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Xie ZF, Wang SY, Gao Y, Zhang YD, Han YN, Huang J, Gao MN, Wang CG. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) preventing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD): two potential mechanisms in cognitive function. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05091-0. [PMID: 39138750 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) impacts a significant number of patients annually, frequently impairing their cognitive abilities and resulting in unfavorable clinical outcomes. Aimed at addressing cognitive impairment, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a therapeutic approach, which was used in many mental disordered diseases, through the modulation of vagus nerve activity. In POCD model, the enhancement of cognition function provided by VNS was shown, demonstrating VNS effect on cognition in POCD. In the present study, we primarily concentrates on elucidating the role of the VNS improving the cognitive function in POCD, via two potential mechanisms: the inflammatory microenvironment and epigenetics. This study provided a theoretical support for the feasibility that VNS can be a potential method to enhance cognition function in POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Graduate College, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi-Dan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Ya-Nan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Graduate College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Graduate College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Mei-Na Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Chun-Guang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding, Northern Great Wall Street 320#, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
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Zou J, Li J, Wang X, Tang D, Chen R. Neuroimmune modulation in liver pathophysiology. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:188. [PMID: 39090741 PMCID: PMC11295927 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest organ in the human body, plays a multifaceted role in digestion, coagulation, synthesis, metabolism, detoxification, and immune defense. Changes in liver function often coincide with disruptions in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The intricate interplay between the nervous and immune systems is vital for maintaining tissue balance and combating diseases. Signaling molecules and pathways, including cytokines, inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, chemoreceptors, and neural pathways, facilitate this complex communication. They establish feedback loops among diverse immune cell populations and the central, peripheral, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems within the liver. In this concise review, we provide an overview of the structural and compositional aspects of the hepatic neural and immune systems. We further explore the molecular mechanisms and pathways that govern neuroimmune communication, highlighting their significance in liver pathology. Finally, we summarize the current clinical implications of therapeutic approaches targeting neuroimmune interactions and present prospects for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Wu L, Li J, Zou J, Tang D, Chen R. Vagus nerve modulates acute-on-chronic liver failure progression via CXCL9. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01123. [PMID: 38945689 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic inflammatory cell accumulation and the subsequent systematic inflammation drive acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) development. Previous studies showed that the vagus nerve exerts anti-inflammatory activity in many inflammatory diseases. Here, we aimed to identify the key molecule mediating the inflammatory process in ACLF and reveal the neuroimmune communication arising from the vagus nerve and immunological disorders of ACLF. METHODS Proteomic analysis was performed and validated in ACLF model mice or patients, and intervention animal experiments were conducted using neutralizing antibodies. PNU-282987 (acetylcholine receptor agonist) and vagotomy were applied for perturbing vagus nerve activity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used for in vivo or in vitro mechanistic studies. RESULTS The unbiased proteomics identified C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) as the greatest differential protein in the livers of mice with ACLF and its relation to the systematic inflammation and mortality were confirmed in patients with ACLF. Interventions on CXCL9 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) improved liver injury and decreased mortality of ACLF mice, which were related to the suppressing of hepatic immune cells' accumulation and activation. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuated while vagotomy aggravated the expression of CXCL9 and the severity of ACLF. Blocking CXCL9 and CXCR3 ameliorated liver inflammation and increased ACLF-associated mortality in ACLF mice with vagotomy. scRNA-seq revealed that hepatic macrophages served as the major source of CXCL9 in ACLF and were validated by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis. Notably, the expression of CXCL9 in macrophages was modulated by vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings highlighted that the neuroimmune communication of the vagus nerve-macrophage-CXCL9 axis contributed to ACLF development. These results provided evidence for neuromodulation as a promising approach for preventing and treating ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jie Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ju Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Luo Q, Liu P, Dong Y, Qin T. The role of the hepatic autonomic nervous system. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:1052-1055. [PMID: 37489022 PMCID: PMC10577342 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Watson WH, Ritzenthaler JD, Torres-Gonzalez E, Arteel GE, Roman J. Mice lacking α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are protected against alcohol-associated liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1371-1383. [PMID: 35723023 PMCID: PMC9427714 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for the development of liver steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, but the mechanisms by which alcohol causes liver damage remain incompletely elucidated. This group has reported that α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4 nAChRs) act as sensors for alcohol in lung cells. This study tested the hypothesis that α4 nAChRs mediate the effects of alcohol in the liver. METHODS Expression of acetylcholine receptor subunits in mouse liver was determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). α4 nAChR knockout (α4 KO) mice were generated in C57BL/6J mice by introducing a mutation encoding an early stop codon in exon 4 of Chrna4, the gene encoding the α4 subunit of the nAChR. The presence of the inactivating mutation was established by polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing, and the lack of α4 nAChR function was confirmed in primary fibroblasts isolated from the α4 KO mice. Wild-type (WT) and α4 KO mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli diet (with 36% of calories from alcohol) or pair fed an isocaloric maltose-dextrin control diet for a 6-week period that included a ramping up phase of increasing dietary alcohol. RESULTS Chrna4 was the most abundantly expressed nAChR subunit gene in mouse livers. After 6 weeks of alcohol exposure, WT mice had elevated serum transaminases and their livers showed increased fat accumulation, decreased Sirt1 protein levels, and accumulation of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation including Cyp2E1, Nos2, Sod1, Slc7a11, TNFα, and PAI1. All these responses to alcohol were either absent or significantly attenuated in α4 KO animals. CONCLUSION Together, these observations support the conclusion that activation of α4 nAChRs by alcohol or one of its metabolites is one of the initial events promoting the accumulation of excess fat and expression of inflammatory mediators. Thus, α4 nAChRs may represent viable targets for intervention in chronic alcohol-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey D. Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine and Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Teratani T, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the gut and liver. Int Immunol 2022; 34:475-484. [PMID: 35793533 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been assumed that the nervous system exerts distinct effects on immune functions, given the large number of immune disorders that are affected by mental stress. In fact, many different immune cells have been shown to possess a wide variety of neurotransmitter receptors and receive signals of various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Compared with the findings on local neuroimmune interactions, limited experimental techniques have so far failed to capture a comprehensive overview of neuroimmune interactions between distant organs and the autonomic nervous system in vivo, and the molecular mechanisms underlying local immune regulation of the nervous system have long remained unclear. However, the recent rapid progress in genetic recombination, microscopy and single-cell analysis has deepened our understanding of the anatomical and physiological functions of peripheral nerves at each organ to which they belong. Furthermore, the development of optogenetic and chemogenetic methods has enabled the artificial modulation of specific neuronal activities, and there has been remarkable progress in elucidation of the interaction between nerves and immune cells in vivo, particularly in barrier organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and skin. This review focuses on the immunoregulatory mechanisms governed by the autonomic nervous system and outlines the latest findings in the regulation of enteric and hepatic immunity by the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Parsa D, Aden LA, Pitzer A, Ding T, Yu C, Diedrich A, Milne GL, Kirabo A, Shibao CA. Enhanced parasympathetic cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese African Americans. Mol Med 2022; 28:60. [PMID: 35659521 PMCID: PMC9164360 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are 20% more likely to die from CVD than whites, chronic exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress contributes to CVD. In previous studies, enhancing parasympathetic cholinergic activity has been shown to decrease inflammation. Considering that AAs have decreased parasympathetic activity compared to whites, we hypothesize that stimulating it with a central acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, galantamine, would prevent lipid-induced oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that acute dose of galantamine, an AChE inhibitor, decreases lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs. METHODS Proof-of-concept, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study that tested the effect of a single dose of 16 mg of galantamine versus placebo on lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs. Subjects were studied on two separate days, one week apart. In each study day, 16 mg or matching placebo was administered before 20% intralipids infusion at doses of 0.8 mL/m2/min with heparin at doses of 200 U/h for 4 h. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 h during the infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in F2-isoprostane (F2-IsoPs), marker of oxidative stress, measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in plasma at baseline, 2, and 4-h post-lipid infusion. Secondary outcomes include changes in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha). RESULTS A total of 32 obese AA women were screened and fourteen completed the study (age 37.8 ± 10.70 years old, BMI 38.7 ± 3.40 kg/m2). Compared to placebo, 16 mg of galantamine significantly inhibited the increase in F2-IsoPs in PBMC (0.007 ± 0.008 vs. - 0.002 ± 0.006 ng/sample, P = 0.016), and plasma (0.01 ± 0.02 vs. - 0.003 ± 0.01 ng/mL, P = 0.023). Galantamine also decreased IL-6 (11.4 ± 18.45 vs. 7.7 ± 15.10 pg/mL, P = 0.021) and TNFα levels (18.6 ± 16.33 vs. 12.9 ± 6.16 pg/mL, P = 0.021, 4-h post lipid infusion) compared with placebo. These changes were associated with an increased plasma acetylcholine levels induced by galantamine (50.5 ± 10.49 vs. 43.6 ± 13.38 during placebo pg/uL, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot, proof-of-concept study, enhancing parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lipid infusion in obese AAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02365285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Parsa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Luul A Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tan Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andre Diedrich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cyndya A Shibao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Miller BM, Oderberg IM, Goessling W. Hepatic Nervous System in Development, Regeneration, and Disease. Hepatology 2021; 74:3513-3522. [PMID: 34256416 PMCID: PMC8639644 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is innervated by autonomic and sensory fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that regulate liver function, regeneration, and disease. Although the importance of the hepatic nervous system in maintaining and restoring liver homeostasis is increasingly appreciated, much remains unknown about the specific mechanisms by which hepatic nerves both influence and are influenced by liver diseases. While recent work has begun to illuminate the developmental mechanisms underlying recruitment of nerves to the liver, evolutionary differences contributing to species-specific patterns of hepatic innervation remain elusive. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the development of the hepatic nervous system and its role in liver regeneration and disease. We also highlight areas in which further investigation would greatly enhance our understanding of the evolution and function of liver innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess M. Miller
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Isaac M. Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,corresponding author: Contact Information: Wolfram Goessling, MD, PhD, Wang 539B, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114,
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Wang Y, Zhan G, Cai Z, Jiao B, Zhao Y, Li S, Luo A. Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: Therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:37-53. [PMID: 33894241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric diseases, have posed a deleterious threat to human health and brought a great burden to society and the healthcare system. With the development of medical technology, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternative treatment for refractory epilepsy, refractory depression, cluster headaches, and migraines. Furthermore, current evidence showed promising results towards the treatment of more brain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Nonetheless, the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of VNS in brain diseases remain only partially elucidated. This review aims to delve into the relevant preclinical and clinical studies and update the progress of VNS applications and its potential mechanisms underlying the biological effects in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziwen Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Jo BG, Kim SH, Namgung U. Vagal afferent fibers contribute to the anti-inflammatory reactions by vagus nerve stimulation in concanavalin A model of hepatitis in rats. Mol Med 2020; 26:119. [PMID: 33272194 PMCID: PMC7713005 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing number of studies provide evidence that the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) dampens inflammation in peripheral visceral organs. However, the effects of afferent fibers of the vagus nerve (AFVN) on anti-inflammation have not been clearly defined. Here, we investigate whether AFVN are involved in VNS-mediated regulation of hepatic production of proinflammatory cytokines. Methods An animal model of hepatitis was generated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of concanavalin A (ConA) into rats, and electrical stimulation was given to the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. AFVN activity was regulated by administration of capsaicin (CAP) or AP-5/CNQX and the vagotomy at the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve (hVNX). mRNA and protein expression in target tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Hepatic immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNAs and proteins that were induced by ConA in the liver macrophages were significantly reduced by the electrical stimulation of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve (hVNS). Alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels in serum and the number of hepatic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased by ConA injection and downregulated by hVNS. CAP treatment deteriorated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-positive neurons and increased caspase-3 signals in nodose ganglion (NG) neurons. Concomitantly, CAP suppressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression that was induced by hVNS in DMV neurons of ConA-injected animals. Furthermore, hVNS-mediated downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression was hampered by CAP treatment and similarly regulated by hVNX and AP-5/CNQX inhibition of vagal feedback loop pathway in the brainstem. hVNS elevated the levels of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) and phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705; pY-STAT3) in the liver, and inhibition of AFVN activity by CAP, AP-5/CNQX and hVNX or the pharmacological blockade of hepatic α7 nAChR decreased STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusions Our data indicate that the activity of AFVN contributes to hepatic anti-inflammatory responses mediated by hVNS in ConA model of hepatitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Gon Jo
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea.
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Xie H, Yepuri N, Meng Q, Dhawan R, Leech CA, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Cooney RN. Therapeutic potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists to combat obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:431-447. [PMID: 32851581 PMCID: PMC7572644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (CAIR) represents an important homeostatic regulatory mechanism for sensing and controlling the body's response to inflammatory stimuli. Vagovagal reflexes are an integral component of CAIR whose anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) located on cells of the immune system. Recently, it is appreciated that CAIR and α7nAChR also participate in the control of metabolic homeostasis. This has led to the understanding that defective vagovagal reflex circuitry underlying CAIR might explain the coexistence of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. Thus, there is renewed interest in the α7nAChR that mediates CAIR, particularly from the standpoint of therapeutics. Of special note is the recent finding that α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 acts at L-cells of the distal intestine to stimulate the release of two glucoregulatory and anorexigenic hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Furthermore, α7nAChR agonist PNU 282987 exerts trophic factor-like actions to support pancreatic β-cell survival under conditions of stress resembling diabetes. This review provides an overview of α7nAChR function as it pertains to CAIR, vagovagal reflexes, and metabolic homeostasis. We also consider the possible usefulness of α7nAChR agonists for treatment of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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12
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Pydi SP, Cui Z, He Z, Barella LF, Pham J, Cui Y, Oberlin DJ, Egritag HE, Urs N, Gavrilova O, Schwartz GJ, Buettner C, Williams KW, Wess J. Beneficial metabolic role of β-arrestin-1 expressed by AgRP neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1341. [PMID: 32537493 PMCID: PMC7269658 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 have emerged as important signaling molecules that modulate glucose fluxes in several peripheral tissues. The potential roles of neuronally expressed β-arrestins in regulating glucose homeostasis remain unknown. We here report that mice lacking β-arrestin-1 (barr1) selectively in AgRP neurons displayed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when consuming an obesogenic diet, while mice overexpressing barr1 selectively in AgRP neurons were protected against obesity-associated metabolic impairments. Additional physiological, biochemical, and electrophysiological data indicated that the presence of barr1 is essential for insulin-mediated hyperpolarization of AgRP neurons. As a result, barr1 expressed by AgRP neurons regulates efferent neuronal pathways that suppress hepatic glucose production and promote lipolysis in adipose tissue. Mice lacking β-arrestin-2 (barr2) selectively in AgRP neurons showed no substantial metabolic phenotypes. Our data suggest that agents able to enhance the activity of barr1 in AgRP neurons may prove beneficial as antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P. Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenyan He
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luiz F. Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yinghong Cui
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas J. Oberlin
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hale Ergin Egritag
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikhil Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin W. Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Kumar R, Kumar A, Nordberg A, Långström B, Darreh-Shori T. Proton pump inhibitors act with unprecedented potencies as inhibitors of the acetylcholine biosynthesizing enzyme-A plausible missing link for their association with incidence of dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1031-1042. [PMID: 32383816 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several pharmacoepidemiological studies indicate that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) significantly increase the risk of dementia. Yet, the underlying mechanism is not known. Here, we report the discovery of an unprecedented mode of action of PPIs that explains how PPIs may increase the risk of dementia. METHODS Advanced in silico docking analyses and detailed enzymological assessments were performed on PPIs against the core-cholinergic enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), responsible for biosynthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). RESULTS This report shows compelling evidence that PPIs act as inhibitors of ChAT, with high selectivity and unprecedented potencies that lie far below their in vivo plasma and brain concentrations. DISCUSSION Given that accumulating evidence points at cholinergic dysfunction as a driving force of major dementia disorders, our findings mechanistically explain how prolonged use of PPIs may increase incidence of dementia. This call for restrictions for prolonged use of PPIs in elderly, and in patients with dementia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Jakob MO, Murugan S, Klose CSN. Neuro-Immune Circuits Regulate Immune Responses in Tissues and Organ Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32265899 PMCID: PMC7099652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dense innervation of the gastro-intestinal tract with neuronal networks, which are in close proximity to immune cells, implies a pivotal role of neurons in modulating immune functions. Neurons have the ability to directly sense danger signals, adapt immune effector functions and integrate these signals to maintain tissue integrity and host defense strategies. The expression pattern of a large set of immune cells in the intestine characterized by receptors for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides suggest a tight neuronal hierarchical control of immune functions in order to systemically control immune reactions. Compelling evidence implies that targeting neuro-immune interactions is a promising strategy to dampen immune responses in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases or rheumatoid arthritis. In fact, electric stimulation of vagal fibers has been shown to be an extremely effective treatment strategy against overwhelming immune reactions, even after exhausted conventional treatment strategies. Such findings argue that the nervous system is underestimated coordinator of immune reactions and underline the importance of neuro-immune crosstalk for body homeostasis. Herein, we review neuro-immune interactions with a special focus on disease pathogenesis throughout the gastro-intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel O. Jakob
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Group of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shaira Murugan
- Group of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Fonseca RC, Bassi GS, Brito CC, Rosa LB, David BA, Araújo AM, Nóbrega N, Diniz AB, Jesus ICG, Barcelos LS, Fontes MAP, Bonaventura D, Kanashiro A, Cunha TM, Guatimosim S, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA, Menezes GB, de Lartigue G, Oliveira AG. Vagus nerve regulates the phagocytic and secretory activity of resident macrophages in the liver. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:444-454. [PMID: 31271871 PMCID: PMC7826199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors commensal microorganisms as well as invasive bacteria, toxins and other pathogens and, therefore, plays a pivotal barrier and immunological role against pathogenic agents. The vagus nerve is an important regulator of the GI tract-associated immune system, having profound effects on inflammatory responses. Among GI tract organs, the liver is a key site of immune surveillance, as it has a large population of resident macrophages and receives the blood drained from the guts through the hepatic portal circulation. Although it is widely accepted that the hepatic tissue is a major target for vagus nerve fibers, the role of this neural circuit in liver immune functions is still poorly understood. Herein we used in vivo imaging techniques, including confocal microscopy and scintigraphy, to show that vagus nerve stimulation increases the phagocytosis activity by resident macrophages in the liver, even on the absence of an immune challenge. The activation of this neural circuit in a non-lethal model of sepsis optimized the removal of bacteria in the liver and resulted in the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines. Our findings provide new insights into the neural regulation of the immune system in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cristelli Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Carvalho Brito
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Barreto Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Araújo David
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Moreira Araújo
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Natália Nóbrega
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Pharmacology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes Jesus
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucíola Silva Barcelos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Peliky Fontes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Pharmacology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Guatimosim
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - André Gustavo Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Liver Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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16
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Kimura K, Inaba Y, Watanabe H, Matsukawa T, Matsumoto M, Inoue H. Nicotinic alpha-7 acetylcholine receptor deficiency exacerbates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:659-666. [PMID: 30369082 PMCID: PMC6497582 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which occurs in association with insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation, is characterized by chronic liver injury and fibrosis. NASH onset and progression is closely related to hepatic inflammation, which is partly regulated by the vagus nerve through the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR). Hepatic α7nAchR action is impeded in obesity and insulin resistance. In the present study, using α7nAchR knockout (α7KO) mice, we elucidated the effect of α7nAchR deficiency on NASH-related inflammation and fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS α7KO mice were fed an atherogenic high-fat diet (AD) for 32 weeks or methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) for 6 weeks, both of which induce NASH. Mice were then examined for the degree of NASH-related inflammation and fibrosis by hepatic gene expression analysis and Sirius red histological staining. RESULTS Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and elevated plasma transaminase levels were observed in both AD and MCD mice, but the plasma transaminase level increase was higher in α7KO mice than in control mice. α7KO mice fed an AD showed significant upregulation of the Col1a1 gene encoding alpha-1 type I collagen, which is involved in liver fibrosis, and the Ccl2 gene encoding C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, a pro-inflammatory chemokine; α7KO mice fed an MCD had significant upregulation of the Col1a1 gene and the Tnf gene, an inflammatory cytokine. Histological analysis showed that AD and MCD exacerbated liver fibrosis in α7KO mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that α7nAchR deficiency exacerbates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a diet-induced mouse model of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Kimura
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research UnitInstitute for Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research UnitInstitute for Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research UnitInstitute for Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - Toshiya Matsukawa
- Department of Molecular Metabolic RegulationDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic RegulationDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research UnitInstitute for Frontier Science InitiativeKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
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17
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Xiao F, Guo Y, Deng J, Yuan F, Xiao Y, Hui L, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Li K, Han X, Fang Q, Jia W, Chen Y, Ying H, Zhai Q, Chen S, Guo F. Hepatic c-Jun regulates glucose metabolism via FGF21 and modulates body temperature through the neural signals. Mol Metab 2018; 20:138-148. [PMID: 30579932 PMCID: PMC6358569 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective c-Jun, a prominent member of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family, is involved in various physiology processes such as cell death and survival. However, a role of hepatic c-Jun in the whole-body metabolism is poorly understood. Methods We generated liver-specific c-Jun knock-out (c-jun△li) mice to investigate the effect of hepatic c-Jun on the whole-body physiology, particularly in blood glucose and body temperature. Primary hepatocytes were also used to explore a direct regulation of c-Jun in gluconeogenesis. Results c-jun△li mice showed higher hepatic gluconeogenic capacity compared with control mice, and similar results were obtained in vitro. In addition, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression was directly inhibited by c-Jun knockdown and adenovirus-mediated hepatic FGF21 over-expression blocked the effect of c-Jun on gluconeogenesis in c-jun△li mice. Interestingly, c-jun△li mice also exhibited higher body temperature, with induced thermogenesis and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Furthermore, the body temperature became comparable between c-jun△li and control mice at thermoneutral temperature (30 °C). Moreover, the activity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) was increased in c-jun△li mice and the higher body temperature was inhibited by beta-adrenergic receptor blocker injection. Finally, the activated SNS and increased body temperature in c-jun△li mice was most likely caused by the signals from the brain and hepatic vagus nerve, as the expression of c-Fos (the molecular marker of neuronal activation) was changed in several brain areas controlling body temperature and body temperature was decreased by selective hepatic vagotomy. Conclusions These data demonstrate a novel function of hepatic c-Jun in the regulation of gluconeogenesis and body temperature via FGF21 and neural signals. Our results also provide novel insights into the organ crosstalk in the regulation of the whole-body physiology. Liver-specific inactivation of c-Jun increased gluconeogenesis via decreasing FGF21 expression. Liver-specific inactivation of c-Jun increased body temperature by promoting thermogenesis in BAT. Hepatic c-Jun modulates body temperature via regulating sympathetic nervous system activity and vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuzhong Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuncai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Qichen Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Hao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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18
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Metz CN, Pavlov VA. Vagus nerve cholinergic circuitry to the liver and the gastrointestinal tract in the neuroimmune communicatome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G651-G658. [PMID: 30001146 PMCID: PMC6293249 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of neuroimmune communication and the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation has recently led to proposing the concept of the "neuroimmune communicatome." This advance is based on experimental evidence for an organized and brain-integrated reflex-like relationship and dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems. A key circuitry in this communicatome is provided by efferent vagus nerve fibers and cholinergic signaling. Inflammation and metabolic alterations coexist in many disorders affecting the liver and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, liver injury, and liver failure, as well as inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we outline mechanistic insights regarding the role of the vagus nerve and cholinergic signaling in the regulation of inflammation linked to metabolic derangements and the pathogenesis of these disorders in preclinical settings. Recent clinical advances using this knowledge in novel therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches within the field of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N. Metz
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- 1Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York,2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
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19
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Increased Active OMI/HTRA2 Serine Protease Displays a Positive Correlation with Cholinergic Alterations in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4601-4619. [PMID: 30361890 PMCID: PMC6657433 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OMI/HTRA2 (high-temperature requirement serine protease A2) is a mitochondrial serine protease involved in several cellular processes, including autophagy, chaperone activity, and apoptosis. Few studies on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available, but none on its relationship with the cholinergic system and neurotrophic factors as well as other AD-related proteins. In this study, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that AD patients had a higher cytosolic distribution of OMI/HTRA2 protein compared to controls. Quantitative analyses on brain extracts indicated a significant increase in the active form of OMI/HTRA2 in the AD brain. Activated OMI/HTRA2 protein positively correlated with stress-associated read-through acetylcholinesterase activity. In addition, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene expression, a receptor also known to be localized on the outer membrane of mitochondria, showed a strong correlation with OMI/HTRA2 gene expression in three different brain regions. Interestingly, the activated OMI/HTRA2 levels also correlated with the activity of the acetylcholine-biosynthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT); with levels of the neurotrophic factors, NGF and BDNF; with levels of the soluble fragments of amyloid precursor protein (APP); and with gene expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau in the examined brain regions. Overall, the results demonstrate increased levels of the mitochondrial serine protease OMI/HTRA2, and a coherent pattern of association between the activated form of OMI/HTRA2 and several key proteins involved in AD pathology. In this paper, we propose a new hypothetical model to highlight the importance and needs of further investigation on the role of OMI/HTRA2 in the mitochondrial function and AD.
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Ehrlich L, O’Brien A, Hall C, White T, Chen L, Wu N, Venter J, Scrushy M, Mubarak M, Meng F, Dostal D, Wu C, Lairmore TC, Alpini G, Glaser S. α7-nAChR Knockout Mice Decreases Biliary Hyperplasia and Liver Fibrosis in Cholestatic Bile Duct-Ligated Mice. Gene Expr 2018; 18:197-207. [PMID: 29580318 PMCID: PMC6190116 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15216453076707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
α7-nAChR is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [specifically expressed on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells, and cholangiocytes] that regulates inflammation and apoptosis in the liver. Thus, targeting α7-nAChR may be therapeutic in biliary diseases. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed on wild-type (WT) and α7-nAChR-/- mice. We first evaluated the expression of α7-nAChR by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in liver sections. IHC was also performed to assess intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM), and Sirius Red staining was performed to quantify the amount of collagen deposition. Immunofluorescence was performed to assess colocalization of α7-nAChR with bile ducts (costained with CK-19) and HSCs (costained with desmin). The mRNA expression of α7-nAChR, Ki-67/PCNA (proliferation), fibrosis genes (TGF-β1, fibronectin-1, Col1α1, and α-SMA), and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) was measured by real-time PCR. Biliary TGF-β1 and hepatic CD68 (Kupffer cell marker) expression was assessed using IHC. α7-nAChR immunoreactivity was observed in both bile ducts and HSCs and increased following BDL. α7-nAChR-/- BDL mice exhibited decreased (i) bile duct mass, liver fibrosis, and inflammation, and (ii) immunoreactivity of TGF-β1 as well as expression of fibrosis genes compared to WT BDL mice. α7-nAChR activation triggers biliary proliferation and liver fibrosis and may be a therapeutic target in managing extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ehrlich
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - April O’Brien
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Chad Hall
- ‡Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Tori White
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lixian Chen
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Julie Venter
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Marinda Scrushy
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad Mubarak
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Gastroenterology, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - David Dostal
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- ¶Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Terry C. Lairmore
- ‡Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Gastroenterology, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- *Department of Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- †Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA
- §Gastroenterology, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
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Remifentanil Preconditioning Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats via Neuronal Activation in Dorsal Vagal Complex. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:3260256. [PMID: 29861656 PMCID: PMC5976991 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3260256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Remifentanil, an ultra-short acting opiate, has been reported to protect against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is a major cause of postoperative liver dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine whether a central vagal pathway is involved in this protective procedure. Rat models of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion were used in the experimental procedures. The results revealed that intravenous pretreatment with remifentanil decreased serum aminotransferases and hepatic histologic damage; however, an intraperitoneal injection of μ-opioid receptor antagonist did not abolish the protection of remifentanil preconditioning. c-Fos immunofluorescence of the brain stem showed that dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus was activated after remifentanil preconditioning. Moreover, serum alanine aminotransferase, histopathologic damage, and apoptosis decreased in remifentanil preconditioning group compared to vagotomized animals with remifentanil preconditioning, and there was no statistical difference of TNF-α and IL-6 between NS/Va and RPC/Va groups. In addition, remifentanil microinjection into dorsal vagal complex decreased serum aminotransferases, inflammatory cytokines, and hepatic histologic injury and apoptosis, and these effects were also abolished by a peripheral hepatic vagotomy. In conclusion, remifentanil preconditioning conferred liver protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, which was mediated by the central vagal pathway.
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Li DJ, Liu J, Hua X, Fu H, Huang F, Fei YB, Lu WJ, Shen FM, Wang P. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit improves energy homeostasis and inhibits inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2018; 79:52-63. [PMID: 29129819 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide; yet, the pathogenesis of the disorder is not completely understood. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit (α7nAChR) plays an indispensable role in the vagus nerve-regulated cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the key role of α7nAChR in NAFLD development. Male wild-type (WT) and α7nAChR knockout (α7nAChR-/-) mice were fed a normal chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16weeks to induce NAFLD. RESULTS We found that both the mRNA and protein levels of α7nAChR in the liver tissue of NAFLD mice were significantly higher than those in mice fed normal chow. There were no differences in food intake, body weight, hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents, and insulin sensitivity between WT and α7nAChR-/- mice under normal condition. When the WT and α7nAChR-/- mice were challenged with HFD, the body weight of α7nAChR-/- mice became higher than that of WT mice. The oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in HFD-fed α7nAChR-/- mice were significantly lower than that in HFD-fed WT mice. The HFD-fed α7nAChR-/- mice also showed more aggravated hepatic lipid accumulation, steatosis and oxidative stress than HFD-fed WT mice. Macrophage infiltration; mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β; and liver fibrosis were significantly accelerated in HFD-fed α7nAChR-/- mice compared to that in HFD-fed WT mice. In addition, the bolus insulin injection-activated insulin signaling pathway, which was reflected by the phosphorylation of insulin receptor at Tyr1162/Tyr1163 site (p-IRTyr1162/Tyr1163), insulin receptor substrate-1 at Tyr612 site (p-IRS-1Tyr612) and Akt at Ser473 (p-AktSer473), was significantly compromised in liver tissues of HFD-fed α7nAChR-/- mice relative to HFD-fed WT mice. Finally, pharmacologically activation of α7nAChR in HFD-fed mice, with a selective agonist PNU-282987, remarkably ameliorated the hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of α7nAChR improves energy homeostasis and inhibits inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Bo Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Hasan MK, Friedman TC, Sims C, Lee DL, Espinoza-Derout J, Ume A, Chalfant V, Lee ML, Sinha-Hikim I, Lutfy K, Liu Y, Mahata SK, Sinha-Hikim AP. α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Ameliorates Nicotine Plus High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Male Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Stimulating AMPK Signaling. Endocrinology 2018; 159:931-944. [PMID: 29272360 PMCID: PMC5776480 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α7-Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonists confer protection against a wide variety of cytotoxic insults and suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis in various cell systems, including hepatocytes. We recently demonstrated that nicotine, when combined with a high-fat diet (HFD), triggers oxidative stress, activates hepatocyte apoptosis, and exacerbates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in male mice. This study evaluates whether PNU-282987 (PNU), a specific α7nAChR agonist, is effective in preventing nicotine plus HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Adult C57BL6 male mice were fed a normal chow diet or HFD with 60% of calories derived from fat and received twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.75 mg/kg body weight (BW) of nicotine, PNU (0.26 mg/kg BW), PNU plus nicotine, or saline for 10 weeks. PNU treatment was effective in attenuating nicotine plus HFD-induced increase in hepatic triglyceride levels, hepatocyte apoptosis, and hepatic steatosis. The preventive effects of PNU on nicotine plus HFD-induced hepatic steatosis were mediated by suppression of oxidative stress and activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) together with inhibition of its downstream target sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-coenzyme A-carboxylase (ACC). We conclude that the α7nAChR agonist PNU protects against nicotine plus HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in obese mice. PNU appears to work at various steps of signaling pathways involving suppression of oxidative stress, activation of AMPK, and inhibition of SREBP1c, FAS, and ACC. α7nAChR agonists may be an effective therapeutic strategy for ameliorating fatty liver disease, especially in obese smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carl Sims
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Desean L. Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Adaku Ume
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Victor Chalfant
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Martin L. Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Indrani Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92093
- VA San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California 92161
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway and the Liver. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:507-513. [PMID: 29399541 PMCID: PMC5788206 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic vagus branches innervate the liver and serve an important role in liver-brain connection. It appears that brain modulates inflammatory responses by activation of vagal efferent fibers. This activation and subsequent acetylcholine releases from vagus nerve terminals leads to inhibition of inflammatory cytokines through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) which located on the surface of different cell types such as liver Kupffer cells. This protective role of vagus-α7nAChR axis in liver diseases has been shown in several experimental studies. On the other hand, accumulated evidence clearly demonstrate that, autonomic dysfunction which is reduced functioning of both vagal and sympathetic nervous system, occurs during chronic liver disease and is well-known complication of patients suffering from cirrhosis. This review describes the impact and significance of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the liver and discusses about its disease-related dysfunction on the progression of cirrhosis. Considering the fact that sepsis is major cause of death in cirrhotic patients, convergence of these findings, may lead to designing novel therapeutic strategies in the field of chronic liver diseases management involving selective drug targeting and electrical nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2017; 15:22-33. [PMID: 29197233 PMCID: PMC5723281 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia as a consequence of vascular injury is aggravated by inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is a orchestrator of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), which refers to a physiological neuro-immune mechanism that restricts inflammation. Here, we investigated the potential role of CAP in neointimal hyperplasia using α7nAChR knockout (KO) mice. Male α7nAChR-KO mice and their wild-type control mice (WT) were subjected to wire injury in left common carotid artery. At 4 weeks post injury, the injured aortae were isolated for examination. The neointimal hyperplasia after wire injury was significantly aggravated in α7nAChR-KO mice compared with WT mice. The α7nAChR-KO mice had increased collagen contents and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) amount. Moreover, the inflammation was significantly enhanced in the neointima of α7nAChR-KO mice relative to WT mice, evidenced by the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin-1β, and macrophage infiltration. Meanwhile, the chemokines chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 2 expression was also augmented in the neointima of α7nAChR-KO mice compared with WT mice. Additionally, the depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and the upregulation of 3-nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase were more pronounced in neointima of α7nAChR-KO mice compared with WT mice. Accordingly, the protein expression of NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), Nox2 and Nox4, was also higher in neointima of α7nAChR-KO mice compared with WT mice. Finally, pharmacologically activation of CAP with a selective α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987, significantly reduced neointima formation, arterial inflammation and oxidative stress after vascular injury in C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that α7nAChR-mediated CAP is a neuro-physiological mechanism that inhibits neointima formation after vascular injury via suppressing arterial inflammation and oxidative stress. Further, these results imply that targeting α7nAChR may be a promising interventional strategy for in-stent stenosis.
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Luo L, Xi C, Xu T, Zhang G, Qun E, Zhang W. Muscarinic receptor mediated signaling pathways in hepatocytes from CCL4 - induced liver fibrotic rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 807:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vagus Nerve Attenuates Hepatocyte Apoptosis upon Ischemia-Reperfusion via α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Kupffer Cells in Mice. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:1005-1016. [PMID: 27560466 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury is a complication of liver surgery. As much as 50% of hepatocytes undergo apoptosis within the first 24 h of reperfusion. The neurotransmitters of the vagus nerve can activate α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages. The function of Kupffer cells (KCs) determines HIR injury. We hypothesize that the vagus nerve could attenuate HIR-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by activating α7nAChR on KCs. METHODS Hepatic vagotomized C57BL/6J mice, KC-eliminated C57BL/6J mice, and α7nAChR mice were used for HIR. Primary KCs and hepatocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR). Liver injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and soluble CD163 were measured. RESULTS Hepatic vagotomy and α7nAChR caused higher levels of alanine transaminase and liver caspase-3 and -8 activity by HIR. Activating α7nAChR attenuated these changes in wild-type but not in the α7nAChR mice. Furthermore, activating α7nAChR diminished hepatic injury and reduced liver apoptosis by HIR in vagotomized mice. In vitro, activating α7nAChR reduced apoptosis of hepatocytes cocultured with KCs that suffered HR. Similar to the effects by catalase, activating α7nAChR on KCs reduced ROS and H2O2 by HR. The supernatant from KCs, with α7nAChR activated or catalase treated, prevented hepatocyte apoptosis by HR. Finally, KC elimination reduced HIR-induced H2O2 production in mice. Activating α7nAChR significantly attenuated soluble CD163 both in mice by HIR (serum: 240 ± 34 vs. 446 ± 72; mean ± SD; n = 8; P < 0.01) and in KCs by HR (supernatant: 4.23 ± 0.06 vs. 5.60 ± 0.18; n = 3; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The vagus nerve could minimize HIR-induced liver apoptosis through activating α7nAChR on KCs possibly by preventing their excessive ROS production.
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Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in hepatocytes from rat fibrotic liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hiramoto T, Yoshihara K, Asano Y, Sudo N. Protective Role of the Hepatic Vagus Nerve against Liver Metastasis in Mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:341-347. [PMID: 29621768 DOI: 10.1159/000487483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Although accumulating evidence has shown that the autonomic nervous system is involved in liver pathology, its role in regulating cancer development remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to elucidate its detailed mechanisms. METHODS A mouse model of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer was used. To elucidate the potential mechanisms involved, we examined the effect of selective hepatic vagotomy on the survival rate and liver-to-body weight. We further evaluated the possible involvement of the hepatic sympathetic nerve fibers in this model. RESULTS The mortality rate and the liver-to-body weight ratio after cancer inoculation were significantly higher in the vagotomized mice than in the sham-operated mice. The vagotomized mice exhibited a transient decrease in hepatic norepinephrine levels following cancer inoculation. Interestingly, the vagotomy-induced exacerbation of liver metastasis was attenuated by supplementary norepinephrine or phenylephrine, a selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist, but not by clonidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that the hepatic vagus nerve may play a protective role against liver metastasis. Hepatic sympathetic nerves may also be involved as a protective efferent loop, possibly acting through the α1-adrenoceptor.
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Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Campoy FJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Vidal CJ. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors. FASEB J 2016; 31:544-555. [PMID: 28148778 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600609r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The observation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) type H (AChEH), which is the predominant AChE variant in visceral organs and immune cells, in lipid rafts of muscle supports functional reasons for the raft targeting of glypiated AChEH The search for these reasons revealed that liver AChE activity is mostly confined to rafts and that the liver is able to make N-extended AChE variants and target them to rafts. These results prompted us to test whether AChE and muscarinic receptors existed in the same raft. Isolation of flotillin-2-rich raft fractions by their buoyancy in sucrose gradients, followed by immunoadsorption and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry application, gave the following results: 1) most hepatic AChE activity emanates from AChE-H mRNA, and its product, glypiated AChEH, accumulates in rafts; 2) N-extended N-AChE readthrough variant, nonglypiated N-AChEH, and N-AChE tailed variant were all identified in liver rafts; and 3) M3 AChRs were observed in rafts, and coprecipitation of raft-confined N-AChE and M3 receptors by using anti-M3 antibodies showed that enzyme and receptor reside in the same raft unit. A raft domain that harbors tightly packed muscarinic receptor and AChE may represent a molecular device that, by means of which, the intensity and duration of cholinergic inputs are regulated.-Montenegro, M. F., Cabezas-Herrera, J., Campoy, F. J., Muñoz-Delgado, E., Vidal, C. J. Lipid rafts of mouse liver contain nonextended and extended acetylcholinesterase variants along with M3 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Javier Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Encarnación Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
| | - Cecilio J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain; and
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The solithromycin journey-It is all in the chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6420-6428. [PMID: 27595539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The macrolide class of antibiotics, including the early generation macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, have been used broadly for treatment of respiratory tract infections. An increase of treatment failures of early generation macrolides is due to the upturn in bacterial macrolide resistance to 48% in the US and over 80% in Asian countries and has led to the use of alternate therapies, such as fluoroquinolones. The safety of the fluoroquinolones is now in question and alternate antibiotics for the outpatient treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia are needed. Telithromycin, approved in 2003, is no longer used owing to serious adverse events, collectively called the 'Ketek effects'. Telithromycin has a side chain pyridine moiety that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Blockade of these receptors is known experimentally to cause the side effects seen with telithromycin in patients use. Solithromycin is a new macrolide, the first fluoroketolide, which has been tested successfully in two Phase 3 trials and is undergoing regulatory review at the FDA. Solithromycin is differentiated from telithromycin chemically and biologically in that its side chain is chemically different and does not significantly block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Solithromycin was well tolerated and effective in clinical trials.
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Sawamoto R, Nagano J, Kajiwara E, Sonoda J, Hiramoto T, Sudo N. Inhibition of emotional needs and emotional wellbeing predict disease progression of chronic hepatitis C patients: an 8-year prospective study. Biopsychosoc Med 2016; 10:24. [PMID: 27478498 PMCID: PMC4966853 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-016-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of psycosocial factors in the disease progression of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the prognostic value of behavioral patterns and the quality of life (QOL) of patients with CHC. Methods Two hundred and forty Japanese CHC patients (mean age 62.4 years) were assessed for behavioral patterns (Stress Inventory), QOL (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual), and known prognostic factors at baseline then followed for a maximum of 8 years for disease progression, defined as either the first diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or hepatitis-related death. Results Forty-nine events occurred during the study period (46 newly diagnosed HCC cases, three hepatitis-related deaths). In a Cox proportional hazard model including known prognostic factors and treatment-related factors as time-dependent variables, behavioral patterns associated with inhibition of emotional needs (hazard ratio (HR): 1.35; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.77; p = 0.036) and QOL, representing emotional wellbeing (HR 0.60; 95 % CI 0.37–0.98; p = 0.041), were each associated with the risk of disease progression. Conclusion Psychosocial factors such as behavioral patterns relevant to the inhibition of emotional needs and emotional wellbeing independently affect the clinical course of patients with CHC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13030-016-0075-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Sawamoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Jun Nagano
- Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Junko Sonoda
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiramoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Tsuneki H, Nagata T, Fujita M, Kon K, Wu N, Takatsuki M, Yamaguchi K, Wada T, Nishijo H, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Nighttime Administration of Nicotine Improves Hepatic Glucose Metabolism via the Hypothalamic Orexin System in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:195-206. [PMID: 26492471 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is known to affect the metabolism of glucose; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we here investigated whether nicotine promoted the central regulation of glucose metabolism, which is closely linked to the circadian system. The oral intake of nicotine in drinking water, which mainly occurred during the nighttime active period, enhanced daily hypothalamic prepro-orexin gene expression and reduced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic db/db mice without affecting body weight, body fat content, and serum levels of insulin. Nicotine administered at the active period appears to be responsible for the effect on blood glucose, because nighttime but not daytime injections of nicotine lowered blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The chronic oral treatment with nicotine suppressed the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase, the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis, in the liver of db/db and wild-type control mice. In the pyruvate tolerance test to evaluate hepatic gluconeogenic activity, the oral nicotine treatment moderately suppressed glucose elevations in normal mice and mice lacking dopamine receptors, whereas this effect was abolished in orexin-deficient mice and hepatic parasympathectomized mice. Under high-fat diet conditions, the oral intake of nicotine lowered blood glucose levels at the daytime resting period in wild-type, but not orexin-deficient, mice. These results indicated that the chronic daily administration of nicotine suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis via the hypothalamic orexin-parasympathetic nervous system. Thus, the results of the present study may provide an insight into novel chronotherapy for type 2 diabetes that targets the central cholinergic and orexinergic systems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Drug Chronotherapy
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotine/therapeutic use
- Nicotinic Agonists/administration & dosage
- Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/etiology
- Orexins/agonists
- Orexins/genetics
- Orexins/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naizhen Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takatsuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamaguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (H.T., T.N., M.F., K.K., N.W., M.T., K.Y., T.W., T.Sas.) and System Emotional Science (H.N.), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) (M.Y.), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics (M.Y.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; and Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology (T.Sak.), Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Togashi H, Aoyama M, Oikawa K. Imaging of reactive oxygen species generated in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1375-9. [PMID: 25885107 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to image the biodistribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the living body using an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) imaging system using a spin probe, 1-acetoxy-3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline (ACP) that produces ESR-detectable nitroxide upon reaction with ROS. METHODS Acute hepatic injury was induced in mice by priming with heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum followed by injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide. ACP was administered intravenously and an in vivo ESR imaging system was used to visualize hepatic oxidative stress. RESULTS In this immune-mediated hepatic injury model, significant oxidative stress was evident at 3 h after lipopolysaccharide administration before the onset of massive hepatic injury. ACP was administered intravenously at 3 h after lipopolysaccharide injection when significant hepatic oxidative stress had been observed, and the ESR imaging system detected a high signal for 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (carbamoyl-PROXYL), which had originated from the ACP-derived hydroxylamine and produced large amount of ROS within the living body. Using the ESR imaging system with ACP, we were able to visualize ROS in the abdomen before onset of hepatic injury. CONCLUSION We have succeeded in visualizing ROS within the body before onset of organ damage, representing a significant development in imaging for toxic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Togashi
- Yamagata University Health Administration Center, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Aoyama
- Institute for Life Support Technology, Yamagata Public Corporation for Development of Industry, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazuo Oikawa
- Yamagata Research Institute of Technology, Yamagata, Japan
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Role of the sympathetic nervous system in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121365. [PMID: 25799095 PMCID: PMC4370606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used as an animal model of hepatotoxicity and the mechanisms have been arduously studied, however, the contribution of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity remains controversial. It is also known that either CCl4 or SNS can affect systemic inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in a mouse model of CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity and systemic inflammatory response. Mice exposed to CCl4 or vehicle were pretreated with 6-OHDA or saline. The serum levels of aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase in the CCl4-poisoning mice with sympathetic denervation were significantly lower than those without sympathetic denervation. With sympathetic denervation, hepatocellular necrosis and fat infiltration induced by CCl4 were greatly decreased. Sympathetic denervation significantly attenuated CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in liver and serum. Acute CCl4 intoxication showed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines [eotaxin-2/CCL24, Fas ligand, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40p70, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], as well as decreased expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and keratinocyte-derived chemokine. The overexpressed levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-12p40p70, MCP-1/CCL2, and TNF-α were attenuated by sympathetic denervation. Pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly reduced CCl4-induced hepatic injury. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the SNS plays an important role in CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity and systemic inflammation and the effect may be connected with chemical- or drug-induced hepatotoxicity and circulating immune response.
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Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K, Fujita M, Asaoka T, Kon K, Anzawa Y, Wada T, Takasaki I, Kimura K, Inoue H, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Hypothalamic orexin prevents hepatic insulin resistance via daily bidirectional regulation of autonomic nervous system in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:459-70. [PMID: 25249578 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is crucial for preventing hepatic insulin resistance, although the mechanism remains uncovered. Here we report that the wake-active hypothalamic orexin system plays a key role in this regulation. Wild-type mice showed that a daily rhythm in blood glucose levels peaked at the awake period; however, the glucose rhythm disappeared in orexin knockout mice despite normal feeding rhythm. Central administration of orexin A during nighttime awake period acutely elevated blood glucose levels but subsequently lowered daytime glucose levels in normal and diabetic db/db mice. The glucose-elevating and -lowering effects of orexin A were suppressed by adrenergic antagonists and hepatic parasympathectomy, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, including Pepck, were increased and decreased by orexin A at nanomolar and femtomolar doses, respectively. These results indicate that orexin can bidirectionally regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis via control of autonomic balance, leading to generation of the daily blood glucose oscillation. Furthermore, during aging, orexin deficiency enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and caused impairment of hepatic insulin signaling and abnormal gluconeogenic activity in pyruvate tolerance test. Collectively, the daily glucose rhythm under control of orexin appears to be important for maintaining ER homeostasis, thereby preventing insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Emi Tokai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Asaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Anzawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Does hepatic vagus nerve modulate the progression of biliary fibrosis in rats? Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Eftekhari G, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Dehpour AR, Semnanian S, Mani AR. Activation of central muscarinic receptor type 1 prevents development of endotoxin tolerance in rat liver. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:436-41. [PMID: 25008070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is a mechanism in which cells receiving low doses of endotoxin, enter a transient phase with less inflammatory response to the next endotoxin challenges. Central nervous system is known to modulate systemic inflammation through activation of the cholinergic system; however, the role of central anti-inflammatory pathway in pathophysiology of hepatic endotoxin tolerance is unknown. Our study was designed to assess the effect central muscarinic type 1 receptor (M1) activation on development of endotoxin tolerance in rat liver. Endotoxin tolerance was induced by daily intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (1 mg/kg) for 5 days. Animals were randomly divided into two groups which received intracerebroventricular injection of either MCNA-343 (an M1 agonist, 5 ng/kg) or saline 1h after intraperitoneal injection of saline or endotoxin. The responsiveness to endotoxin was assessed by measuring hepatic MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis-α) mRNA expression 3h after intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin using quantitative RT-PCR. A significant reduction in hepatic expression of MCP-1, iNOS and TNF-α was observed in rats with 5 days endotoxin challenge in comparison with rats given a single dose of endotoxin. There was no significant difference in hepatic expression of MCP-1, iNOS or TNF-α between acute and chronic LPS-treated groups in rats given MCNA-343. Central MCNA-343 stimulation could prevent the induction of hepatic endotoxin tolerance in animals receiving repeated doses of endotoxin. This indicates that M1 cholinergic receptor activation in the central nervous system can modulate endotoxin tolerance in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnar Eftekhari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Semnanian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali R Mani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li Y, Xu Z, Yu Y, Yuan H, Xu H, Zhu Q, Wang C, Shi X. The Vagus Nerve Attenuates Fulminant Hepatitis by Activating the Src Kinase in Kuppfer Cells. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:105-12. [PMID: 24313447 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Li
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Z. Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - H. Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Q. Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - C. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology; Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
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Dabbagh A, Rajaei S. The role of anesthetic drugs in liver apoptosis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e13162. [PMID: 24069040 PMCID: PMC3782737 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The modern practice of anesthesia is highly dependent ona group of anesthetic drugs which many of them are metabolized in the liver. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The liver, of course, usually tolerates this burden. However, this is not always an unbroken rule. Anesthetic induced apoptosis has gained great concern during the last years; especially considering the neurologic system. RESULTS However, we have evidence that there is some concern regarding their effects on the liver cells. Fortunately not all the anesthetics are blamed and even some could be used safely, based on the available evidence. CONCLUSIONS Besides, there are some novel agents, yet under research, which could affect the future of anesthetic agents' fate regarding their hepatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dabbagh
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Dabbagh, Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121972368, Fax: +98-2122074101, E-mail: ,
| | - Samira Rajaei
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Nicotine enhances ethanol-induced fat accumulation and collagen deposition but not inflammation in mouse liver. Alcohol 2013; 47:353-7. [PMID: 23731694 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol and tobacco are frequently co-abused. Tobacco smoke increases alcoholic steatosis in apoE(-/-) mice. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 chemicals, but it is unknown which compounds in tobacco smoke play a major role in increasing alcoholic steatosis. METHODS C57BL/J6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with nicotine at 1 mg/kg every day or saline at the same volume as a control and the mice were fed dextrose-control or ethanol Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets. Three weeks later the mice were sacrificed after overnight fasting. RESULTS Neither nicotine injection nor ethanol feeding alone increased serum levels of triglyceride, but the combination of nicotine and ethanol increased serum levels of triglyceride. Both nicotine injection alone and ethanol feeding alone increased hepatic collagen type I deposition, and nicotine injection and ethanol feeding combined further increased hepatic collagen type I deposition. The combination of nicotine and ethanol also activated hepatic stellate cells, a principal liver fibrogenic cell. Hepatic fat accumulation was induced by ethanol feeding, which was further enhanced by nicotine injection. Ethanol feeding caused an increase in serum ALT, but nicotine did not further increase serum ALT levels. Lipid droplets and inflammatory foci were observed in liver sections from ethanol-fed mice; nicotine treatment increased the number and size of lipid droplets, but not the number and size of inflammatory foci. Nicotine did not further increase ethanol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nicotine enhances ethanol-induced steatosis and collagen deposition, but nicotine has no effect on ethanol-induced inflammation.
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Abstract
The central nervous system interacts dynamically with the immune system to modulate inflammation through humoral and neural pathways. Recently, in animal models of sepsis, the vagus nerve (VN) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response, also referred to as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The VN, through release of acetylcholine, dampens immune cell activation by interacting with α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Recent evidence suggests that the vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract also plays a major role controlling intestinal immune activation. Indeed, VN electrical stimulation potently reduces intestinal inflammation restoring intestinal homeostasis, whereas vagotomy has the reverse effect. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding concerning the mechanisms and effects involved in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. Deeper investigation on this counter-regulatory neuroimmune mechanism will provide new insights in the cross-talk between the nervous and immune system leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets to treat intestinal immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gigliotti JC, Huang L, Ye H, Bajwa A, Chattrabhuti K, Lee S, Klibanov AL, Kalantari K, Rosin DL, Okusa MD. Ultrasound prevents renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by stimulating the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1451-60. [PMID: 23907510 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI affects both quality of life and health care costs and is an independent risk factor for mortality. At present, there are few effective treatment options for AKI. Here, we describe a nonpharmacologic, noninvasive, ultrasound-based method to prevent renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, which is a model for human AKI. We exposed anesthetized mice to an ultrasound protocol 24 hours before renal ischemia. After 24 hours of reperfusion, ultrasound-treated mice exhibited preserved kidney morphology and function compared with sham-treated mice. Ultrasound exposure before renal ischemia reduced the accumulation of CD11b(+)Ly6G(high) neutrophils and CD11b(+)F4/80(high) myeloid cells in kidney tissue. Furthermore, splenectomy and adoptive transfer studies revealed that the spleen and CD4(+) T cells mediated the protective effects of ultrasound. Last, blockade or genetic deficiency of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor abrogated the protective effect of ultrasound, suggesting the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that an ultrasound-based treatment could have therapeutic potential for the prevention of AKI, possibly by stimulating a splenic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daeheungdong, Chungku, South Korea
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Khurana S, Jadeja R, Twaddell W, Cheng K, Rachakonda V, Saxena N, Raufman JP. Effects of modulating M3 muscarinic receptor activity on azoxymethane-induced liver injury in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:329-38. [PMID: 23707755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that azoxymethane (AOM)-induced liver injury is robustly exacerbated in M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R)-deficient mice. We used the same mouse model to test the hypothesis that selective pharmacological modulation of M3R activity regulates the liver injury response. Initial experiments confirmed that giving a selective M3R antagonist, darifenacin, to AOM-treated mice mimicked M3R gene ablation. Compared to vehicle controls, mice treated with the M3R antagonist had reduced survival and increased liver nodularity and fibrosis. We next assessed AOM-induced liver injury in mice treated with a selective M3R agonist, pilocarpine. After pilocarpine treatment, stimulation of post-M3R signaling in the liver was evidenced by ERK and AKT activation. In contrast to the damaging effects of the M3R antagonist, administering pilocarpine to AOM-treated mice significantly attenuated hepatic stellate cell activation, collagen deposition, bile ductule proliferation, and liver fibrosis and nodularity. As anticipated from these findings, livers from pilocarpine-treated mice exhibited reduced expression of key players in fibrosis (α1 collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, TGF-β1, PGDF, TGF-β1R, PGDFR) and decreased mRNA levels for molecules that regulate extracellular matrix formation (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, MMP-13). Cleaved caspase-3, nitrotyrosine and BrdU immunostaining provided evidence that pilocarpine treatment reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress, while increasing hepatocyte proliferation. Collectively, these findings identify several downstream mechanisms whereby M3R activation ameliorates toxic liver injury. These novel observations provide a proof-of-principle that selectively stimulating M3R activation to prevent or diminish liver injury is a therapeutic strategy worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, VA Maryland Health Care System and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Brambilla R, Couch Y, Lambertsen KL. The effect of stroke on immune function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 53:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immune-mediated intestinal disorder, and its etiology and pathogenesis are not well clarified. The pathogenesis of IBD is multifactorial, and the nerve system may participate in the development of IBD by modulating immune responses. Recently, autonomic dysfunction in IBD patients has been intensively studied. It has been reported that IBD patients suffer from autonomic dysfunction, and the severity of autonomic dysfunction correlates with disease activity of IBD, suggesting that autonomic dysfunction is a potential marker for IBD disease activity and also a potential target for IBD treatment. In this paper, we review the recent advances in understanding the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and IBD.
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Yu JG, Zhou RR, Cai GJ. From hypertension to stroke: mechanisms and potential prevention strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:577-84. [PMID: 21951373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Prevention aimed at risk factors of stroke is the most effective strategy to curb the stroke pandemic. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. Despite the substantial evidence of the benefits of lowering blood pressure, conventional treatment does not normalize the burden of major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Fully understanding the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke helps to develop new strategies for stroke prevention. Antihypertensive therapies selected should have positive blood pressure-independent effects on stroke risk. This review summarizes the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial baroreflex dysfunction, and potential strategies for its prevention, therefore, provides clues for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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The role of the vagus nerve: modulation of the inflammatory reaction in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:467620. [PMID: 22547905 PMCID: PMC3321608 DOI: 10.1155/2012/467620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The particular importance of the vagus nerve for the pathophysiology of peritonitis becomes more and more apparent. In this work we provide evidence for the vagal modulation of inflammation in the murine model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP). Vagotomy significantly increases mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. This effect is not accounted for by the dilatation of gastric volume following vagotomy. As the stimulation of cholinergic receptors by nicotine has no therapeutic effect, the lack of nicotine is also not the reason for the reduced survival rate. In fact, increased septic mortality is a consequence of the absent modulating influence of the vagus nerve on the immune system: we detected significantly elevated serum corticosterone levels in vagotomised mice 24 h following CASP and a decreased ex vivo TNF-alpha secretion of Kupffer cells upon stimulation with LPS. In conclusion, the vagus nerve has a modulating influence in polymicrobial sepsis by attenuating the immune dysregulation.
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Huang X, Cheng Z, Su Q, Zhu X, Wang Q, Chen R, Wang X. Neuroprotection by nicotine against colchicine-induced apoptosis is mediated by PI3-kinase--Akt pathways. Int J Neurosci 2012; 122:324-32. [PMID: 22248034 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.657377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although nicotine is known to protect against β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity, the effect of nicotine on colchicine-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. Colchicine is a microtubule-interfering agent and is able to induce neural apoptosis. Here we investigated whether nicotine exhibits similar neuroprotective effects and the mechanism against colchicine-induced neurotoxicity of the primarily cultured cortical neurons. In this study, we investigated the effect of nicotine on the protection of neurons against colchicine damage and evaluated the associated intracellular signaling pathways. Nicotine-induced protection was blocked by an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) antagonist and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of nicotine are mediated by the α7 nAChRs and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In addition, we reveal that blockade of p38 and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling increased Akt signaling, thus enhancing the survival of cell treatment with colchicine. On the other hand, inhibition of constitutively active Akt enhanced p38 or JNK signaling phosphorylation. These data suggested that crosstalk between PI3K Akt and p38 or JNK signaling pathways contributed to nicotine against colchicine-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Huang
- Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Minutoli L, Squadrito F, Nicotina PA, Giuliani D, Ottani A, Polito F, Bitto A, Irrera N, Guzzo G, Spaccapelo L, Fazzari C, Macrì A, Marini H, Guarini S, Altavilla D. Melanocortin 4 receptor stimulation decreases pancreatitis severity in rats by activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1089-96. [PMID: 21263321 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318207ea80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition that may lead to multisystemic organ failure. Melanocortin peptides have been successfully used in experimental models of organ failure and shock, and their protective effect occurs through the activation of a vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by acting at brain melanocortin 4 receptors. In the light of these observations, we studied the effects of the selective melanocortin 4 receptor agonist RO27-3225 in an experimental model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. DESIGN Randomized experiment. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECT Experimental pancreatitis in rats. INTERVENTIONS Acute pancreatitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (80 μg/kg, four injections at hourly intervals). Before pancreatitis induction, groups of animals were subjected to bilateral cervical vagotomy, pretreated with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist chlorisondamine or the selective melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist HS024, or not pretreated. Thirty minutes after the first cerulein injection, rats were intraperitoneally treated with a nanomolar dose of RO27-3225 or vehicle. Some experimental groups were prepared for neural efferent activity recording along the vagus nerve starting 30 mins after treatment with RO27-3225 or vehicle, and for a 30-min period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum lipase and amylase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression, pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity, and histologic damage were evaluated; neural efferent activity of vagal fibers was also assessed. RO27-3225 reduced cerulein-induced serum lipase and amylase activity, blunted the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, abated the increase in pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity, and protected against histologic damage. Furthermore, RO27-3225 markedly increased neural efferent activity along the vagus nerve. Vagotomy, chlorisondamine, and HS024 abated these protective effects of RO27-3225. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that melanocortin 4 receptor agonists reduce pancreatitis severity through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. These findings could be of particular interest in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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