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Jiang Z, Cheng L, Wu Z, Zhou L, Wang H, Hong Q, Wu Q, Long Y, Huang Y, Xu G, Yao Y, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Yang L, Luo W, Yang J, Gong L, Liu P, Chen X, Cui S, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li P. Transforming primary human hepatocytes into hepatocellular carcinoma with genetically defined factors. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54275. [PMID: 35437924 PMCID: PMC9171684 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression has been hampered by the lack of in vivo models. We performed a genetic screen of 10 oncogenes and genetic mutations in Fah-ablated immunodeficient mice in which primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are used to reconstitute a functional human liver. We identified that MYC, TP53R249S , and KRASG12D are highly expressed in induced HCC (iHCC) samples. The overexpression of MYC and TP53R249S transform PHHs into iHCC in situ, though the addition of KRASG12D significantly increases the tumorigenic efficiency. iHCC, which recapitulate the histological architecture and gene expression characteristics of clinical HCC samples, reconstituted HCC after serial transplantations. Transcriptomic analysis of iHCC and PHHs showed that MUC1 and FAP are expressed in iHCC but not in normal livers. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against these two surface markers efficiently lyse iHCC cells. The properties of iHCC model provide a biological basis for several clinical hallmarks of HCC, and iHCC may serve as a model to study HCC initiation and to identify diagnostic biomarkers and targets for cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Jiang
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer Center Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macau China
| | - Qilan Hong
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou China
| | - Qiting Wu
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Youguo Long
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Yunlin Huang
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Gaoqi Xu
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou China
| | - Yao Yao
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | | | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Nutrition Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Luo
- Clinical Research Institute The First People's Hospital of Foshan Foshan Guangdong China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital Panyu, Guangzhou China
| | - Likun Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhang Jiang Hi‐Tech Park Shanghai China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Consortium Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yinxiong Li
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Peng Li
- China‐New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell Regeneration and Biological Therapies, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory) Guangzhou China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation Chinese Academy of Sciences Hong Kong China
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An J, Kim HI, Oh B, Oh YJ, Oh JH, Kim W, Sung CO, Shim JH. Integrated prognostic and histogenomic justification of stage-directed therapy for single large hepatocellular carcinoma: a Korean nationwide registry study. Gut 2022; 71:1234-1236. [PMID: 34493591 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University, Guri, Gyeonggi-do, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Il Kim
- Gastroenterology, Kyung Hee University Gangdong Hospital, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Oh
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Oh
- Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkyung Kim
- Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Shim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, The Republic of Korea
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Guo F, Estévez-Vázquez O, Benedé-Ubieto R, Maya-Miles D, Zheng K, Gallego-Durán R, Rojas Á, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M, Philip K, Egbuniwe IU, Chen C, Simon J, Delgado TC, Martínez-Chantar ML, Sun J, Reissing J, Bruns T, Lamas-Paz A, del Moral MG, Woitok MM, Vaquero J, Regueiro JR, Liedtke C, Trautwein C, Bañares R, Cubero FJ, Nevzorova YA. A Shortcut from Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) to Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): c-MYC a Promising Target for Preventative Strategies and Individualized Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010192. [PMID: 35008356 PMCID: PMC8750626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), and hyperlipidemia. It can also progress to end-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, but endogenous (i.e., genetic) factors such as oncogenes have been suggested to play a role. We found that c-MYC transgenic mice with ageing are prone to develop obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), and abnormal accumulation of lipids in the liver compared to control mice. A short-term application of the Western diet (WD) significantly worsened the phenotype and accelerate HCC development. Importantly, we found that metformin as therapeutic approach significantly attenuated MAFLD phenotype in transgenic mice. We also observed that c-MYC is up-regulated in human patients with MAFLD and MAFLD-related HCC. Altogether the current study suggests an important role of the oncogene c-MYC during the progression from MAFLD to HCC and makes c-MYC a possible target for preventative strategies and individualized therapy. Abstract Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has risen as one of the leading etiologies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oncogenes have been suggested to be responsible for the high risk of MAFLD-related HCC. We analyzed the impact of the proto-oncogene c-MYC in the development of human and murine MAFLD and MAFLD-associated HCC. Methods: alb-myctg mice were studied at baseline conditions and after administration of Western diet (WD) in comparison to WT littermates. c-MYC expression was analyzed in biopsies of patients with MAFLD and MAFLD-associated HCC by immunohistochemistry. Results: Mild obesity, spontaneous hyperlipidaemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were characteristic of 36-week-old alb-myctg mice. Middle-aged alb-myctg exhibited liver steatosis and increased triglyceride content. Liver injury and inflammation were associated with elevated ALT, an upregulation of ER-stress response and increased ROS production, collagen deposition and compensatory proliferation. At 52 weeks, 20% of transgenic mice developed HCC. WD feeding exacerbated metabolic abnormalities, steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis and tumor prevalence. Therapeutic use of metformin partly attenuated the spontaneous MAFLD phenotype of alb-myctg mice. Importantly, upregulation and nuclear localization of c-MYC were characteristic of patients with MAFLD and MAFLD-related HCC. Conclusions: A novel function of c-MYC in MAFLD progression was identified opening new avenues for preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Olga Estévez-Vázquez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Raquel Benedé-Ubieto
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas Maya-Miles
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (R.G.-D.); (Á.R.); (J.A.); (M.R.-G.)
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Rocío Gallego-Durán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (R.G.-D.); (Á.R.); (J.A.); (M.R.-G.)
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
| | - Ángela Rojas
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (R.G.-D.); (Á.R.); (J.A.); (M.R.-G.)
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
| | - Javier Ampuero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (R.G.-D.); (Á.R.); (J.A.); (M.R.-G.)
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (R.G.-D.); (Á.R.); (J.A.); (M.R.-G.)
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Kaye Philip
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen’s Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (K.P.); (I.U.E.)
| | - Isioma U. Egbuniwe
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen’s Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (K.P.); (I.U.E.)
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jorge Simon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain;
| | - Teresa C. Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain;
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain;
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Johanna Reissing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Arantza Lamas-Paz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Manuel Gómez del Moral
- Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marius Maximilian Woitok
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - José R. Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
| | - Rafael Bañares
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre (imas12) Health Research Institute, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.G.); (O.E.-V.); (R.B.-U.); (K.Z.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.); (J.R.R.); (R.B.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28220 Madrid, Spain; (J.S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.R.); (T.B.); (M.M.W.); (C.L.); (C.T.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-80-80662; Fax: +49-(0)241-80-82455
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Sun LY, Ouyang Q, Cen WJ, Wang F, Tang WT, Shao JY. A Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Monitoring Recurrence of HCC after Hepatectomy. Am Surg 2021:31348211063549. [PMID: 34894786 DOI: 10.1177/00031348211063549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no satisfactory indicator for monitoring recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This retrospective study aimed to design and validate an HCC monitor recurrence (HMR) model for patients without metastasis after hepatectomy. METHODS A training cohort was recruited from 1179 patients with HCC without metastasis after hepatectomy between February 2012 and December 2015. An HMR model was developed using an AdaBoost classifier algorithm. The factors included patient age, TNM staging, tumor size, and pre/postoperative dynamic variations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The diagnostic efficacy of the model was evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). The model was validated using a cohort of 695 patients. RESULTS In preoperative patients with positive or negative AFP, the AUC of the validation cohort in the HMR model was .8877, which indicated better diagnostic efficacy than that of serum AFP (AUC, .7348). The HMR model predicted recurrence earlier than computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging did by 191.58 ± 165 days. In addition, the HMR model can predict the prognosis of patients with HCC after resection. CONCLUSIONS The HMR model established in this study is more accurate than serum AFP for monitoring recurrence after hepatectomy for HCC and can be used for real-time monitoring of the postoperative status in patients with HCC without metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, 26470General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jian Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, 71067Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Hassani SF, Sayaf M, Danandeh SS, Nourollahzadeh Z, Shahmohammadi M, Akbari S, Shirvaliloo M, Sheervalilou R, Shams Z. Novel Insight Into the Association Between Obesity and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurrence and Recurrence: High-Throughput Microarray Data Set Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2021; 5:1169-1180. [PMID: 34860577 DOI: 10.1200/cci.21.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to identify potential biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence/recurrence and obesity, along with the molecular mechanisms that involve these biomarkers. METHODS Three microarray data sets, namely GSE18897, GSE25097, and GSE36376 (genetic suppressor elements associated with obesity, tumor, and recurrence, respectively), were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database to be investigated for their expression as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC and obesity. The functional and pathway enrichment analysis of these DEGs were identified by the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed with STRING online tool and Cytoscape software. RESULTS One hundred sixty common DEGs were screened. We found that these genes were associated with certain pathways such as metabolic pathways, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and adipocytokine signaling pathway. The involvements of 10 genes, including RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, EIF4G1, PSMC4, NHP2, EGR1, FDPS, and MCM4, were identified in the subnetwork. HNRNPA2B1 and RPS7 in the GSE18897 data set, RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, PSMC4, NHP2, FDPS, and MCM4 in the GSE25097 data set, and RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, EIF4G1, PSMC4, NHP2, FDPS, and MCM4 in the GSE36376 data set exhibited positive fold changes. CONCLUSION These DEGs and pathways could be of diagnostic value as potential biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of HCC, pertaining to both obesity and HCC occurrence/recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Sayaf
- Central Tehran Branch, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Nourollahzadeh
- Department of Biological Science, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | | | | | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Zinat Shams
- Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Fu S, He G, Cai L, Qiu L, Huang K, Chen Q, Xie W, Chen T, Huang M, Bai Y, Pan M. Co-amplification of genes in chromosome 8q24: a robust prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1086-1100. [PMID: 34295559 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of tumor-associated death worldwide, owing to its high 5-year postoperative recurrence rate and inter-individual heterogeneity. Thus, a prognostic model is urgently needed for patients with HCC. Several researches have reported that copy number amplification of the 8q24 chromosomal region is associated with low survival in many cancers. In the present work, we set out to construct a multi-gene model for prognostic prediction in HCC. Methods RNA sequencing and copy number variant data of tumor tissue samples of HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (n=328) were used to identify differentially expressed messenger RNAs of genes located on the chromosomal 8q24 region by the Wilcox test. Univariate Cox and Lasso-Cox regression analyses were carried out for the screening and construction of a prognostic multi-gene signature in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort (n=119). The multi-gene signature was validated in a cohort from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (n=240). A nomogram for prognostic prediction was built, and the underpinning molecular mechanisms were studied by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Results We successfully established a 7-gene prognostic signature model to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Using the model, we divided individuals into high-risk and low-risk sets, which showed a significant difference in overall survival in the training dataset (HR =0.17, 95% CI: 0.1-0.28; P<0.001) and in the testing dataset (HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.23-0.74; P=0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the signature to be an independent prognostic factor of HCC survival. A nomogram including the prognostic signature was constructed and showed a better predictive performance in short-term (1 and 3 years) than in long-term (5 years) survival. Furthermore, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified several pathways of significance, which may aid in explaining the underlying molecular mechanism. Conclusions Our 7-gene signature is a reliable prognostic marker for HCC, which may provide meaningful information for therapeutic customization and treatment-related decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zheng
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunjun Fu
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolin He
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Second Department of Surgery, Dongfeng People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunhua Huang
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunhui Chen
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhuan Xie
- The Research and Development Center of Precision Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- The Research and Development Center of Precision Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Mengli Huang
- The Research and Development Center of Precision Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yuezong Bai
- The Research and Development Center of Precision Medicine, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxin Pan
- Second Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Nia A, Dhanasekaran R. Genomic Landscape of HCC. CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 19:448-461. [PMID: 33816052 PMCID: PMC8015384 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-020-00553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world and it has limited treatment options. Understanding the molecular drivers of HCC is important to develop novel biomarkers and therapeutics. PURPOSE OF REVIEW HCC arises in a complex background of chronic hepatitis, fibrosis and liver regeneration which lead to genomic changes. Here, we summarize studies that have expanded our understanding of the molecular landscape of HCC. RECENT FINDINGS Recent technological advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) have elucidated specific genetic and molecular programs involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. We summarize the major somatic mutations and epigenetic changes have been identified in NGS-based studies. We also describe promising molecular therapies and immunotherapies which target specific genetic and epigenetic molecular events. SUMMARY The genomic landscape of HCC is incredibly complex and heterogeneous. Promising new developments are helping us decipher the molecular drivers of HCC and leading to new therapies.
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8
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Dong Y, Lu S, Wang Z, Liu L. CCTs as new biomarkers for the prognosis of head and neck squamous cancer. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:672-688. [PMID: 33313411 PMCID: PMC7706129 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperonin-containing T-complex protein 1 (CCT) subunits participate in diverse diseases. However, little is known about their expression and prognostic values in human head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC). This article aims to evaluate the effects of CCT subunits regarding their prognostic values for HNSC. We mined the transcriptional and survival data of CCTs in HNSC patients from online databases. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed and a functional enrichment analysis of target genes was performed. We observed that the mRNA expression levels of CCT1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 were higher in HNSC tissues than in normal tissues. Survival analysis revealed that the high mRNA transcriptional levels of CCT3/4/5/6/7/8 were associated with a low overall survival. The expression levels of CCT4/7 were correlated with advanced tumor stage. And the overexpression of CCT4 was associated with higher N stage of patients. Validation of CCTs' differential expression and prognostic values was achieved by the Human Protein Atlas and GEO datasets. Mechanistic exploration of CCT subunits by the functional enrichment analysis suggests that these genes may influence the HNSC prognosis by regulating PI3K-Akt and other pathways. This study implies that CCT3/4/6/7/8 are promising biomarkers for the prognosis of HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95th Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Department of Emergency, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhenxiao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95th Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liangfa Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95th Yong'an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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9
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Huang XY, Zhang PF, Wei CY, Peng R, Lu JC, Gao C, Cai JB, Yang X, Fan J, Ke AW, Zhou J, Shi GM. Circular RNA circMET drives immunosuppression and anti-PD1 therapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-30-5p/snail/DPP4 axis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:92. [PMID: 32430013 PMCID: PMC7236145 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amplification of chromosome 7q21-7q31 is associated with tumor recurrence and multidrug resistance, and several genes in this region are powerful drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to investigate the key circular RNAs (circRNAs) in this region that regulate the initiation and development of HCC. METHODS We used qRT-PCR to assess the expression of 43 putative circRNAs in this chromosomal region in human HCC and matched nontumor tissues. In addition, we used cultured HCC cells to modify circRNA expression and assessed the effects in several cell-based assays as well as gene expression analyses via RNA-seq. Modified cells were implanted into immunocompetent mice to assess the effects on tumor development. We performed additional experiments to determine the mechanism of action of these effects. RESULTS circMET (hsa_circ_0082002) was overexpressed in HCC tumors, and circMET expression was associated with survival and recurrence in HCC patients. By modifying the expression of circMET in HCC cells in vitro, we found that circMET overexpression promoted HCC development by inducing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition and enhancing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, circMET induced this microenvironment through the miR-30-5p/Snail/ dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4)/CXCL10 axis. In addition, the combination of the DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin and anti-PD1 antibody improved antitumor immunity in immunocompetent mice. Clinically, HCC tissues from diabetic patients receiving sitagliptin showed higher CD8+ T cell infiltration than those from HCC patients with diabetes without sitagliptin treatment. CONCLUSIONS circMET is an onco-circRNA that induces HCC development and immune tolerance via the Snail/DPP4/CXCL10 axis. Furthermore, sitagliptin may enhance the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in a subgroup of patients with HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/genetics
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- Snail Family Transcription Factors/genetics
- Snail Family Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Yuan Wei
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Bing Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, P.R. China.
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10
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High expression of chaperonin-containing TCP1 subunit 3 may induce dismal prognosis in multiple myeloma. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 20:563-573. [PMID: 31902948 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis role of CCT3 in MM and the possible pathways it involved were studied in our research. By analyzing ten independent datasets (including 48 healthy donors, 2220 MM, 73 MGUS, and 6 PCL), CCT3 was found to express higher in MM than healthy donors, and the expression level was gradually increased from MGUS, SMM, MM to PCL (all P < 0.01). By analyzing three independent datasets (GSE24080, GSE2658, and GSE4204), we found that CCT3 was a significant indicator of poor prognosis (all P < 0.01). KEGG and GSEA analysis showed that CCT3 expression was associated with JAK-STAT3 pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, and WNT signaling pathway. In addition, different expressed genes analysis revealed MYC, which was one of the downstream genes regulated by JAK-STAT3 pathway, was upregulated in MM. This confirms that JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway may promote the progress of disease which was regulated by CCT3 expression. Our study revealed that CCT3 may play a supporting role at the diagnosis of myeloid, and high expression of CCT3 suggested poor prognosis in MM. CCT3 expression may promote the progression of MM mainly by regulating MYC through JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway.
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11
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Bi J, Yang S, Li L, Dai Q, Borcherding N, Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Spitz DR, Leslie KK, Zhang J, Meng X. Metadherin enhances vulnerability of cancer cells to ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:682. [PMID: 31527591 PMCID: PMC6746770 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death driven by lipid hydroperoxides within biological membranes. Although therapy-resistant mesenchymal-high cancers are particularly vulnerable to ferroptosis inducers, especially phospholipid glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) inhibitors, the underlying mechanism is yet to be deciphered. As such, the full application of GPx4 inhibitors in cancer therapy remains challenging. Here we demonstrate that metadherin (MTDH) confers a therapy-resistant mesenchymal-high cell state and enhanced sensitivity to inducers of ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MTDH inhibited GPx4, as well as the solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2, a system Xc- heterodimerization partner), at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. Our metabolomic studies demonstrated that MTDH reduced intracellular cysteine, but increased glutamate levels, ultimately decreasing levels of glutathione and setting the stage for increased vulnerability to ferroptosis. Finally, we observed an enhanced antitumor effect when we combined various ferroptosis inducers both in vitro and in vivo; the level of MTDH correlated with the ferroptotic effect. We have demonstrated for the first time that MTDH enhances the vulnerability of cancer cells to ferroptosis and may serve as a therapeutic biomarker for future ferroptosis-centered cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Long Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Qun Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy #210, Westwood, KS, 66205, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Medical Science Training Program (MSTP), Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical Radiation Biology, and Division of the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Free Radical Radiation Biology, and Division of the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Free Radical Radiation Biology, and Division of the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kimberly K Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy #210, Westwood, KS, 66205, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3005B Wahl Hall East, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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12
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Chen H, Gao F, He M, Ding XF, Wong AM, Sze SC, Yu AC, Sun T, Chan AW, Wang X, Wong N. Long-Read RNA Sequencing Identifies Alternative Splice Variants in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Tumor-Specific Isoforms. Hepatology 2019; 70:1011-1025. [PMID: 30637779 PMCID: PMC6766942 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) allows generation of cell type-specific mRNA transcripts and contributes to hallmarks of cancer. Genome-wide analysis for AS in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, is limited. We sought to obtain a comprehensive AS landscape in HCC and define tumor-associated variants. Single-molecule real-time long-read RNA sequencing was performed on patient-derived HCC cells, and presence of splice junctions was defined by SpliceMap-LSC-IDP algorithm. We obtained an all-inclusive map of annotated AS variants and further discovered 362 alternative spliced variants that are not previously reported in any database (neither RefSeq nor GENCODE). They were mostly derived from intron retention and early termination codon with an in-frame open reading frame in 81.5%. We corroborated many of these predicted unannotated and annotated variants to be tumor specific in an independent cohort of primary HCC tumors and matching nontumoral liver. Using the combined Sanger sequencing and TaqMan junction assays, unique and common expressions of spliced variants including enzyme regulators (ARHGEF2, SERPINH1), chromatin modifiers (DEK, CDK9, RBBP7), RNA-binding proteins (SRSF3, RBM27, MATR3, YBX1), and receptors (ADRM1, CD44v8-10, vitamin D receptor, ROR1) were determined in HCC tumors. We further focused functional investigations on ARHGEF2 variants (v1 and v3) that arise from the common amplified site chr.1q22 of HCC. Their biological significance underscores two major cancer hallmarks, namely cancer stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated cell invasion and migration, although v3 is consistently more potent than v1. Conclusion: Alternative isoforms and tumor-specific isoforms that arise from aberrant splicing are common during the liver tumorigenesis. Our results highlight insights gained from the analysis of AS in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong KongChina
| | - Mian He
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Xiao Fan Ding
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Aikha M. Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Siu Ching Sze
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Allen C. Yu
- School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongChina
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Anthony W‐H. Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong KongChina
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory in Translational OncologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive DiseaseSir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin Hong KongChina
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13
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Atypical Hepatocellular Neoplasms: Review of Clinical, Morphologic, Immunohistochemical, Molecular, and Cytogenetic Features. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:254-262. [PMID: 29649004 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The distinction of hepatocellular adenoma from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be difficult in some cases, especially on biopsy specimens. These borderline cases often occur in men or older patients and may have β-catenin activation or focal atypical morphologic features (such as small cell change, prominent pseudoacinar formation, cytologic atypia, focally thick plates, and/or focal reticulin loss) that are insufficient for an unequivocal diagnosis of HCC. The term "atypical hepatocellular neoplasm" has been advocated for these tumors, but a number of other terms, including "atypical adenoma," "hepatocellular neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential," and "well-differentiated hepatocellular neoplasm with atypical or borderline features" have also been proposed. This review proposes guidelines for designating tumors as atypical hepatocellular neoplasm and describes clinical, morphologic, immunohistochemical, molecular, and cytogenetic features that distinguish these tumors from typical hepatocellular adenoma and HCC.
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14
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Watari K, Nishitani A, Shibata T, Noda M, Kawahara A, Akiba J, Murakami Y, Yano H, Kuwano M, Ono M. Phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2481 is a key target limiting the efficacy of rapalogs for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47403-47417. [PMID: 27329724 PMCID: PMC5216950 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Although recent studies facilitate the identification of crucial genes and relevant regulatory pathways, therapeutic approaches against advanced HCC are insufficiently effective. Therefore, we aimed here to develop potent therapeutics to provide a reliable biomarker for the therapeutic efficacy in patients with HCC. To this end, we first compared the cytotoxic effects of various anti-cancer drugs between well differentiated (HAK-1A) and poorly differentiated (HAK-1B) cell lines established from a single HCC tumor. Of various drug screened, HAK-1B cells were more sensitive by a factor of 2,000 to the mTORC1 inhibitors (rapalogs), rapamycin and everolimus, than HAK-1A cells. Although rapalogs inhibited phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2448 in HAK-1A and HAK-1B cells, phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2481 was specifically inhibited only in HAK-1B cells. Silencing of Raptor induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of only HAK-1B cells. Further, three other cell lines established independently from the tumors of three patients with HCC were also approximately 2,000-fold times more sensitive to rapamycin, which correlated closely with the inhibition of mTOR Ser2481 phosphorylation by rapamycin. Treatment with everolimus markedly inhibited the growth of tumors induced by poorly differentiated HAK-1B and KYN-2 cells and phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2481 in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2481 is selectively inhibited by rapalogs in mTORC1-addicted HCC cells and may be a potential reliable biomarker for the therapeutic efficacy of rapalogs for treating HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Watari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishitani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Cancer Translational Research Center, St. Mary's Institute of Health Sciences, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Michihiko Kuwano
- Cancer Translational Research Center, St. Mary's Institute of Health Sciences, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Xiao H, Zhou B, Jiang N, Cai Y, Liu X, Shi Z, Li M, Du C. The potential value of CDV3 in the prognosis evaluation in Hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dis 2018; 5:167-171. [PMID: 30258946 PMCID: PMC6147043 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CDV3 is correlated with tumorigenesis and may affect some biological process in cancer. In this study, we explore the role of CDV3 in HCC. According to the TCGA data base, CDV3 is over-expressed in HCC tissues. Up-regulation of CDV3 is correlated with lower over-all survival rate in HCC patients. In HCC samples from our hospital, CDV3 is also enriched in cancer tissues and CDV3 expression associated with HCC pathological T stage. What is more, higher CDV3 expression could forecast poor survival rate in HCC patients. In conclusion, CDV3 is a biomarker of HCC and could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyong Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshi Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongwei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyou Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li L, Zhang H. MicroRNA-379 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in glioma via targeting metadherin and regulating PTEN/AKT pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:4049-4056. [PMID: 29286115 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in glioma, and implicated in glioma occurrence and development. Therefore, the development of miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of patients with glioma has been proposed. miR‑379 has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in the progression of malignant tumours. However, the expression, biological functions and mechanism of miR‑379 in glioma are yet to be fully understood. Hence, the present study aimed to detect miR‑379 expression, investigate its functional relevance and explore its associated molecular mechanism in glioma. In this study, miR‑379 expression was significantly downregulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. Enforced miR‑379 expression markedly suppressed the cell proliferation and invasion of glioma. Metadherin (MTDH) was identified as a direct target of miR‑379 in glioma. The miR‑379 expression and MTDH mRNA levels exhibited an inverse association in glioma tissues. The restoration of the MTDH expression partially rescued the inhibitory effects of miR‑379 overexpression on glioma cell proliferation and invasion, and the upregulation of miR‑379 inhibited the activation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling pathway. Overall, these findings demonstrated that miR‑379 may play tumour‑suppressing roles in glioma through downregulation of MTDH and regulation of the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that miR‑379 might be a possible target for the treatment of patients with this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100032, P.R. China
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17
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Qiao W, Cao N, Yang L. MicroRNA-154 inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by directly targeting MTDH. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3268-3274. [PMID: 28927076 PMCID: PMC5588056 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-protein-coding, highly conserved single-stranded RNA molecules. The abnormal expression of miRNAs has been demonstrated to have an important function in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. microRNA-154 (miR-154) has been reported to be downregulated in non-small cell lung, colorectal and prostate cancer. However, the expression and roles of miR-154 in gastric cancer remain to be established. The present study measured the expression levels of miR-154 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. miR-154 was found to be significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. In addition, functional studies indicated that the overexpression of miR-154 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Using TargetScan, a dual luciferase reporter assay, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, metadherin (MTDH) was revealed as a novel miR-154 target. In addition, knocking down MTDH lead to a similar effect as overexpressing-154 in gastric cells. The present findings indicate that miR-154 was downregulated in gastric cancer, and inhibited tumor behaviors of gastric cancer cells partially through the downregulation of MTDH. Therefore, the miR-154/MTDH axis may be a novel therapeutic to treat patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Chengguan, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Wenhui Qiao, Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University. 1 Donggang Dong Road, Chengguan, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Nong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Chengguan, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Chengguan, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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18
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c-MYC-Making Liver Sick: Role of c-MYC in Hepatic Cell Function, Homeostasis and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040123. [PMID: 28422055 PMCID: PMC5406870 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 35 years ago, c-MYC, a highly pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hepatic cell function, was identified. In recent years, a considerable increment in the number of publications has significantly shifted the way that the c-MYC function is perceived. Overexpression of c-MYC alters a wide range of roles including cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle progression, cell adhesion and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to broaden the understanding of the general functions of c-MYC, to focus on c-MYC-driven pathogenesis in the liver, explain its mode of action under basal conditions and during disease, and discuss efforts to target c-MYC as a plausible therapy for liver disease.
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19
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Zhong F, Cheng X, Sun S, Zhou J. Transcriptional activation of PD-L1 by Sox2 contributes to the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3061-3067. [PMID: 28339084 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in the world. Sox2 is a potential oncogene in the pathogenesis of HCC, however, the actual mechanisms of Sox2 functions in HCC has not emerged yet. In this study, we explored the expression, function and the relationship between Sox2 and PD-L1 in HCC. We found that both Sox2 and PD-L1 were expressed at a markedly higher level in HCC tissues in comparison to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of both genes were correlated with each other. Knockdown of Sox2 reduced the cell proliferation ability and induces apoptosis of HCC cells, suggesting the function of Sox2 in regulating both the cell proliferation and apoptosis. Noteworthy, the depletion of Sox2 also reduced the expression of PD-L1. Further analysis showed that there is a consensus Sox2 binding site in the promoter region of PD-L1. Through in vitro EMSA assay and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that Sox2 directly bound to the PD-L1 promoter through the consensus Sox2 motif. Further evidence by luciferase reporter assays revealed that Sox2 promoted the transcription activity of PD-L1 promoter region through the Sox2 motif. Collectively, our data provide a novel insight into the function and the interplay of Sox2 and PD-L1 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Xinsheng Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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20
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Cheong JY, Kim YB, Woo JH, Kim DK, Yeo M, Yang SJ, Yang KS, Soon SK, Wang HJ, Kim BW, Park JH, Cho SW. Identification of NUCKS1 as a putative oncogene and immunodiagnostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2016; 584:47-53. [PMID: 26968889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown, gene copy number and associated mRNA expression changes are frequently reported. Comparative genomic hybridization arrays spotted with 4041 bacterial artificial chromosome clones were used to assess copy number changes in 45 HCC tissues. Seventy more HCC tissues were used to validate candidate genes by using western blots and immunohistochemistry. A total of 259 clones were associated with copy number changes that significantly differed between normal liver and HCC samples. The chromosomal region 1q32.1 containing the nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1) gene was associated with tumor vascular invasion. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NUCKS1 was up-regulated in 37 of 70 (52.8%) HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, and over-expressed in a vast majority of HCCs (44/52, 84.6%) as determined by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, immunostaining of both NUCKS1 and glypican-3 improved the diagnostic prediction of HCC. Knock-down of NUCKS1 by siRNA implied the decrease in cell viability of the Hep3B cell line and reduced tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. NUCKS1 was identified as a potential oncogene at chromosomal 1q32.1 in patients with HCC, and it might be a valuable immunodiagnostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Bae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Marie Yeo
- Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | - Sun Kim Soon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Wan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Loaiza-Bonilla A, Furth EE, Morrissette JJD. Next-generation sequencing and personalized genomic medicine in hepatobiliary malignancies. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:359-370. [PMID: 30191018 PMCID: PMC6095428 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by significant molecular and genomic heterogeneity. The advent of powerful genomic technologies has allowed detection of recurrent somatic alterations in liver cancer, including mutations, copy number alterations as well as changes in transcriptomes and epigenomes, with the potential to translate these data into clinically relevant predictive and prognostic factors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the application of high-throughput genomic technologies in liver cancer and the integration of such cancer genome profiling data, highlighting specific relevant subgroups and explain how this knowledge can be used in translational clinical research, 'basket trials', molecular tumor boards, targeted therapy and for personalized genomic medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Loaiza-Bonilla
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emma E Furth
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer JD Morrissette
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Kurabe N, Murakami S, Tashiro F. SGF29 and Sry pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:139-147. [PMID: 26322172 PMCID: PMC4549758 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated c-Myc expression is a hallmark of many human cancers. We have recently identified a role of mammalian homolog of yeast SPT-ADA-GCN5-acetyltransferas (SAGA) complex component, SAGA-associated factor 29 (SGF29), in regulating the c-Myc overexpression. Here, we discuss the molecular nature of SFG29 in SPT3-TAF9-GCN5-acetyltransferase complex, a counterpart of yeast SAGA complex, and the mechanism through which the elevated SGF29 expression contribute to oncogenic potential of c-Myc in hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC). We propose that the upstream regulation of SGF29 elicited by sex-determining region Y (Sry) is also augmented in HCC. We hypothesize that c-Myc elevation driven by the deregulated Sry and SGF29 pathway is implicated in the male specific acquisition of human HCCs.
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23
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Wang J, Zuo Y, Man YG, Avital I, Stojadinovic A, Liu M, Yang X, Varghese RS, Tadesse MG, Ressom HW. Pathway and network approaches for identification of cancer signature markers from omics data. J Cancer 2015; 6:54-65. [PMID: 25553089 PMCID: PMC4278915 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of high throughput omic technologies during the past few years has made it possible to perform many complex assays in a much shorter time than the traditional approaches. The rapid accumulation and wide availability of omic data generated by these technologies offer great opportunities to unravel disease mechanisms, but also presents significant challenges to extract knowledge from such massive data and to evaluate the findings. To address these challenges, a number of pathway and network based approaches have been introduced. This review article evaluates these methods and discusses their application in cancer biomarker discovery using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Wang
- 1. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- 7. Genetics and Genomics Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Zuo
- 1. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- 6. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Yan-gao Man
- 2. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond VA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- 2. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Richmond VA, USA
- 3. Division of Surgical Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meng Liu
- 4. Department of Public Health School of Hunter College, City University of New York, NYC, USA
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- 4. Department of Public Health School of Hunter College, City University of New York, NYC, USA
| | - Rency S. Varghese
- 1. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mahlet G Tadesse
- 5. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- 1. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Woo HG, Kim SS, Cho H, Kwon SM, Cho HJ, Ahn SJ, Park ES, Lee JS, Cho SW, Cheong JY. Profiling of exome mutations associated with progression of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115152. [PMID: 25521761 PMCID: PMC4270755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing technology have allowed us to profile genome-wide mutations of various cancer types, revealing huge heterogeneity of cancer genome variations. However, its heterogeneous landscape of somatic mutations according to liver cancer progression is not fully understood. Here, we profiled the mutations and gene expressions of early and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related with Hepatitis B-viral infection. Integrative analysis was performed with whole-exome sequencing and gene expression profiles of the 12 cases of early and advanced HCCs and paired non-tumoral adjacent liver tissues. A total of 293 tumor-specific somatic variants and 202 non-tumoral variants were identified. The tumor-specific variants were found to be enriched at chromosome 1q particularly in the advanced HCC, compared to the non-tumoral variants. Functional enrichment analysis revealed frequent mutations at the genes encoding cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion, and cell cycle-related genes. In addition, to elucidate actionable somatic mutations, we performed an integrative analysis of gene mutations and gene expression profiles together. This revealed the 48 mutated genes which were differentially mutated with concomitant gene expression enrichment. Of these, CTNNB1 was found to have a pivotal role in the differential progression of the HCC subgroup. In conclusion, our integrative analysis of whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome profiles could provide actionable mutations which might play pivotal roles in the heterogeneous progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Mee Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Cho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun Joo Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Park
- Institute for Medical Convergence, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sung Won Cho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kakar S, Grenert JP, Paradis V, Pote N, Jakate S, Ferrell LD. Hepatocellular carcinoma arising in adenoma: similar immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features in adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma portions of the tumor. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1499-1509. [PMID: 24743216 PMCID: PMC4803443 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver can show morphological features similar to hepatocellular adenoma. In rare instances, hepatocellular carcinoma can arise in the setting of hepatocellular adenoma. This study compares the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features of the hepatocellular adenoma-like and hepatocellular carcinoma portions of these tumors. Immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, glutamine synthetase, serum amyloid A protein, glypican-3, and heat-shock protein 70 was done in 11 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in hepatocellular adenoma in non-cirrhotic liver. Tumors with nuclear β-catenin and/or diffuse glutamine synthetase were considered β-catenin activated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was done in nine cases for gains of chromosomes 1, 8 and MYC. There were seven men (33-75 years) and four women (29-65 years). Focal atypical morphological features were seen in hepatocellular adenoma-like areas in 7 (64%) cases. Hepatocellular adenoma-like areas showed features of inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma in 7 (64%) cases; 4 of these were also serum amyloid A-positive in the hepatocellular carcinoma portion. β-Catenin activation, heat-shock protein 70 positivity, and chromosomal gains on FISH were seen in the hepatocellular adenoma portion in 55%, 40%, and 56% of cases, and 73%, 60%, and 78% of cases in the hepatocellular carcinoma portion, respectively. In conclusion, the hepatocellular adenoma-like portion of most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma arising in hepatocellular adenoma shows features typically seen in hepatocellular carcinoma such as focal morphological abnormalities, β-catenin activation, heat-shock protein 70 expression, and chromosomal gains. Hepatocellular adenoma-like areas in these tumors, especially in men and older women, may represent an extremely well-differentiated variant of hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas the morphologically recognizable hepatocellular carcinoma portion represents a relatively higher grade component of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kakar
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pathology, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James P Grenert
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Paradis
- Department of Pathology, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicolas Pote
- Department of Pathology, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shriram Jakate
- Department of Pathology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda D Ferrell
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the examination of liver cancer genomes at high resolution; somatic mutations, structural alterations, HBV integration, RNA editing and retrotransposon changes have been comprehensively identified. Furthermore, integrated analyses of trans-omics data (genome, transcriptome and methylome data) have identified multiple critical genes and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. These analyses have uncovered potential therapeutic targets, including growth factor signalling, WNT signalling, the NFE2L2-mediated oxidative pathway and chromatin modifying factors, and paved the way for new molecular classifications for clinical application. The aetiological factors associated with liver cancer are well understood; however, their effects on the accumulation of somatic changes and the influence of ethnic variation in risk factors still remain unknown. The international collaborations of cancer genome sequencing projects are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of risk evaluation, diagnosis and therapy for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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27
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Hepatocellular adenomas in a large community population, 2000 to 2010: reclassification per current World Health Organization classification and results of long-term follow-up. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:976-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Abstract
AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been shown to promote cancer progression and development. Overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC correlates with angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance to various chemotherapy agents in cancer cells originating from a variety of tissues. In this chapter, we focus on the role of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in drug resistance. Mechanistic studies have shown that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC is involved in classical oncogenic pathways including Ha-Ras, myc, NFκB, and PI3K/Akt. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC also promotes protective autophagy by activating AMP kinase and autophagy-related gene 5. Another reported mechanism by which AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC regulates drug resistance is by increasing loading of multidrug resistance gene (MDR) 1 mRNA to the polysome, thereby facilitating MDR1 protein translation. More recently, a novel function for AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC as an RNA-binding protein was elucidated, which has the potential to impact expression of drug sensitivity or resistance genes. Finally, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC acts in microRNA-directed gene silencing via an interaction with staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1, a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. Altered microRNA expression and activity induced by AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC represent an additional way that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC may cause drug resistance in cancer. The multiple functions of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in drug resistance highlight that it is a viable target as an anticancer agent for a wide variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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29
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Guan P, Olaharski A, Fielden M, Roome N, Dragan Y, Sina J. Biomarkers of carcinogenicity and their roles in drug discovery and development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:759-71. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Lee JS. Genomic profiling of liver cancer. Genomics Inform 2013; 11:180-5. [PMID: 24465228 PMCID: PMC3897844 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2013.11.4.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of liver cancers is driven largely by genomic alterations that deregulate signaling pathways, influencing growth and survival of cancer cells. Because of the hundreds or thousands of genomic/epigenomic alterations that have accumulated in the cancer genome, it is very challenging to find and test candidate genes driving tumor development and progression. Systematic studies of the liver cancer genome have become available in recent years. These studies have uncovered new potential driver genes, including those not previously known to be involved in the development of liver cancer. Novel approaches combining multiple datasets from patient tissues have created an unparalleled opportunity to uncover potential new therapeutic targets and prognostic/predictive biomarkers for personalized therapy that can improve clinical outcomes of the patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Tarao K, Ohkawa S, Miyagi Y, Morinaga S, Ohshige K, Yamamoto N, Ueno M, Kobayashi S, Kameda R, Tamai S, Nakamura Y, Miyakawa K, Kameda Y, Okudaira M. Inflammation in background cirrhosis evokes malignant progression in HCC development from HCV-associated liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:729-35. [PMID: 23556482 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.782064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is accepted that inflammation promotes malignant progression in the development of cancers. Whether, this is true for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains as an open question. We examined the relationship between the inflammatory histology activity index (HAI) in the background liver cirrhosis (LC) and the histological grading of the HCC in the hepatectomized HCC patients with HCV-associated LC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Out of 264 HCC patients who underwent curative hepatic resection, 197 had HCV-associated LC. Among them, 52 patients with a small solitary HCC nodule (< 5 cm in diameter) were studied. Inflammation in the background LC was evaluated by modified Knodell's HAI. To evaluate the inflammation, piece meal necrosis, intra lobular cellular degeneration and focal necrosis, portal cellular inflammation (0-4, each) were estimated. The average HAI was calculated. The grade of malignancy of HCC was determined by WHO classification. RESULTS The average HAI in the 15 patients with moderately differentiated HCC (4.3 ± 0.8, mean ± SD) was significantly larger than that in 11 patients with well differentiated HCC (3.5 ± 0.6, p = 0.036). The HAI in the 24 patients whose HCC nodules contained poorly differentiated HCC (5.2 ± 1.1) was significantly larger than that in patients with moderately differentiated HCC (p = 0.025). Thus, the HAI order was well differentiated group < moderately differentiated group < poorly differentiated group. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation in the background non-cancerous cirrhotic portion would evoke malignant progression in HCC development from HCV-associated LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tarao
- Tarao's Gastroenterological Clinic, Yokohama, Japan.
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32
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Kwon SM, Kim DS, Won NH, Park SJ, Chwae YJ, Kang HC, Lee SH, Baik EJ, Thorgeirsson SS, Woo HG. Genomic copy number alterations with transcriptional deregulation at 6p identify an aggressive HCC phenotype. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1543-50. [PMID: 23508637 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analyses have revealed the enormous heterogeneity in essentially all cancer types. However, the identification of precise subtypes, which are biologically informative and clinically useful, remains a challenge. The application of integrative analysis of multilayered genomic profiles to define the chromosomal regions of genomic copy number alterations with concomitant transcriptional deregulation is posited to provide a promising strategy to identify driver targets. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of the DNA copy numbers and gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By comparing DNA copy numbers between HCC subtypes based on gene expression pattern, we revealed the DNA copy number alteration with concordant gene expression changes at 6p21-p24 particularly in the HCC subtype of aggressive phenotype without expressing stemness genes. Among the genes at 6p21-p24, we identified IER3 as a potential driver. The clinical utility of IER3 copy numbers was demonstrated by validating its clinical correlation with independent cohorts. In addition, short hairpin RNA-mediated knock-down experiment revealed the functional relevance of IER3 in liver cancer progression. In conclusion, our results suggest that genomic copy number alterations with transcriptional deregulation at 6p21-p24 identify an aggressive HCC phenotype and a novel functional biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Mee Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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33
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Baygi ME, Nikpour P. Deregulation of MTDH gene expression in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2833-6. [PMID: 22938468 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Gastric cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In Iran, it is one of the leading causes at the national level. Localized at chromosome 8q22, the human MTDH gene has been reported to be over-expressed in a spectrum of malignancies. However, since there is a lack of data concerning with expression in gastric cancer at the transcriptional level, in this study we evaluated MTDH expression in Iranian cases. METHODS Totally, thirty paired gastric samples were examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Although the mRNA expression was significantly elevated in 46.6% of the examined tumor tissues; its expression was low in others (36.6%). Moreover, there was only a marginal statistical difference between the MTDH gene expression of all tumor specimens compared to their paired non-tumor ones and no statistically significant association with the grades and types of the tumors. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrated that expression of MTDH at the transcriptional level may be increased in gastric cancer tissue samples but with considerable heterogeneity. Due to this, it may have the potential to be used as a target for diagnostic/therapeutic purposes only in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modjtaba Emadi Baygi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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34
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Marquardt JU, Galle PR, Teufel A. Molecular diagnosis and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): an emerging field for advanced technologies. J Hepatol 2012; 56:267-75. [PMID: 21782758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite great progress in diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the exact biology of the tumor remains poorly understood overall limiting the patients' outcome. Detailed analysis and characterization of the molecular mechanisms and subsequently individual prediction of corresponding prognostic traits would revolutionize both diagnosis and treatment of HCC and is the key goal of modern personalized medicine. Over the recent years systematic approaches for the analysis of whole tumor genomes and transcriptomes as well as epigenomes became affordable tools in translational research. This includes simultaneous analyses of thousands of molecular targets using microarray-based technologies as well as next-generation sequencing. Although currently diagnosis and classification of hepatocellular cancers still rely on histological examination of tumor sections, these technologies show great promise to advance the current knowledge of hepatocarcinogenesis, complement diagnostic classification in a setting of microarray-aided pathology, and rationalize the individual drug selection. This review aims to summarize recent progress of system biological approaches in hepatocarcinogenesis and outline potential areas for translational application in a clinical setting. Further, we give an update about known signaling pathways active in HCC, summarize the historical application of whole genomic approaches in liver cancer and indicate ongoing experimental research utilizing novel technologies in diagnosis and treatment of this deadly disease. This will also include the discussion and characterization of new molecular and cellular targets such as Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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35
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Lee JS, Kim JH, Park YY, Mills GB. Systems biology approaches to decoding the genome of liver cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2011; 43:205-11. [PMID: 22247704 PMCID: PMC3253861 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2011.43.4.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular classification of cancers has been significantly improved patient outcomes through the implementation of treatment protocols tailored to the abnormalities present in each patient's cancer cells. Breast cancer represents the poster child with marked improvements in outcome occurring due to the implementation of targeted therapies for estrogen receptor or human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive breast cancers. Important subtypes with characteristic molecular features as potential therapeutic targets are likely to exist for all tumor lineages including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but have yet to be discovered and validated as targets. Because each tumor accumulates hundreds or thousands of genomic and epigenetic alterations of critical genes, it is challenging to identify and validate candidate tumor aberrations as therapeutic targets or biomarkers that predict prognosis or response to therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to devise new experimental and analytical strategies to overcome this problem. Systems biology approaches integrating multiple data sets and technologies analyzing patient tissues holds great promise for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and linked predictive biomarkers allowing implementation of personalized medicine for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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36
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Diagnosis of well-differentiated hepatocellular lesions: role of immunohistochemistry and other ancillary techniques. Adv Anat Pathol 2011; 18:438-45. [PMID: 21993269 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e318234abb4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable overlap in morphologic features in well-differentiated hepatocellular lesions necessitating the use of immunohistochemistry and other techniques for diagnosis. Map-like pattern with glutamine synthetase in focal nodular hyperplasia and cytoplasmic staining with serum amyloid associated protein in inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (HA) are useful for this distinction. The distinction of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HA in noncirrhotic liver is facilitated by demonstrating glypican-3 and cytogenetic changes like gains of chromosomes 1 and 8. Nuclear staining with β-catenin and/or diffuse staining with glutamine synthetase strongly favors well-differentiated HCC or HA with high risk for HCC. In a cirrhotic liver, separation of early HCC from high-grade dysplastic nodule requires identification of stromal invasion, which can be highlighted by absence of keratin 7-positive ductular reaction. Combined use of heat shock protein 70, glutamine synthetase, and glypican-3 can be useful as positivity for 2 or more of these markers has shown high specificity for HCC in early studies.
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37
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Chung KY, Cheng IKC, Ching AKK, Chu JH, Lai PBS, Wong N. Block of proliferation 1 (BOP1) plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Hepatology 2011; 54:307-18. [PMID: 21520196 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genomic amplification of regional chromosome 8q24 is a common event in human cancers. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly aggressive malignancy that is rapidly fatal, recurrent 8q24 gains can be detected in >50% of cases. In this study, attempts to resolve the 8q24 region by way of array comparative genomic hybridization for affected genes in HCC revealed distinctive gains of block of proliferation 1 (BOP1). Gene expression evaluation in an independent cohort of primary HCC (n = 65) revealed frequent BOP1 up-regulation in tumors compared with adjacent nontumoral liver (84.6%; P < 0.0001). Significant associations could also be drawn between increased expressions of BOP1 and advance HCC staging (P = 0.004), microvascular invasion (P = 0.006), and shorter disease-free survival of patients (P = 0.02). Examination of expression of C-MYC, a well-known oncogene located in proximity to BOP1, in the same series of primary HCC cases did not suggest strong clinicopathologic associations. Functional investigations by small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of BOP1 in HCC cell lines indicated significant inhibition on cell invasion (P < 0.005) and migration (P < 0.05). Overexpression of BOP1 in the immortalized hepatocyte cell line L02 showed increase cellular invasiveness and cell migratory rate (P < 0.0001). In both gene knockdown and ectopic expression assays, BOP1 did not exert an effect on cell viability and proliferation. Evident regression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype was readily identified in BOP1 knockdown cells, whereas up-regulation of epithelial markers (E-cadherin, cytokeratin 18, and γ-catenin) and down-regulation of mesenchymal markers (fibronectin and vimentin) were seen. A corresponding augmentation of EMT was indicated from the ectopic expression of BOP1 in L02. In addition, BOP1 could stimulate actin stress fiber assembly and RhoA activation. CONCLUSION Our findings underline an important role for BOP1 in HCC invasiveness and metastasis potentials through inducing EMT and promoting actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Ying Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Li Ka-Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Breuhahn K, Gores G, Schirmacher P. Strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy and diagnostics: lessons learned from high throughput and profiling approaches. Hepatology 2011; 53:2112-21. [PMID: 21433041 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous small and high-dimensional profiling analyses have been performed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which address different levels of regulation and modulation. Because comprehensive analyses are lacking, the following review summarizes some of the general results and compares them with insights from other tumor entities. Particular attention is given to the impact of these results on future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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A novel interplay between oncogenic PFTK1 protein kinase and tumor suppressor TAGLN2 in the control of liver cancer cell motility. Oncogene 2011; 30:4464-75. [PMID: 21577206 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PFTK1 gene encodes a cdc2-related serine/threonine protein kinase that has been shown to confer cell migratory properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the prognostic value and biological mechanism by which PFTK1 promotes HCC motility remain largely unknown. Here, we showed from tissue microarray that common upregulations of PFTK1 in primary HCC tumors (n=133/180) correlated significantly with early age onset (40 years), advance tumor grading and presence of microvascular invasion (P0.05). To understand downstream phosphorylated substrate(s) of PFTK1, phospho-proteins in PFTK1 expressing and knockdown Hep3B cells were profiled by two-dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mass spectrometric analysis. Protein identification of differential spots revealed β-actin (ACTB) and transgelin2 (TAGLN2) as the two most profound phosphorylated changes affected by PFTK1. We verified the presence of TAGLN2 serine phosphorylation and ACTB tyrosine phosphorylation. Moreover, reduced TAGLN2 and ACTB phosphorylations in PFTK1-suppressed Hep3B corresponded to distinct actin depolymerizations and marked inhibition on cell invasion and motility. Given that TAGLN2 is a tumor suppressor whose function has been ascribed in cancer metastasis, we examined if TAGLN2 is an intermediate substrate in the biological path of PFTK1. We showed in PFTK1-suppressed cells that knockdown of TAGLN2 over-rode the inhibitory effect on cell invasion and motility, and a recovery on actin polymerization was evident. Interestingly, we also found that unphosphorylated TAGLN2 in PFTK1-suppressed cells elicited strong actin-binding ability, a mechanism that possibly halts the actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Site-directed mutagenesis of TAGLN2 suggested that PFTK1 regulates the actin-binding affinity of TAGLN2 through the S83 and S163 residues, which if mutated can significantly affect HCC cell motility. Taken together, our data propose a novel, oncogene-tumor suppressor interplay, where oncogenic PFTK1 confers HCC cell motility through inactivating the actin-binding motile suppressing function of TAGLN2 via phosphorylation.
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40
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Abstract
Gene expression profiling using microarray technologies provides a powerful approach to understand complex biological systems and the pathogenesis of diseases. In the field of liver cancer research, a number of genome-wide profiling studies have been published. These studies have provided gene sets, that is, signature, which could classify tumors and predict clinical outcomes such as survival, recurrence, and metastasis. More recently, the application of genomic profiling has been extended to identify molecular targets, pathways, and the cellular origins of the tumors. Systemic and integrative analyses of multiple data sets and emerging new technologies also accelerate the progress of the cancer genomic studies. Here, we review the genomic signatures identified from the genomic profiling studies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and categorize and characterize them into prediction, phenotype, function, and molecular target signatures according to their utilities and properties. Our classification of the signatures would be helpful to understand and design studies with extended application of genomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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41
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Liu X, Zhang N, Li X, Moran MS, Yuan C, Yan S, Jiang L, Ma T, Haffty BG, Yang Q. Identification of novel variants of metadherin in breast cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17582. [PMID: 21408129 PMCID: PMC3050918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metadherin (MTDH, also known as AEG-1, and Lyric) has been demonstrated to play a potential role in several significant aspects of tumor progression. It has been reported that overexpression of MTDH is associated with progression of disease and poorer prognosis in breast cancer. However, there are no studies to date assessing variants of the MTDH gene and their potential relationship with breast cancer susceptibility. Thus, we investigated all variants of the MTDH gene and explored the association of the variants with breast cancer development. Our cohort consisted of full-length gene sequencing of 108 breast cancer cases and 100 healthy controls; variants were detected in 11 breast cancer cases and 13 controls. Among the variants detected, 9 novel variants were discovered and 2 were found to be associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer. However, additional studies need to be conducted in larger sample sizes to validate these findings and to further investigate whether these variants are prognostic in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meena S. Moran
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Cunzhong Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Yan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyu Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruce G. Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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42
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Lee SG, Su ZZ, Santhekadur P, Chen D, Gredler R, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A multifunctional regulator of normal and abnormal physiology. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:1-8. [PMID: 21256156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial identification and cloning in 2002, Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH), 3D3 and LYsine-RIch CEACAM1 co-isolated (LYRIC), has emerged as an important oncogene that is overexpressed in all cancers analyzed so far. Examination of a large cohort of patient samples representing diverse cancer indications has revealed progressive increase in AEG-1 expression with stages and grades of the disease and an inverse relationship between AEG-1 expression level and patient prognosis. AEG-1 functions as a bona fide oncogene by promoting transformation. In addition, it plays a significant role in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, all important hallmarks of an aggressive cancer. AEG-1 is also implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as development, inflammation, neurodegeneration, migraine and Huntington's disease. AEG-1 is a highly basic protein with a transmembrane domain and multiple nuclear localization signals and it is present in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum. In each location, AEG-1 interacts with specific proteins thereby modulating diverse intracellular processes the combination of which contributes to its pleiotrophic properties. The present review provides a snapshot of the current literature along with future perspectives on this unique molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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43
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Lee SG, Su ZZ, Santhekadur P, Chen D, Gredler R, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1): A multifunctional regulator of normal and abnormal physiology. Pharmacol Ther 2011. [PMID: 21256156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharm-thera.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial identification and cloning in 2002, Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH), 3D3 and LYsine-RIch CEACAM1 co-isolated (LYRIC), has emerged as an important oncogene that is overexpressed in all cancers analyzed so far. Examination of a large cohort of patient samples representing diverse cancer indications has revealed progressive increase in AEG-1 expression with stages and grades of the disease and an inverse relationship between AEG-1 expression level and patient prognosis. AEG-1 functions as a bona fide oncogene by promoting transformation. In addition, it plays a significant role in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, all important hallmarks of an aggressive cancer. AEG-1 is also implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes, such as development, inflammation, neurodegeneration, migraine and Huntington's disease. AEG-1 is a highly basic protein with a transmembrane domain and multiple nuclear localization signals and it is present in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus and endoplasmic reticulum. In each location, AEG-1 interacts with specific proteins thereby modulating diverse intracellular processes the combination of which contributes to its pleiotrophic properties. The present review provides a snapshot of the current literature along with future perspectives on this unique molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Kwon Yoo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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44
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Chen L, Chan THM, Guan XY. Chromosome 1q21 amplification and oncogenes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1165-71. [PMID: 20676120 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal of human malignancies. During human multistep hepatocarcinogenesis, genomic gain represents an important mechanism in the activation of proto-oncogenes. In many circumstances, activated oncogenes hold clinical implications both as prognostic markers and targets for cancer therapeutics. Gain of chromosome 1q copy is one of the most frequently detected alterations in HCC and 1q21 is the most frequent minimal amplifying region (MAR). A better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of target genes within 1q21 amplicon will significantly improve our knowledge in HCC pathogenesis, and may lead to a much more effective management of HCC bearing amplification of 1q21. Such knowledge has long term implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment. Our research group and others, focused on the identification and characterization of 1q21 target genes such as JTB, CKS1B, and CHD1L in HCC progression. In this review, we will summarize the current scientific knowledge of known target genes within 1q21 amplicon and the precise oncogenic mechanisms of CHD1L will be discussed in detail.
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45
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Archer KJ, Zhao Z, Guennel T, Maluf DG, Fisher RA, Mas VR. Identifying genes progressively silenced in preneoplastic and neoplastic liver tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:52-67. [PMID: 20693610 DOI: 10.1504/ijcbdd.2010.034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput genomic technologies are increasingly being used to identify therapeutic targets and risk factors for specific diseases. Using 116 independent liver samples, we identified 793 probe sets that demonstrated a significant association in the frequency of absent calls as tissues progressed from normal to pre-neoplastic to neoplastic, followed by a bioinformatic approach which identified that 78.9% of the significant probe sets contained at least one CpG island in the gene promoter region compared with 58.9% of the remaining genes examined. Our results indicate that further high-throughput methylation studies to more fully characterize molecular events involved in hepatocarcinogenesis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J Archer
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0032, USA.
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46
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An Overview of Biomarkers and Molecular Signatures in HCC. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:809-23. [PMID: 24281095 PMCID: PMC3835106 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Although most HCCs seem to originate from the accumulation of genetic abnormalities induced by various risk factors, underlying mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis remain unclear. Long-term survival of HCC patients is also poor, partly due to HCC recurrence. Although serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level is a useful marker for the detection and monitoring of HCC, AFP levels may remain normal in the patients even with advanced HCC. To identify useful biomarkers for HCC, many studies have been conducted on molecular events such as genetic and epigenetic alterations, and gene expression. This review summarizes recent studies of potential molecular markers for diagnosis and monitoring metastasis or recurrence of HCC.
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47
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Tsai WL, Chung RT. Viral hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncogene 2010; 29:2309-24. [PMID: 20228847 PMCID: PMC3148694 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, its prognosis remains dismal. Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the major risk factors for HCC. Although both are hepatotropic viral infections, there are important differences between the oncogenic mechanisms of these two viruses. In addition to the oncogenic potential of its viral proteins, HBV, as a DNA virus, can integrate into host DNA and directly transform hepatocytes. In contrast, HCV, an RNA virus, is unable to integrate into the host genome, and viral protein expression has a more critical function in hepatocarcinogenesis. Both HBV and HCV proteins have been implicated in disrupting cellular signal transduction pathways that lead to unchecked cell growth. Most HCC develops in the cirrhotic liver, but the linkage between cirrhosis and HCC is likely multifactorial. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms of viral HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Tsai
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - RT Chung
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cheng IKC, Ching AKK, Chan TC, Chan AWH, Wong CK, Choy KW, Kwan M, Lai PBS, Wong N. Reduced CRYL1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma confers cell growth advantages and correlates with adverse patient prognosis. J Pathol 2010; 220:348-60. [PMID: 19927314 DOI: 10.1002/path.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous deletion screening has been widely utilized to define tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancers. Although these biallelic deletions are infrequent, their identification has facilitated the discovery of many important TSGs. We have systematically examined the genome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant tumour that is rapidly fatal, for the presence of homozygous deletions. Array-CGH analysis on early passage of HCC cultures and cell lines led us to identify six homozygous deleted (HD) regions. A high concordance between array-CGH and expression of HD genes was demonstrated, where crystallin Lambda1 (CRYL1; located on chromosome 13q12.11) displayed the most frequent down-regulation. We found that reduced mRNA expression of CRYL1 was common in HCC tumours when compared with their adjacent non-tumoural liver (p = 0.0097). Significant associations could also be drawn between repressed CRYL1 and advanced tumour staging, increased tumour size, and shorter disease-free survival of patients (p < 0.037). Moreover, homozygous deletions on CRYL1 could be detected in 36% of HCC cases, where recurrent HDs were identified on exons 1, 5, and 8. Examination of other causal events suggested histone deacetylation and promoter hypermethylation to be likely inactivating mechanisms as well. Re-expression of CRYL1 in the SK-Hep1 cell line, where biallelic loss of CRYL1 was found, induced profound inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell growth (p < 0.0015). By Annexin V staining, CRYL1 restoration readily increased pro-apoptotic cells with an induction of PARP cleavage. Flow cytometry further revealed that CRYL1 could prolong the G(2)-M phase, possibly through interruption of the Cdc2/cyclin B pathway. Given that regional chromosome 13q12-q14 loss is a causal genomic event in HCC tumourigenesis, our finding may have implications for identifying a novel TSG CRYL1 within this important locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibis K-C Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology at the Li Ka-Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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49
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High-throughput assessment of CpG site methylation for distinguishing between HCV-cirrhosis and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 283:341-9. [PMID: 20165882 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of promoter CpG islands has been associated with gene silencing and demonstrated to lead to chromosomal instability. Therefore, some postulate that aberrantly methylated CpG regions may be important biomarkers indicative of cancer development. In this study we used the Illumina GoldenGate Methylation BeadArray Cancer Panel I for simultaneously profiling methylation of 1,505 CpG sites in order to identify methylation differences in 76 liver tissues ranging from normal to pre-neoplastic and neoplastic states. CpG sites for ESR1, GSTM2, and MME were significantly differentially methylated when comparing the pre-neoplastic tissues from patients with concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to the pre-neoplastic tissues from patients without HCC. When comparing paired HCC tissues to their corresponding pre-neoplastic non-tumorous tissues, eight CpG sites, including one CpG site that was hypermethylated (APC) and seven (NOTCH4, EMR3, HDAC9, DCL1, HLA-DOA, HLA-DPA1, and ERN1) that were hypomethylated in HCC, were identified. Our study demonstrates that high-throughput methylation technologies may be used to identify differentially methylated CpG sites that may prove to be important molecular events involved in carcinogenesis.
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Huang J, Zheng DL, Qin FS, Cheng N, Chen H, Wan BB, Wang YP, Xiao HS, Han ZG. Genetic and epigenetic silencing of SCARA5 may contribute to human hepatocellular carcinoma by activating FAK signaling. J Clin Invest 2009; 120:223-41. [PMID: 20038795 DOI: 10.1172/jci38012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a crucial event during carcinogenesis and metastasis. Here, in a human genome-wide survey, we identified scavenger receptor class A, member 5 (SCARA5) as a candidate tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 8p. We found that SCARA5 expression was frequently downregulated as a result of promoter hypermethylation and allelic imbalance and was associated with vascular invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, SCARA5 knockdown via RNAi markedly enhanced HCC cell growth in vitro, colony formation in soft agar, and invasiveness, tumorigenicity, and lung metastasis in vivo. By contrast, SCARA5 overexpression suppressed these malignant behaviors. Interestingly, SCARA5 was found to physically associate with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and inhibit the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade of the FAK-Src-Cas signaling pathway. Conversely, silencing SCARA5 stimulated the signaling pathway via increased phosphorylation of certain tyrosine residues of FAK, Src, and p130Cas; it was also associated with activation of MMP9, a tumor metastasis-associated enzyme. Taken together, these data suggest that the plasma membrane protein SCARA5 can contribute to HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis via activation of the FAK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- National Human Genome Center, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 351 Guo Shou-Jing Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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