB, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. PPARβ/δ promotes HRAS-induced senescence and tumor suppression by potentiating p-ERK and repressing p-AKT signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:5348-59. [PMID: 24213576 PMCID: PMC4017002 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) inhibits skin tumorigenesis through mechanisms that may be dependent on HRAS signaling. The present study examined the hypothesis that PPARβ/δ promotes HRAS-induced senescence resulting in suppression of tumorigenesis. PPARβ/δ expression increased p-ERK and decreased p-AKT activity. Increased p-ERK activity results from the dampened HRAS-induced negative feedback response mediated in part through transcriptional upregulation of RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 (RASGRP1) by PPARβ/δ. Decreased p-AKT activity results from repression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) expression. Decreased p-AKT activity in turn promotes cellular senescence through upregulation of p53 and p27 expression. Both over-expression of RASGRP1 and shRNA-mediated knockdown of ILK partially restore cellular senescence in Pparβ/δ-null cells. Higher PPARβ/δ expression is also correlated with increased senescence observed in human benign neurofibromas and colon adenoma lesions in vivo. These results demonstrate that PPARβ/δ promotes senescence to inhibit tumorigenesis and provide new mechanistic insights into HRAS-induced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C H Ferry
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - N Blazanin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M T Bility
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C Khozoie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - B-H Kang
- Preclinical Research Center, Chemon, Yongin-Si, Korea
| | - A B Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - F J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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20
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Hunter SM, Gorringe KL, Christie M, Rowley SM, Bowtell DD, Campbell IG. Pre-Invasive Ovarian Mucinous Tumors Are Characterized by CDKN2A and RAS Pathway Aberrations. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5267-77. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Evidence for DNA damage checkpoint activation in barrett esophagus. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:33-42. [PMID: 20165693 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett esophagus is an epithelial metaplasia that predisposes to adenocarcinoma. Better markers of cancer risk are urgently needed to identify those patients who are likely to benefit most from emerging methods of endoscopic ablation. Disease progression is associated with genomic DNA changes (segmental gains, losses, or loss of heterozygosity). Although these changes are not easily assayed directly, we hypothesized that the underlying DNA damage should activate a DNA damage response (DDR), detectable by immunohistochemical (IHC) assays of checkpoint proteins and the resulting replicative phase cell cycle delays. Surgical specimens and endoscopic biopsies (N = 28) were subjected to IHC for the cell cycle markers cyclin A and phosphorylated histone H3 (P-H3), the DDR markers gammaH2AX and phosphorylated ATM/ATR substrates (P-ATM/ATRsub), and the DNA damage-responsive tumor suppressors p16 and p53. Correlations were made with histologic diagnoses. The fractions of cells that stained for cyclin A, P-H3, and gammaH2AX increased in parallel in dysplastic tissue, consistent with checkpoint-mediated cell cycle delays. Foci of nuclear gammaH2AX and P-ATM/ATRsub were demonstrated by standard and confocal immunofluorescence. Staining for p16 was more prevalent in early-stage disease with lower staining for gammaH2AX and P-H3. Staining for p53 was moderately increased in some early-stage disease and strongly increased in some advanced disease, consistent with checkpoint-mediated induction and mutational inactivation of p53, respectively. We suggest that IHC for DDR-associated markers may help stratify risk of disease progression in Barrett.
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22
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Romagosa C, Simonetti S, López-Vicente L, Mazo A, Lleonart ME, Castellvi J, Ramon y Cajal S. p16(Ink4a) overexpression in cancer: a tumor suppressor gene associated with senescence and high-grade tumors. Oncogene 2011; 30:2087-97. [PMID: 21297668 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p16(Ink4a) is a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle. Currently, p16(Ink4a) is considered a tumor suppressor protein because of its physiological role and downregulated expression in a large number of tumors. Intriguingly, overexpression of p16(Ink4a) has also been described in several tumors. This review attempts to elucidate when and why p16(Ink4a) overexpression occurs, and to suggest possible implications of p16(Ink4a) in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romagosa
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Almost half a century after the first reports describing the limited replicative potential of primary cells in culture, there is now overwhelming evidence for the existence of "cellular senescence" in vivo. It is being recognized as a critical feature of mammalian cells to suppress tumorigenesis, acting alongside cell death programs. Here, we review the various features of cellular senescence and discuss their contribution to tumor suppression. Additionally, we highlight the power and limitations of the biomarkers currently used to identify senescent cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuilman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Csepregi A, Ebert MPA, Röcken C, Schneider-Stock R, Hoffmann J, Schulz HU, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Promoter methylation of CDKN2A and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:317. [PMID: 20569442 PMCID: PMC2927998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The product of CDKN2A, p16 is an essential regulator of the cell cycle controlling the entry into the S-phase. Herein, we evaluated CDKN2A promoter methylation and p16 protein expression for the differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other liver tumors. METHODS Tumor and corresponding non-tumor liver tissue samples were obtained from 85 patients with liver tumors. CDKN2A promoter methylation was studied using MethyLight technique and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). In the MethyLight analysis, samples with > or = 4% of PMR (percentage of methylated reference) were regarded as hypermethylated. p16 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue sections (n = 148) obtained from 81 patients using an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 (no expression) to 6 (strong expression). RESULTS Hypermethylation of the CDKN2A promoter was found in 23 HCCs (69.7%; mean PMR = 42.34 +/- 27.8%), six (20.7%; mean PMR = 31.85 +/- 18%) liver metastases and in the extralesional tissue of only one patient. Using MSP, 32% of the non-tumor (n = 85), 70% of the HCCs, 40% of the CCCs and 24% of the liver metastases were hypermethylated. Correspondingly, nuclear p16 expression was found immunohistochemically in five (10.9%, mean IRS = 0.5) HCCs, 23 (92%; mean IRS = 4.9) metastases and only occasionally in hepatocytes of non-lesional liver tissues (mean IRS = 1.2). The difference of CDKN2A-methylation and p16 protein expression between HCCs and liver metastases was statistically significant (p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Promoter methylation of CDKN2A gene and lack of p16 expression characterize patients with HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/analysis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Csepregi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Hufeland Klinikum GmbH Bad Langensalza, 99947 Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Matthias PA Ebert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrecht University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hoffmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Schulz
- Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Albert Roessner
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Mitomi H, Fukui N, Tanaka N, Kanazawa H, Saito T, Matsuoka T, Yao T. Aberrant p16((INK4a)) methylation is a frequent event in colorectal cancers: prognostic value and relation to mRNA expression and immunoreactivity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:323-31. [PMID: 19779933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aberrant p16((INK4a)) promoter methylation is common in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its clinicopathological significance remains controversial. The present study was therefore conducted to analyze p16((INK4a)) methylation and its relationship to clinicopathological features, mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in a series of lesions. METHODS p16((INK4a)) methylation was assessed for normal mucosa (n = 30) and CRC samples (n = 212) by methylation-specific real-time quantitative PCR, and p16((INK4a)) expression by immunostaining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. In addition, fresh DNA (n = 61) was analyzed for relationships to p16((INK4a)) mRNA by reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS The p16((INK4a)) methylation index of normal mucosa samples ranged from 0 to 2% (mean, 0.23%; median, 0.02%), while the values for tumor samples varied widely from 0 to 100% (mean, 25.7%; median, 7.1%), the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). Of 151 paraffin-embedded CRC tissue samples, 51 (34%), 54 (36%), and 46 (30%) were classified as low, intermediate, and high for aberrant methylation of p16((INK4a)). High p16((INK4a)) methylation was significantly associated with large tumor size (P = 0.025). Patients with higher methylation further showed more frequent recurrence as compared with the low-methylation group, and shortened cancer-related survival (Hazard ratio [HR], 3.379; P < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (HR, 3.962; P < 0.001 on multivariate analysis). A significant inverse relationship was apparent between the p16((INK4a)) methylation and immunoreactivity (P = 0.017). A similar tendency was also observed for the methylation status and the mRNA level (P = 0.195). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that p16((INK4a)) methylation results in transcriptional silencing and defines a group of CRCs with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mitomi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Boquoi A, Chen T, Enders GH. Chemoprevention of mouse intestinal tumorigenesis by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor SNS-032. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:800-6. [PMID: 19723896 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in screening and treatment, colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) are deregulated in colorectal cancer by silencing of the Cdk inhibitor p16(Ink4a) and other mechanisms. We tested whether the small molecule Cdk inhibitor SNS-032 (formerly BMS-387032), which targets Cdk2, Cdk7, and Cdk9, can prevent intestinal tumorigenesis in mouse models. We generated mice with high intestinal tumor loads by combining the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mutation with Ink4a/Arf mutations and inducing colitis with dextran sulfate sodium. p16-null Min mice (n = 17) began dextran sulfate sodium treatment at week 5 and i.p. injection of carrier or SNS-032 at week 6. Mice were sacrificed at week 12. SNS-032 was well tolerated and reduced colon tumor burden to 36% of that in carrier-treated mice (P < 0.001). We then extended the study to Ink4/Arf-null Min mice (n = 14) and increased the drug dose frequency. SNS-032 treatment reduced the intestinal tumor number to 25% and intestinal tumor burden to 16% of carrier-treated mice (P < 0.0001). DNA synthesis in non-neoplastic and tumor epithelial cells, detected by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, was modestly reduced by acute SNS-032 treatment. The mitotic index, detected by histone H3 phosphorylation, was distinctly decreased (P < 0.03), and apoptosis, detected by caspase 3 activation, was increased (P < 0.005). These results show the chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis by SNS-032. Our findings support further study of Cdk inhibitors for chemoprevention and therapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Boquoi
- Department of Medicine, Epigenetics and Progenitor Cell Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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p53 isoforms Delta133p53 and p53beta are endogenous regulators of replicative cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:1135-42. [PMID: 19701195 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The finite proliferative potential of normal human cells leads to replicative cellular senescence, which is a critical barrier to tumour progression in vivo. We show that the human p53 isoforms Delta133p53 and p53beta function in an endogenous regulatory mechanism for p53-mediated replicative senescence. Induced p53beta and diminished Delta133p53 were associated with replicative senescence, but not oncogene-induced senescence, in normal human fibroblasts. The replicatively senescent fibroblasts also expressed increased levels of miR-34a, a p53-induced microRNA, the antisense inhibition of which delayed the onset of replicative senescence. The siRNA (short interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of endogenous Delta133p53 induced cellular senescence, which was attributed to the regulation of p21(WAF1) and other p53 transcriptional target genes. In overexpression experiments, whereas p53beta cooperated with full-length p53 to accelerate cellular senescence, Delta133p53 repressed miR-34a expression and extended the cellular replicative lifespan, providing a functional connection of this microRNA to the p53 isoform-mediated regulation of senescence. The senescence-associated signature of p53 isoform expression (that is, elevated p53beta and reduced Delta133p53) was observed in vivo in colon adenomas with senescent phenotypes. The increased Delta133p53 and decreased p53beta isoform expression found in colon carcinoma may signal an escape from the senescence barrier during the progression from adenoma to carcinoma.
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Payá A, Alenda C, Pérez-Carbonell L, Rojas E, Soto JL, Guillén C, Castillejo A, Barberá VM, Carrato A, Castells A, Llor X, Andreu M, Koh J, Enders GH, Benlloch S, Jover R. Utility of p16 immunohistochemistry for the identification of Lynch syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3156-62. [PMID: 19383812 PMCID: PMC2825754 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins has shown utility in the identification of Lynch syndrome, but majority of tumors with loss of MLH1 expression are due to sporadic hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. These tumors can also show epigenetic silencing of other genes, such as p16. The aim of our study is to evaluate the utility of p16 immunohistochemistry in the prediction of MLH1 germline mutations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN p16 immunohistochemistry was appropriately evaluated in 79 colorectal cancers with loss of MLH1 expression. Methylation of MLH1 and p16 were quantitatively studied using real-time PCR assay Methylight. BRAF V600E mutation in tumor tissue was also investigated. Genetic testing for germline mutation of MLH1 was made on 52 patients. RESULTS Loss of p16 expression was seen in 21 of 79 samples (26.6%). There was found statistically significant association between p16 expression and p16 methylation (P < 0.001), MLH1 methylation (P < 0.001), and BRAF mutation (P < 0.005). All tumors with loss of p16 expression showed hypermethylation of p16 (21 of 21), 95.2% (20 of 21) showed MLH1 methylation, and 71.4% (15 of 21) were mutated for BRAF V600E. Mutational analysis showed pathogenic germline mutations in 8 of the patients, harboring 10 tumors. All 10 of these tumors showed normal staining of p16 in the immunochemical analysis. CONCLUSIONS p16 immunohistochemistry is a good surrogate marker for p16 and MLH1 epigenetic silencing due to hypermethylation, and is useful as screening tool in the selection of patients for genetic testing in Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemio Payá
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Marx A, Wandrey T, Simon P, Wewer A, Grob T, Reichelt U, Minner S, Simon R, Spehlmann M, Tigges W, Soehendra N, Seitz U, Seewald S, Izbicki JR, Yekebas E, Kaifi JT, Mirlacher M, Terracciano L, Fleischmann A, Raedler A, Sauter G. Combined α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase/p53 analysis to identify dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Boquoi A, Jover R, Chen T, Pennings M, Enders G. Transgenic expression of VEGF in intestinal epithelium drives mesenchymal cell interactions and epithelial neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:596-606.e4. [PMID: 19056388 PMCID: PMC2824597 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed robustly in human colon neoplasia and is a major new "rational" target of therapy for cancers of the colon and other organs. Nonetheless, the mechanism(s) of action of VEGF-targeted therapies and the biologic roles of VEGF in tumorigenesis have not been well defined. We used a transgenic approach to directly test the hypothesis that augmented VEGF expression can drive progression of intestinal neoplasia. METHODS Transgenic mouse lines were generated with moderate (vilVEGF1) and high (vilVEGF2) VEGF expression from the intestinal epithelium. vilVEGF1 mice were bred to Min mice (adenomatous polyposis coli [APC] +/-). Colon epithelial cells from an APC patient were cocultured with endothelial cells and fibroblasts. RESULTS vilVEGF mice were generally healthy but displayed red small intestines. Vessels were larger and more numerous in the submucosa but not the mucosa. The mucosa showed striking stromal and epithelial hypercellularity, with increased epithelial proliferation. Many crypts formed cysts composed of relatively undifferentiated epithelial cells surrounded by cells with endothelial and myofibroblast markers. Compared with Min controls, vilVEGF1-Min mice developed 6-fold more intestinal adenomas of all sizes, with more advanced histologic features. Polycystic masses were also observed. Coculture of human colonocytes with endothelial cells and fibroblasts directly stimulated colonocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Augmented VEGF expression from intestinal epithelium potently stimulated cross talk with mesenchymal cells and proliferation of normal and neoplastic epithelium. These effects of VEGF, largely occurring prior to the canonical angiogenic switch in tumors, may be in part independent of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Boquoi
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rodrigo Jover
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Unidad de Gastroenterología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Tina Chen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marieke Pennings
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Greg Enders
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Wassermann S, Scheel SK, Hiendlmeyer E, Palmqvist R, Horst D, Hlubek F, Haynl A, Kriegl L, Reu S, Merkel S, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Jung A. p16INK4a is a beta-catenin target gene and indicates low survival in human colorectal tumors. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:196-205.e2. [PMID: 18951899 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human colorectal carcinomas display an infiltrative front of invasion where tumor cells undergo an epithelomesenchymal transition associated with low survival. Epithelomesenchymal transition is regulated by a nuclear beta-catenin accumulation, and subsequently, activation of beta-catenin/TCF4 target genes similar to CYCLIN D(1). Unexpectedly, these tumor cells are characterized by low proliferation, which correlates with the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4A). Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of p16(INK4A) in colorectal cancer and its correlation with survival. METHODS Molecular biological techniques were used for investigating the transcriptional mechanisms of the p16(INK4A) gene regulation. Moreover, p16(INK4A) expression was correlated with the 10-year survival of patients with colorectal carcinomas. RESULTS In colorectal carcinomas, expression of the p16(INK4A) gene is regulated by beta-catenin/TCF4 and correlates with low survival rates of patients with tumors displaying an infiltrative front of invasion. CONCLUSIONS beta-catenin/TCF4 regulates cell cycle promoting (c-MYC, CYCLIN D(1)) and inhibiting genes (p16(INK4A)) at the same time in the mesenchymally differentiated tumor cells at the front of invasion. The function of p16(INK4A) seems to supersede in this context thus leading to low proliferation. Moreover, these tumor cells seem to govern the outcome of colorectal cancer independently of their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Wassermann
- Pathologisch-Anatomisches Institut der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Adams PD, Enders GH. Wnt-signaling and senescence: A tug of war in early neoplasia? Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1706-11. [PMID: 18836285 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.11.6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of early neoplasia have revealed fundamental molecular pathways that drive tumorigenesis. Despite this progress, synthesis of principles of tumorigenesis that span tissue types has lagged. Such forays into the 'comparative anatomy' of cancer can stimulate new models and refine key questions. We envision commonality of pathways important in formation of two early benign neoplasms that are found in different tissues and which are not generally thought to be similar: dysplastic nevi of the skin and intestinal aberrant crypt foci. We propose that these neoplasms result from an ongoing 'tug of war' between the tumor suppression barrier posed by cellular senescence and the tumor-promoting activity of Wnt-signaling. Whether or not such neoplasms progress to malignancy or persist in a benign state for many years might be largely determined by the outcome of this tug of war and its modulation by other genetic and epigenetic alterations, such as inactivation of p16(INK4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Adams
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Orlando FA, Tan D, Baltodano JD, Khoury T, Gibbs JF, Hassid VJ, Ahmed BH, Alrawi SJ. Aberrant crypt foci as precursors in colorectal cancer progression. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:207-13. [PMID: 18623110 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer progression originates when accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations cause genomic instability and a malignant phenotype. Subsequent molecular pathway deregulation leads to histopathologic changes that are clinically evident as aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and visualized by high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy. ACF are biomarkers of increased colorectal cancer risk, particularly those with dysplastic features. Genetic profiling using genomic instability, loss of heterozygosity, and methylation analysis has revealed a minority population of ACF genotypically analogous to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Orlando
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Kishimoto I, Mitomi H, Ohkura Y, Kanazawa H, Fukui N, Watanabe M. Abnormal expression of p16(INK4a), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and retinoblastoma protein in gastric carcinomas. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98:60-6. [PMID: 18484097 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The p16(INK4a) (p16), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and retinoblastoma (Rb) genes are components of the Rb pathway that controls the G1-S checkpoint of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between their abnormalities and clinicopathological features in gastric carcinomas. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of the encoded proteins was performed on a series of 158 cases. RESULTS Loss of p16/Rb protein (pRb) expression and overexpression of cyclin D1/CDK4 were observed in 49%/40% and 37%/37% of gastric carcinomas, respectively. At least 1 of these abnormalities was found in 86% of the cases and a positive correlation was noted between p16 and pRb (P = 0.009). Cyclin D1 (P = 0.042) and CDK4 (P = 0.008) overexpession was inversely associated with lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion, respectively. Loss of pRb expression was more frequently in diffuse type lesions than in the intestinal type (P = 0.022). The patients with p16+/pRb-/cyclin D1-/CDK4- or p16-/pRb+/cyclin D1-/CDK4- tumors demonstrated particularly poor survival. With multivariate survival analysis, only depth of invasion and TNM stage could be proven as independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS The Rb pathway is disrupted in the vast majority of gastric carcinomas. This study also identified specific immunohistochemical marker profiles for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kishimoto
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kuilman T, Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LCW, Douma S, van Doorn R, Desmet CJ, Aarden LA, Mooi WJ, Peeper DS. Oncogene-induced senescence relayed by an interleukin-dependent inflammatory network. Cell 2008; 133:1019-31. [PMID: 18555778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1452] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced cellular senescence (OIS) is emerging as a potent cancer-protective response to oncogenic events, serving to eliminate early neoplastic cells from the proliferative pool. Using combined genetic and bioinformatic analysis, we find that OIS is linked specifically to the activation of an inflammatory transcriptome. Induced genes included the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which upon secretion by senescent cells acted mitogenically in a paracrine fashion. Unexpectedly, IL-6 was also required for the execution of OIS, but in a cell-autonomous mode. Its depletion caused the inflammatory network to collapse and abolished senescence entry and maintenance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the transcription factor C/EBPbeta cooperates with IL-6 to amplify the activation of the inflammatory network, including IL-8. In human colon adenomas, IL-8 specifically colocalized with arrested, p16(INK4A)-positive epithelium. We propose a model in which the context-dependent cytostatic and promitogenic functions of specific interleukins contribute to connect senescence with an inflammatory phenotype and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuilman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Keyes MK, Jang H, Mason JB, Liu Z, Crott JW, Smith DE, Friso S, Choi SW. Older age and dietary folate are determinants of genomic and p16-specific DNA methylation in mouse colon. J Nutr 2007; 137:1713-7. [PMID: 17585020 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.7.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Older age and inadequate folate intake are strongly implicated as important risk factors for colon cancer and each is associated with altered DNA methylation. This study was designed to determine the effects of aging and dietary folate on select features of DNA methylation in the colon that are relevant to carcinogenesis. Old (18 mo; n = 34) and young (4 mo; n = 32) male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups and fed diets containing 0, 4.5, or 18 mumol folate/kg (deplete, replete, and supplemented groups, respectively) for 20 wk. Genomic DNA methylation and p16 promoter methylation in the colonic mucosa were analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/MS and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. p16 gene expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Old mice had significantly lower genomic DNA methylation compared with young mice at each level of dietary folate (4.5 +/- 0.2, 4.8 +/- 0.1, and 4.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.1, 5.3 +/- 0.2, and 5.9 +/- 0.2%, in folate-deplete, -replete, and -supplemented groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and markedly higher p16 promoter methylation (61.0 +/- 2.7, 69.7 +/- 6.9, and 87.1 +/- 13.4 vs. 10.8 +/- 3.6, 8.4 +/- 1.8, and 4.9 +/- 1.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). In old mice, genomic and p16 promoter DNA methylation each increased in a manner that was directly related to dietary folate (P(trend) = 0.009). Age-related enhancement of p16 expression occurred in folate-replete (P = 0.001) and folate-supplemented groups (P = 0.041), but not in the folate-deplete group. In conclusion, aging decreases genomic DNA methylation and increases promoter methylation and expression of p16 in mouse colons. This effect is dependent on the level of dietary folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Keyes
- Vitamins and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02478, USA
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Kim DH, Sohn JH, Kim MK, Lee KB, Kang SH, Chae SW. The Expression of p16 in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma and Its Prognostic Implications. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2007.42.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Sohn
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Kang
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ball E, Bond J, Franc B, Demicco C, Wynford-Thomas D. An immunohistochemical study of p16(INK4a) expression in multistep thyroid tumourigenesis. Eur J Cancer 2006; 43:194-201. [PMID: 17046239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal human thyroid follicular epithelial cells exhibit a very low proliferative rate which in vitro is dramatically increased by RAS oncogene activation, resulting in clones displaying a phenotype consistent with that of a ras-induced follicular adenoma in vivo. Eventual spontaneous cessation of growth of these clones is closely correlated with increasing expression of the tumour suppressor gene p16(INK4a), suggesting that p16 may limit clonal expansion in this tumour model. We therefore hypothesised that p16 expression would also increase in vivo in follicular adenomas, and further that escape from growth control in follicular cancers would be accompanied by loss of p16 expression. This was tested using tissue microarrays, representing multiple stages of thyroid tumourigenesis. Whereas the majority of normal thyroids showed no immunostaining, p16 protein was readily detectable in follicular adenomas. Unexpectedly, however, p16 expression was also observed in follicular and papillary carcinomas. Poorly differentiated (insular) carcinomas showed either very intense staining, or a complete loss of staining. We conclude that loss of p16 is not necessary for malignant transformation in thyroid follicular cells, but that it may form one of two or more events needed for progression to more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ball
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Furth EE, Gustafson KS, Dai CY, Gibson SL, Menard-Katcher P, Chen T, Koh J, Enders GH. Induction of the tumor-suppressor p16(INK4a) within regenerative epithelial crypts in ulcerative colitis. Neoplasia 2006; 8:429-36. [PMID: 16820088 PMCID: PMC1601464 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p16(INK4a) is a major tumor-suppressor protein, but its regulation and settings of fuction remain poorly understood. To explore the notion that p16 is induced in vivo in response to replicative stress, we examined p16 expression in tissues from human ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 25) and normal controls (n = 20). p16 was expressed strongly in UC-associated neoplasms (n = 17), as seen previously in sporadic colonic neoplasms. In non-neoplastic UC epithelium, p16 was expressed in 33% of crypts (the proliferative compartment) compared to < 1% of normal controls. p16 expression did not correlate with degree of inflammation but did correlate with the degree of crypt architecture distortion (P = .002)-a reflection of epithelial regeneration. In coimmunofluorescence studies with Ki67, p16 expression was associated with cell cycle arrest (P < .001). Both UC and normal crypts displayed evidence for the activation of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, and p16 was induced in primary cultures of normal epithelial cells by ionizing irradiation (IR). However, induction by IR displayed delayed kinetics, implying that p16 is not an immediate target of the checkpoint pathway. These findings support a model in which p16 is induced as an "emergency brake" in cells experiencing sustained replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Carneiro FP, Ramalho LNZ, Britto-Garcia S, Ribeiro-Silva A, Zucoloto S. Immunohistochemical expression of p16, p53, and p63 in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49:588-94. [PMID: 16575619 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-006-0515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of p16, p53, and p63 proteins according to some pathologic parameters related to colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas such as grade of dysplasia and histologic type. METHODS Immunohistochemistry with the antibodies p16, p53, and p63 was performed in tubular, tubular-villous, and villous adenomas (n = 30) and in well, moderately, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (n = 30). The p63-positive cases were submitted to double immunolabeling with the cytokeratin 5 (CK5). RESULTS The p16 and p53 labelings were observed in some adenomas and adenocarcinomas but without any association with p63 expression, histologic type, or grade of differentiation of the neoplasm. P63 expression was found mainly in the villous adenomas and in the poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. The poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas also exhibited coexpression of CK5 and p63. CONCLUSIONS Despite both p16 and p53 having been detected in colorectal neoplasms, they were not related to the different histologic variables nor to the expression of p63. However, p63 expression was closely associated with villous adenomas and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. Thus, p63 may represent a marker of poor differentiation in colorectal neoplasms. The coexpression of p63 and CK5 observed in this study could be related to divergent differentiation during the development of colorectal cancer, although further studies are warranted to refine the understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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Griniatsos J, Michail OP, Theocharis S, Arvelakis A, Papaconstantinou I, Felekouras E, Pikoulis E, Karavokyros I, Bakoyiannis C, Marinos G, Bramis J, Michail PO. Circadian variation in expression of G 1 phase cyclins D 1 and E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p21 in human bowel mucosa. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2109-14. [PMID: 16610066 PMCID: PMC4087694 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i13.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate whether the cellular proliferation rate in the large bowel epithelial cells is characterized by circadian rhythm.
METHODS: Between January 2003 and December 2004, twenty patients who were diagnosed as suffering from primary, resectable, non-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum, infiltrating the sphincter mechanism, underwent abdominoperineal resection, total mesorectal excision and permanent left iliac colostomy. In formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens obtained from the colostomy mucosa every six hours (00:00, 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00), we studied the expression of G1 phase cyclins (D1 and E) as well as the expression of the G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16 and p21 as indicators of cell cycle progression in colonic epithelial cells using immunohistochemical methods.
RESULTS: The expression of both cyclins showed a similar circadian fashion obtaining their lowest and highest values at 00:00 and 18:00, respectively (P< 0.001). A circadian rhythm in the expression of CDK inhibitor proteins p16 and p21 was also observed, with the lowest levels obtained at 12:00 and 18:00 (P< 0.001), respectively. When the complexes cyclins D1 - p21 and E - p21 were examined, the expression of the cyclins was adversely correlated to the p21 expression throughout the day. When the complexes the cyclins D1 - p16 and E - p16 were examined, high levels of p16 expression were correlated to low levels of cyclin expression at 00:00, 06:00 and 24:00. Meanwhile, the highest expression levels of both cyclins were correlated to high levels of p16 expression at 18:00.
CONCLUSION: Colonic epithelial cells seem to enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle during afternoon (between 12:00 and 18:00) with the highest rates obtained at 18:00. From a clinical point of view, the present results suggest that G1-phase specific anticancer therapies in afternoon might maximize their anti-tumor effect while minimizing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Griniatsos
- 1st Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece.
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Gibson SL, Boquoi A, Chen T, Sharpless NE, Brensinger C, Enders GH. p16(Ink4a) inhibits histologic progression and angiogenic signaling in min colon tumors. Cancer Biol Ther 2005; 4:1389-94. [PMID: 16322687 PMCID: PMC1924686 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.4.12.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressor locus is widely inactivated in cancer but little is known about the tumor biology of its two products, p16(Ink4a) (p16) and Arf. Both the p16 and Arf promoters are methylated in a significant fraction of human colon carcinomas, implying a functional role. We have demonstrated previously that Ink4a/Arf-null colon tumors display increased growth and vascularity in C57Bl6 mice carrying the Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mutation. We present here an analysis in a mixed genetic background of Min colon tumors (N=215) in mice with or without selective deficiencies in p16 or Arf, respectively. Absence of Arf did not significantly alter tumor formation. In contrast, tumors in mice lacking p16 were moderately larger and redder. Histological analysis demonstrated that these tumors contained significantly more pockets of necrosis (p=0.02), a marker of carcinoma in situ; less apoptosis (p=0.02); and higher red blood cell density (p=0.02, 0.006 within vessels). Biochemical analyses demonstrated increased levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF, p<0.01). Exogenous p16 expression in human colon tumor cells in vitro inhibited VEGF production. These results suggest that p16 constrains colon tumor progression, in part through inhibiting angiogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6140, USA
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43
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Johnstone CN, Castellví-Bel S, Chang LM, Sung RK, Bowser MJ, Piqué JM, Castells A, Rustgi AK. PRR5 encodes a conserved proline-rich protein predominant in kidney: analysis of genomic organization, expression, and mutation status in breast and colorectal carcinomas. Genomics 2005; 85:338-51. [PMID: 15718101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 22q13.31 is a frequent event during human breast and colorectal carcinogenesis. Herein we characterize a novel gene at chromosome 22q13.31 designated PRR5. Alternative promoter usage and splicing converge to generate five PRR5 transcript variants with maximum mRNA expression in kidney. In vitro transcription/translation demonstrated that the five variants generate three protein isoforms differing in their N-terminal length. Mutational analysis of PRR5 in human breast and colorectal tumors did not reveal somatic mutations. However, mRNA expression analyses revealed PRR5 overexpression in a majority of colorectal tumors but substantial downregulation of PRR5 expression in a subset of breast tumors and reduced expression in two breast cancer cell lines. Treatment with trichostatin A increased PRR5 mRNA levels in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine induced expression in MDA-MB-231 cells only. Thus, PRR5 may represent a potential candidate tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Johnstone
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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44
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Pretlow TP, Pretlow TG. Mutant KRAS in aberrant crypt foci (ACF): initiation of colorectal cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1756:83-96. [PMID: 16219426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were first described in 1987, they have been the subjects of hundreds of papers; however, the debate continues about their role in colorectal tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the many phenotypic, genetic and epigenetic alterations in ACF that support the hypothesis that ACF are putative precursors of colorectal cancer in both humans and experimental animals. Human ACF, both with and without dysplasia, are monoclonal and display evidence of chromosomal instability. Both of these characteristics are shared by colorectal cancers. While most ACF do not have APC mutations, a large proportion has KRAS mutations and methylated SFRP1 and SFRP2 genes. This epigenetic inactivation gives rise to constitutive Wnt signaling in these putative precursors of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa P Pretlow
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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45
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Cui X, Shirai Y, Wakai T, Yokoyama N, Hirano S, Hatakeyama K. Aberrant expression of pRb and p16(INK4), alone or in combination, indicates poor outcome after resection in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:1189-95. [PMID: 15492985 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential abnormalities of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p16(INK4a) (p16) expression in resectable colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and to assess the prognostic significance of pRb and p16 levels in patients with CRC. From July 1990 through December 1993, 117 consecutive patients with CRC underwent curative resection with radical lymphadenectomy. The resected specimens were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies to identify abnormalities of pRb and p16 expression. The association of pRb and p16 expression status with clinicopathologic features was analyzed retrospectively. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors independently affecting survival after resection. The median follow-up period was 62 months. Aberrant expression of pRb and p16 was identified in 82 (70%) and 87 (74%) patients, respectively. Coincident abnormalities of these proteins occurred in 61 (52%) patients. Loss of pRb expression correlated with tumor site (P = 0.0119), whereas p16 overexpression correlated with tumor size (P = 0.0034). Coincident abnormalities of pRb and p16 were associated with TNM tumor stage (P = 0.011). The outcome after resection was worse in patients with aberrant expression of pRb and/or p16 than in patients with normally expressed pRb and p16 (for pRb, P = 0.0151; for p16, P = 0.0247). Coincident abnormalities of pRb and p16 indicated the worst patient survival (P = 0.0310). Aberrant expression of pRb and p16 independently affected postresection survival (relative risk = 6.312, P <0.0001; relative risk = 5.994, P <0.0001, respectively). Most CRCs demonstrate aberrant expression of pRb and/or p16 at resectable stages. Aberrant expression of pRb and p16, alone and in combination, heralds poor prognosis in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
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46
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Tada T, Watanabe T, Kanazawa T, Kazama S, Koketsu S, Nagawa H. Genetic characterization of colorectal cancers in young patients based on chromosomal loss and microsatellite instability. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:1134-40. [PMID: 15545173 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410007881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent studies a high frequency of microsatellite instability among colorectal cancers in young patients has been reported, but the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) and chromosomal instability among colorectal cancers in young patients has not yet been fully elucidated. Only one report showed an increased loss of heterozygosity (LOH) ratio at 9p locus, which harbors tumor suppressor genes p16. The LOH and MSI status among colorectal cancers in young patients was examined. METHODS Twenty-five patients under 40 years of age diagnosed with colorectal cancer were examined for MSI and LOH using 17 microsatellite markers, and also p16 expression patterns were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and methylation status of the p16 gene was assessed by methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS MSI was observed in only one case (4%). LOH at 2p, 5q, 9p, 11q, 17p, and 18q was observed in 41%, 59%, 42%, 35%, 46%, and 56% of cases, respectively. Eighty-three percent of patients showed p16-positive expression patterns. Fifty percent of colorectal cancers in young patients exhibited p16 methylation (3/6). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that colorectal cancers in young patients without MSI showed a high frequency of LOH at the 9p locus. However, LOH status at 9p and p16 expression pattern did not show a significant correlation. Other tumor suppressor genes on the 9p, with the exception of p16, may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancers in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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47
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Johnstone CN, Castellví-Bel S, Chang LM, Bessa X, Nakagawa H, Harada H, Sung RK, Piqué JM, Castells A, Rustgi AK. ARHGAP8 is a novel member of the RHOGAP family related to ARHGAP1/CDC42GAP/p50RHOGAP: mutation and expression analyses in colorectal and breast cancers. Gene 2004; 336:59-71. [PMID: 15225876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The RHO family of small GTPases has multiple functions, including regulation of cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle progression and cell migration, among others. The key members of this family are RHO, RAC and CDC42. Active GTP-bound RHO proteins are down-regulated by RHO GTPase-activating proteins (RHOGAPs). Herein, we describe the identification, characterization and mutational analysis of a novel RHOGAP designated as ARHGAP8, which is located within a critical region of loss-of-heterozygosity on chromosome 22q13.31 in breast and colorectal carcinomas. ARHGAP8 shares an identical genomic organization with ARHGAP1/CDC42GAP/p50RHOGAP and the corresponding proteins share the same functional domains that distinguish them from other ARHGAP members. These domains include the C-terminal RHOGAP domain, a central SH3-binding motif, and an N-terminal BNIP-2/CDC42GAP homology (BCH)/Sec14p-like domain. Three alternatively spliced ARHGAP8 transcripts were expressed in normal mammary gland and colon, which differed in the size of the BCH/Sec14p-like domain only. PCR-SSCP analyses revealed a total of six germline missense variants in individuals with colorectal or breast cancer; however, somatic mutations were not identified. Surprisingly, ARHGAP8 expression was up-regulated in the majority of primary colorectal tumors analyzed. Taken together, ARHGAP8 encodes a novel RHOGAP with unique functional domains that is highly homologous to ARHGAP1/CDC42GAP/p50RHOGAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Johnstone
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadellphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Mori H, Yamada Y, Kuno T, Hirose Y. Aberrant crypt foci and beta-catenin accumulated crypts; significance and roles for colorectal carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 2004; 566:191-208. [PMID: 15082237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2002] [Revised: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Preneoplastic or precancerous lesions in the large bowel have been characterized in terms of morphology and histochemical phenotype. However, the detailed histogenesis and relation of particular lesions to malignancies has not yet to be unequivocally clarified. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), identified in whole-mount preparations of colonic mucosa in rodents and also recognized in human colon, are now frequently used as effective surrogate biomarkers for experimentally detection of chemopreventive agents against colorectal cancers, but the preneoplastic or precancerous nature of ACF in rodents and humans still remains inconclusive. Relatively recently, early appearing beta-catenin accumulated crypts (BCAC) have been described in en face preparations of colonic mucosa in rodents which differ from ACF in many features. BCAC are suggested to be premalignant rather than preneoplastic. The pathological significance of both lesions, including their advantages and disadvantages as surrogate end points for large bowel neoplasms, and roles in colorectal carcinogenesis are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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49
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Kim JH, Yoon SY, Kim CN, Joo JH, Moon SK, Choe IS, Choe YK, Kim JW. The Bmi-1 oncoprotein is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer and correlates with the reduced p16INK4a/p14ARF proteins. Cancer Lett 2004; 203:217-24. [PMID: 14732230 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the roles of Bmi-1 in colorectal carcinoma, we examined the expression of Bmi-1 in 41 samples out of 46 colorectal carcinomas by reverse transcription-PCR, whereas all 46 were analyzed by immunostaining. In addition, we analyzed the expression patterns of Bmi-1 in association with p16INK4a and p14ARF (in mouse p19ARF) in a series of colorectal carcinomas. The level of Bmi-1 mRNA in the carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than those of the adjacent non-neoplastic colonic mucosal tissues. Immunohistochemistry for Bmi-1 showed moderate or strong expression levels in 65% (30/46) of colorectal carcinomas. Colorectal carcinomas with moderate or strong Bmi-1 expression were more likely to have low levels of the INK4 locus proteins (p16INK4a/p14ARF) (P<0.07). These results suggested that modulation of Bmi-1 protein might be involved in human colorectal carcinogenesis by repressing the INK4a/ARF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-070, South Korea
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50
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Xie D, Sham JST, Zeng WF, Lin HL, Che LH, Wu HX, Wen JM, Fang Y, Hu L, Guan XY. Heterogeneous expression and association of beta-catenin, p16 and c-myc in multistage colorectal tumorigenesis and progression detected by tissue microarray. Int J Cancer 2004; 107:896-902. [PMID: 14601048 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) arise from adenomas through an archetypal pathogenic pathway, the adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis sequence. Aberrant expression of beta-catenin, p16, E-cadherin and c-myc appears to have played important roles in the development and/or progression of CRC, but their precise distribution pattern and associations in different pathologic loci along CRC's pathogenic pathway have not been thoroughly examined. In this study, a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 85 advanced CRCs in different Dukes stages was constructed. In each of 85 cases, tissue specimens from normal mucosa and primary carcinomas in different layers of the bowel wall were included in the TMA. Tissue specimens from matched adenoma, lymph node metastases and distant metastases were obtained from 22, 21 and 21 cases, respectively. Expression patterns of beta-catenin, p16, E-cadherin and c-myc were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that nuclear expression of beta-catenin, p16 and c-myc was quantitatively increased from normal mucosa to premalignant adenoma, primary carcinoma and lymph node metastatic carcinoma; the frequency of nuclear overexpression of beta-catenin and p16 in lymph node metastases was significantly higher than that in distant metastases (p < 0.05). These results suggest an association between nuclear overexpression of beta-catenin and/or p16 and CRC lymph node metastasis but not distant metastasis. The results also showed that correlative high nuclear expression of beta-catenin and c-myc was observed in primary carcinomas involving the serosa and lymph node metastases (p < 0.05) but not in other pathologic regions of CRCs, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment in different pathologic loci of colorectal tumorigenesis and progression may influence c-myc responsiveness to beta-catenin/Tcf activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Department of Clinical Oncology, 1/F Building, School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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