1
|
Yu W, Venkatraman A, Sampath V. Intestinal Crypt Apoptosis as an Orchestrator of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A New Mechanism? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:101381. [PMID: 39127455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Neonatal Diseases Research Program, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Aparna Venkatraman
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Neonatal Diseases Research Program, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Neonatal Diseases Research Program, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blum L, Vincent D, Boettcher M, Knopf J. Immunological aspects of necrotizing enterocolitis models: a review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434281. [PMID: 39104529 PMCID: PMC11298363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most devasting diseases affecting preterm neonates. However, despite a lot of research, NEC's pathogenesis remains unclear. It is known that the pathogenesis is a multifactorial process, including (1) a pathological microbiome with abnormal bacterial colonization, (2) an immature immune system, (3) enteral feeding, (3) an impairment of microcirculation, and (4) possibly ischemia-reperfusion damage to the intestine. Overall, the immaturity of the mucosal barrier and the increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) within the intestinal epithelium result in an intestinal hyperinflammation reaction. Concurrently, a deficiency in counter-regulatory mediators can be seen. The sum of these processes can ultimately result in intestinal necrosis leading to very high mortality rates of the affected neonates. In the last decade no substantial advances in the treatment of NEC have been made. Thus, NEC animal models as well as in vitro models have been employed to better understand NEC's pathogenesis on a cellular and molecular level. This review will highlight the different models currently in use to study immunological aspects of NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Subramanian S, Bu HF, Chou PM, Wang X, Geng H, Akhtar S, Du C, Tan SC, Ideozu JE, Tulluri A, Sun Y, Ding WX, De Plaen IG, Tan XD. Scattered Crypt Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis Induces Necrotizing Enterocolitis Via Intricate Mechanisms. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101364. [PMID: 38788898 PMCID: PMC11278878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening disease affecting mostly the ileum of preemies. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis contributes to NEC pathogenesis. However, how scattered crypt IEC apoptosis leads to NEC with excessive villus epithelial necrosis remains unclear. METHODS A novel triple-transgenic mouse model, namely, 3xTg-iAPcIEC (inducible apoptosis phenotype in crypt-IEC), was developed to induce IEC-specific overexpression of Fasl transgene using doxycycline (Dox)-inducible tetO-rtTA system and villin-cre technology. The 3-days-old neonatal 3xTg-iAPcIEC mice and their littermate controls were subcutaneously (s.c.) challenged with a single dose of Dox. Intestinal tissues were processed at different time points to examine scattered crypt IEC apoptosis-mediated NEC development. Gene knockout technology, antibody-mediated cell depletion, and antibiotic-facilitated Gram-positive bacteria depletion were used to study mechanisms. RESULTS Treatment of 3xTg-iAPcIEC mouse pups with Dox induces scattered crypt IEC apoptosis followed by crypt inflammation and excessive villous necrosis resembling NEC. This progression correlated with elevated Ifng, Rip3, CD8+ T cells, and Gram-positive bacteria in the ileum. Mechanistically, IFN-γ and RIP3-activated signals mediate the effect of scattered crypt IEC apoptosis on the induction of intestinal crypt inflammation and villous necrosis. Meanwhile, pathophysiological events of CD8+ T cell infiltration and dysbiosis with Gram-positive bacteria primarily contribute to excessive villous inflammation and necrosis. Notably, blocking any of these events protects against NEC development in 3xTg-iAPcIEC mouse pups, underlining their central roles in NEC pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Scattered crypt IEC apoptosis induces NEC in mouse pups via IFN-γ, RIP3, CD8+ T cells, and Gram-positive bacteria-mediated comprehensive pathophysiological events. Our findings may advance knowledge in the prevention and treatment of NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramanian
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pauline M Chou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Wang
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hua Geng
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Suhail Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri
| | - Chao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie C Tan
- Department of Medical Education, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Justin Eze Ideozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aasrita Tulluri
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Research & Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pelz L, Dossou L, Kompier N, Jüttner R, Siemonsmeier G, Meyer N, Lowenstein ED, Lahmann I, Kettenmann H, Birchmeier C, Rathjen FG. The IgCAM BT-IgSF (IgSF11) is essential for connexin43-mediated astrocyte-astrocyte coupling in mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0283-23.2024. [PMID: 38388443 PMCID: PMC10957231 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0283-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The type I transmembrane protein BT-IgSF is predominantly localized in the brain and testes. It belongs to the CAR subgroup of Ig cell adhesion proteins, that are hypothesized to regulate connexin expression or localization. Here, we studied the putative link between BT-IgSF and connexins in astrocytes, ependymal cells and neurons of the mouse. Global knockout of BT-IgSF caused an increase in the clustering of connexin43 (Gja1), but not of connexin30 (Gjb6), on astrocytes and ependymal cells. Additionally, knockout animals displayed reduced expression levels of connexin43 protein in the cortex and hippocampus. Importantly, analysis of biocytin spread in hippocampal or cortical slices from mature mice of either sex revealed a decrease in astrocytic cell-cell coupling in the absence of BT-IgSF. Blocking either protein biosynthesis or proteolysis showed that the lysosomal pathway increased connexin43 degradation in astrocytes. Localization of connexin43 in subcellular compartments was not impaired in astrocytes of BT-IgSF mutants. In contrast to connexin43 the localization and expression of connexin36 (Gjd2) on neurons was not affected by the absence of BT-IgSF. Overall, our data indicate that the IgCAM BT-IgSF is essential for correct gap junction-mediated astrocyte-to-astrocyte cell communication.Significance Statement Astrocytes regulate a variety of physiological processes in the developing and adult brain that are essential for proper brain function. Astrocytes form extensive networks in the brain and communicate via gap junctions. Disruptions of gap junction coupling are found in several diseases such as neurodegeneration or epilepsy. Here, we demonstrate that the cell adhesion protein BT-IgSF is essential for gap junction mediated coupling between astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Laura Dossou
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Nine Kompier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Meyer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | | | - Ines Lahmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Fritz G. Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo Y, Liu X, Tao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo P, Liu S, Wei Z, Dai Y, Xia Y. Arctigenin promotes mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis through facilitating focal adhesion assembly and colonic epithelial cell migration via targeting focal adhesion kinase. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111552. [PMID: 38280335 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Colonic mucosal defect constitutes the major reason of recurrence and deterioration of ulcerative colitis (UC), and mucosal healing has become the therapeutic endpoint of UC. Unfortunately, specific promoter of mucosal healing is still absent. Our previous researches demonstrated that arctigenin could alleviate colitis symptoms in mice, but whether it has a positive impact on colonic mucosal healing remains unclear. This study explores whether and how arctigenin promotes mucosal healing. Orally administered arctigenin was shown to alleviate colitis in mice primarily by enhancing mucosal healing. In vitro, arctigenin was shown to promote the wound healing by accelerating colonic epithelial cell migration but not proliferation. Acceleration of the focal adhesion turnover, especially assembly, is crucial for arctigenin promoting the cell migration. Arctigenin was able to activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in colonic epithelial cells through directly binding with Tyr251 site of FAK, as evidenced by surface plasmon resonance assay and site-directed mutagenesis experiment. In the colonic epithelial cells of UC patients and colitis mice, FAK activation was significantly down-regulated compared with the controls. Arctigenin promoted colonic epithelial cell migration and mucosal healing in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice dependent on activating FAK, as confirmed by combined use with FAK inhibitor. In summary, arctigenin can directly promote mucosal healing in colitis mice through facilitating focal adhesion turnover, especially assembly, and consequent migration of epithelial cells via targeting FAK. Arctigenin may be developed as a mucosal healing promoter, and FAK is a potential therapeutic target for UC and other mucosal defect-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Pengxiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan Q, Feng Z, Jiang B, Yao J. Biological functions of connexins in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:142-149. [PMID: 37837320 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2267713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases with unknown etiology. Gap junctions composed of connexins (Cxs) have been recently validated as an important factor in the development of IBD. Under IBD-induced inflammatory response in the gut, gap junctions connect multiple signaling pathways involved in the interaction between inflammatory cells with other intestinal cells, which altogether mediate the development of IBD. This paper is a narrative review aiming to comprehensively elucidate the biological function of connexins, especially the ubiquitously and predominantly expressed Cx43, in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojing Yan
- Colorectal Surgery Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Center for Anorectal Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiling Feng
- Colorectal Surgery Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Colorectal Surgery Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Center for Anorectal Disease, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Division of Molecular Signaling, Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teng M, Zhao X, Zhou L, Yan H, Zhao L, Sun J, Li Y, Zhu W, Wu F. An integrated analysis of the fecal metabolome and metagenome reveals the distinct effects of differentially charged nanoplastics on the gut microbiota-associated metabolites in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167287. [PMID: 37748599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Whether nanoplastics with differential charges cause intestinal impairment via distinct mechanisms remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between fecal metabolites and the gut microbiome, and potential biomarkers thereof, in mice following exposure to differentially charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs). Metagenomic analysis revealed that exposure to differentially charged PS-NPs resulted in alterations in the abundances of Bilophila_wadsworthia, Helicobacter apodemus, and Helicobacter typhlonius. A total of 237 fecal metabolites were significantly altered in mice that exhibited intestinal impairment, and these included 10 gut microbiota-related fecal metabolites that accurately discriminated impaired intestinal samples from the control. Additionally, the specific gut microbiome-related fecal metabolite-based model approach for the prediction of intestinal impairment in mice had an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.0 in the PS (without charge) group, an AUC of 0.94 in the PS-NH2 (positive charge) group, and an AUC of 0.86 in the PS-COOH (negative charge) group. Thus, the model showed promising evaluable accuracy for the prediction of intestinal impairment induced by nanoplastics in a charge-specific manner. Our study demonstrates that the fecal metabolome of mice with intestinal impairment following exposure to differentially charged nanoplastics is associated with changes in the gut microbiome. The identified biomarkers have potential application for the detection of intestinal impairment after exposure to negative, positive, or noncharged nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Lingfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, USA
| | - Lihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei J, Meng Z, Li Z, Dang D, Wu H. New insights into intestinal macrophages in necrotizing enterocolitis: the multi-functional role and promising therapeutic application. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1261010. [PMID: 37841247 PMCID: PMC10568316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1261010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory intestinal disease that profoundly affects preterm infants. Currently, the pathogenesis of NEC remains controversial, resulting in limited treatment strategies. The preterm infants are thought to be susceptible to gut inflammatory disorders because of their immature immune system. In early life, intestinal macrophages (IMφs), crucial components of innate immunity, demonstrate functional plasticity and diversity in intestinal development, resistance to pathogens, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, and regulation of gut microbiota. When the stimulations of environmental, dietary, and bacterial factors interrupt the homeostatic processes of IMφs, they will lead to intestinal disease, such as NEC. This review focuses on the IMφs related pathogenesis in NEC, discusses the multi-functional roles and relevant molecular mechanisms of IMφs in preterm infants, and explores promising therapeutic application for NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wei
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoli Meng
- Department of Translational Medicine Research Institute, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Dang
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Neonatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death and disability from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants. The mortality of patients with NEC is approximately 30%, a figure that has not changed in many decades, reflecting the need for a greater understanding of its pathogenesis. Progress towards understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NEC requires the study of highly translational animal models. Such animal models must mimic the biology and physiology of premature infants, while still allowing for safe experimental manipulation of environmental and microbial factors thought to be associated with the risk and severity of NEC. Findings from animal models have yielded insights into the interactions between the host, the colonizing microbes, and the innate immune receptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in driving disease development. This review discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of available in vivo, in vitro, and NEC-in-a-dish models of this disease. We also highlight the unique contributions that each model has made to our understanding of the complex interactions between enterocytes, microbiota, and immune cells in the pathogenesis of NEC. The overall purpose of this review is to provide a menu of options regarding currently available animal models of NEC, while in parallel hopefully reducing the potential uncertainty and confusion regarding NEC models to assist those who wish to enter this field from other disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Lopez
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maame Efua S Sampah
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Johannes W Duess
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Asuka Ishiyama
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Raheel Ahmad
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Room 7323, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garg PM, Middleton C, Zhang M, Paschal JL, Kurundkar AR, Sonani H, Varshney N, Hillegass WB. Clinical and histopathological correlates of intestinal repair in preterm infants following surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:10565-10576. [PMID: 36261134 PMCID: PMC10363770 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2134773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the clinical and histopathological factors linked with intestinal repair and its correlation with clinical outcomes in preterm infants following surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). METHODS A retrospective study has compared clinical and histopathological characteristics between preterm infants with histopathological reparative changes versus non-reparative changes in resected intestinal tissue following surgical treatment of NEC. Reparative changes were defined as microscopic evidence of neovascularization, increased fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, and epithelial regeneration during histopathological examination of the most affected area of resected intestinal tissue. RESULTS The infants with reparative changes (53/148) had significantly lower median birth weight (725 [650-963] vs. 920 [690-1320]; p = .018), higher likelihood of patent ductus arteriosus (38/53 [71.7%] vs. 48/95 [50.5%]; p = .012), longer TPN days (99 [56-147] vs. 76.5 [39-112.5]; p = .034), higher CRP levels (7.3 [3.2-13] vs. 2.6 [1.1-7.8]; p = .011) at NEC onset, and more short bowel syndrome (27/53 [54.0%] vs. 28/95 [32.2%]; p = .012). Those with reparative changes also received more Penrose drain therapy (21/53 [39.6%] vs. 14/95 [14.7%]; p = .011) and had a longer median time to laparotomy (108 h [28-216] vs. 24 [12-96]; p = .003). Epithelial regeneration observed in 6/53 (11.3%) infants lagged fibroblast proliferation and neovascularization changes in the submucosa/muscularis intestinal layers. On a multivariable logistic regression model which included histopathological and clinical factors, inflammation with a percentage <25% area involvement, time from NEC diagnosis to surgery, and Apgar score < 6 at 5 min were independently and significantly associated with higher odds reparative changes. CONCLUSION In neonates with surgical NEC, the histopathological findings in the resected bowel are significantly associated with clinical characteristics, other histopathological findings, and outcomes. The presence of reparative changes consistent with healing is significantly associated with Apgar score, Penrose drain therapy, longer time from NEC diagnosis to surgery, and lower burden of inflammation in the resected bowel tissue in multivariable analyses. Routine histopathological grading of resected bowel and optimal use of Penrose drain therapy warrant further investigation in the care of neonates with surgical NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Mohan Garg
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Charles Middleton
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Data Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jaslyn L Paschal
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Hardik Sonani
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Neha Varshney
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - William B Hillegass
- Department of Data Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang S, Fan Y, Zheng B, Wang Y, Miao C, Su Y, Li K, E. Y, Wang X, He X, Wu X, Xu C, Tang Y, Liu WT, Kong X, Hu L. Bilirubin Improves Gap Junction to Alleviate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Regulating AMPK-Axl-SOCS3-Cx43 Axis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828890. [PMID: 35548345 PMCID: PMC9082937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin induces severe cardiotoxicity, accompanied by the high level of bilirubin in the blood. The conventional wisdom is that bilirubin is considered as a marker of liver damage. By contrast, here we aim to explore the potential protective effect of bilirubin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, and investigate the mechanism for drug development. Doxorubicin was used to establish cardiotoxicity model in vitro and in vivo. The electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography and molecular biological methods were used to detect the effects of bilirubin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Consecutive intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin for 7 days significantly attenuated doxorubicin-induced arrhythmia, prolonged survival time and reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) in mice. Bilirubin also markedly inhibited doxorubicin-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and connexin 43 (Cx43), and improved gap junction function in vitro and in vivo. In addition, bilirubin activated adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and induced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression, which was abolished by Axl inhibition. Moreover, pretreatment with AMPK agonist or AMPK inhibitor could mimic or abolish the cardioprotective effect of bilirubin on H9C2 cells in vitro, respectively. Altogether, bilirubin upregulates gap junctions' function to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by activating AMPK-Axl-SOCS3 signaling axis. We enrich the physiological function of bilirubin, and provide theoretical support for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixin Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinghua People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Miao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan E.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xueming He
- Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Z, Wei F, Zhang B, Luo Y, Xing X, Wang M, Chen R, Sun G, Sun X. Cellular Immune Signal Exchange From Ischemic Stroke to Intestinal Lesions Through Brain-Gut Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:688619. [PMID: 35432368 PMCID: PMC9010780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.688619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a vital pivot for the human circulatory system, the brain-gut axis is now being considered as an important channel for many of the small immune molecules’ transductions, including interleukins, interferons, neurotransmitters, peptides, and the chemokines penetrating the mesentery and blood brain barrier (BBB) during the development of an ischemic stroke (IS). Hypoxia-ischemia contributes to pituitary and neurofunctional disorders by interfering with the molecular signal release and communication then providing feedback to the gut. Suffering from such a disease on a long-term basis may cause the peripheral system’s homeostasis to become imbalanced, and it can also lead to multiple intestinal complications such as gut microbiota dysbiosis (GMD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and even the tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Correspondingly, these complications will deteriorate the cerebral infarctions and, in patients suffering with IS, it can even ruin the brain’s immune system. This review summarized recent studies on abnormal immunological signal exchange mediated polarization subtype changes, in both macrophages and microglial cells as well as T-lymphocytes. How gut complications modulate the immune signal transduction from the brain are also elucidated and analyzed. The conclusions drawn in this review could provide guidance and novel strategies to benefit remedies for both IS and relative gut lesions from immune-prophylaxis and immunotherapy aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Managlia E, Yan X, De Plaen IG. Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Necrotizing Enterocolitis. NEWBORN 2022; 1:32-43. [PMID: 35846894 PMCID: PMC9286028 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. NEC is characterized by intestinal tissue inflammation and necrosis. The intestinal barrier is altered in NEC, which potentially contributes to its pathogenesis by promoting intestinal bacterial translocation and stimulating the inflammatory response. In premature infants, many components of the intestinal barrier are immature. This article reviews the different components of the intestinal barrier and how their immaturity contributes to intestinal barrier dysfunction and NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Managlia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Xiaocai Yan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States; Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Applicability of Scrape Loading-Dye Transfer Assay for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogen Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168977. [PMID: 34445682 PMCID: PMC8396440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is recognized as one of the key hallmarks for identifying non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxC). Currently, there is a demand for in vitro assays addressing the gap junction hallmark, which would have the potential to eventually become an integral part of an integrated approach to the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC. The scrape loading-dye transfer (SL-DT) technique is a simple assay for the functional evaluation of GJIC in various in vitro cultured mammalian cells and represents an interesting candidate assay. Out of the various techniques for evaluating GJIC, the SL-DT assay has been used frequently to assess the effects of various chemicals on GJIC in toxicological and tumor promotion research. In this review, we systematically searched the existing literature to gather papers assessing GJIC using the SL-DT assay in a rat liver epithelial cell line, WB-F344, after treating with chemicals, especially environmental and food toxicants, drugs, reproductive-, cardio- and neuro-toxicants and chemical tumor promoters. We discuss findings derived from the SL-DT assay with the known knowledge about the tumor-promoting activity and carcinogenicity of the assessed chemicals to evaluate the predictive capacity of the SL-DT assay in terms of its sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for identifying carcinogens. These data represent important information with respect to the applicability of the SL-DT assay for the testing of NGTxC within the IATA framework.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen J, Chen T, Zhou J, Zhao X, Sheng Q, Lv Z. MiR-146a-5p Mimic Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Downstream Inflammatory Factors and CLIC4 in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:594143. [PMID: 33585442 PMCID: PMC7876392 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal emergency with a severe inflammation storm, intestinal necrosis, and perforation. MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p) has been reported to be a valuable anti-inflammatory factor in various intestinal inflammatory disorders. However, the role of miR-146a-5p in NEC, its effects on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and its downstream inflammatory factors remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-146a-5p and NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream inflammatory factors in NEC development. Methods: The expression levels of miR-146a and NLRP3 inflammasome were investigated in intestinal tissues. Next, the mechanism by which miR-146a-5p regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation was explored in vitro in THP-1 cells. Finally, to identify the effects of miR-146a-5p on NEC in vivo, NEC mice were transinfected with miR-146a-5p overexpression adenovirus before the occurrence of NEC. Results: NLRP3 inflammasome enzymatic protein caspase-1 and its downstream inflammatory factors increased in NEC intestinal samples in both humans and mice, and miR-146a-5p expression level was increased and mainly expressed in the macrophages of the affected intestine. In vitro, only miR-146a-5p mimic inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome downstream inflammatory factors and its upstream protein chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) expression in cellular membrane in the THP-1 cell line, and this only occurred under mild/moderate LPS concentration. MiR-146a-5p overexpression adenovirus transfection reduced CLIC4 cellular membrane expression and inhibited NLRP3 downstream factors increasing in vivo. After the transfection of miR-146a-5p adenovirus, the survival rate of NEC mice was increased, and intestinal injury was ameliorated. Conclusion: MiR-146a-5p inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome downstream inflammatory factors and CLIC4 membrane expression in NEC. Additionally, miR-146a-5p could attenuate inflammation and intestinal injury in the NEC-affected intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianglong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rapa SF, Di Paola R, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Autore G, Cuzzocrea S, Stuppner H, Marzocco S. Plumericin Protects against Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Restoring Intestinal Barrier Function and Reducing Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010067. [PMID: 33445622 PMCID: PMC7826791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier impairment plays a key pathogenic role in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In particular, together with oxidative stress, intestinal epithelial barrier alteration is considered as upstream event in ulcerative colitis (UC). In order to identify new products of natural origin with a potential activity for UC treatment, this study evaluated the effects of plumericin, a spirolactone iridoid, present as one of the main bioactive components in the bark of Himatanthus sucuuba (Woodson). Plumericin was evaluated for its ability to improve barrier function and to reduce apoptotic parameters during inflammation, both in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), and in an animal experimental model of 2, 4, 6-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Our results indicated that plumericin increased the expression of adhesion molecules, enhanced IEC-6 cells actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, and promoted their motility. Moreover, plumericin reduced apoptotic parameters in IEC-6. These results were confirmed in vivo. Plumericin reduced the activity of myeloperoxidase, inhibited the expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin, and the formation of PAR, and reduced apoptosis parameters in mice colitis induced by DNBS. These results support a pharmacological potential of plumericin in the treatment of UC, due to its ability to improve the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelium and its barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shara Francesca Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Autore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.D.P.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (S.F.R.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +89-969159
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gomart A, Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: LPS/TLR4-Induced Crosstalk Between Canonical TGF-β/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways and PPARγ. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:713344. [PMID: 34712628 PMCID: PMC8547806 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.713344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Several recent studies, however, have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this dreadful disease. Numerous intracellular pathways play a key role in NEC, namely: bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ. In a large number of pathologies, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ operate in opposition to one another, so that when one of the two pathways is overexpressed the other is downregulated and vice-versa. In NEC, activation of TLR4 by LPS leads to downregulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulation of PPARγ. This review aims to shed light on the complex intracellular mechanisms involved in this pathophysiological profile by examining additional pathways such as the GSK-3β, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads, and PI3K-Akt pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Gomart
- Département de Pédiatrie et Médecine de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cho SX, Rudloff I, Lao JC, Pang MA, Goldberg R, Bui CB, McLean CA, Stock M, Klassert TE, Slevogt H, Mangan NE, Cheng W, Fischer D, Gfroerer S, Sandhu MK, Ngo D, Bujotzek A, Lariviere L, Schumacher F, Tiefenthaler G, Beker F, Collins C, Kamlin COF, König K, Malhotra A, Tan K, Theda C, Veldman A, Ellisdon AM, Whisstock JC, Berger PJ, Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF. Characterization of the pathoimmunology of necrotizing enterocolitis reveals novel therapeutic opportunities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5794. [PMID: 33188181 PMCID: PMC7666196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe, currently untreatable intestinal disease that predominantly affects preterm infants and is driven by poorly characterized inflammatory pathways. Here, human and murine NEC intestines exhibit an unexpected predominance of type 3/TH17 polarization. In murine NEC, pro-inflammatory type 3 NKp46−RORγt+Tbet+ innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are 5-fold increased, whereas ILC1 and protective NKp46+RORγt+ ILC3 are obliterated. Both species exhibit dysregulation of intestinal TLR repertoires, with TLR4 and TLR8 increased, but TLR5-7 and TLR9-12 reduced. Transgenic IL-37 effectively protects mice from intestinal injury and mortality, whilst exogenous IL-37 is only modestly efficacious. Mechanistically, IL-37 favorably modulates immune homeostasis, TLR repertoires and microbial diversity. Moreover, IL-37 and its receptor IL-1R8 are reduced in human NEC epithelia, and IL-37 is lower in blood monocytes from infants with NEC and/or lower birthweight. Our results on NEC pathomechanisms thus implicate type 3 cytokines, TLRs and IL-37 as potential targets for novel NEC therapies. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is an untreatable intestinal disease in infants. Here the authors show that human and experimental mouse NEC is associated with altered toll-like receptor expression in the intestine, enhanced Th17/type 3 polarization in adaptive immune and innate lymphoid cells, dysregulated microbiota, and reduced interleukin-37 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven X Cho
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ina Rudloff
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C Lao
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Merrin A Pang
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rimma Goldberg
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine B Bui
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Niamh E Mangan
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Beijing United Family Hospital, Beijing, China.,Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Doris Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincenz Hospital, Limburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gfroerer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manjeet K Sandhu
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Devi Ngo
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Lariviere
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Beker
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Neonatal Services, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Collins
- Neonatal Services, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Joan Kirner Women's & Children's, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C Omar F Kamlin
- Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kai König
- Medicum Wesemlin, Department of Paediatrics, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christiane Theda
- Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Veldman
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincenz Hospital, Limburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Liebig University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrew M Ellisdon
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip J Berger
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Romani L, Del Chierico F, Chiriaco M, Foligno S, Reddel S, Salvatori G, Cifaldi C, Faraci S, Finocchi A, Rossi P, Bagolan P, D'Argenio P, Putignani L, Fusaro F. Gut Mucosal and Fecal Microbiota Profiling Combined to Intestinal Immune System in Neonates Affected by Intestinal Ischemic Injuries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:59. [PMID: 32158700 PMCID: PMC7052114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Early life microbiota plays a crucial role in human health by acting as a barrier from pathogens' invasion and maintaining the intestinal immune homoeostasis. Altered fecal microbiota (FM) ecology was reported in newborns affected by intestinal ischemia. Our purpose was to describe, in these patients, the FM, the mucosal microbiota (MM) and the mucosal immunity. Methods: Fourteen newborns underwent intestinal resection because of intestinal ischemia. FM and MM were determined through targeted-metagenomics, diversity assignment and Kruskal-Wallis analyses of Operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The mucosal immune cells were analyzed through cytofluorimetry. Results and Conclusion: Based on the severity intestinal injueris we identified two groups: extensive (EII) and focal intestinal ischemia (FII). FM and MM varied in EII and FII groups, showing in the EII group the predominance of Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae and the reduction of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia for both microbiota. The MM was characterized by a statistically significant reduction of Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and by a higher diversity in the EII compared to FII group. FM showed a prevalence of Proteobacteria, while the Shannon index was lower in the EII compared to FII group. An overall increment in B- and T-lymphocytes and Natural killer (NK) T-like cells was found for EII mucosal samples associated to an increment of TNF-α and INF-γ expressing cells, compared to FII group. FM and MM carry specific signatures of intestinal ischemic lesions. Further research may be crucial to address the role of specific taxa in EII, expecially with reference to inflammation grade and ischemia extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Romani
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Chiriaco
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Foligno
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Reddel
- Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cifaldi
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Faraci
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Bagolan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Neonatal Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia D'Argenio
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Parasitology and Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Neonatal Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meister AL, Doheny KK, Travagli RA. Necrotizing enterocolitis: It's not all in the gut. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 245:85-95. [PMID: 31810384 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219891971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading cause of death due to gastrointestinal disease in preterm neonates, affecting 5–12% of neonates born at a very-low birth weight. Necrotizing enterocolitis can present with a slow and insidious onset, with some neonates displaying early symptoms such as feeding intolerance. Treatment during the early stages includes bowel rest and careful use of antibiotics, but surgery is required if pneumoperitoneum and intestinal perforation occur. Mortality rates among neonates requiring surgery are estimated to be 20–30%, mandating the development of non-invasive and reliable biomarkers to predict necrotizing enterocolitis before the onset of clinical signs. Such biomarkers would allow at-risk neonates to receive maximal preventative therapies such as careful nutritional consideration, probiotics, and increased skin-to-skin care.Impact statementNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal disease; its high mortality rate mandates the development of non-invasive biomarkers to predict NEC before its onset. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, prevention, unresolved issues, and long-term outcomes of NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Meister
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kim K Doheny
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - R Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Piton G, Le Gouge A, Brulé N, Cypriani B, Lacherade JC, Nseir S, Mira JP, Mercier E, Sirodot M, Rigaud JP, Malaquin S, Soum E, Djibre M, Gaudry S, Thévenin D, Reignier J. Impact of the route of nutrition on gut mucosa in ventilated adults with shock: an ancillary of the NUTRIREA-2 trial. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:948-956. [PMID: 31143999 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of the route of nutrition on the gut mucosa of patients with shock are unclear. Plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of enterocyte mass, and plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) concentration is a marker of enterocyte damage. We aimed to study the effect of the route of nutrition on plasma citrulline concentration measured at day 3 of nutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ancillary study of the NUTRIREA-2 trial. Ventilated adults with shock were randomly assigned to receive enteral or parenteral nutrition. Enterocyte biomarkers were measured at baseline, day 3, and day 8 of nutrition. RESULT A total of 165 patients from 13 French ICUs were included in the study: 85 patients in the enteral group and 80 patients in the parenteral group. At baseline, plasma citrulline was low without difference between groups (12.2 µmol L-1 vs 13.3 µmol L-1). At day 3, plasma citrulline concentration was higher in the enteral group than in the parenteral group (18.7 µmol L-1 vs 15.3 µmol L-1, p = 0.01). Plasma I-FABP concentration was increased at baseline, without difference between groups (245 pg mL-1 vs 244 pg mL-1). Plasma I-FABP concentration was higher in the enteral group than in the parenteral group at day 3 and day 8 (158 pg mL-1 vs 50 pg mL-1, p = 0.005 and 225 pg mL-1 vs 50 pg mL-1, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Plasma citrulline concentration was higher after 3 days of enteral nutrition than after 3 days of parenteral nutrition. This result raises the question of the possibility that enteral nutrition is associated with a more rapid restoration of enterocyte mass than parenteral nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Piton
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France. .,EA3920, Université de Franche Comté, Besançon, France. .,Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHRU de Besançon, Boulevard Fleming, 25030, Besançon, France.
| | - Amélie Le Gouge
- Inserm CIC 1415, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Noelle Brulé
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit Cypriani
- Biochemistry Unit, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Lacherade
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Départemental de la Vendée, La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Saad Nseir
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Medicine School, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mercier
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michel Sirodot
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Annecy-Genevois, Metz-Tessy, Pringy, France
| | | | | | - Edouard Soum
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michel Djibre
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Tenon University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Gaudry
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Colombes, France.,Université Paris Diderot, ECEVE, UMR 1123, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Didier Thévenin
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Docteur Schaffner, Lens, France
| | - Jean Reignier
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Adesso S, Ruocco M, Rapa SF, Piaz FD, Raffaele Di Iorio B, Popolo A, Autore G, Nishijima F, Pinto A, Marzocco S. Effect of Indoxyl Sulfate on the Repair and Intactness of Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species' Release. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092280. [PMID: 31072046 PMCID: PMC6539031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by an oxidative stress status, driving some CKD-associated complications, even at the gastrointestinal level. Indoxyl Sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin, poorly eliminated by dialysis. This toxin is able to affect the intestinal system, but its molecular mechanism/s in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remain poorly understood. This study's aim was to evaluate the effect of IS (31.2-250 µM) on oxidative stress in IEC-6 cells and on the intactness of IECs monolayers. Our results indicated that IS enhanced oxidative cell damage by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, reducing the antioxidant response and affecting Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation as well its related antioxidant enzymes. In the wound healing assay model, IS reduced IEC-6 migration, slightly impaired actin cytoskeleton rearrangement; this effect was associated with connexin 43 alteration. Moreover, we reported the effect of CKD patients' sera in IEC-6 cells. Our results indicated that patient sera induced ROS release in IEC-6 cells directly related to IS sera content and this effect was reduced by AST-120 serum treatment. Results highlighted the effect of IS in inducing oxidative stress in IECs and in impairing the intactness of the IECs cell monolayer, thus significantly contributing to CKD-associated intestinal alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Adesso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Marco Ruocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Shara Francesca Rapa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | | | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Autore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Fuyu Nishijima
- Pharmaceuticals Division, Kureha Corporation, 169-8503 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arthur CM, Nalbant D, Feldman HA, Saeedi BJ, Matthews J, Robinson BS, Kamili NA, Bennett A, Cress GA, Sola-Visner M, Jones RM, Zimmerman MB, Neish AS, Patel RM, Nopoulos P, Georgieff MK, Roback JD, Widness JA, Josephson CD, Stowell SR. Anemia induces gut inflammation and injury in an animal model of preterm infants. Transfusion 2019; 59:1233-1245. [PMID: 30897226 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While very low birth weight (VLBW) infants often require multiple red blood cell transfusions, efforts to minimize transfusion-associated risks have resulted in more restrictive neonatal transfusion practices. However, whether restrictive transfusion strategies limit transfusions without increasing morbidity and mortality in this population remains unclear. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that severe anemia may be an important risk factor for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, the mechanism whereby anemia may lead to NEC remains unknown. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The potential impact of anemia on neonatal inflammation and intestinal barrier disruption, two well-characterized predisposing features of NEC, was defined by correlation of hemoglobin values to cytokine levels in premature infants and by direct evaluation of intestinal hypoxia, inflammation and gut barrier disruption using a pre-clinical neonatal murine model of phlebotomy-induced anemia (PIA). RESULTS Increasing severity of anemia in the preterm infant correlated with the level of IFN-gamma, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that may predispose an infant to NEC. Gradual induction of PIA in a pre-clinical model resulted in significant hypoxia throughout the intestinal mucosa, including areas where intestinal macrophages reside. PIA-induced hypoxia significantly increased macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, while reducing tight junction protein ZO-1 expression and increasing intestinal barrier permeability. Macrophage depletion reversed the impact of anemia on intestinal ZO-1 expression and barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that anemia can increase intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption likely through altered macrophage function, leading to the type of predisposing intestinal injury that may increase the risk for NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Arthur
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Demet Nalbant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bejan J Saeedi
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason Matthews
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian S Robinson
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley Bennett
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Martha Sola-Visner
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rheinallt M Jones
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Andrew S Neish
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ravi M Patel
- Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peggy Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John D Roback
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Widness
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia.,Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wong J, Chopra J, Chiang LLW, Liu T, Ho J, Wu WKK, Tse G, Wong SH. The Role of Connexins in Gastrointestinal Diseases. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:643-652. [PMID: 30639409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are hexagonal arrays of protein molecules in the plasma membrane and were first described in Mauthner cell synapses of goldfish. They form pathways for coupling between cells, allowing passive, electrotonic spread of ions and also passage of larger molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides. They are expressed in both excitable and non-excitable tissues. Each gap junction is made of two connexons, which are hexameric proteins of the connexin subunit. In this review, the roles that connexins play in gastrointestinal motility, the mechanisms of altered connexin expression leading to inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal infections, and gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic spectrum disorder are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jasmine Chopra
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Jeffery Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Targeting the PXR-TLR4 signaling pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation in an experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:1031-1040. [PMID: 29360809 PMCID: PMC5959752 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThere is substantial evidence that signaling through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a xenobiotic sensor and signaling intermediate for certain host-bacterial metabolites, has been shown to negatively regulate TLR4 signaling. Here we investigated the relationship between PXR and TLR4 in the developing murine intestine and explored the capacity of PXR to modulate inflammatory pathways involved in experimental NEC.MethodsWild-type and PXR-/- mice were studied at various time points of development in an experimental model of NEC. In addition, we studied the ability of the secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA), a known PXR agonist in liver, to activate intestinal PXR and reduce NEC-related intestinal inflammation.ResultsWe found a reciprocal relationship between the developmental expression of PXR and TLR4 in wild-type murine intestine, with PXR acting to reduce TLR4 expression by decreasing TLR4 mRNA stability. In addition, PXR-/- mice exhibited a remarkably heightened severity of disease in experimental NEC. Moreover, LCA attenuated intestinal proinflammatory responses in the early stages of experimental NEC.ConclusionThese findings provide proactive insights into the regulation of TLR4 in the developing intestine. Targeting PXR may be a novel approach for NEC prevention.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sulistyo A, Rahman A, Biouss G, Antounians L, Zani A. Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis: review of the literature and state of the art. Innov Surg Sci 2018; 3:87-92. [PMID: 31579771 PMCID: PMC6604570 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2017-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the leading cause of gastrointestinal surgical emergency in preterm neonates. Over the last five decades, a variety of experimental models have been developed to study the pathophysiology of this disease and to test the effectiveness of novel therapeutic strategies. Experimental NEC is mainly modeled in neonatal rats, mice and piglets. In this review, we focus on these experimental models and discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of each. We also briefly discuss other models that are not as widely used but have contributed to our current knowledge of NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Sulistyo
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1524C-555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1524C-555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - George Biouss
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1524C-555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lina Antounians
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1524C-555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Augusto Zani
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 1524C-555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada, ext. 202413
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Inflammation induced ER stress affects absorptive intestinal epithelial cells function and integrity. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 55:336-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Gokulan K, Cerniglia CE, Thomas C, Pineiro SA, Khare S. Effects of residual levels of tetracycline on the barrier functions of human intestinal epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:253-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Xing T, Camacho Salazar R, Chen YH. Animal models for studying epithelial barriers in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356901. [PMID: 28795875 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells line the luminal surface of the entire gastrointestinal tract which is crucial for the absorption of nutrients and prevention of pathogens entering from the external environment. The epithelial barrier plays an important role in organ development, disease pathogenesis, and aging. The major component of an epithelial barrier is the single columnar epithelium and tight junctions. Tight junctions are located at the most apical region of the junctional complex and contain many integral membrane proteins, such as occludin, the claudin family, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). The disruption of intestinal epithelial barriers may lead to several pathophysiological conditions causing malabsorption of nutrition and chronic inflammation. In this review, we provide an update on the alterations of epithelial barriers associated with gut diseases using experimental animal models; we appraise the role of tight junctions in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer; we also compare some common features as well as differences and similarities in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation in neonatal (NEC) and adult (IBD) gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiaosi Xing
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Rolando Camacho Salazar
- b Department of Pediatrics , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Grubišić V, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glial activity regulates secretomotor function in the mouse colon but does not acutely affect gut permeability. J Physiol 2017; 595:3409-3424. [PMID: 28066889 DOI: 10.1113/jp273492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The role of enteric glial cell activity in the acute regulation of epithelial barrier and secretomotor functions of the intestines under physiological conditions is not clear. We used transgenic mice to modify glial activity and found that enteric glia significantly contribute to the neurogenic ion transport while glial activity does not appear to play a major role in the acute regulation of barrier function. The selective activation of glial activity evoked electrogenic ion transport primarily through neural pathways and was sufficient to drive electrogenic ion transport to an extent equal to the direct activation of neurogenic ion transport. These findings provide novel insight into the cellular mechanisms that control fluid transport homeostasis in the intestine and might provide novel therapeutic avenues for functional diarrheal diseases. ABSTRACT Enteric glial cells are often implicated in the regulation of epithelial barrier and secretomotor functions of the intestines. But whether glial cell activity regulates these functions acutely under physiological conditions is not clear. We addressed this issue by using transgenic animal models to modify the activity of enteric glia, either reducing glial expression of connexin 43 in Sox10::CreERT2+/- /Cx43f/f mice or activating glial calcium responses in GFAP::hM3Dq mice, and tested the effects on colonic barrier function and electrogenic ion transport in Ussing chambers. We assessed neuronal-dependent and -independent contributions by activating or inhibiting neurogenic activity with veratridine and tetrodotoxin, respectively. Our results show that the reduction of glial Cx43 expression in Sox10::CreERT2+/- /Cx43f/f mice significantly reduced neurogenic ion transport. The selective glial activation in tissues from GFAP::hM3Dq mice evoked electrogenic ion transport to an extent equal to the direct activation of neurogenic ion transport with veratridine and glial driven responses consisted of both tetrodotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive components. The selective glial stimulation did not affect transmural ion conductance or cell-impermeant dye flux but the baseline ion conductance was more variable in Sox10::CreERT2+/- /Cx43f/f tissues. Together, our findings show that glial activity contributes to the regulation of electrogenic ion transport in the intestine through effects on neurons and possibly direct effects on epithelial cells. However, glial activity does not appear to play a major role in the acute regulation of barrier function. These findings provide novel insight into the cellular mechanisms that control fluid transport homeostasis in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal preterm rat model. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:364-368. [PMID: 27973471 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors affecting innate immunity and acting as inflammatory regulators, such as the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) could be crucial in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We hypothesized that the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PIO) might be effective in preventing the development of NEC and/or reducing its severity. METHODS We studied preterm rats in which NEC was induced using the hypoxia-hypothermia model. The treatment group (TG; n = 30) received enteral PIO (10 mg/kg/d) for 72 h and the control group (CG; n = 30) did not. Animals were sacrificed 96 h after birth. NEC was diagnosed evaluating histological ileum changes, and mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-12, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, and TNF-α cytokines were measured. RESULTS NEC occurrence was higher in the CG (18/30; 60%) than in the TG (5/30; 16.7%) and was more severe. Proinflammatory IL-12 and INF-γ mRNA levels were significantly lower in the TG than in the CG; conversely, the anti-inflammatory IL-4 mRNA level was significantly higher in the TG than in the CG. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate for the first time that PIO is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of NEC and in decreasing renal injuries in a preterm rat model.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gut barrier failure is associated with bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation, and is presumed to be associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. As the gut barrier function is carried out by a monolayer of enterocytes, a minimum requirement is the integrity of the enterocytes, and controlled paracellular permeability between adjacent enterocytes. Many factors can cause critically ill patients to lose gut barrier function by a mechanism of enterocyte damage; for example, small bowel ischemia or hypoxia, sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or absence of enteral feeding. RECENT FINDINGS Two enterocyte biomarkers may help the intensivist to identify enterocyte damage and dysfunction, namely plasma citrulline, a biomarker of functional enterocyte mass, and plasma or urinary intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, a marker of enterocyte damage. This review focuses on results obtained with these biomarkers in the context of critical care, in particular: prevalence of enterocyte biomarker abnormalities; mechanisms associated with enterocyte damage and dysfunction; link with systemic inflammation, bacterial translocation, and clinical intestinal dysfunction; prognostic value of enterocyte biomarkers. Lastly, we also review the limits of these biomarkers. SUMMARY Enterocyte biomarkers may help the intensivist to identify patients presenting with intestinal damage, and who are at risk of bacterial translocation and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as well as those with decreased enterocyte function, at risk of malabsorption. Enterocyte biomarkers should be interpreted with caution in the critically ill and should be interpreted within the overall clinical context of the patient.
Collapse
|
33
|
When Insult Is Added to Injury: Cross Talk between ILCs and Intestinal Epithelium in IBD. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9765238. [PMID: 27578924 PMCID: PMC4989064 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9765238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an impairment of the integrity of the mucosal epithelial barrier, which causes exacerbated inflammation of the intestine. The intestinal barrier is formed by different specialized epithelial cells, which separate the intestinal lumen from the lamina propria. In addition to its crucial role in protecting the body from invading pathogens, the intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal homeostasis by its biochemical properties and communication to underlying immune cells. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently described population of lymphocytes that have been implicated in both mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. Recent findings indicate a critical feedback loop in which damaged epithelium activates these innate immune cells to restore epithelial barrier function. This review will focus on the signalling pathways between damaged epithelium and ILCs involved in repair of the epithelial barrier and tissue homeostasis and the relationship of these processes with the control of IBD.
Collapse
|
34
|
Willebrords J, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L, Kwak BR, Green CR, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexins and their channels in inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:413-439. [PMID: 27387655 PMCID: PMC5584657 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1204980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may be caused by a variety of factors and is a hallmark of a plethora of acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cell injury trigger, to clear out dead cells from damaged tissue and to initiate tissue regeneration. Despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the involvement of cellular communication in inflammation, studies on the role of connexin-based channels in this process have only begun to emerge in the last few years. In this paper, a state-of-the-art overview of the effects of inflammation on connexin signaling is provided. Vice versa, the involvement of connexins and their channels in inflammation will be discussed by relying on studies that use a variety of experimental tools, such as genetically modified animals, small interfering RNA and connexin-based channel blockers. A better understanding of the importance of connexin signaling in inflammation may open up towards clinical perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent
University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Elke Decrock: Tel: +32 9 332 39
73, Nan Wang: Tel: +32 9 332 39 38, Luc Leybaert: Tel: +32 9 332 33 66
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Division of Cardiology,
University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Brenda R.
Kwak: Tel: +41 22 379 57 37
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre,
University of Auckland, New Zealand; Colin R. Green: Tel: +64 9 923 61 35
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87,
05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Bruno Cogliati: Tel: +55 11 30 91 12 00
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and
Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels,
Belgium; Joost Willebrords: + Tel: 32 2 477 45 87, Michaël Maes: Tel: +32 2
477 45 87, Sara Crespo Yanguas: Tel: +32 2 477 45 87
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is an uncommon, but devastating intestinal inflammatory disease that predominantly affects preterm infants. NEC is sometimes dubbed the spectre of neonatal intensive care units, as its onset is insidiously non-specific, and once the disease manifests, the damage inflicted on the baby's intestine is already disastrous. Subsequent sepsis and multi-organ failure entail a mortality of up to 65%. Development of effective treatments for NEC has stagnated, largely because of our lack of understanding of NEC pathogenesis. It is clear, however, that NEC is driven by a profoundly dysregulated immune system. NEC is associated with local increases in pro-inflammatory mediators, e.g. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor-κB, tumour necrosis factor, platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin (IL)-18, interferon-gamma, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β. Deficiencies in counter-regulatory mechanisms, including IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), TLR9, PAF-acetylhydrolase, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)1&2, IL-10 and regulatory T cells likely facilitate a pro-inflammatory milieu in the NEC-afflicted intestine. There is insufficient evidence to conclude a predominance of an adaptive Th1-, Th2- or Th17-response in the disease. Our understanding of the accompanying regulation of systemic immunity remains poor; however, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β1 show promise as biomarkers. Here, we chart the emerging immunological landscape that underpins NEC by reviewing the involvement and potential clinical implications of innate and adaptive immune mediators and their regulation in NEC.
Collapse
|
36
|
The viral dsRNA analogue poly (I:C) induces necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:596-602. [PMID: 26679153 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease in premature infants with high mortality and morbidity with uncertain pathogenesis. Recent research focused on the role of intraluminal bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, an additional role of viral agents in the pathogenesis of NEC has recently been postulated. We assessed the role of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pIC) mimicking viral dsRNA in contributing to the development of NEC in neonatal mice. METHODS Four-d-old C57BL/6J pups were stressed by asphyxia and hypothermia twice daily. Animals were either fed by formula only (FO), formula containing LPS or pIC. After 72 h, mice were euthanized, intestines harvested, and the severity of NEC was assessed. RESULTS Breastfed mice showed no evidence of NEC. Very mild NEC-like lesions were observed in mice fed by FO. Supplementation of LPS or pIC to the formula led to increased intestinal tissue damage and inflammation compared with FO in a similar manner. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the ability of viral factors to induce NEC in neonatal mice even in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, we present a new mouse model of pIC-induced NEC which may be used to obtain further mechanistic insights in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zani A, Zani-Ruttenstock E, Peyvandi F, Lee C, Li B, Pierro A. A spectrum of intestinal injury models in neonatal mice. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:65-70. [PMID: 26552653 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the degree of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)-like damage under different stress conditions in neonatal mice. METHODS 5-day-old C57BL/6 mice were assigned to: (A) breastfed and no stress factors; (B) breastfed+maternal separation (3 h daily); (C) breastfed+hypoxia+lipopolysaccharide (LPS-4 mg/kg/day); (D) hyperosmolar formula+hypoxia+LPS. Mice were killed at 9 days of life. Ileum and colon were stained for hematoxylin/eosin and blindly assessed. A scoring ≥2 was considered NEC. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA and reported as median (range). RESULTS Ileum-Mucosal injury was mild in group B (0.0-1). Hypoxia+LPS induced greater injury in group C (1.6, 1-2.5; p < 0.0001 to B) and D (2, 0.5-3.5; p < 0.0001 to B). There were no differences between group C and D (p = n.s.). There were no cases of NEC in group A or B, whereas NEC was present in 36 % group C and 68 % group D mice. Colon-a similar degree of mucosal injury was observed among group B (2, 1-3), C (1.7, 0-3) and D (1.5, 1-3; p = n.s.). NEC was present in 75 % of group B, 50 % of group C and 86 % of group D. CONCLUSION These models establish a spectrum of intestinal injury and are useful to investigate the variability of neonatal intestinal diseases, such as NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Zani
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Elke Zani-Ruttenstock
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Forouhideh Peyvandi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 1526-555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Connexin and pannexin signaling in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Transl Res 2015; 166:332-43. [PMID: 26051630 PMCID: PMC4570182 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions, which mediate intercellular communication, are key players in digestive homeostasis. They are also frequently involved in gastrointestinal and liver pathology. This equally holds true for connexin (Cx) hemichannels, the structural precursors of gap junctions, and pannexin (Panx) channels, Cx-like proteins assembled in a hemichannel configuration. Both Cx hemichannels and Panx channels facilitate extracellular communication and drive a number of deteriorative processes, such as cell death and inflammation. Cxs, Panxs, and their channels underlie a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, including gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory intestinal conditions, acute liver failure, cholestasis, hepatitis and steatosis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, infectious gastrointestinal pathologies, and gastrointestinal and liver cancer. This could open promising perspectives for the characterization of new targets and biomarkers for therapeutic and diagnostic clinical purposes in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cortés A, Sotillo J, Muñoz-Antoli C, Fried B, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Altered Protein Expression in the Ileum of Mice Associated with the Development of Chronic Infections with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004082. [PMID: 26390031 PMCID: PMC4577103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode that has been extensively used as experimental model to investigate the factors determining the expulsion of intestinal helminths or, in contrast, the development of chronic infections. Herein, we analyze the changes in protein expression induced by E. caproni infection in ICR mice, a host of high compatibility in which the parasites develop chronic infections. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine the changes in protein expression, a two-dimensional DIGE approach using protein extracts from the intestine of naïve and infected mice was employed; and spots showing significant differential expression were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A total of 37 spots were identified differentially expressed in infected mice (10 were found to be over-expressed and 27 down-regulated). These proteins were related to the restoration of the intestinal epithelium and the control of homeostatic dysregulation, concomitantly with mitochondrial and cytoskeletal proteins among others. Conclusion/Significance Our results suggests that changes in these processes in the ileal epithelium of ICR mice may facilitate the establishment of the parasite and the development of chronic infections. These results may serve to explain the factors determining the development of chronicity in intestinal helminth infection. Intestinal helminth infections are among the most prevalent parasitic diseases and about 1 billion people are currently infected with intestinal helminths. Incidence of intestinal helminth infections is high due to both socio-economic factors that facilitates continuous re-infections and the lack of effective vaccines. In this context, further knowledge on the host-parasite relationships is required to elucidate the factors that determine the expulsion of the intestinal helminths or, in contrast, the chronic establishment of the infections. Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) is an intestinal trematode that has been extensively used as experimental model to investigate these factors. Depending on the host species. E. caproni is rapidly rejected or develops chronic infections. Herein, we analyze the changes in protein expression induced by E. caproni infection in a host in which the parasites develop chronic infections. These data may serve to get a better understanding of the factors determining the development of chronic intestinal infections. A total of 37 spots were identified differentially expressed. These proteins were related to the restoration of the intestinal epithelium and the control of homeostatic dysregulation, mitochondrial and cytoskeletal proteins among others. This suggests that the changes in these processes in the intestinal mucosa may facilitate the development of chronic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bernard Fried
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Guillermo Esteban
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Grubišić V, Parpura V. The second brain in autism spectrum disorder: could connexin 43 expressed in enteric glial cells play a role? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:242. [PMID: 26190971 PMCID: PMC4490256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maes M, Cogliati B, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Vinken M. Roles of connexins and pannexins in digestive homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2809-21. [PMID: 26084872 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Connexin proteins are abundantly present in the digestive system. They primarily form gap junctions, which control the intercellular exchange of critical homeostasis regulators. By doing so, gap junctions drive a plethora of gastrointestinal and hepatic functional features, including gastric and gut motility, gastric acid secretion, intestinal innate immune defense, xenobiotic biotransformation, glycogenolysis, bile secretion, ammonia detoxification and plasma protein synthesis. In the last decade, it has become clear that connexin hemichannels, which are the structural precursors of gap junctions, also provide a pathway for cellular communication, namely between the cytosol and the extracellular environment. Although merely pathological functions have been described, some physiological roles have been attributed to connexin hemichannels, in particular in the modulation of colonic motility. This equally holds true for cellular channels composed of pannexins, connexin-like proteins recently identified in the intestine and the liver, which have become acknowledged key players in inflammatory processes and that have been proposed to control colonic motility, secretion and blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu M, Gao R, Meng Q, Zhang Y, Bi C, Shan A. Toxic effects of maternal zearalenone exposure on intestinal oxidative stress, barrier function, immunological and morphological changes in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106412. [PMID: 25180673 PMCID: PMC4152245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal zearalenone (ZEN) exposure on the intestine of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and its offspring. Ninety-six pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into four groups and were fed with diets containing ZEN at concentrations of 0.3 mg/kg, 48.5 mg/kg, 97.6 mg/kg or 146.0 mg/kg from gestation days (GD) 1 to 7. All rats were fed with mycotoxin-free diet until their offspring were weaned at three weeks of age. The small intestinal fragments from pregnant rats at GD8, weaned dams and pups were collected and studied for toxic effects of ZEN on antioxidant status, immune response, expression of junction proteins, and morphology. The results showed that ZEN induced oxidative stress, affected the villous structure and reduced the expression of junction proteins claudin-4, occludin and connexin43 (Cx43) in a dose-dependent manner in pregnant rats. Different effects on the expression of cytokines were also observed both in mRNA and protein levels in these pregnant groups. Ingestion of high levels of ZEN caused irreversible damage in weaned dams, such as oxidative stress, decreased villi hight and low expression of junction proteins and cytokines. Decreased expression of jejunal interleukin-8 (IL-8) and increased expression of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2) mRNA were detected in weaned offspring, indicating long-term damage caused by maternal ZEN. We also found that the Nrf2 expression both in mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in the ZEN-treated groups of pregnant dams and the high-dose of ZEN group of weaned dams. The data indicate that modulation of Nrf2-mediated pathway is one of mechanism via which ZEN affects gut wall antioxidant and inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol which is extracted from the plant Curcuma longa. Recent studies showed that curcumin has therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis. The mechanisms underlying such therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and so on. Curcumin can inhibit the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, reduce cytokines such as interleukin-23 (IL-23), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon gamma, enhance the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ involved in inflammation and immune response regulation, and down-regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby making nitrites returning to basal levels. In this paper, we will review the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of curcumin on ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Lu P, Sodhi CP, Jia H, Shaffiey S, Good M, Branca MF, Hackam DJ. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis: pathophysiology, translational relevance, and challenges. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G917-28. [PMID: 24763555 PMCID: PMC4042110 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00422.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and is characterized by initial feeding intolerance and abdominal distention followed by the rapid progression to coagulation necrosis of the intestine and death in many cases. Although the risk factors for NEC development remain well accepted, namely premature birth and formula feeding, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Current thinking indicates that NEC develops in response to an abnormal interaction between the mucosal immune system of the premature host and an abnormal indigenous microflora, leading to an exaggerated mucosal inflammatory response and impaired mesenteric perfusion. In seeking to understand the molecular and cellular events leading to NEC, various animal models have been developed. However, the large number and variability between the available animal models and the unique characteristics of each has raised important questions regarding the validity of particular models for NEC research. In an attempt to provide some guidance to the growing community of NEC researchers, we now seek to review the key features of the major NEC models that have been developed in mammalian and nonmammalian species and to assess the advantages, disadvantage, challenges and major scientific discoveries yielded by each. A strategy for model validation is proposed, the principal models are compared, and future directions and challenges within the field of NEC research are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Shahab Shaffiey
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Misty Good
- 3Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria F. Branca
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - David J. Hackam
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ,2Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Afrazi A, Branca MF, Sodhi CP, Good M, Yamaguchi Y, Egan CE, Lu P, Jia H, Shaffiey S, Lin J, Ma C, Vincent G, Prindle T, Weyandt S, Neal MD, Ozolek JA, Wiersch J, Tschurtschenthaler M, Shiota C, Gittes GK, Billiar TR, Mollen K, Kaser A, Blumberg R, Hackam DJ. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in intestinal crypts induces necrotizing enterocolitis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9584-99. [PMID: 24519940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular cues that regulate the apoptosis of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remain incompletely understood, yet may play a role in diseases characterized by ISC loss including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) was recently found to be expressed on ISCs, where its activation leads to ISC apoptosis through mechanisms that remain incompletely explained. We now hypothesize that TLR4 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress within ISCs, leading to their apoptosis in NEC pathogenesis, and that high ER stress within the premature intestine predisposes to NEC development. Using transgenic mice and cultured enteroids, we now demonstrate that TLR4 induces ER stress within Lgr5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5)-positive ISCs, resulting in crypt apoptosis. TLR4 signaling within crypts was required, because crypt ER stress and apoptosis occurred in TLR4(ΔIEC-OVER) mice expressing TLR4 only within intestinal crypts and epithelium, but not TLR4(ΔIEC) mice lacking intestinal TLR4. TLR4-mediated ER stress and apoptosis of ISCs required PERK (protein kinase-related PKR-like ER kinase), CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), and MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88), but not ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) or XBP1 (X-box-binding protein 1). Human and mouse NEC showed high crypt ER stress and apoptosis, whereas genetic inhibition of PERK or CHOP attenuated ER stress, crypt apoptosis, and NEC severity. Strikingly, using intragastric delivery into fetal mouse intestine, prevention of ER stress reduced TLR4-mediated ISC apoptosis and mucosal disruption. These findings identify a novel link between TLR4-induced ER stress and ISC apoptosis in NEC pathogenesis and suggest that increased ER stress within the premature bowel predisposes to NEC development.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hunter CJ, De Plaen IG. Inflammatory signaling in NEC: Role of NF-κB, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:55-65. [PMID: 24388163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Hunter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, United States
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Avenue, Box 45, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sedhom MAK, Pichery M, Murdoch JR, Foligné B, Ortega N, Normand S, Mertz K, Sanmugalingam D, Brault L, Grandjean T, Lefrancais E, Fallon PG, Quesniaux V, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Cathomas G, Junt T, Chamaillard M, Girard JP, Ryffel B. Neutralisation of the interleukin-33/ST2 pathway ameliorates experimental colitis through enhancement of mucosal healing in mice. Gut 2013; 62:1714-23. [PMID: 23172891 PMCID: PMC3841767 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been intrinsically linked to a deregulated cytokine network, but novel therapeutic principles are urgently needed. Here we identify the interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor ST2 as key negative regulators of wound healing and permeability in the colon of mice. DESIGN Expression of IL-33 and ST2 was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and western-blot analysis. Wild-type and St2(-/-) mice were used in wound healing experiments and in two experimental models of IBD triggered by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Neutralisation of ST2 was performed by using a specific blocking antibody. RESULTS Nuclear localisation and enhanced expression of IL-33 in myofibroblasts and enterocytes was linked to disease involvement independently of inflammation, while the expression of ST2 was primarily restricted to the colonic epithelia. In two experimental models of IBD, genetic ablation of ST2 significantly improved signs of colitis, while a sustained epithelial expression of the cyto-protective factor connexin-43 was observed in DSS-treated St2-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, absence of ST2 in non-hematopoietic cells was sufficient to protect against colitis. Consistently, specific inhibition of endogenous ST2-mediated signalling by treatment with neutralising antibody improved DSS-induced colitis. In addition, IL-33 treatment impaired epithelial barrier permeability in vitro and in vivo, whereas absence of ST2 enhanced wound healing response upon acute mechanical injury in the colon. CONCLUSIONS Our study unveiled a novel non-hematopoietic function of IL-33 in epithelial barrier function and wound healing. Therefore, blocking the IL-33/ST2 axis may represent an efficient therapy in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh A K Sedhom
- CNRS and University, UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, RSA,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mélanie Pichery
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France,Toulouse University, UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jenna R Murdoch
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Foligné
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Ortega
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France,Toulouse University, UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Normand
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France
| | - Kirsten Mertz
- Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Devika Sanmugalingam
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Brault
- CNRS and University, UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, RSA
| | - Teddy Grandjean
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France
| | - Emma Lefrancais
- CNRS, IPBS, Toulouse, France,Toulouse University, UPS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Valérie Quesniaux
- CNRS and University, UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, RSA
| | | | - Gieri Cathomas
- Institute of Pathology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Junt
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France,CNRS, UMR 8204, Lille, France,Inserm, U1019, Lille, France
| | | | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS and University, UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, RSA,Artimmune SAS, Orléans, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
S100A12 and hBD2 correlate with the composition of the fecal microflora in ELBW infants and expansion of E. coli is associated with NEC. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:150372. [PMID: 24307989 PMCID: PMC3838852 DOI: 10.1155/2013/150372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To describe the development of the gut microbiota in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) between April 2008 and December 2009, fecal microflora was prospectively analyzed in fecal samples of all ELBW infants using real-time PCR assays. In addition, fecal inflammatory were measured. Results. Fecal microflora established early in ELBW infants and microbiota composition remained stable over the first 28 days of life except for the prevalence of C. difficile which decreased with decreasing antibiotic use. Infants who subsequently developed NEC had an increase of total bacterial count (9.8-fold) 24 h prior to clinical symptoms mainly due to the expansion of E. coli species (21.6-fold), whereas microbiota composition did not differ from healthy ELBW infants five days before onset of NEC. Importantly, S100A12 and hBD2 positively correlated with the total and E. coli bacterial CFU/g feces (r2 0.4 and 0.64, resp.). Conclusions. In summary, we found evidence for a disturbed homeostasis between the intestinal microbiome and host immunity in ELBW infants with NEC. Moreover, S100A12 and hBD2 correlate with the fecal microbiota thus linking the intestinal innate immune response to the bacterial colonization thus possibly providing a diagnostic tool in the future.
Collapse
|
50
|
Schulz S, Wong RJ, Jang KY, Kalish F, Chisholm KM, Zhao H, Vreman HJ, Sylvester KG, Stevenson DK. Heme oxygenase-1 deficiency promotes the development of necrotizing enterocolitis-like intestinal injury in a newborn mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G991-G1001. [PMID: 23578787 PMCID: PMC3680684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is typified by mucosal destruction, which subsequently can lead to intestinal necrosis. Prematurity, enteral feeding, and bacterial colonization are the main risk factors and, combined with other stressors, can cause increased intestinal permeability, injury, and an exaggerated inflammatory response. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mediates intestinal protection due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects of its products carbon monoxide, biliverdin, and bilirubin. This study investigates a possible role of HO-1 in the pathogenesis of NEC using a newborn mouse model. We induced NEC-like intestinal injury in 7-day-old HO-1 heterozygous (HO-1 Het, Hmox1(+/-)) and wild-type (Wt, Hmox1(+/+)) mice by gavage feeding and hypoxic exposures. Control (Con) pups of both genotypes were dam-fed. Intestines of HO-1 Het Con pups appeared predisposed to injury, with higher histological damage scores, more TUNEL-positive cells, and a significant reduction in muscularis externa thickness compared with Wt Con pups. The increase in HO activity after HO-1 induction by the substrate heme or by hypoxic stress was significantly impaired in HO-1 Het pups. After induction of intestinal injury, HO-1 Het pups displayed significantly higher NEC incidence (78 vs. 43%), mortality (83 vs. 54%), and median scores (2.5 vs. 1.5) than Wt NEC pups. PCR array analyses revealed increased expressions of IL-1β, P-selectin, matrix metallopeptidase 2, collagen type XVIII-α1, serpine 1, and others in NEC-induced HO-1 Het ileal and jejunal tissues. We conclude that a partial HO-1 deficiency promotes experimental NEC-like intestinal injury, possibly mediated by exaggerated inflammation and disruption in tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|