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Liu X, Jiang L, Zeng H, Gao L, Guo S, Chen C, Liu X, Zhang M, Ma L, Li Y, Qi X, Wu Y. Circ-0000953 deficiency exacerbates podocyte injury and autophagy disorder by targeting Mir665-3p-Atg4b in diabetic nephropathy. Autophagy 2024; 20:1072-1097. [PMID: 38050963 PMCID: PMC11135827 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2286128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are special non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that play a significant role in many diseases. However, the biogenesis and regulation of circRNAs in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the expression profile of circRNAs in kidney of DN mice through circular RNA sequencing (circRNA-seq). The renal biopsy samples of patients with DN had low circ -0,000,953 expression, which was significantly associated with renal function. Furthermore, loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were carried out to prove the role of circ -0,000,953 in DN. Podocyte conditional knockin (cKI) or systemic overexpression of circ -0,000,953 alleviated albuminuria and restored macroautophagy/autophagy in kidney of diabetic mice. However, circ -0,000,953 knockdown exacerbated albuminuria and podocyte injury. Mechanistically, we found circ -0,000,953 directly binds to Mir665-3p-Atg4b to perform its function. Silencing of Mir665-3p or overexpression of Atg4b recovered podocyte autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. To examine the cause of circ -0,000,953 downregulation in DN, bioinformatics prediction found that circ -0,000,953 sequence has a high possibility of containing an m6A methylation site. Additionally, METTL3 was proved to regulate the expression and methylation level of circ -0,000,953 through YTHDF2 (YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2). In conclusion, this study revealed that circ -0,000,953 regulates podocyte autophagy by targeting Mir665-3p-Atg4b in DN. Therefore, circ -0,000,953 is a potential biomarker for prevention and cure of DN.Abbreviation: CCL2/MCP-1: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNA; circRNA: circular RNA; cKI: conditional knockin; cKO: conditional knockout; CRE: creatinine; DM: diabetes mellitus; DN: diabetic nephropathy; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; HG: high glucose; IF: immunofluorescence; MAP1LC3/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MPC5: mouse podocyte clone 5; MTECs: mouse tubular epithelial cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NC: normal control; ncRNA: non-coding RNA; NPHS1: nephrosis 1, nephrin; NPHS2: nephrosis 2, podocin; PAS: periodic acid-Schiff; RELA/p65: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); SDs: slit diaphragm proteins; Seq: sequencing; STZ: streptozotocin; SV40: SV40-MES13-cells, mouse mesangial cell line; T1D: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2D: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; VECs: vascular endothelial cells; WT1: WT1 transcription factor; YTHDF2: YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Liu
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hanxu Zeng
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chaoyi Chen
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Mengya Zhang
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiangming Qi
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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Ding WX, Ma X, Kim S, Wang S, Ni HM. Recent insights about autophagy in pancreatitis. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 2:e100057. [PMID: 38770349 PMCID: PMC11104508 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common inflammatory gastrointestinal disease without any successful treatment. Pancreatic exocrine acinar cells have high rates of protein synthesis to produce and secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes. When the regulation of organelle and protein homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, damage to the mitochondria and improper intracellular trypsinogen activation, ultimately resulting in acinar cell damage and the onset of pancreatitis. To balance the homeostasis of organelles and adapt to protect themselves from organelle stress, cells use protective mechanisms such as autophagy. In the mouse pancreas, defective basal autophagy disrupts ER homoeostasis, leading to ER stress and trypsinogen activation, resulting in spontaneous pancreatitis. In this review, we discuss the regulation of autophagy and its physiological role in maintaining acinar cell homeostasis and function. We also summarise the current understanding of the mechanisms and the role of defective autophagy at multiple stages in experimental pancreatitis induced by cerulein or alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sydney Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Shaogui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Salazar Lázaro A, Trimbuch T, Vardar G, Rosenmund C. The stability of the primed pool of synaptic vesicles and the clamping of spontaneous neurotransmitter release rely on the integrity of the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of syntaxin-1A. eLife 2024; 12:RP90775. [PMID: 38512129 PMCID: PMC10957171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The SNARE proteins are central in membrane fusion and, at the synapse, neurotransmitter release. However, their involvement in the dual regulation of the synchronous release while maintaining a pool of readily releasable vesicles remains unclear. Using a chimeric approach, we performed a systematic analysis of the SNARE domain of STX1A by exchanging the whole SNARE domain or its N- or C-terminus subdomains with those of STX2. We expressed these chimeric constructs in STX1-null hippocampal mouse neurons. Exchanging the C-terminal half of STX1's SNARE domain with that of STX2 resulted in a reduced RRP accompanied by an increased release rate, while inserting the C-terminal half of STX1's SNARE domain into STX2 leads to an enhanced priming and decreased release rate. Additionally, we found that the mechanisms for clamping spontaneous, but not for Ca2+-evoked release, are particularly susceptible to changes in specific residues on the outer surface of the C-terminus of the SNARE domain of STX1A. Particularly, mutations of D231 and R232 affected the fusogenicity of the vesicles. We propose that the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of STX1A plays a crucial role in the stabilization of the RRP as well as in the clamping of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion through the regulation of the energetic landscape for fusion, while it also plays a covert role in the speed and efficacy of Ca2+-evoked release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salazar Lázaro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Gülçin Vardar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Department of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
- NeuroCure Excellence ClusterBerlinGermany
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Zhao Z, Han L, Xin M, Zhou L, Jiang K, Huang Q, Dai R. Still water run deep: Therapeutic TP effect of ucMSC-Ex via regulating mTOR to enhance autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18120. [PMID: 38358010 PMCID: PMC10868142 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous study confirmed that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-exosomes (ucMSC-Ex) inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells to exert protective effects. However, the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy in traumatic pancreatitis (TP) has rarely been reported. We dissected the transcriptomics after pancreatic trauma and ucMSC-Ex therapy by high-throughput sequencing. Additionally, we used rapamycin and MHY1485 to regulate mTOR. HE, inflammatory factors and pancreatic enzymatic assays were used to comprehensively determine the local versus systemic injury level, fluorescence staining and electron microscopy were used to detect the effect of autophagy, and observe the expression levels of autophagy-related markers at the gene and protein levels. High-throughput sequencing identified that autophagy played a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of TP and ucMSC-Ex therapy. The results of electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, polymerase chain reaction and western blot suggested that therapeutic effect of ucMSC-Ex was mediated by activation of autophagy in pancreatic acinar cells through inhibition of mTOR. ucMSC-Ex can attenuate pancreas injury by inhibiting mTOR to regulate acinar cell autophagy after TP. Future studies will build on the comprehensive sequencing of RNA carried by ucMSC-Ex to predict and verify specific non-coding RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Zhao
- Research Institute of General SurgeryJinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Li Han
- General Surgery CenterGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Mei Xin
- General Surgery CenterGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Lichen Zhou
- General Surgery CenterGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Kexin Jiang
- General Surgery CenterGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
- College of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Qian Huang
- Research Institute of General SurgeryJinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Ruiwu Dai
- General Surgery CenterGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
- College of MedicineSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
- Clinical Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
- Pancreatic injury and repair Key laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceGeneral Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
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Ma Y, Li X, Liu Z, Xue X, Wang Y, Ma Y. HIF-1α-PPARγ-mTORC1 signaling pathway-mediated autophagy induces inflammatory response in pancreatic cells in rats with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8497-8507. [PMID: 37644373 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08639-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) has rapidly increased in recent years in China. Autophagy has been implicated in the inflammatory response of pancreatic cells in HLAP, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS In this study, the role of HIF-1α-PPARγ-mTORC1 pathway-mediated autophagy in the inflammatory response of pancreatic cells and the underlying molecular mechanism were investigated in a rat model of HLAP using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, electron microscopy, and western blot analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that autophagy was significantly increased and pancreatic injury was exacerbated in HLAP rats, and the inflammatory response was further exacerbated by treatment with rapamycin but relieved by treatment with 3-MA. Hyperlipidemia induced upregulation of HIF-1α and downregulation of PPARγ, which in turn led to an increase in autophagy and consequently exacerbation of the inflammatory response of pancreatic cells. CONCLUSIONS HIF-1α-PPARγ-mTORC1 pathway-mediated autophagy plays a critical role in the inflammatory response of pancreatic cells in HLAP, and interference with the HIF-1α-PPARγ-mTOR pathway can serve as a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of HLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Ma
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Digestive Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Digestive Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Zhilan Liu
- Digestive Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Xiaohong Xue
- Digestive Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Wuxi Huishan District People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214187, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingcai Ma
- Digestive Department of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, China
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Wang K, Zhao A, Tayier D, Tan K, Song W, Cheng Q, Li X, Chen Z, Wei Q, Yuan Y, Yang Z. Activation of AMPK ameliorates acute severe pancreatitis by suppressing pancreatic acinar cell necroptosis in obese mice models. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:363. [PMID: 37777514 PMCID: PMC10542799 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese people with acute pancreatitis (AP) have an increased risk of developing severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which prolongs the length of hospital stay and increases mortality. Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms through which SAP occurs in obese individuals will provide clues for possible treatment targets. Differences in early events in obese or lean patients with AP have not been conclusively reported. We selected C57BL/6 mice as lean mice models, ob/ob mice or diet induced obese (DIO) mice as obese mice models and then induced experimental AP in mice via injections of caerulein. There were suppressed p-AMPK expressions in the pancreas of obese mice, compared with same-age lean C57BL/6 mice, which were further reduced in AP mice models. Obese AP mice were treated using AICAR, a direct AMPK agonist, which prevented pancreatic damage and cell death, suppressed pancreatic enzyme levels in serum, reduced the areas of fat saponification in the peritoneal cavity, prevented injury in other organs and decreased mice mortality rate. Further assays showed that AICAR activates p-AMPK to stabilize pro-caspase-8. Pro-caspase-8 enhances RIPK3 degradation, inhibits pancreatic acinar cell necroptosis, and downregulates the release of pancreatic enzymes. Thus, activation of AMPK by AICAR alleviates pancreatic acinar cell necroptosis and converts SAP to mild acute pancreatitis in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Anbang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dilinigeer Tayier
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifeng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Pancreatic Surgery Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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Mareninova OA, Gretler SR, Lee GE, Pimienta M, Qin Y, Elperin JM, Ni J, Razga Z, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I. Ethanol inhibits pancreatic acinar cell autophagy through upregulation of ATG4B, mediating pathological responses of alcoholic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G265-G278. [PMID: 37431575 PMCID: PMC10511161 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00053.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake is a major risk factor for pancreatitis, sensitizing the exocrine pancreas to stressors by mechanisms that remain obscure. Impaired autophagy drives nonalcoholic pancreatitis, but the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and alcoholic pancreatitis on autophagy are poorly understood. Here, we find that ethanol reduces autophagosome formation in pancreatic acinar cells, both in a mouse model of alcoholic pancreatitis induced by a combination of EtOH diet and cerulein (a CCK ortholog) and in EtOH+CCK-treated acinar cells (ex vivo model). Ethanol treatments decreased pancreatic level of LC3-II, a key mediator of autophagosome formation. This was caused by ethanol-induced upregulation of ATG4B, a cysteine protease that, cell dependently, regulates the balance between cytosolic LC3-I and membrane-bound LC3-II. We show that ATG4B negatively regulates LC3-II in acinar cells subjected to EtOH treatments. Ethanol raised ATG4B level by inhibiting its degradation, enhanced ATG4B enzymatic activity, and strengthened its interaction with LC3-II. We also found an increase in ATG4B and impaired autophagy in a dissimilar, nonsecretagogue model of alcoholic pancreatitis induced by EtOH plus palmitoleic acid. Adenoviral ATG4B overexpression in acinar cells greatly reduced LC3-II and inhibited autophagy. Furthermore, it aggravated trypsinogen activation and necrosis, mimicking key responses of ex vivo alcoholic pancreatitis. Conversely, shRNA Atg4B knockdown enhanced autophagosome formation and alleviated ethanol-induced acinar cell damage. The results reveal a novel mechanism, whereby ethanol inhibits autophagosome formation and thus sensitizes pancreatitis, and a key role of ATG4B in ethanol's effects on autophagy. Enhancing pancreatic autophagy, particularly by downregulating ATG4B, could be beneficial in mitigating the severity of alcoholic pancreatitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ethanol sensitizes mice and humans to pancreatitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Autophagy is important for maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, and its impairment drives pancreatitis. This study reveals a novel mechanism, whereby ethanol inhibits autophagosome formation through upregulating ATG4B, a key cysteine protease. ATG4B upregulation inhibits autophagy in acinar cells and aggravates pathological responses of experimental alcoholic pancreatitis. Enhancing pancreatic autophagy, particularly by down-regulating ATG4B, could be beneficial for treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mareninova
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sophie R Gretler
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Grace E Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Pimienta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jason M Elperin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jinliang Ni
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zsolt Razga
- Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
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8
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Zhang T, Gan Y, Zhu S. Association between autophagy and acute pancreatitis. Front Genet 2023; 14:998035. [PMID: 36793898 PMCID: PMC9923090 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.998035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy pathway involves maintaining intracellular homeostasis by regulating the degradation of cytoplasmic components. Disfunction of autophagic process has been confirmed to be critical mechanism in many diseases, including cancer, inflammation, infection, degeneration and metabolic disorders. Recent studies have shown that autophagy is one of the early events in acute pancreatitis. Impaired autophagy promotes the abnormal activation of zymogen granules and results in apoptosis and necrosis of exocrine pancreas. Furthermore, multiple signal paths involve progression of acute pancreatitis by regulating autophagy pathway. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent advances in epigenetic regulation of autophagy and the role of autophagy in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yu Gan, ; Shuai Zhu,
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yu Gan, ; Shuai Zhu,
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9
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Kang F, Xie L, Qin T, Miao Y, Kang Y, Takahashi T, Liang T, Xie H, Gaisano HY. Plasma membrane flipping of Syntaxin-2 regulates its inhibitory action on insulin granule exocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6512. [PMID: 36316316 PMCID: PMC9622911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing pancreatic β-cell secretion is a primary therapeutic target for type-2 diabetes (T2D). Syntaxin-2 (Stx2) has just been identified to be an inhibitory SNARE for insulin granule exocytosis, holding potential as a treatment for T2D, yet its molecular underpinnings remain unclear. We show that excessive Stx2 recruitment to raft-like granule docking sites at higher binding affinity than pro-fusion syntaxin-1A effectively competes for and inhibits fusogenic SNARE machineries. Depletion of Stx2 in human β-cells improves insulin secretion by enhancing trans-SNARE complex assembly and cis-SNARE disassembly. Using a genetically-encoded reporter, glucose stimulation is shown to induce Stx2 flipping across the plasma membrane, which relieves its suppression of cytoplasmic fusogenic SNARE complexes to promote insulin secretion. Targeting the flipping efficiency of Stx2 profoundly modulates secretion, which could restore the impaired insulin secretion in diabetes. Here, we show that Stx2 acts to assist this precise tuning of insulin secretion in β-cells, including in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Kang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Li Xie
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Tairan Qin
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Yifan Miao
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Tao Liang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Huanli Xie
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 Canada
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10
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Pei H, Zeng J, Chen W, He Z, Du R. Network pharmacology and molecular docking integrated strategy to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of palmatine in Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23200. [PMID: 35997646 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The key molecular mechanism of palmatine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated in this article. METHODS Network pharmacology techniques constructed drug-target-disease relationship networks and predictive pathways of action. At the cellular level, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce Raw 264.7 cells to establish an inflammation model, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α indicators were examined. Apoptosis was detected using Hoechst 33258. At the animal level, LPS was used to induce AD animal model, and behavioral performance were examined by water maze, and serum biochemical indexes were measured by ELISA. And the expression of PI3K and P-AKT was observed by immunohistochemistry. Finally, molecular level validation was performed using the molecular docking technique. RESULTS The result of Network pharmacological was predicted that palmatine may treat AD mainly through the PI3K pathway. Palmatine has no significant effect on Raw264.7 cells viability within 0.05 mg/ml, Palmatine can significantly induce Raw264.7 cells to secret IL-6 and IL1-β in a concentration-dependent manner, but it has not obvious impact on NO and TNF-α. Palmatine has a significant restorative effect on the cell viability of Raw264.7 in a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Palmatine can be concentration-dependent to downregulate the secretion of LPS-induced IL-6. At the same time, Palmatine also has a significant effect on the level of TNF-α induced by LPS, it also can slightly downregulate the secretion of IL-1β. The results of Hoechst33258 showed that cells in the 0.025 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml delivery groups increased with different degrees of bright blue fluorescence, and apoptosis rate decreased. Animal experiments showed that palmatine effectively improved the learning and memory ability of AD mice. The immunohistochemical results exhibited that the expression of PI3K and P-AKT in the model group decreased, but they were obvious reversed by palmatine The molecular docking results showed that palmatine and key targets had good docking, among which the binding to ERBB2, CDC42, MDM2, and mTOR was the most likely. CONCLUSION Palmatine has neuroprotective effects. Palmatine could effectively ameliorate memory impairment in AD mice by promoting the PI3K-AKT pathway. Molecular docking results showed that palmatine has a better binding ability with mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianning Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Du
- Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Breeding and Product Development Technology of Sika Deer, Jilin, China
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11
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Voronina S, Chvanov M, De Faveri F, Mayer U, Wileman T, Criddle D, Tepikin A. Autophagy, Acute Pancreatitis and the Metamorphoses of a Trypsinogen-Activating Organelle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162514. [PMID: 36010591 PMCID: PMC9406838 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy and particularly non-canonical autophagy in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis (a frequent disease with considerable morbidity and significant mortality). An important early event in the development of acute pancreatitis is the intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen, (i.e., formation of trypsin) leading to the autodigestion of the organ. Another prominent phenomenon associated with the initiation of this disease is vacuolisation and specifically the formation of giant endocytic vacuoles in pancreatic acinar cells. These organelles develop in acinar cells exposed to several inducers of acute pancreatitis (including taurolithocholic acid and high concentrations of secretagogues cholecystokinin and acetylcholine). Notably, early trypsinogen activation occurs in the endocytic vacuoles. These trypsinogen-activating organelles undergo activation, long-distance trafficking, and non-canonical autophagy. In this review, we will discuss the role of autophagy in acute pancreatitis and particularly focus on the recently discovered LAP-like non-canonical autophagy (LNCA) of endocytic vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Francesca De Faveri
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tom Wileman
- Quadram Institute Bioscience and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - David Criddle
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alexei Tepikin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Correspondence:
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12
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Rafiei N, Moghadam MG, Au A, Regeenes R, Chidambaram S, Liang T, Wang Y, Yip CM, Gaisano H, Rocheleau JV. Design of a versatile microfluidic device for imaging precision-cut-tissue slices. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35793653 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac7eea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut-tissues (PCTs), which preserve many aspects of a tissue's microenvironment, are typically imaged using conventional sample dishes and chambers. These can require large amounts of reagent and, when used for flow-through experiments, the shear forces applied on the tissues are often ill-defined. Their physical design also makes it difficult to image large volumes and repetitively image smaller regions of interest in the living slice. We report here on the design of a versatile microfluidic device capable of holding mouse or human pancreas PCTs for 3D fluorescence imaging using confocal and selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM). Our design positions PCTs within a 5 × 5 mm × 140µm deep chamber fitted with 150µm tall channels to facilitate media exchange. Shear stress in the device is localized to small regions on the surface of the tissue and can be easily controlled. This design allows for media exchange at flowrates ∼10-fold lower than those required for conventional chambers. Finally, this design allows for imaging the same immunofluorescently labeled PCT with high resolution on a confocal and with large field of view on a SPIM, without adversely affecting image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Rafiei
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammadamir G Moghadam
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romario Regeenes
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan V Rocheleau
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Marolt U, Paradiž Leitgeb E, Pohorec V, Lipovšek S, Venglovecz V, Gál E, Ébert A, Menyhárt I, Potrč S, Gosak M, Dolenšek J, Stožer A. Calcium imaging in intact mouse acinar cells in acute pancreas tissue slices. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268644. [PMID: 35657915 PMCID: PMC9165796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology and pathophysiology of the exocrine pancreas are in close connection to changes in intra-cellular Ca2+ concentration. Most of our knowledge is based on in vitro experiments on acinar cells or acini enzymatically isolated from their surroundings, which can alter their structure, physiology, and limit our understanding. Due to these limitations, the acute pancreas tissue slice technique was introduced almost two decades ago as a complementary approach to assess the morphology and physiology of both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas in a more conserved in situ setting. In this study, we extend previous work to functional multicellular calcium imaging on acinar cells in tissue slices. The viability and morphological characteristics of acinar cells within the tissue slice were assessed using the LIVE/DEAD assay, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence imaging. The main aim of our study was to characterize the responses of acinar cells to stimulation with acetylcholine and compare them with responses to cerulein in pancreatic tissue slices, with special emphasis on inter-cellular and inter-acinar heterogeneity and coupling. To this end, calcium imaging was performed employing confocal microscopy during stimulation with a wide range of acetylcholine concentrations and selected concentrations of cerulein. We show that various calcium oscillation parameters depend monotonically on the stimulus concentration and that the activity is rather well synchronized within acini, but not between acini. The acute pancreas tissue slice represents a viable and reliable experimental approach for the evaluation of both intra- and inter-cellular signaling characteristics of acinar cell calcium dynamics. It can be utilized to assess many cells simultaneously with a high spatiotemporal resolution, thus providing an efficient and high-yield platform for future studies of normal acinar cell biology, pathophysiology, and screening pharmacological substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Marolt
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Eva Paradiž Leitgeb
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viljem Pohorec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Saška Lipovšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Gál
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Menyhárt
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stojan Potrč
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
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14
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Jancsó Z, Sahin-Tóth M. Chronic progression of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in trypsinogen mutant mice. Pancreatology 2022; 22:248-257. [PMID: 35063369 PMCID: PMC8941852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T7K24R mice carry mutation p.K24R in mouse cationic trypsinogen (isoform T7), which is analogous to the human hereditary pancreatitis-associated mutation p.K23R. The mutation renders trypsinogen more prone to autoactivation. We recently reported that T7K24R mice exhibit increased severity of acute pancreatitis induced by repeated cerulein injections. The objective of the present study was to test whether trypsinogen mutant mice are prone to develop chronic pancreatitis, as observed in patients. We characterized the natural course of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in T7K24R mice and the C57BL/6N parent strain from the acute episode to 3 months post-attack. As expected, an acute episode of pancreatitis in C57BL/6N mice was followed by rapid recovery and histological restitution. In stark contrast, T7K24R mice developed progressive chronic pancreatitis with acinar cell atrophy, persistent macrophage infiltration, and diffuse fibrosis. The nadir of pancreas damage occurred on days 5-6 after the acute episode and was accompanied by digestive dysfunction. Remarkably, histological recovery was markedly delayed and permanent, chronic changes were still detectable 1-3 months after the acute pancreatitis episode. We conclude that during cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in T7K24R mice, trypsin triggers an autonomous inflammatory program resulting in chronic disease progression, even after the cessation of cerulein-mediated injury. We propose that this uniquely trypsin-dependent mechanism explains the development of hereditary chronic pancreatitis in humans. Trypsin inhibition during acute attacks should prevent or delay progression to chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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15
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Kong L, Deng J, Zhou X, Cai B, Zhang B, Chen X, Chen Z, Wang W. Sitagliptin activates the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway to alleviate oxidative stress and excessive autophagy in severe acute pancreatitis-related acute lung injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:928. [PMID: 34635643 PMCID: PMC8505515 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a complication of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Sitagliptin (SIT) is a DPP4 inhibitor that exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects; however, its mechanism of action in SAP-ALI remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of SIT on SAP-ALI and the specific pathways involved in SAP-induced lung inflammation, including oxidative stress, autophagy, and p62-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathways. Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were pre-treated with SIT (100 mg/kg), followed by caerulein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to induce pancreatic and lung injury. BEAS-2B cells were transfected with siRNA-Nrf2 and treated with LPS, and the changes in inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and autophagy were measured. SIT reduced histological damage, oedema, and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung, decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited excessive autophagy and ROS production via the activation of the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway and promotion of the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In Nrf2-knockout mice, the anti-inflammatory effect of SIT was reduced, resulting in ROS accumulation and excessive autophagy. In BEAS-2B cells, LPS induced ROS production and activated autophagy, further enhanced by Nrf2 knockdown. This study demonstrates that SIT reduces SAP-ALI-associated oxidative stress and excessive autophagy through the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, suggesting its therapeutic potential in SAP-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingming Kong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Cai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zongjing Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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He L, Jiang H, Lai Z, Zhong Z, Huang Z. Up-regulation expression and prognostic significance of Syntaxin4 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:992. [PMID: 34482824 PMCID: PMC8420070 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syntaxin4 (STX4) gene encodes the protein STX4, a member of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors protein, playing a vital role in cell invadopodium formation and invasion, which is associated with the malignant progression of various human cancers. However, the expression and prognostic significance of STX4 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remain to be investigated. METHODS In this study, we collected the mRNA expression of STX4 in 535 KIRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlasthrough the University of California Santa Cruz Xena database platform. Then we explored the expression of STX4 in KIRC, and the relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes function enrichment analyses were used to explore the potential mechanism of STX4 in KIRC. qRT-PCR analysis was performed toverify the above results with real world tissue specimens. RESULTS The results indicated that STX4 was up-expressed in KIRC, and were associated with higher histological grade, advanced stage, and poorer prognosis. Moreover, elevated STX4 expression is an independent risk factor for KIRC. qRT-PCR analysis showed that STX4 was significantly elevated in 10 paired of KIRC samples compared to normal samples. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that endo/exocytosis, autophagy, mTOR signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway were enriched. CONCLUSIONS In summary, STX4 is constantly up-expressed in KIRC tissues, associated with a poor prognosis. We suggest that it can be an effective biomarker for the prognosis of KIRC and may be a novel therapeutic target in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Huangtang Road 63#, Meijiang District, Meizhou, People's Republic of China, 514031.
| | - Huiming Jiang
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, 514031, China
| | - Zhenqiang Lai
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou, 514031, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Huangtang Road 63#, Meijiang District, Meizhou, People's Republic of China, 514031.
| | - Zhanqin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Xinling Road 22#, Shantou, People's Republic of China, 515041.
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17
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He J, Ma M, Li D, Wang K, Wang Q, Li Q, He H, Zhou Y, Li Q, Hou X, Yang L. Sulfiredoxin-1 attenuates injury and inflammation in acute pancreatitis through the ROS/ER stress/Cathepsin B axis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:626. [PMID: 34140464 PMCID: PMC8211864 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cell injury and the inflammatory response are critical bioprocesses of acute pancreatitis (AP). We investigated the role and underlying mechanism of sulfiredoxin-1 (Srxn1) in AP. Mild AP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein and severe AP was induced by partial duct ligation with cerulein stimulation or intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine in mice. Acinar cells, neutrophils, and macrophages were isolated. The pancreas was analyzed by histology, immunochemistry staining, and TUNEL assays, and the expression of certain proteins and RNAs, cytokine levels, trypsin activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined. Srxn1 was inhibited by J14 or silenced by siRNA, and overexpression was introduced by a lentiviral vector. Transcriptomic analysis was used to explore the mechanism of Srxn1-mediated effects. We also evaluated the effect of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of Srxn1 by intraductal administration and the protection of AP. We found that Srxn1 expression was upregulated in mild AP but decreased in severe AP. Inhibition of Srxn1 increased ROS, histological score, the release of trypsin, and inflammatory responses in mice. Inhibition of Srxn1 expression promoted the production of ROS and induced apoptosis, while overexpression of Srxn1 led to the opposite results in acinar cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Srxn1 expression promoted the inflammatory response by accumulating and activating M1 phenotype macrophages and neutrophils in AP. Mechanistically, ROS-induced ER stress and activation of Cathepsin B, which converts trypsinogen to trypsin, were responsible for the Srxn1 inhibition-mediated effects on AP. Importantly, we demonstrated that AAV-mediated overexpression of Srxn1 attenuated AP in mice. Taken together, these results showed that Srxn1 is a protective target for AP by attenuating acinar injury and inflammation through the ROS/ER stress/Cathepsin B axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Daming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Qiuguo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qiuguo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Hongye He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qinglong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xuyang Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Leping Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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18
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Huber MK, Drotar DM, Hiller H, Beery ML, Joseph P, Kusmartseva I, Speier S, Atkinson MA, Mathews CE, Phelps EA. Observing Islet Function and Islet-Immune Cell Interactions in Live Pancreatic Tissue Slices. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33900291 DOI: 10.3791/62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live pancreatic tissue slices allow for the study of islet physiology and function in the context of an intact islet microenvironment. Slices are prepared from live human and mouse pancreatic tissue embedded in agarose and cut using a vibratome. This method allows for the tissue to maintain viability and function in addition to preserving underlying pathologies such as type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The slice method enables new directions in the study of the pancreas through the maintenance of the complex structures and various intercellular interactions that comprise the endocrine and exocrine tissues of the pancreas. This protocol demonstrates how to perform staining and time-lapse microscopy of live endogenous immune cells within pancreatic slices along with assessments of islet physiology. Further, this approach can be refined to discern immune cell populations specific for islet cell antigens using major histocompatibility complex-multimer reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie K Huber
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Denise M Drotar
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Helmut Hiller
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Maria L Beery
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Paul Joseph
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Irina Kusmartseva
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Edward A Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida;
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Wang X, Fu G, Wen J, Chen H, Zhang B, Zhu D. Membrane Location of Syntaxin-Binding Protein 1 Is Correlated with Poor Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 250:263-270. [PMID: 32321873 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.250.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, and adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of lung cancer. Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1) is essential for exocytosis of secretory vesicles. Since exocytosis is the basic cellular process of cells, we investigated STXBP1 expression and clinical significance in lung adenocarcinoma. We performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 20 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tissues, and demonstrated that the relative expression levels of STXBP1 mRNA in lung adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than those in normal lung tissues. We then carried out immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the expression profile of STXBP1 in 276 lung adenocarcinoma specimens, and categorized patients into subgroups with low or high STXBP1 expression, based on the IHC score. Moreover, STXBP1 expression phenotypes were categorized as membrane, cytoplasm, and mixed expression (both membrane and cytoplasm) expression. High STXBP1 protein accounted for 58.0% of all the 276 cases (160/276), and membrane, cytoplasm or mixed STXBP1 accounted for 28.75%, 25.63% and 45.63% in the 160 cases of high STXBP1 expression. The clinical significances of these phenotypes were evaluated by analyzing their correlation with clinicopathological factors, as well as their prognostic values. Consequently, the whole STXBP1 expression or membranal STXBP1 expression were correlated with poor prognosis and were independent prognostic factors of lung adenocarcinoma. The whole and membranal STXBP1 expression are independent prognostic factors of lung adenocarcinoma. STXBP1 detection is capable to help screen patients who may have poor prognosis and strengthen the adjuvant therapy more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Fu
- Department of Urology Surgery, YIDU Central Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Dongyuan Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science
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20
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Dolai S, Takahashi T, Qin T, Liang T, Xie L, Kang F, Miao YF, Xie H, Kang Y, Manuel J, Winter E, Roche PA, Cattral MS, Gaisano HY. Pancreas-specific SNAP23 depletion prevents pancreatitis by attenuating pathological basolateral exocytosis and formation of trypsin-activating autolysosomes. Autophagy 2020; 17:3068-3081. [PMID: 33213278 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1852725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrapancreatic trypsin activation by dysregulated macroautophagy/autophagy and pathological exocytosis of zymogen granules (ZGs), along with activation of inhibitor of NFKB/NF-κB kinase (IKK) are necessary early cellular events in pancreatitis. How these three pancreatitis events are linked is unclear. We investigated how SNAP23 orchestrates these events leading to pancreatic acinar injury. SNAP23 depletion was by knockdown (SNAP23-KD) effected by adenovirus-shRNA (Ad-SNAP23-shRNA/mCherry) treatment of rodent and human pancreatic slices and in vivo by infusion into rat pancreatic duct. In vitro pancreatitis induction by supraphysiological cholecystokinin (CCK) or ethanol plus low-dose CCK were used to assess SNAP23-KD effects on exocytosis and autophagy. Pancreatitis stimuli resulted in SNAP23 translocation from its native location at the plasma membrane to autophagosomes, where SNAP23 would bind and regulate STX17 (syntaxin17) SNARE complex-mediated autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This SNAP23 relocation was attributed to IKBKB/IKKβ-mediated SNAP23 phosphorylation at Ser95 Ser120 in rat and Ser120 in human, which was blocked by IKBKB/IKKβ inhibitors, and confirmed by the inability of IKBKB/IKKβ phosphorylation-disabled SNAP23 mutant (Ser95A Ser120A) to bind STX17 SNARE complex. SNAP23-KD impaired the assembly of STX4-driven basolateral exocytotic SNARE complex and STX17-driven SNARE complex, causing respective reduction of basolateral exocytosis of ZGs and autolysosome formation, with consequent reduction in trypsinogen activation in both compartments. Consequently, pancreatic SNAP23-KD rats were protected from caerulein and alcoholic pancreatitis. This study revealed the roles of SNAP23 in mediating pathological basolateral exocytosis and IKBKB/IKKβ's involvement in autolysosome formation, both where trypsinogen activation would occur to cause pancreatitis. SNAP23 is a strong candidate to target for pancreatitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Dolai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tairan Qin
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Fan Miao
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huanli Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Manuel
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Winter
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Roche
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark S Cattral
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Autophagy is an adaptive catabolic process functioning to promote cell survival in the event of inappropriate living conditions such as nutrient shortage and to cope with diverse cytotoxic insults. It is regarded as one of the key survival mechanisms of living organisms. Cells undergo autophagy to accomplish the lysosomal digestion of intracellular materials including damaged proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies, in a bulk, non-selective or a cargo-specific manner. Studies in the past decades have shed light on the association of autophagy pathways with various diseases and also highlighted the therapeutic value of autophagy modulation. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective approaches for monitoring intracellular autophagy dynamics, as a comprehensive account of methodology establishment is far from complete. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the major current fluorescence-based techniques utilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are categorized firstly by targets detected and further by the types of fluorescence tools. We will mainly focus on the working mechanisms of these techniques, put emphasis on the insight into their roles in biomedical science and provide perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia.
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22
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The role of Ca2+ signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of exocrine pancreas. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Hu F, Tao X, Zhao L, Guo F, Zhou Q, Song H, Xiang H, Shang D. LncRNA-PVT1 aggravates severe acute pancreatitis by promoting autophagy via the miR-30a-5p/Beclin-1 axis. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5551-5562. [PMID: 33042437 PMCID: PMC7540137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a serious abdominal disease associated with increased morbidity and high mortality rates. The initial pancreatic injury and inflammatory response, which begins within acinar cells, play vital roles in promoting SAP severity. Previous studies have indicated that overactivated autophagy in acinar cells increases the risk of SAP. Autophagy is affected by various signaling pathways, partially through long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-PVT1. However, few studies have focused on the effect of lncRNA on autophagy in pancreatitis. Our results demonstrate that sodium taurocholate (STC) induces abnormal activation of the autophagic response in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro and in vivo. The lncRNA-PVT1 level was significantly upregulated in this process and was capable of targeting the miR-30a-5p/Beclin-1-mediated autophagy signaling pathway. Additionally, STC-induced pancreatic acinar cells injury and autophagy activation were all abrogated with the downregulation of lncRNA-PVT1 by shRNAs in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that the lncRNA-PVT1/miR-30a-5p/Beclin-1 axis induces abnormal autophagy in the pancreas of SAP rats. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the lncRNA-PVT1/miR-30a-5p/Beclin-1 axis is a potential target for improving SAP, thus providing a foundation for further development of therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Hu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116044, China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
| | - Fangyue Guo
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116044, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116044, China
| | - Huiyi Song
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116011, China
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24
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De Faveri F, Chvanov M, Voronina S, Moore D, Pollock L, Haynes L, Awais M, Beckett AJ, Mayer U, Sutton R, Criddle DN, Prior IA, Wileman T, Tepikin AV. LAP-like non-canonical autophagy and evolution of endocytic vacuoles in pancreatic acinar cells. Autophagy 2020; 16:1314-1331. [PMID: 31651224 PMCID: PMC7469629 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1679514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of trypsinogen (formation of trypsin) inside the pancreas is an early pathological event in the development of acute pancreatitis. In our previous studies we identified the activation of trypsinogen within endocytic vacuoles (EVs), cellular organelles that appear in pancreatic acinar cells treated with the inducers of acute pancreatitis. EVs are formed as a result of aberrant compound exocytosis and subsequent internalization of post-exocytic structures. These organelles can be up to 12 μm in diameter and can be actinated (i.e. coated with F-actin). Notably, EVs can undergo intracellular rupture and fusion with the plasma membrane, providing trypsin with access to cytoplasmic and extracellular targets. Unraveling the mechanisms involved in cellular processing of EVs is an interesting cell biological challenge with potential benefits for understanding acute pancreatitis. In this study we have investigated autophagy of EVs and discovered that it involves a non-canonical LC3-conjugation mechanism, reminiscent in its properties to LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP); in both processes LC3 was recruited to single, outer organellar membranes. Trypsinogen activation peptide was observed in approximately 55% of LC3-coated EVs indicating the relevance of the described process to the early cellular events of acute pancreatitis. We also investigated relationships between actination and non-canonical autophagy of EVs and concluded that these processes represent sequential steps in the evolution of EVs. Our study expands the known roles of LAP and indicates that, in addition to its well-established functions in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, LAP is also involved in the processing of post-exocytic organelles in exocrine secretory cells. ABBREVIATIONS AP: acute pancreatitis; CCK: cholecystokinin; CLEM: correlative light and electron microscopy; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EV: endocytic vacuole; LAP: LC3-associate phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PACs: pancreatic acinar cells; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; Res: resveratrol; TAP: trypsinogen activation peptide; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TLC-S: taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate; TRD: Dextran Texas Red 3000 MW Neutral; ZGs: zymogen granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Faveri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danielle Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liam Pollock
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison J. Beckett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Bio-Medical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David N. Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Wileman
- Bio-Medical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Chvanov M, Voronina S, Zhang X, Telnova S, Chard R, Ouyang Y, Armstrong J, Tanton H, Awais M, Latawiec D, Sutton R, Criddle DN, Tepikin AV. Knockout of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Strongly Suppresses Stimulus-Metabolism Coupling in Pancreatic Acinar Cells but Does Not Reduce Severity of Experimental Acute Pancreatitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061407. [PMID: 32516955 PMCID: PMC7349284 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a frequent disease that lacks specific drug treatment. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is essential for the development of new therapeutics. Several inducers of acute pancreatitis trigger sustained Ca2+ increases in the cytosol and mitochondria of pancreatic acinar cells. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) mediates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake that regulates bioenergetics and plays an important role in cell survival, damage and death. Aberrant Ca2+ signaling and mitochondrial damage in pancreatic acinar cells have been implicated in the initiation of acute pancreatitis. The primary aim of this study was to assess the involvement of the MCU in experimental acute pancreatitis. We found that pancreatic acinar cells from MCU-/- mice display dramatically reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. This is consistent with the drastic changes of stimulus-metabolism coupling, manifested by the reduction of mitochondrial NADH/FAD+ responses to cholecystokinin and in the decrease of cholecystokinin-stimulated oxygen consumption. However, in three experimental models of acute pancreatitis (induced by caerulein, taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate or palmitoleic acid plus ethanol), MCU knockout failed to reduce the biochemical and histological changes characterizing the severity of local and systemic damage. A possible explanation of this surprising finding is the redundancy of damaging mechanisms activated by the inducers of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.V.T.); Tel.: +44-(0)15-1794-5357 (M.C.); +44-(0)15-1794-5351 (A.V.T.)
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (X.Z.); (J.A.); (M.A.); (D.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Svetlana Telnova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Robert Chard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Yulin Ouyang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Jane Armstrong
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (X.Z.); (J.A.); (M.A.); (D.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Helen Tanton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (X.Z.); (J.A.); (M.A.); (D.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Diane Latawiec
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (X.Z.); (J.A.); (M.A.); (D.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (X.Z.); (J.A.); (M.A.); (D.L.); (R.S.)
| | - David N. Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (S.V.); (S.T.); (R.C.); (Y.O.); (H.T.); (D.N.C)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.V.T.); Tel.: +44-(0)15-1794-5357 (M.C.); +44-(0)15-1794-5351 (A.V.T.)
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26
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Takahashi T, Miao Y, Kang F, Dolai S, Gaisano HY. Susceptibility Factors and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Alcoholic Pancreatitis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:777-789. [PMID: 32056245 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is a major cause of acute and chronic pancreatitis. There have been some recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcoholic pancreatitis, which include perturbation in mitochondrial function and autophagy and ectopic exocytosis, with some of these cellular events involving membrane fusion soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor receptor protein receptor proteins. Although new insights have been unraveled recently, the precise mechanisms remain complex, and their finer details have yet to be established. The overall pathophysiology of pancreatitis involves not only the pancreatic acinar cells but also the stellate cells and duct cells. Why only some are more susceptible to pancreatitis and with increased severity, while others are not, would suggest that there may be undefined protective factors or mechanisms that enhance recovery and regeneration after injury. Furthermore, there are confounding influences of lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet, and genetic background. Whereas alcohol and smoking cessation and a generally healthy lifestyle are intuitively the advice given to these patients afflicted with alcoholic pancreatitis in order to reduce disease recurrence and progression, there is as yet no specific treatment. A more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis from which novel therapeutic targets could be identified will have a great impact, particularly with the stubbornly high fatality (>30%) of severe pancreatitis. This review focuses on the susceptibility factors and underlying cellular mechanisms of alcohol injury on the exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Takahashi
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yifan Miao
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fei Kang
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Subhankar Dolai
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- From the, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Critical Role of TFEB-Mediated Lysosomal Biogenesis in Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis in Mice and Humans. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:59-81. [PMID: 31987928 PMCID: PMC7210479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol abuse is the major cause of experimental and human pancreatitis but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated the role of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, in the pathogenesis of alcoholic pancreatitis. METHODS Using a chronic plus acute alcohol binge (referred to as Gao-binge) mouse model, we analyzed pancreas injury, autophagic flux, zymogen granule removal, TFEB nuclear translocation and lysosomal biogenesis in GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, acinar cell-specific Atg5 knockout (KO) and TFEB KO mice as well as their matched wild type mice. RESULTS We found that Gao-binge alcohol induced typical features of pancreatitis in mice with increased serum amylase and lipase activities, pancreatic edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, accumulation of zymogen granules (ZGs) and expression of inflammatory cytokines. While Gao-binge alcohol increased the number of autophagosomes, it also concurrently inhibited TFEB nuclear translocation and TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis resulting in insufficient autophagy. Acinar cell-specific Atg5 KO and acinar cell-specific TFEB KO mice developed severe inflammatory and fibrotic pancreatitis in both Gao-binge alcohol and control diet-fed mice. In contrast, TFEB overexpression inhibited alcohol-induced pancreatic edema, accumulation of zymogen granules and serum amylase and lipase activities. In line with our findings in mice, decreased LAMP1 and TFEB nuclear staining were also observed in human alcoholic pancreatitis tissues. CONCLUSIONS our results indicate that TFEB plays a critical role in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis. Impairment of TFEB-mediated lysosomal biogenesis by alcohol may lead to insufficient autophagy and promote alcohol-induced pancreatitis.
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28
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Wu HC, Wang HP, Chen CC, Wu CH, Liu TH, Wang CH, Shih LN, Liao WC. Urinary trypsinogen-2 level and local complications of acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:2043-2049. [PMID: 31039289 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Local complications of acute pancreatitis (AP) carry risks of morbidity/mortality. This study aimed to assess whether urinary trypsinogen-2 levels and Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score on admission predicted subsequent local complications. METHODS One hundred and forty-four consecutive patients with AP were prospectively followed till 6 months after discharge. Urinary trypsinogen-2 levels were measured within 24 h of admission. Local complications (acute peripancreatic fluid collection, acute necrotic collection, pseudocyst, and walled-off necrosis) were diagnosed by abdominal computed tomography. Cut-off for trypsinogen-2 level was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve, and predictors of local complications were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-seven (25.7%) patients developed local complications. Urinary trypsinogen-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with local complications compared with those without local complications (median [interquartile range], 3210 [620-9764.4] μg/L vs 627.3 [72.3-5895] μg/L, P = 0.006). Urinary trypsinogen-2 significantly outperformed BISAP score in predicting local complications (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.65 [95% CI: 0.55-0.75] vs 0.48 [95% CI: 0.38-0.58], P = 0.005). At the optimal cut-off of 500 μg/L, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of trypsinogen-2 level were 78.4%, 45.8%, 33.3%, and 86.0%, respectively. Urinary trypsinogen-2 level > 500 μg/L was an independent predictor of local complications (adjusted odds ratio, 3.72; 95% CI: 1.42-9.76; P = 0.007). By contrast, BISAP score ≥ 3 and pleural effusion predicted organ failure but not local complications. CONCLUSION In a prospective cohort, urinary trypsinogen-2 level > 500 μg/L independently predicted local complications of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chien Wu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Po Wang
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chang Chen
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsien Wu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsu Liu
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Na Shih
- Lo-Sheng Sanatorium and Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Piplani H, Marek-Iannucci S, Sin J, Hou J, Takahashi T, Sharma A, de Freitas Germano J, Waldron RT, Saadaeijahromi H, Song Y, Gulla A, Wu B, Lugea A, Andres AM, Gaisano HY, Gottlieb RA, Pandol SJ. Simvastatin induces autophagic flux to restore cerulein-impaired phagosome-lysosome fusion in acute pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165530. [PMID: 31398467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pancreatitis, autophagy is activated, but lysosomal degradation of dysfunctional organelles including mitochondria is impaired, resulting in acinar cell death. Retrospective cohort analyses demonstrated an association between simvastatin use and decreased acute pancreatitis incidence. METHODS We examined whether simvastatin can protect cell death induced by cerulein and the mechanisms involved during acute pancreatitis. Mice were pretreated with DMSO or simvastatin (20 mg/kg) for 24 h followed by 7 hourly cerulein injections and sacrificed 1 h after last injection to harvest blood and tissue for analysis. RESULTS Pancreatic histopathology revealed that simvastatin reduced necrotic cell death, inflammatory cell infiltration and edema. We found that cerulein triggered mitophagy with autophagosome formation in acinar cells. However, autophagosome-lysosome fusion was impaired due to altered levels of LAMP-1, AMPK and ULK-1, resulting in autophagosome accumulation (incomplete autophagy). Simvastatin abrogated these effects by upregulating LAMP-1 and activating AMPK which phosphorylated ULK-1, resulting in increased formation of functional autolysosomes. In contrast, autophagosomes accumulated in control group during pancreatitis. The effects of simvastatin to promote autophagic flux were inhibited by chloroquine. Mitochondria from simvastatin-treated mice were resistant to calcium overload compared to control, suggesting that simvastatin induced mitochondrial quality control to eliminate susceptible mitochondria. Clinical specimens showed a significant increase in cell-free mtDNA in plasma during pancreatitis compared to normal controls. Furthermore, genetic deletion of parkin abrogated the benefits of simvastatin. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal the novel role of simvastatin in enhancing autophagic flux to prevent pancreatic cell injury and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honit Piplani
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Marek-Iannucci
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jon Sin
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Hou
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Toshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Institute of Biosciences and Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Juliana de Freitas Germano
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannaneh Saadaeijahromi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aiste Gulla
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, USA; Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Lithuania
| | - Bechien Wu
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen M Andres
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase worldwide, and it is one of the most common gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the USA. In the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. Studies have elucidated mechanisms of calcium-mediated acinar cell injury and death and the importance of store-operated calcium entry channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. The cytoprotective role of the unfolded protein response and autophagy in preventing sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and necrosis has also been characterized, as has the central role of unsaturated fatty acids in causing pancreatic organ failure. Characterization of these pathways has led to the identification of potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. At the patient level, two classification systems have been developed to classify the severity of acute pancreatitis into prognostically meaningful groups, and several landmark clinical trials have informed management strategies in areas of nutritional support and interventions for infected pancreatic necrosis that have resulted in important changes to acute pancreatitis management paradigms. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in acute pancreatitis with a special emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of the disorder.
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Mayerle J, Sendler M, Hegyi E, Beyer G, Lerch MM, Sahin-Tóth M. Genetics, Cell Biology, and Pathophysiology of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1951-1968.e1. [PMID: 30660731 PMCID: PMC6903413 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first trypsinogen mutation in families with hereditary pancreatitis, pancreatic genetics has made rapid progress. The identification of mutations in genes involved in the digestive protease-antiprotease pathway has lent additional support to the notion that pancreatitis is a disease of autodigestion. Clinical and experimental observations have provided compelling evidence that premature intrapancreatic activation of digestive proteases is critical in pancreatitis onset. However, disease course and severity are mostly governed by inflammatory cells that drive local and systemic immune responses. In this article, we review the genetics, cell biology, and immunology of pancreatitis with a focus on protease activation pathways and other early events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany,Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eszter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Georg Beyer
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Groblewski GE, Mareninova OA, Lugea A, Antonucci L, Waldron RT, Habtezion A, Karin M, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I. Recent Insights Into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Pancreatitis: Role of Acinar Cell Organelle Disorders. Pancreas 2019; 48:459-470. [PMID: 30973461 PMCID: PMC6461375 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially lethal inflammatory disease that lacks specific therapy. Damaged pancreatic acinar cells are believed to be the site of AP initiation. The primary function of these cells is the synthesis, storage, and export of digestive enzymes. Beginning in the endoplasmic reticulum and ending with secretion of proteins stored in zymogen granules, distinct pancreatic organelles use ATP produced by mitochondria to move and modify nascent proteins through sequential vesicular compartments. Compartment-specific accessory proteins concentrate cargo and promote vesicular budding, targeting, and fusion. The autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal pathways maintain acinar cell homeostasis by removing damaged/dysfunctional organelles and recycling cell constituents for substrate and energy. Here, we discuss studies in experimental and genetic AP models, primarily from our groups, which show that acinar cell injury is mediated by distinct mechanisms of organelle dysfunction involved in protein synthesis and trafficking, secretion, energy generation, and autophagy. These early AP events (often first manifest by abnormal cytosolic Ca signaling) in the acinar cell trigger the inflammatory and cell death responses of pancreatitis. Manifestations of acinar cell organelle disorders are also prominent in human pancreatitis. Our findings suggest that targeting specific mediators of organelle dysfunction could reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Suzuki A, Iwata J. Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Exocytosis in the Salivary Glands. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3208. [PMID: 30336591 PMCID: PMC6214078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, salivary glands produce about 0.5 to 1.5 L of saliva, which contains salivary proteins that are essential for oral health. The contents of saliva, 0.3% proteins (1.5 to 4.5 g) in fluid, help prevent oral infections, provide lubrication, aid digestion, and maintain oral health. Acinar cells in the lobular salivary glands secrete prepackaged secretory granules that contain salivary components such as amylase, mucins, and immunoglobulins. Despite the important physiological functions of salivary proteins, we know very little about the regulatory mechanisms of their secretion via exocytosis, which is a process essential for the secretion of functional proteins, not only in salivary glands, but also in other secretory organs, including lacrimal and mammary glands, the pancreas, and prostate. In this review, we discuss recent findings that elucidate exocytosis by exocrine glands, especially focusing on the salivary glands, in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Program of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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WANG SHAOGUI, DING WENXING. Does Autophagy Promote or Protect Against the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis? Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1273-1274. [PMID: 30222940 PMCID: PMC6353630 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Dolai S, Gaisano H. Reply. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1274. [PMID: 30236557 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Vishy CE, Swietlicki EA, Gazit V, Amara S, Heslop G, Lu J, Levin MS, Rubin DC. Epimorphin regulates the intestinal stem cell niche via effects on the stromal microenvironment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G185-G194. [PMID: 29631377 PMCID: PMC6139643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00224.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a potential therapeutic approach for disorders characterized by intestinal injury or loss of functional surface area. Stem cell function and proliferation are mediated by the stem cell niche. Stromal cells such as intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) are important but poorly studied components of the stem cell niche. To examine the role of ISEMFs, we have previously generated mice with deletion of epimorphin ( Epim), an ISEMF protein and member of the syntaxin family of intracellular vesicle docking proteins that regulate cell secretion. Herein we explore the mechanisms for previous observations that Epim deletion increases gut crypt cell proliferation, crypt fission, and small bowel length in vivo. Stem cell-derived crypt culture techniques were used to explore the interaction between enteroids and myofibroblasts from Epim-/- and WT mice. Enteroids cocultured with ISEMFS had increased growth and crypt-like budding compared with enteroids cultured without stromal support. Epim deletion in ISEMFs resulted in increased enteroid budding and surface area compared with cocultures with wild-type (WT) ISEMFs. In primary crypt cultures, Epim-/- enteroids had significantly increased surface area and budding compared with WTs. However, stem cell assays comparing the number of Epim-/- vs. WT colony-forming units after first passage showed no differences in the absence of ISEMF support. Epim-/- vs. WT ISEMFs had increased Wnt4 expression, and addition of Wnt4 to WT cocultures enhanced budding. We conclude that ISEMFs play an important role in the stem cell niche. Epim regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation via stromal contributions to the niche microenvironment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) in the gut stem cell niche is controversial. We provide novel evidence supporting ISEMFs as important niche contributors. We show that the in vivo intestinal effects of deletion of myofibroblast Epim can be recapitulated in crypt stem cell cultures in vitro. ISEMFs support cocultured stem cell proliferation and enteroid growth, and these effects are augmented by deletion of Epim, a syntaxin that regulates myofibroblast cell secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vered Gazit
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Suneetha Amara
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Gabriela Heslop
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jianyun Lu
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Marc S. Levin
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri,2Veterans Administration Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- 1Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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