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Shimamura A, Higashi M, Nagayabu K, Ono S. Stable two- and three-dimensional cholangiocyte culture systems from extrahepatic bile ducts of biliary atresia patients: use of structural and functional bile duct epithelium models for in vitro analyses. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:415-424. [PMID: 38933870 PMCID: PMC11196525 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-024-00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We herein report two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture methods of cholangiocytes originating from extrahepatic bile ducts of biliary atresia (BA) patients. Cells were stabilized for in vitro analyses, and 3D culture by two different methods showed the structural and functional features of cholangiocytes in the gel scaffold. First, cells were obtained from gallbladder contents or resected tissues of patients at surgery and then cultured in our original conditioned medium with a cocktail of signaling inhibitors that maintains the immaturity and amplification of cells. Cells were immortalized by inducing SV40T and hTERT genes using lentivirus systems. Immunostaining with CK19 and Sox9 antibodies confirmed the cells as cholangiocytes. 3D organoids were formed in Matrigel in two different ways: by forming spheroids or via vertical growth from 2D cell sheets (2 + 1D culture). Organoids generated with both methods showed the uptake and excretion of rhodamine-123, and duct-like structures were also found. Our culture methods are simpler than previously reported methods and still show the structural and functional characteristics of cholangiocytes. Thus, this system is expected to be useful for the in vitro investigation of cholangiocyte damage or regeneration in BA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shimamura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Higashi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagayabu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ono
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Gontran E, Loarca L, El Kassis C, Bouzhir L, Ayollo D, Mazari-Arrighi E, Fuchs A, Dupuis-Williams P. Self-Organogenesis from 2D Micropatterns to 3D Biomimetic Biliary Trees. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:112. [PMID: 34436115 PMCID: PMC8389215 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Globally, liver diseases account for 2 million deaths per year. For those with advanced liver disease the only curative approach is liver transplantation. However, less than 10% of those in need get a liver transplant due to limited organ availability. To circumvent this challenge, there has been a great focus in generating a bioengineered liver. Despite its essential role in liver functions, a functional biliary system has not yet been developed. In this framework, exploration of epithelial cell self-organogenesis and microengineering-driven geometrical cell confinement allow to envision the bioengineering of a functional biomimetic intrahepatic biliary tract. APPROACH three-dimensional (3D) bile ducts were built in vitro by restricting cell adhesion to two-dimensional (2D) patterns to guide cell self-organization. Tree shapes mimicking the configuration of the human biliary system were micropatterned on glass slides, restricting cell attachment to these areas. Different tree geometries and culture conditions were explored to stimulate self-organogenesis of normal rat cholangiocytes (NRCs) used as a biliary cell model, either alone or in co-culture with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS Pre-seeding the micropatterns with HUVECs promoted luminogenesis with higher efficiency to yield functional branched biliary tubes. Lumen formation, apico-basal polarity, and preservation of the cholangiocyte phenotype were confirmed. Moreover, intact and functional biliary structures were detached from the micropatterns for further manipulation. CONCLUSION This study presents physiologically relevant 3D biliary duct networks built in vitro from 2D micropatterns. This opens opportunities for investigating bile duct organogenesis, physiopathology, and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gontran
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
- INSERM U-1279, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lorena Loarca
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Cyrille El Kassis
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Latifa Bouzhir
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Dmitry Ayollo
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elsa Mazari-Arrighi
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Fuchs
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Dupuis-Williams
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
- ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, F-75005 Paris, France
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Beta-amyloid deposition around hepatic bile ducts is a novel pathobiological and diagnostic feature of biliary atresia. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1391-1403. [PMID: 32553668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a poorly understood and devastating obstructive bile duct disease of newborns. It is often diagnosed late, is incurable and frequently requires liver transplantation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenesis and molecular signatures associated with BA. METHODS We combined organoid and transcriptomic analysis to gain new insights into BA pathobiology using patient samples and a mouse model of BA. RESULTS Liver organoids derived from patients with BA and a rhesus rotavirus A-infected mouse model of BA, exhibited aberrant morphology and disturbed apical-basal organization. Transcriptomic analysis of BA organoids revealed a shift from cholangiocyte to hepatocyte transcriptional signatures and altered beta-amyloid-related gene expression. Beta-amyloid accumulation was observed around the bile ducts in BA livers and exposure to beta-amyloid induced the aberrant morphology in control organoids. CONCLUSION The novel observation that beta-amyloid accumulates around bile ducts in the livers of patients with BA has important pathobiological implications, as well as diagnostic potential. LAY SUMMARY Biliary atresia is a poorly understood and devastating obstructive bile duct disease of newborns. It is often diagnosed late, is incurable and frequently requires liver transplantation. Using human and mouse 'liver mini-organs in the dish', we unexpectedly identified beta-amyloid deposition - the main pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy - around bile ducts in livers from patients with biliary atresia. This finding reveals a novel pathogenic mechanism that could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Feng S, Wu J, Qiu WL, Yang L, Deng X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Li X, Yu L, Li H, Xu ZR, Xiao Y, Ren X, Zhang L, Wang C, Sun Z, Wang J, Ding X, Chen Y, Gadue P, Pan G, Ogawa M, Ogawa S, Na J, Zhang P, Hui L, Yin H, Chen L, Xu CR, Cheng X. Large-scale Generation of Functional and Transplantable Hepatocytes and Cholangiocytes from Human Endoderm Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108455. [PMID: 33296648 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing therapeutic and pharmaceutical demand for liver cells calls for systems that enable mass production of hepatic cells. Here we describe a large-scale suspension system that uses human endoderm stem cells (hEnSCs) as precursors to generate functional and transplantable hepatocytes (E-heps) or cholangiocytes (E-chos). hEnSC-derived hepatic populations are characterized by single-cell transcriptomic analyses and compared with hESC-derived counterparts, in-vitro-maintained or -expanded primary hepatocytes and adult cells, which reveals that hepatic differentiation of hEnSCs recapitulates in vivo development and that the heterogeneities of the resultant populations can be manipulated by regulating the EGF and MAPK signaling pathways. Functional assessments demonstrate that E-heps and E-chos possess properties comparable with adult counterparts and that, when transplanted intraperitoneally, encapsulated E-heps were able to rescue rats with acute liver failure. Our study lays the foundation for cell-based therapeutic agents and in vitro applications for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Yabin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yini Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongzhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 21008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Gadue
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mina Ogawa
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jie Na
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peilin Zhang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Luonan Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China.
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Bacterial infections are increasingly being recognized as risk factors for the development of adenocarcinomas. The strong epidemiological evidence linking Helicobacter pylori infection to stomach cancer has paved the way to the demonstration that bacterial infections cause DNA damage in the host cells, initiating transformation. In this regard, the role of bacterial genotoxins has become more relevant. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A have been clinically associated with gallbladder cancer. By harnessing the stem cell potential of cells from healthy human gallbladder explant, we regenerated and propagated the epithelium of this organ in vitro and used these cultures to model S. Paratyphi A infection. This study demonstrates the importance of the typhoid toxin, encoded only by these specific serovars, in causing genomic instability in healthy gallbladder cells, posing intoxicated cells at risk of malignant transformation. Carcinoma of the gallbladder (GBC) is the most frequent tumor of the biliary tract. Despite epidemiological studies showing a correlation between chronic infection with Salmonella enterica Typhi/Paratyphi A and GBC, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this fatal connection are still uncertain. The murine serovar Salmonella Typhimurium has been shown to promote transformation of genetically predisposed cells by driving mitogenic signaling. However, insights from this strain remain limited as it lacks the typhoid toxin produced by the human serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. In particular, the CdtB subunit of the typhoid toxin directly induces DNA breaks in host cells, likely promoting transformation. To assess the underlying principles of transformation, we used gallbladder organoids as an infection model for Salmonella Paratyphi A. In this model, bacteria can invade epithelial cells, and we observed host cell DNA damage. The induction of DNA double-strand breaks after infection depended on the typhoid toxin CdtB subunit and extended to neighboring, non-infected cells. By cultivating the organoid derived cells into polarized monolayers in air-liquid interphase, we could extend the duration of the infection, and we observed an initial arrest of the cell cycle that does not depend on the typhoid toxin. Non-infected intoxicated cells instead continued to proliferate despite the DNA damage. Our study highlights the importance of the typhoid toxin in causing genomic instability and corroborates the epidemiological link between Salmonella infection and GBC.
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Development of Bifunctional Three-Dimensional Cysts from Chemically Induced Liver Progenitors. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3975689. [PMID: 31565060 PMCID: PMC6745155 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3975689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically induced liver progenitors (CLiPs) have promising applications in liver regenerative medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) structures generated from liver progenitor cells possess wide applications in cell transplantation, disease model, and drug testing. Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of 3D cystic structures comprising maturing rat CLiPs on gelatin-coated dishes. Our 3D cysts contained Alb+/+CK19+/− and Ck19+/+Alb+/− cells. These cell types gradually diverged into specialized mature cells, as demonstrated by the expression of mature biliary markers (Cftr, Ae2, and Aqp1) and hepatic markers (Alb and Mrp2). The 3D cysts also expressed functional multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mdr1), as indicated by epithelial efflux of rhodamine. Furthermore, we observed bile canaliculi functions between hepatocytes and cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein extrusions, indicating that the functional characteristics of 3D cysts and active bile salt export pump (Bsep) transporters were intact. Thus, our study revealed a natural characteristic of rat CLiPs to spontaneously form 3D cystic structures accompanied with cell maturation in vitro, offering a platform for studies of liver development and drug screening.
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Wu F, Wu D, Ren Y, Huang Y, Feng B, Zhao N, Zhang T, Chen X, Chen S, Xu A. Generation of hepatobiliary organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Hepatol 2019; 70:1145-1158. [PMID: 30630011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived liver modeling systems have the potential to overcome the shortage of donors for clinical application and become a model for drug development. Although several strategies are available to generate hepatic micro-tissues, few have succeeded in generating a liver organoid with hepatobiliary structure from hiPSCs. METHODS At differentiation stages I and II (day 1-15), 25% of mTeSR™ culture medium was added to hepatic differentiation medium to induce endodermal and mesodermal commitment and thereafter hepatic and biliary co-differentiation. At stage III (day 15-45), 10% cholesterol+ MIX was added to the maturation medium to promote the formation and maturation of the hepatobiliary organoids. Phenotypes and functions of organoids were determined by specific markers and multiple functional assays both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In this system, hiPSCs were induced to form 3D hepatobiliary organoids and to some extent recapitulated key aspects of early hepatogenesis in a parallel fashion. The organoids displayed a series of functional attributes. Specifically, the induced hepatocyte-like cells could take up indocyanine green, accumulate lipid and glycogen, and displayed appropriate secretion ability (albumin and urea) and drug metabolic ability (CYP3A4 activity and inducibility); the biliary structures in the system showed gamma glutamyltransferase activity and the ability to efflux rhodamine and store bile acids. Furthermore, after transplantation into the immune-deficient mice, the organoids survived for more than 8 weeks. CONCLUSION This is the first time that functional hepatobiliary organoids have been generated from hiPSCs. The organoid model will be useful for in vitro studies of the molecular mechanisms of liver development and has important potential in the therapy of liver diseases. LAY SUMMARY Herein, we established a system to generate human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived functional hepatobiliary organoids in vitro, without any exogenous cells or genetic manipulation. To some extent this model was able to recapitulate several key aspects of hepatobiliary organogenesis in a parallel fashion, holding great promise for drug development and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Taotao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Matsui S, Harada K, Miyata N, Okochi H, Miyajima A, Tanaka M. Characterization of Peribiliary Gland–Constituting Cells Based on Differential Expression of Trophoblast Cell Surface Protein 2 in Biliary Tract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2059-2073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lewis PL, Su J, Yan M, Meng F, Glaser SS, Alpini GD, Green RM, Sosa-Pineda B, Shah RN. Complex bile duct network formation within liver decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12220. [PMID: 30111800 PMCID: PMC6093899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary tree is an essential component of transplantable human liver tissue. Despite recent advances in liver tissue engineering, attempts at re-creating the intrahepatic biliary tree have not progressed significantly. The finer branches of the biliary tree are structurally and functionally complex and heterogeneous and require harnessing innate developmental processes for their regrowth. Here we demonstrate the ability of decellularized liver extracellular matrix (dECM) hydrogels to induce the in vitro formation of complex biliary networks using encapsulated immortalized mouse small biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes). This phenomenon is not observed using immortalized mouse large cholangiocytes, or with purified collagen 1 gels or Matrigel. We also show phenotypic stability via immunostaining for specific cholangiocyte markers. Moreover, tight junction formation and maturation was observed to occur between cholangiocytes, exhibiting polarization and transporter activity. To better define the mechanism of duct formation, we utilized three fluorescently labeled, but otherwise identical populations of cholangiocytes. The cells, in a proximity dependent manner, either branch out clonally, radiating from a single nucleation point, or assemble into multi-colored structures arising from separate populations. These findings present liver dECM as a promising biomaterial for intrahepatic bile duct tissue engineering and as a tool to study duct remodeling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L. Lewis
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jimmy Su
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA ,0000 0004 4687 2082grid.264756.4Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco D. Alpini
- 0000 0004 0420 5847grid.413775.3Research Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA ,grid.486749.0Baylor Scott & White Health Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, TX, USA ,0000 0004 4687 2082grid.264756.4Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Richard M. Green
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beatriz Sosa-Pineda
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Nephrology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramille N. Shah
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA ,0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Surgery (Transplant Division), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Guan Y, Xu D, Garfin PM, Ehmer U, Hurwitz M, Enns G, Michie S, Wu M, Zheng M, Nishimura T, Sage J, Peltz G. Human hepatic organoids for the analysis of human genetic diseases. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94954. [PMID: 28878125 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an in vitro model system where induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiate into 3-dimensional human hepatic organoids (HOs) through stages that resemble human liver during its embryonic development. The HOs consist of hepatocytes, and cholangiocytes, which are organized into epithelia that surround the lumina of bile duct-like structures. The organoids provide a potentially new model for liver regenerative processes, and were used to characterize the effect of different JAG1 mutations that cause: (a) Alagille syndrome (ALGS), a genetic disorder where NOTCH signaling pathway mutations impair bile duct formation, which has substantial variability in its associated clinical features; and (b) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), which is the most common form of a complex congenital heart disease, and is associated with several different heritable disorders. Our results demonstrate how an iPSC-based organoid system can be used with genome editing technologies to characterize the pathogenetic effect of human genetic disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ursula Ehmer
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Genetics, and
| | | | | | - Sara Michie
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Toshihiko Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia.,Center for the Advancement of Health and Bioscience, Sunnyvale, California, USA.,Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Genetics, and
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11
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Sampaziotis F, Justin AW, Tysoe OC, Sawiak S, Godfrey EM, Upponi SS, Gieseck RL, de Brito MC, Berntsen NL, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Ortmann D, Yiangou L, Ross A, Bargehr J, Bertero A, Zonneveld MCF, Pedersen MT, Pawlowski M, Valestrand L, Madrigal P, Georgakopoulos N, Pirmadjid N, Skeldon GM, Casey J, Shu W, Materek PM, Snijders KE, Brown SE, Rimland CA, Simonic I, Davies SE, Jensen KB, Zilbauer M, Gelson WTH, Alexander GJ, Sinha S, Hannan NRF, Wynn TA, Karlsen TH, Melum E, Markaki AE, Saeb-Parsy K, Vallier L. Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. Nat Med 2017; 23:954-963. [PMID: 28671689 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) disorders, such as biliary atresia or ischemic strictures, is restricted by the lack of biliary tissue from healthy donors suitable for surgical reconstruction. Here we report a new method for the isolation and propagation of human cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic biliary tree in the form of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs) for regenerative medicine applications. The resulting ECOs closely resemble primary cholangiocytes in terms of their transcriptomic profile and functional properties. We explore the regenerative potential of these organoids in vivo and demonstrate that ECOs self-organize into bile duct-like tubes expressing biliary markers following transplantation under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice. In addition, when seeded on biodegradable scaffolds, ECOs form tissue-like structures retaining biliary characteristics. The resulting bioengineered tissue can reconstruct the gallbladder wall and repair the biliary epithelium following transplantation into a mouse model of injury. Furthermore, bioengineered artificial ducts can replace the native CBD, with no evidence of cholestasis or occlusion of the lumen. In conclusion, ECOs can successfully reconstruct the biliary tree, providing proof of principle for organ regeneration using human primary cholangiocytes expanded in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Olivia C Tysoe
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edmund M Godfrey
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara S Upponi
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel Cardoso de Brito
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Lie Berntsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - María J Gómez-Vázquez
- Cambridge Genomic Services, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Loukia Yiangou
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Ross
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Bargehr
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mariëlle C F Zonneveld
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne T Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Valestrand
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pedro Madrigal
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Negar Pirmadjid
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregor M Skeldon
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wenmiao Shu
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina M Materek
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Centre (BRC) hIPSCs Core Facility, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsten E Snijders
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie E Brown
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Casey A Rimland
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William T H Gelson
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graeme J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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12
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Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, Invernizzi P, Lind GE, Folseraas T, Forbes SJ, Fouassier L, Geier A, Calvisi DF, Mertens JC, Trauner M, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Vaquero J, Macias RIR, Raggi C, Perugorria MJ, Gaudio E, Boberg KM, Marin JJG, Alvaro D. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:261-80. [PMID: 27095655 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Guro E Lind
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Andreas Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler-Strasse 23e, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Javier Vaquero
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Kirsten M Boberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
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13
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Sampaziotis F, de Brito MC, Madrigal P, Bertero A, Saeb-Parsy K, Soares FAC, Schrumpf E, Melum E, Karlsen TH, Bradley JA, Gelson WTH, Davies S, Baker A, Kaser A, Alexander GJ, Hannan NR, Vallier L. Cholangiocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling and drug validation. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:845-852. [PMID: 26167629 PMCID: PMC4768345 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of biliary disease has been constrained by a lack of primary human cholangiocytes. Here we present an efficient, serum-free protocol for directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocyte-like cells (CLCs). CLCs show functional characteristics of cholangiocytes, including bile acids transfer, alkaline phosphatase activity, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity and physiological responses to secretin, somatostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor. We use CLCs to model in vitro key features of Alagille syndrome, polycystic liver disease and cystic fibrosis (CF)-associated cholangiopathy. Furthermore, we use CLCs generated from healthy individuals and patients with polycystic liver disease to reproduce the effects of the drugs verapamil and octreotide, and we show that the experimental CF drug VX809 rescues the disease phenotype of CF cholangiopathy in vitro. Our differentiation protocol will facilitate the study of biological mechanisms controlling biliary development, as well as disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Cardoso de Brito
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro Madrigal
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Filipa A. C. Soares
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisabeth Schrumpf
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom H. Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J. Andrew Bradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - William TH Gelson
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Baker
- Child Health Clinical Academic Grouping, King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J. Alexander
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R.F. Hannan
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Bile is a unique and vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by the hepatocyte and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. Approximately 5% of bile consists of organic and inorganic solutes of considerable complexity. The bile-secretory unit consists of a canalicular network which is formed by the apical membrane of adjacent hepatocytes and sealed by tight junctions. The bile canaliculi (∼1 μm in diameter) conduct the flow of bile countercurrent to the direction of portal blood flow and connect with the canal of Hering and bile ducts which progressively increase in diameter and complexity prior to the entry of bile into the gallbladder, common bile duct, and intestine. Canalicular bile secretion is determined by both bile salt-dependent and independent transport systems which are localized at the apical membrane of the hepatocyte and largely consist of a series of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transport proteins that function as export pumps for bile salts and other organic solutes. These transporters create osmotic gradients within the bile canalicular lumen that provide the driving force for movement of fluid into the lumen via aquaporins. Species vary with respect to the relative amounts of bile salt-dependent and independent canalicular flow and cholangiocyte secretion which is highly regulated by hormones, second messengers, and signal transduction pathways. Most determinants of bile secretion are now characterized at the molecular level in animal models and in man. Genetic mutations serve to illuminate many of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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15
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Tabibian JH, Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. Physiology of cholangiocytes. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:541-65. [PMID: 23720296 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic ducts of the biliary tree. The main physiologic function of cholangiocytes is modification of hepatocyte-derived bile, an intricate process regulated by hormones, peptides, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and other molecules through intracellular signaling pathways and cascades. The mechanisms and regulation of bile modification are reviewed herein.
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16
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Plengsuriyakarn T, Viyanant V, Eursitthichai V, Tesana S, Chaijaroenkul W, Itharat A, Na-Bangchang K. Cytotoxicity, toxicity, and anticancer activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe against cholangiocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4597-606. [PMID: 23167387 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an uncommon adenocarcinoma which arises from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts. The aim of the study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, toxicity, and anticancer activity of a crude ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) against CCA. Cytotoxic activity against a CCA cell line (CL-6) was assessed by calcein-AM and Hoechst 33342 assays and anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. Investigation of apoptotic activity was performed by DNA fragmentation assay and induction of genes that may be involved in the resistance of CCA to anticancer drugs (MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3) was examined by real-time PCR. To investigate anti-CCA activity in vivo, a total of 80 OV and nitrosamine (OV/ DMN)-induced CCA hamsters were fed with the ginger extract at doses of 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight daily or every alternate day for 30 days. Control groups consisting of 10 hamsters for each group were fed with 5-fluorouracil (positive control) or distilled water (untreated control). Median IC50 (concentration that inhibits cell growth by 50%) values for cytotoxicity and anti-oxidant activities of the crude ethanolic extract of ginger were 10.95, 53.15, and 27.86 μg/ml, respectively. More than ten DNA fragments were visualized and up to 7-9 fold up-regulation of MDR1 and MRP3 genes was observed following exposure to the ethanolic extract of ginger. Acute and subacute toxicity tests indicated absence of any significant toxicity at the maximum dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight given by intragastric gavage. The survival time and survival rate of the CCA-bearing hamsters were significantly prolonged compared to the control group (median of 54 vs 17 weeks). Results from these in vitro and in vivo studies thus indicate promising anticancer activity of the crude ethanolic extract of ginger against CCA with the absence of any significant toxicity. Moreover, MDR1 and MRP3 may be involved in conferring resistance of CCA to the ginger extract.
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17
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Sathe MN, Woo K, Kresge C, Bugde A, Luby-Phelps K, Lewis MA, Feranchak AP. Regulation of purinergic signaling in biliary epithelial cells by exocytosis of SLC17A9-dependent ATP-enriched vesicles. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25363-76. [PMID: 21613220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.232868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP in bile is a potent secretogogue, stimulating biliary epithelial cell (BEC) secretion through binding apical purinergic receptors. In response to mechanosensitive stimuli, BECs release ATP into bile, although the cellular basis of ATP release is unknown. The aims of this study in human and mouse BECs were to determine whether ATP release occurs via exocytosis of ATP-enriched vesicles and to elucidate the potential role of the vesicular nucleotide transporter SLC17A9 in purinergic signaling. Dynamic, multiscale, live cell imaging (confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and a luminescence detection system with a high sensitivity charge-coupled device camera) was utilized to detect vesicular ATP release from cell populations, single cells, and the submembrane space of a single cell. In response to increases in cell volume, BECs release ATP, which was dependent on intact microtubules and vesicular trafficking pathways. ATP release occurred as stochastic point source bursts of luminescence consistent with exocytic events. Parallel studies identified ATP-enriched vesicles ranging in size from 0.4 to 1 μm that underwent fusion and release in response to increases in cell volume in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Present in all models, SLC17A9 contributed to ATP vesicle formation and regulated ATP release. The findings are consistent with the existence of an SLC17A9-dependent ATP-enriched vesicular pool in biliary epithelium that undergoes regulated exocytosis to initiate purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana N Sathe
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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18
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Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM. Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:1-96. [PMID: 20103563 PMCID: PMC2835398 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA.
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Zhao D, Chen S, Cai J, Guo Y, Song Z, Che J, Liu C, Wu C, Ding M, Deng H. Derivation and characterization of hepatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6468. [PMID: 19649295 PMCID: PMC2714184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of hepatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells is of value both in the study of early human liver organogenesis and in the creation of an unlimited source of donor cells for hepatocyte transplantation therapy. Here, we report for the first time the generation of hepatic progenitor cells derived from hES cells. Hepatic endoderm cells were generated by activating FGF and BMP pathways and were then purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting using a newly identified surface marker, N-cadherin. After co-culture with STO feeder cells, these purified hepatic endoderm cells yielded hepatic progenitor colonies, which possessed the proliferation potential to be cultured for an extended period of more than 100 days. With extensive expansion, they co-expressed the hepatic marker AFP and the biliary lineage marker KRT7 and maintained bipotential differentiation capacity. They were able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which expressed ALB and AAT, and into cholangiocyte-like cells, which formed duct-like cyst structures, expressed KRT19 and KRT7, and acquired epithelial polarity. In conclusion, this is the first report of the generation of proliferative and bipotential hepatic progenitor cells from hES cells. These hES cell–derived hepatic progenitor cells could be effectively used as an in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of hepatic stem/progenitor cell origin, self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Che
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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Rau S, Autschbach F, Riedel HD, Konig J, Kulaksiz H, Stiehl A, Riemann JF, Rost D. Expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in human cholangiocellular carcinomas. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:134-42. [PMID: 18226047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocellular carcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas are highly aggressive tumours with a poor prognosis and are generally regarded as chemoresistant tumours. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporters of the multidrug resistance protein (MDR) and multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) family in cancer cells is a major cause for the multidrug resistance phenotype in vitro and in vivo. To further define the role of MRP family members in biliary tract cancer, we studied the expression and localization of MRP2 and MRP3 in cholangiocellular carcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression and cellular localization of the multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in human cholangiocellular carcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas were analysed by immunohistochemistry using isoform-specific antibodies. Expression of MRP isoforms was studied in vitro in Mz-ChA-1 cells derived from gallbladder adenocarcinoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Mz-ChA-1 cells constitutively expressed MDR P-glycoproteins, MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. MRP2 and MRP3 are expressed in the respective apical and basolateral membrane domains. MRP3 was the predominant MRP isoform in gallbladder carcinomas (93%) and cholangiocellular carcinomas (57%), whereas MRP2 expression was detected in only 29% of gallbladder carcinomas and was undetectable in cholangiocellular carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the intrinsic multidrug resistance of cholangiocellular and gallbladder carcinomas seems to be independent of MRP2 expression while the expression of MRP3 may contribute to the MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rau
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Tanimizu N, Miyajima A, Mostov KE. Liver progenitor cells develop cholangiocyte-type epithelial polarity in three-dimensional culture. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1472-9. [PMID: 17314404 PMCID: PMC1838984 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-09-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are cellular components of the bile duct system of the liver, which originate from hepatoblasts during embryonic liver development. Although several transcription factors and signaling molecules have been implicated in bile duct development, its molecular mechanism has not been studied in detail. Here, we applied a three-dimensional (3D) culture technique to a liver progenitor cell line, HPPL, to establish an in vitro culture system in which HPPL acquire differentiated cholangiocyte characteristics. When HPPL were grown in a gel containing Matrigel, which contains extracellular matrix components of basement membrane, HPPL developed apicobasal polarity and formed cysts, which had luminal space inside. In the cysts, F-actin bundles and atypical protein kinase C were at the apical membrane, E-cadherin was localized at the lateral membrane, and beta-catenin and integrin alpha6 were located at the basolateral membrane. HPPL in cysts expressed cholangiocyte markers, including cytokeratin 19, integrin beta4, and aquaporin-1, but not a hepatocyte marker, albumin. Furthermore, HPPL transported rhodamine 123, a substrate for multidrug resistance gene products, from the basal side to the central lumen. These data indicate that HPPL develop cholangiocyte-type epithelial polarity in 3D culture. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling was essential for proliferation and survival of HPPL in culture, whereas laminin-1 was a crucial component of Matrigel for inducing epithelial polarization of HPPL. Because HPPL cysts display structural and functional similarities with bile ducts, the 3D culture of HPPL recapitulates in vivo cholangiocyte differentiation and is useful to study the molecular mechanism of bile duct development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- *Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140; and
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Keith E. Mostov
- *Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140; and
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Naus PJ, Henson R, Bleeker G, Wehbe H, Meng F, Patel T. Tannic acid synergizes the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in human cholangiocarcinoma by modulating drug efflux pathways. J Hepatol 2007; 46:222-9. [PMID: 17069924 PMCID: PMC2705659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tannic acid is an orally active plant polyphenol with potential for use as an anti-cancer agent for cholangiocarcinoma. To determine the potential use of tannic acid as an adjunct therapy, we sought to evaluate the interaction between tannic acid and chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed in malignant human cholangiocytes. Interactions between tannic acid, mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine were quantitated by calculating the combination index and dose reduction index. Cellular efflux pathways were assessed by calcein retention assays, and expression of membrane pumps was assessed by Western blots and real-time PCR. RESULTS Tannic acid and the three agents decreased growth of malignant cholangiocytes to a similar extent. Tannic acid had a synergistic effect to mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil, but not gemcitabine. However, the structurally related polyphenol gallic acid did not have a synergistic interaction with any of the agents. Tannic acid decreased calcein efflux and the expression of PGP, MRP1 and MRP2 membrane efflux pumps. CONCLUSIONS Tannic acid has a synergistic effect with selected chemotherapeutic drugs by a mechanism involving modulation of drug efflux pathways. Thus, tannic acid will be a useful adjunct to improve the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Naus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Clinic, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine Temple, TX 76508, USA
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23
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Greupink R, Bakker HI, Bouma W, Reker-Smit C, Meijer DKF, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. The antiproliferative drug doxorubicin inhibits liver fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats and can be selectively delivered to hepatic stellate cells in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:514-21. [PMID: 16439617 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.099499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation is a key event in liver fibrosis; therefore, pharmacological intervention with antiproliferative drugs may result in antifibrotic effects. In this article, the antiproliferative effect of three cytostatic drugs was tested in cultured rat HSC. Subsequently, the antifibrotic potential of the most potent drug was evaluated in vivo. As a strategy to overcome drug-related toxicity, we additionally studied how to deliver this drug specifically to HSC by conjugating it to the HSC-selective drug carrier mannose-6-phosphate-modified human serum albumin (M6PHSA). We investigated the effect of cisplatin, chlorambucil, and doxorubicin (DOX) on 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation in cultured HSC and found DOX to be the most potent drug. Treatment of bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats with daily i.v. injections of 0.35 mg/kg DOX from day 3 to 10 after BDL reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin-stained area in liver sections from 8.5 +/- 0.8 to 5.1 +/- 0.9% (P < 0.01) and collagen-stained area from 13.1 +/- 1.3 to 8.9 +/- 1.5% (P < 0.05). DOX was coupled to M6PHSA, and the organ distribution of this construct (M6PHSA-DOX) was investigated. Twenty minutes after i.v. administration, 50 +/- 6% of the dose was present in the livers, and colocalization of M6PHSA-DOX with HSC markers was observed. In addition, in vitro studies showed selective binding of M6PHSA-DOX to activated HSC. Moreover, M6PHSA-DOX strongly attenuated HSC proliferation in vitro, indicating that active drug is released after uptake of the conjugate. DOX inhibits liver fibrosis in BDL rats, and HSC-selective targeting of this drug is possible. This may offer perspectives for the application of antiproliferative drugs for antifibrotic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Greupink
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Ito K, Suzuki H, Horie T, Sugiyama Y. Apical/Basolateral Surface Expression of Drug Transporters and its Role in Vectorial Drug Transport. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1559-77. [PMID: 16180115 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that transporter proteins play a key role in governing drug absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body, and, accordingly, they are now considered as causes of drug-drug interactions and interindividual differences in pharmacokinetic profiles. Polarized tissues directly involved in drug disposition (intestine, kidney, and liver) and restricted distribution to naive sanctuaries (blood-tissue barriers) asymmetrically express a variety of drug transporters on the apical and basolateral sides, resulting in vectorial drug transport. For example, the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) family on the sinusoidal (basolateral) membrane and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) on the apical bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes take up and excrete organic anionic compounds from blood to bile. Such vectorial transcellular transport is fundamentally attributable to the asymmetrical distribution of transporter molecules in polarized cells. Besides the apical/basolateral sorting direction, distribution of the transporter protein between the membrane surface (active site) and the intracellular fraction (inactive site) is of practical importance for the quantitative evaluation of drug transport processes. The most characterized drug transporter associated with this issue is MRP2 on the hepatocyte canalicular (apical) membrane, and it is linked to a genetic disease. Dubin-Johnson syndrome is sometimes caused by impaired canalicular surface expression of MRP2 by a single amino acid substitution. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms in OATP-C/SLC21A6 (SLCO1B1) also affect membrane surface expression, and actually lead to the altered pharmacokinetic profile of pravastatin in healthy subjects. In this review article, the asymmetrical transporter distribution and altered surface expression in polarized tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousei Ito
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
The diseases of the intrahepatic biliary tree are a large group of potentially evolutive congenital and acquired liver disorders affecting both the adult and pediatric populations. They represent a relevant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality and an important indication for liver transplantation, particularly in children. While the practical approach to patients affected by biliary tree diseases has not significantly changed yet, the conceptual approach to the pathophysiology of cholangiopathies has witnessed important advances that will be discussed. The primary cell target of the pathogenetic sequence of these disorders is the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes have multifaceted functions, not limited to bile production. Their capability to secrete a range of different pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines indicates a major role of cholangiocytes in the inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates an extensive cross-talk with other liver cell types, including hepatocytes, stellate, and endothelial and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathies share a number of pathogenetic mechanisms, including inflammation, cholestasis, fibrosis, apoptosis, altered development, and neoplastic transformation. These basic disease mechanisms will be discussed in detail, along with the distinct features of a number of cholangiopathies. Furthermore, an increase in the biliary cell compartment is a common response to many forms of liver injury, from cholangiopathies to viral and fulminant hepatitis. Elucidation of these pathophysiologic mechanisms will likely provide clues for future therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, understanding the role of cholangiocytes in liver regeneration/repair and the mechanisms of cholangiocyte activation and their relationship with liver progenitor cell will be of further interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Strazzabosco
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Liver Research (CeLiveR), Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Centr for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Aust S, Obrist P, Jaeger W, Klimpfinger M, Tucek G, Wrba F, Penner E, Thalhammer T. Subcellular localization of the ABCG2 transporter in normal and malignant human gallbladder epithelium. J Transl Med 2004; 84:1024-36. [PMID: 15146167 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelium of the gallbladder and biliary tract is exposed to high concentrations of potentially harmful exogenous and endogenous compounds excreted into primary bile. As the ATP-dependent efflux pump ABCG2 can prevent cellular accumulation of anticancer drugs, estrogen sulfate, xenobiotics, porphyrins, and sterols, its expression in the biliary tract might mediate protection by hindering their penetration. We therefore investigated the expression and subcellular distribution of ABCG2 in normal and malignant human gallbladder. After demonstrating ABCG2 expression in gallbladder epithelium by RT-PCR and Western blotting, we analyzed the subcellular localization of ABCG2 by indirect immunofluorescence in gallbladder adenocarcinoma specimens, and compared it to that in cholelithiasis, and normal gallbladder samples (n = 54). In control, cholelithiasis, and well-differentiated tumor samples (grade 1, T1-3), ABCG2 is present at the luminal membrane of epithelial cells, which was proven by colocalization of apical-bound TRITC-labeled lectin (wheat germ agglutinin). In poorly differentiated gallbladder adenocarcinomas, intracellular ABCG2, in addition to luminal ABCG2 immunoreactivity, was found in 13/21 carcinoma samples (grade 2 and 3, T2-4, P < 0.01). In 3/11 of grade 3 tumors, ABCG2 was present in the cytoplasmatic compartment only (P < 0.01). In proliferating bile ducts of cholangiocarcinomas, ABCG2 showed an analogous staining pattern with presence in cytosolic compartments. However, the apical marker enzyme neutral endopeptidase remained on the membrane in all samples. To study whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling might be necessary for ABCG2 membrane insertion, we treated freshly isolated human gallbladder epithelial cells with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. As assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, this maneuver redistributes ABCG2 to intracellular compartments. In conclusion, our data suggest a protective role for ABCG2 in well-differentiated gallbladder epithelial cells. Cytoplasmatic accumulation of ABCG2 in poorly differentiated carcinomas might coincide with malfunctioning of PI3K-signaling pathways during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Aust
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Trauner M, Boyer JL. Bile salt transporters: molecular characterization, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:633-71. [PMID: 12663868 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular medicine has led to rapid advances in the characterization of hepatobiliary transport systems that determine the uptake and excretion of bile salts and other biliary constituents in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. The bile salt pool undergoes an enterohepatic circulation that is regulated by distinct bile salt transport proteins, including the canalicular bile salt export pump BSEP (ABCB11), the ileal Na(+)-dependent bile salt transporter ISBT (SLC10A2), and the hepatic sinusoidal Na(+)- taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide NTCP (SLC10A1). Other bile salt transporters include the organic anion transporting polypeptides OATPs (SLC21A) and the multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 and 3 MRP2,3 (ABCC2,3). Bile salt transporters are also present in cholangiocytes, the renal proximal tubule, and the placenta. Expression of these transport proteins is regulated by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional events, with the former involving nuclear hormone receptors where bile salts function as specific ligands. During bile secretory failure (cholestasis), bile salt transport proteins undergo adaptive responses that serve to protect the liver from bile salt retention and which facilitate extrahepatic routes of bile salt excretion. This review is a comprehensive summary of current knowledge of the molecular characterization, function, and regulation of bile salt transporters in normal physiology and in cholestatic liver disease and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Karl-Franzens University, School of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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29
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Moseley RH. Biliary tract. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2001; 17:447-9. [PMID: 17031199 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200109000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The objective of this review article is to discuss the role of secretin and its receptor in the regulation of the secretory activity of intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells (i.e., cholangiocytes). After a brief overview of cholangiocyte functions, we provide an historical background for the role of secretin and its receptor in the regulation of ductal secretion. We review the newly developed experimental in vivo and in vitro tools, which lead to understanding of the mechanisms of secretin regulation of cholangiocyte functions. After a description of the intracellular mechanisms by which secretin stimulates ductal secretion, we discuss the heterogeneous responses of different-sized intrahepatic bile ducts to gastrointestinal hormones. Furthermore, we outline the role of a number of cooperative factors (e.g., nerves, alkaline phosphatase, gastrointestinal hormones, neuropeptides, and bile acids) in the regulation of secretin-stimulated ductal secretion. Finally, we discuss other factors that may also play an important role in the regulation of secretin-stimulated ductal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, TX 76504, USA
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31
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Matheny CJ, Lamb MW, Brouwer KR, Pollack GM. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications of P-glycoprotein modulation. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21:778-96. [PMID: 11444575 DOI: 10.1592/phco.21.9.778.34558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a cell membrane-associated protein that transports a variety of drug substrates. Although P-gp has been studied extensively as a mediator of multidrug resistance in cancer, only recently has the role of P-gp expressed in normal tissues as a determinant of drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics been examined. P-glycoprotein is present in organ systems that influence drug absorption (intestine), distribution to site of action (central nervous system and leukocytes), and elimination (liver and kidney), as well as several other tissues. Many marketed drugs inhibit P-gp function, and several compounds are under development as P-gp inhibitors. Similarly, numerous drugs can induce P-gp expression. While P-gp induction does not have a therapeutic role, P-gp inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach to reverse multidrug resistance. Clinicians should recognize that P-gp induction or inhibition may have a substantial effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of concomitantly administered drugs that are substrates for this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Matheny
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7360, USA
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32
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Abstract
New insights into the regulation of hepatobiliary transport proteins have provided the basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. Mutations of transporter genes can cause hereditary cholestatic syndromes, the study of which has shed much light on the basic mechanisms of bile secretion and cholestasis. Important new studies have been published about the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis of pregnancy, total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis, and drug-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Franzens University School of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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