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Pallotta A, Clarot I, Sobocinski J, Fattal E, Boudier A. Nanotechnologies for Medical Devices: Potentialities and Risks. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:1-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Clarot
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Elias Fattal
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Cintra LTA, Estrela C, Azuma MM, Queiroz ÍODA, Kawai T, Gomes-Filho JE. Endodontic medicine: interrelationships among apical periodontitis, systemic disorders, and tissue responses of dental materials. Braz Oral Res 2018; 32:e68. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Ganguly P, Breen A, Pillai SC. Toxicity of Nanomaterials: Exposure, Pathways, Assessment, and Recent Advances. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2237-2275. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ganguly
- Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Ailish Breen
- Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
| | - Suresh C. Pillai
- Nanotechnology and Bio-Engineering Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
- Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo F91 YW50, Ireland
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Appel JH, Li DO, Podlevsky JD, Debnath A, Green AA, Wang QH, Chae J. Low Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Two-Dimensional MoS2 and WS2. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:361-367. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H. Appel
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Duo O. Li
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joshua D. Podlevsky
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Abhishek Debnath
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexander A. Green
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Qing Hua Wang
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Junseok Chae
- School
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, ‡Materials Science
and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, §School of Molecular
Sciences, and ∥Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Rinaldi L, Barabino G, Klein JP, Bitounis D, Pourchez J, Forest V, Boudard D, Leclerc L, Sarry G, Roblin X, Cottier M, Phelip JM. Metals distribution in colorectal biopsies: New insight on the elemental fingerprint of tumour tissue. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:602-7. [PMID: 25869551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have linked colorectal cancer to metal exposure. AIMS Our objective was to evaluate the element distribution in colorectal adenocarcinoma biopsies, adjacent non-tumour tissues, and healthy controls. METHODS The study is a case-control study which compared the element distribution in colon biopsies from two groups of patients: with colorectal cancer (2 types of samples: colorectal cancer biopsies and adjacent non-tumour tissues) and healthy controls. Fifteen metal concentrations (Aluminium, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Selenium, Silicon, Titanium, Vanadium, and Zinc) were quantified by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. RESULTS 104 patients were included: 76 in the colorectal cancer group, 28 in the healthy control group. Among the 15 elements analyzed, only boron, chromium, zinc, silicon and magnesium were found at clearly detectable concentrations. Colorectal tumour biopsies had significantly higher concentrations of magnesium as compared to adjacent non-tumour or healthy tissues. Zinc concentration followed the same trend but differences were not statistically significant. In addition, concentration of silicon was higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in healthy non-cancer tissue, while chromium was mostly found in adjacent non-tumour tissue. CONCLUSION Magnesium, chromium, zinc and silicon were found in noteworthy concentrations in colorectal tumour. Their potential role in colorectal carcinogenesis should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rinaldi
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Gabriele Barabino
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Klein
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Delphine Boudard
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Gwendoline Sarry
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Michèle Cottier
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Phelip
- University of Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Jean Monnet University, EA 4624 - LINA, SFR FED 4166 - IFRESIS, France; University Hospital CHU Saint-Etienne, France
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Kwon JY, Koedrith P, Seo YR. Current investigations into the genotoxicity of zinc oxide and silica nanoparticles in mammalian models in vitro and in vivo: carcinogenic/genotoxic potential, relevant mechanisms and biomarkers, artifacts, and limitations. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:271-86. [PMID: 25565845 PMCID: PMC4279763 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in many sectors, such as food, medicine, military, and sport, but their unique characteristics may cause deleterious health effects. Close attention is being paid to metal NP genotoxicity; however, NP genotoxic/carcinogenic effects and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this review, we address some metal and metal oxide NPs of interest and current genotoxicity tests in vitro and in vivo. Metal NPs can cause DNA damage such as chromosomal aberrations, DNA strand breaks, oxidative DNA damage, and mutations. We also discuss several parameters that may affect genotoxic response, including physicochemical properties, widely used assays/end point tests, and experimental conditions. Although potential biomarkers of nanogenotoxicity or carcinogenicity are suggested, inconsistent findings in the literature render results inconclusive due to a variety of factors. Advantages and limitations related to different methods for investigating genotoxicity are described, and future directions and recommendations for better understanding genotoxic potential are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Preeyaporn Koedrith
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Phuttamonthon District, NakhonPathom, Thailand
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Martirosyan A, Schneider YJ. Engineered nanomaterials in food: implications for food safety and consumer health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5720-50. [PMID: 24879486 PMCID: PMC4078545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110605720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From the current state-of-the-art, it is clear that nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector aiming at providing better quality and conservation. In the meantime, a growing number of studies indicate that the exposure to certain engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has a potential to lead to health complications and that there is a need for further investigations in order to unravel the biological outcomes of nanofood consumption. In the current review, we summarize the existing data on the (potential) use of ENMs in the food industry, information on the toxicity profiles of the commonly applied ENMs, such as metal (oxide) nanoparticles (NPs), address the potential food safety implications and health hazards connected with the consumption of nanofood. A number of health complications connected with the human exposure to ENMs are discussed, demonstrating that there is a real basis for the arisen concern not only connected with the gut health, but also with the potency to lead to systemic toxicity. The toxicological nature of hazard, exposure levels and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food are on the earliest stage of investigation and this review also highlights the major gaps that need further research and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Martirosyan
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
| | - Yves-Jacques Schneider
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
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Khalil WA, Eid NF. Biocompatibility of BioAggregate and mineral trioxide aggregate on the liver and kidney. Int Endod J 2013; 46:730-7. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Khalil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah; Saudi Arabia
| | - N. F. Eid
- Zoology Department; Faculty of Science; Al-Azhar University and University; Cairo; Egypt
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Gatti AM, Montanari S. Nanoparticles: A New Form of Terrorism? NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2488-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Giordano C, Bardi U, Garbini D, Suman M. Analysis of particulate pollution on foodstuff and other items by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:931-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin,activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of "nano," while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them.We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. There ticuloendothelial system, in particular, actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body,including viruses and nonbiological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g., smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased an thropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles--"nanoparticles"--and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape,agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lungs, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function.Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms,"nanotechnology," is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the nearly limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors.A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial development. As current knowledge of the toxicology of "bulk" materials may not suffice in reliably predicting toxic forms of nanoparticles,ongoing and expanded study of "nanotoxicity" will be necessary. For nanotechnologies with clearly associated health risks, intelligent design of materials and devices is needed to derive the benefits of these new technologies while limiting adverse health impacts. Human exposure to toxic nanoparticles can be reduced through identifying creation-exposure pathways of toxins, a study that may someday soon unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Reduction in fossil fuel combustion would have a large impact on global human exposure to nanoparticles, as would limiting deforestation and desertification.While nanotoxicity is a relatively new concept to science, this review reveals the result of life's long history of evolution in the presence of nanoparticles, and how the human body, in particular, has adapted to defend itself against nanoparticulate intruders.
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Bregoli L, Chiarini F, Gambarelli A, Sighinolfi G, Gatti AM, Santi P, Martelli AM, Cocco L. Toxicity of antimony trioxide nanoparticles on human hematopoietic progenitor cells and comparison to cell lines. Toxicology 2009; 262:121-9. [PMID: 19482055 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are materials with one dimension in the range of 1-100 nm. The toxicity of NPs remains widely unknown and still poses concerns, due to the peculiar characteristics of materials in the nano-size range. We analyze the toxicity of seven NPs ((Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Sb2O3, Au, TiO2, Co, and Ag) on primary cultures of human hematopoietic progenitor cells from the bone marrow of healthy donors with CFU assays, and show that antimony oxide (Sb2O3) NPs and cobalt (Co) NPs have a toxic effect, while the other NPs have no effect at the tested concentrations (5, 25 and 100 microg/ml). While Co NPs suspension is toxic to both erythroid and granulocytic-monocytic precursors, Sb2O3 NPs at 5 microg/ml are specifically toxic to erythroid colony development, suggesting a highly selective type of toxicity. With liquid culture assays we show that Sb2O3 NPs impair the proliferation of erythroid progenitors, while no toxic effect is observed when Sb2O3 NPs are added during erythroid differentiation. CFU assays and liquid culture assays on seven human cell lines of hematopoietic origin (K562, HL-60, CEM, CEM-R, Thp-1, Jurkat, and Molt-4) show that, contrary to what observed on primary cultures of bone marrow progenitors, Sb2O3 NPs have no toxic effect on proliferation of any of the cell lines, raising concerns about the use of immortalized cell lines for nanotoxicology tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bregoli
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Singh N, Manshian B, Jenkins GJS, Griffiths SM, Williams PM, Maffeis TGG, Wright CJ, Doak SH. NanoGenotoxicology: the DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3891-914. [PMID: 19427031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid expansion in the nanotechnology industry, it is essential that the safety of engineered nanomaterials and the factors that influence their associated hazards are understood. A vital area governing regulatory health risk assessment is genotoxicology (the study of genetic aberrations following exposure to test agents), as DNA damage may initiate and promote carcinogenesis, or impact fertility. Of late, considerable attention has been given to the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, but the importance of their genotoxic potential on human health has been largely overlooked. This comprehensive review focuses on the reported abilities of metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, and fibrous nanomaterials, to damage or interact with DNA, and their ecogenotoxicity is also considered. Many of the engineered nanomaterials assessed were found to cause genotoxic responses, such as chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breakages, point mutations, oxidative DNA adducts and alterations in gene expression profiles. However, there are clear inconsistencies in the literature and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the physico-chemical features of nanomaterials that promote genotoxicity, largely due to study design. Hence, areas that require that further attention are highlighted and recommendations to improve our understanding of the genotoxic potential of engineered nanomaterials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neenu Singh
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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Gatti AM, Tossini D, Gambarelli A, Montanari S, Capitani F. Investigation of the Presence of Inorganic Micro- and Nanosized Contaminants in Bread and Biscuits by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 49:275-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390802064347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gatti AM, Montanari S. Retrieval analysis of clinical explanted vena cava filters. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 77:307-14. [PMID: 16292760 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vena cava filters are the most commonly used mechanical devices to prevent pulmonary embolism. A retrievable permanent filter has been available since 1999. That has allowed the direct study of thrombi captured in humans and the punctual interaction of blood and device at long and short term. Through traditional histologic methods, captured thrombi and the tissues formed around the filter were observed. An innovative environmental scanning electron microscopy technique allowed detection of micro- and nanosized foreign bodies inside thrombi and tissues, and chemical analysis could be carried out by means of energy dispersive spectroscopy. All specimens contained different quantities of foreign debris ranging from few tens of microns to 50 nanometers; their chemistry was not homogeneous when patients were compared, and also differed considerably within the same filter. The constant presence of debris deeply embedded in all thrombi observed may mean that they are the cause that triggered the formation of those thrombi as a result of the interaction between foreign bodies and blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gatti
- INFM, Department of Neurosciences, Head and Neck, Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Biomaterials, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Abstract
Pathological colonic tissues were investigated with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope technique to verify the presence of inorganic, non-biodegradable pollutants, i.e. micro- and nano-debris of exogenous origin, after debris in liver and kidney had been discovered. In all, 18 samples of colon tissues affected by cancer and Crohn's disease were evaluated and found in all the cases to contain micro- and nano-particles. Their chemistry, detected with an X-ray microprobe, indicated a heterogeneous nature, whereas the size of the particles was homogeneous. Three control samples of healthy, young, cadavers were analysed and showed the absence of debris within the normal, healthy colon mucosa. The study reveals the presence of particulate debris, generally considered as biocompatible, in pathological specimens of human colon. The findings suggest a possible link between the presence of such particles and the underlying pathology in the cases analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta M Gatti
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, INFM, Department of Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, Modena 41100, Italy.
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Abstract
Insights provided by molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis and histopathology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and bile ductular proliferative reactions in a number of liver diseases. Human and chimpanzee liver infected with HCV showed viral-like particles (50 to 60 nm in diameter) as well as aggregates of short tubules that represent viral envelope material. Interactions of HCV core protein with apolipoproteins have a role in the pathogenesis of HCV-related steatosis. Pathologists should be aware of the spectrum of liver pathology described with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) agents for the human immunodeficiency virus infection, which includes microvesicular steatosis and more severe hepatic injury with confluent necrosis. Proliferation of bile ductular structures is influenced by specific molecules and proteins (eg, the mucin-associated trefoil proteins and estrogens). The interplay between Notch receptors and Jagged 1 protein, as expressed by many cells of the liver (including bile duct epithelium) varies in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Cholangiocarcinoma does not appear to be a long-term complication of small duct PSC. The fatty liver diseases, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic, are characterized by production of reactive oxygen species that have detrimental effects such as opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores with resultant release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Hepatocellular carcinoma is now a recognized late complication of NASH. The derivation of hepatic stem cells, the roles of HFE protein and other hepatic and intestinal transport proteins in hemochromatosis, and the histopathologic interpretive challenge of centrilobular lesions in posttransplant liver biopsies are among other recent studies considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Lefkowitch
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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