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Mareninova OA, Gretler SR, Lee GE, Pimienta M, Qin Y, Elperin JM, Ni J, Razga Z, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I. Ethanol inhibits pancreatic acinar cell autophagy through upregulation of ATG4B, mediating pathological responses of alcoholic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G265-G278. [PMID: 37431575 PMCID: PMC10511161 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00053.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake is a major risk factor for pancreatitis, sensitizing the exocrine pancreas to stressors by mechanisms that remain obscure. Impaired autophagy drives nonalcoholic pancreatitis, but the effects of ethanol (EtOH) and alcoholic pancreatitis on autophagy are poorly understood. Here, we find that ethanol reduces autophagosome formation in pancreatic acinar cells, both in a mouse model of alcoholic pancreatitis induced by a combination of EtOH diet and cerulein (a CCK ortholog) and in EtOH+CCK-treated acinar cells (ex vivo model). Ethanol treatments decreased pancreatic level of LC3-II, a key mediator of autophagosome formation. This was caused by ethanol-induced upregulation of ATG4B, a cysteine protease that, cell dependently, regulates the balance between cytosolic LC3-I and membrane-bound LC3-II. We show that ATG4B negatively regulates LC3-II in acinar cells subjected to EtOH treatments. Ethanol raised ATG4B level by inhibiting its degradation, enhanced ATG4B enzymatic activity, and strengthened its interaction with LC3-II. We also found an increase in ATG4B and impaired autophagy in a dissimilar, nonsecretagogue model of alcoholic pancreatitis induced by EtOH plus palmitoleic acid. Adenoviral ATG4B overexpression in acinar cells greatly reduced LC3-II and inhibited autophagy. Furthermore, it aggravated trypsinogen activation and necrosis, mimicking key responses of ex vivo alcoholic pancreatitis. Conversely, shRNA Atg4B knockdown enhanced autophagosome formation and alleviated ethanol-induced acinar cell damage. The results reveal a novel mechanism, whereby ethanol inhibits autophagosome formation and thus sensitizes pancreatitis, and a key role of ATG4B in ethanol's effects on autophagy. Enhancing pancreatic autophagy, particularly by downregulating ATG4B, could be beneficial in mitigating the severity of alcoholic pancreatitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ethanol sensitizes mice and humans to pancreatitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Autophagy is important for maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, and its impairment drives pancreatitis. This study reveals a novel mechanism, whereby ethanol inhibits autophagosome formation through upregulating ATG4B, a key cysteine protease. ATG4B upregulation inhibits autophagy in acinar cells and aggravates pathological responses of experimental alcoholic pancreatitis. Enhancing pancreatic autophagy, particularly by down-regulating ATG4B, could be beneficial for treatment of alcoholic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mareninova
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sophie R Gretler
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Grace E Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Pimienta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jason M Elperin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jinliang Ni
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zsolt Razga
- Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Mareninova OA, Dillon DL, Wightman CJM, Yakubov I, Takahashi T, Gaisano HY, Munson K, Ohmuraya M, Dawson D, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Rab9 Mediates Pancreatic Autophagy Switch From Canonical to Noncanonical, Aggravating Experimental Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:599-622. [PMID: 34610499 PMCID: PMC8715155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagosome, the central organelle in autophagy process, can assemble via canonical pathway mediated by LC3-II, the lipidated form of autophagy-related protein LC3/ATG8, or noncanonical pathway mediated by the small GTPase Rab9. Canonical autophagy is essential for exocrine pancreas homeostasis, and its disordering initiates and drives pancreatitis. The involvement of noncanonical autophagy has not been explored. We examine the role of Rab9 in pancreatic autophagy and pancreatitis severity. METHODS We measured the effect of Rab9 on parameters of autophagy and pancreatitis responses using transgenic mice overexpressing Rab9 (Rab9TG) and adenoviral transduction of acinar cells. Effect of canonical autophagy on Rab9 was assessed in ATG5-deficient acinar cells. RESULTS Pancreatic levels of Rab9 and its membrane-bound (active) form decreased in rodent pancreatitis models and in human disease. Rab9 overexpression stimulated noncanonical and inhibited canonical/LC3-mediated autophagosome formation in acinar cells through up-regulation of ATG4B, the cysteine protease that delipidates LC3-II. Conversely, ATG5 deficiency caused Rab9 increase in acinar cells. Inhibition of canonical autophagy in Rab9TG pancreas was associated with accumulation of Rab9-positive vacuoles containing markers of mitochondria, protein aggregates, and trans-Golgi. The shift to the noncanonical pathway caused pancreatitis-like damage in acinar cells and aggravated experimental pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The results show that Rab9 regulates pancreatic autophagy and indicate a mutually antagonistic relationship between the canonical/LC3-mediated and noncanonical/Rab9-mediated autophagy pathways in pancreatitis. Noncanonical autophagy fails to substitute for its canonical counterpart in protecting against pancreatitis. Thus, Rab9 decrease in experimental and human pancreatitis is a protective response to sustain canonical autophagy and alleviate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dustin L Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carli J M Wightman
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith Munson
- Department of Physiology, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - David Dawson
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
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Mareninova OA, Vegh ET, Shalbueva N, Wightman CJ, Dillon DL, Malla S, Xie Y, Takahashi T, Rakonczay Z, French SW, Gaisano HY, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ, Bensinger SJ, Davidson NO, Dawson DW, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Dysregulation of mannose-6-phosphate-dependent cholesterol homeostasis in acinar cells mediates pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146870. [PMID: 34128834 PMCID: PMC8321573 DOI: 10.1172/jci146870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disordered lysosomal/autophagy pathways initiate and drive pancreatitis, but the underlying mechanisms and links to disease pathology are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) pathway of hydrolase delivery to lysosomes critically regulates pancreatic acinar cell cholesterol metabolism. Ablation of the Gnptab gene encoding a key enzyme in the M6P pathway disrupted acinar cell cholesterol turnover, causing accumulation of nonesterified cholesterol in lysosomes/autolysosomes, its depletion in the plasma membrane, and upregulation of cholesterol synthesis and uptake. We found similar dysregulation of acinar cell cholesterol, and a decrease in GNPTAB levels, in both WT experimental pancreatitis and human disease. The mechanisms mediating pancreatic cholesterol dyshomeostasis in Gnptab-/- and experimental models involve a disordered endolysosomal system, resulting in impaired cholesterol transport through lysosomes and blockage of autophagic flux. By contrast, in Gnptab-/- liver the endolysosomal system and cholesterol homeostasis were largely unaffected. Gnptab-/- mice developed spontaneous pancreatitis. Normalization of cholesterol metabolism by pharmacologic means alleviated responses of experimental pancreatitis, particularly trypsinogen activation, the disease hallmark. The results reveal the essential role of the M6P pathway in maintaining exocrine pancreas homeostasis and function, and implicate cholesterol disordering in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eszter T. Vegh
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carli J.M. Wightman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dustin L. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sudarshan Malla
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zoltan Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Departments of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and VA West Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mareninova OA, Jia W, Gretler SR, Holthaus CL, Thomas DDH, Pimienta M, Dillon DL, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Groblewski GE. Transgenic expression of GFP-LC3 perturbs autophagy in exocrine pancreas and acute pancreatitis responses in mice. Autophagy 2020; 16:2084-2097. [PMID: 31942816 PMCID: PMC7595606 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1715047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a common, sometimes fatal, disease of exocrine pancreas, initiated by damaged acinar cells. Recent studies implicate disordered macroautophagy/autophagy in pancreatitis pathogenesis. ATG8/LC3 protein is critical for autophagosome formation and a widely used marker of autophagic vacuoles. Transgenic GFP-LC3 mice are a valuable tool to investigate autophagy ; however, comparison of homeostatic and disease responses between GFP-LC3 and wild-type (WT) mice has not been done. We examined the effects of GFP-LC3 expression on autophagy, acinar cell function, and experimental pancreatitis. Unexpectedly, GFP-LC3 expression markedly increased endogenous LC3-II level in pancreas, caused by downregulation of ATG4B, the protease that deconjugates/delipidates LC3-II. By contrast, GFP-LC3 expression had lesser or no effect on autophagy in liver, lung and spleen. Autophagic flux analysis showed that autophagosome formation in GFP-LC3 acinar cells increased 3-fold but was not fully counterbalanced by increased autophagic degradation. Acinar cell (ex vivo) pancreatitis inhibited autophagic flux in WT and essentially blocked it in GFP-LC3 cells. In vivo pancreatitis caused autophagy impairment in WT mice, manifest by upregulation of LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62, increased number and size of autophagic vacuoles, and decreased level of TFEB, all of which were exacerbated in GFP-LC3 mice. GFP-LC3 expression affected key pancreatitis responses; most dramatically, it worsened increases in serum AMY (amylase), a diagnostic marker of acute pancreatitis, in several mouse models. The results emphasize physiological importance of autophagy for acinar cell function, demonstrate organ-specific effects of GFP-LC3 expression, and indicate that application of GFP-LC3 mice in disease models should be done with caution.Abbreviations: AP: acute pancreatitis; Arg-AP: L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis; ATG: autophagy-related (protein); AVs: autophagic vacuoles; CCK: cholecystokinin-8; CDE: choline-deficient, D,L-ethionine supplemented diet; CER: caerulein (ortholog of CCK); CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; LAMP: lysosomal-associated membrane protein; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ZG: zymogen granule(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pancreatic Research Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Jia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Centre of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie R. Gretler
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pancreatic Research Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Conner L. Holthaus
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Diana D. H. Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Pimienta
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dustin L. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pancreatic Research Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pancreatic Research Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pancreatic Research Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Habtezion A, Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ. Acute Pancreatitis: A Multifaceted Set of Organelle and Cellular Interactions. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1941-1950. [PMID: 30660726 PMCID: PMC6613790 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the exocrine pancreas associated with tissue injury and necrosis. The disease can be mild, involving only the pancreas, and resolve spontaneously within days or severe, with systemic inflammatory response syndrome-associated extrapancreatic organ failure and even death. Importantly, there are no therapeutic agents currently in use that can alter the course of the disease. This article emphasizes emerging findings that stressors (environmental and genetic) that cause acute pancreatitis initially cause injury to organelles of the acinar cell (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and endolysosomal-autophagy system), and that disorders in the functions of the organelles lead to inappropriate intracellular activation of trypsinogen and inflammatory pathways. We also review emerging work on the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in mediating the local and systemic inflammatory response in addition to known cytokines and chemokine pathways. In the review, we provide considerations for correction of organelle functions in acute pancreatitis to create a discussion for clinical trial treatment and design options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Groblewski GE, Mareninova OA, Lugea A, Antonucci L, Waldron RT, Habtezion A, Karin M, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I. Recent Insights Into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Pancreatitis: Role of Acinar Cell Organelle Disorders. Pancreas 2019; 48:459-470. [PMID: 30973461 PMCID: PMC6461375 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially lethal inflammatory disease that lacks specific therapy. Damaged pancreatic acinar cells are believed to be the site of AP initiation. The primary function of these cells is the synthesis, storage, and export of digestive enzymes. Beginning in the endoplasmic reticulum and ending with secretion of proteins stored in zymogen granules, distinct pancreatic organelles use ATP produced by mitochondria to move and modify nascent proteins through sequential vesicular compartments. Compartment-specific accessory proteins concentrate cargo and promote vesicular budding, targeting, and fusion. The autophagy-lysosomal-endosomal pathways maintain acinar cell homeostasis by removing damaged/dysfunctional organelles and recycling cell constituents for substrate and energy. Here, we discuss studies in experimental and genetic AP models, primarily from our groups, which show that acinar cell injury is mediated by distinct mechanisms of organelle dysfunction involved in protein synthesis and trafficking, secretion, energy generation, and autophagy. These early AP events (often first manifest by abnormal cytosolic Ca signaling) in the acinar cell trigger the inflammatory and cell death responses of pancreatitis. Manifestations of acinar cell organelle disorders are also prominent in human pancreatitis. Our findings suggest that targeting specific mediators of organelle dysfunction could reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Olga A. Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
The vast majority of lysosomal proteins are heavily glycosylated. The present protocol describes the method of analyzing N- and O-linked glycans in lysosomal proteins of interest. The method is based on using deglycosylating enzymes, endoglycosidases, and exoglycosidases. Endoglycosidases catalyze the cleavage of an internal bond in an oligosaccharide, while exoglycosidases remove terminal carbohydrates from glycans. Different types of carbohydrate residues or chains can be removed by specific glycosidases. Removing oligosaccharides with glycosidases increases the electrophoretic mobility of a protein. This increase in mobility depends on the size and number of removed carbohydrate chains. Therefore, the treatment of lysosomal proteins with specific glycosidases followed by a western blot analysis of a protein of interest provides a way to determine which types of glycans are present in the protein by comparing the gel mobility before and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Tokhtaeva
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, VAGLAHS/West LA, Building 113, Room 324, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, VAGLAHS/West LA, Building 113, Room 324, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, VAGLAHS/West LA, Building 113, Room 324, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Olga Vagin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA. .,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, VAGLAHS/West LA, Building 113, Room 324, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
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8
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Biczo G, Vegh ET, Shalbueva N, Mareninova OA, Elperin J, Lotshaw E, Gretler S, Lugea A, Malla SR, Dawson D, Ruchala P, Whitelegge J, French SW, Wen L, Husain SZ, Gorelick FS, Hegyi P, Rakonczay Z, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Through Impaired Autophagy, Leads to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Deregulated Lipid Metabolism, and Pancreatitis in Animal Models. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:689-703. [PMID: 29074451 PMCID: PMC6369139 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the signaling pathways that initiate and promote acute pancreatitis (AP). The pathogenesis of AP has been associated with abnormal increases in cytosolic Ca2+, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We analyzed the mechanisms of these dysfunctions and their relationships, and how these contribute to development of AP in mice and rats. METHODS Pancreatitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice (control) and mice deficient in peptidylprolyl isomerase D (cyclophilin D, encoded by Ppid) by administration of L-arginine (also in rats), caerulein, bile acid, or an AP-inducing diet. Parameters of pancreatitis, mitochondrial function, autophagy, ER stress, and lipid metabolism were measured in pancreatic tissue, acinar cells, and isolated mitochondria. Some mice with AP were given trehalose to enhance autophagic efficiency. Human pancreatitis tissues were analyzed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreas of mice with AP was induced by either mitochondrial Ca2+ overload or through a Ca2+ overload-independent pathway that involved reduced activity of ATP synthase (80% inhibition in pancreatic mitochondria isolated from rats or mice given L-arginine). Both pathways were mediated by cyclophilin D and led to mitochondrial depolarization and fragmentation. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused pancreatic ER stress, impaired autophagy, and deregulation of lipid metabolism. These pathologic responses were abrogated in cyclophilin D-knockout mice. Administration of trehalose largely prevented trypsinogen activation, necrosis, and other parameters of pancreatic injury in mice with L-arginine AP. Tissues from patients with pancreatitis had markers of mitochondrial damage and impaired autophagy, compared with normal pancreas. CONCLUSIONS In different animal models, we find a central role for mitochondrial dysfunction, and for impaired autophagy as its principal downstream effector, in development of AP. In particular, the pathway involving enhanced interaction of cyclophilin D with ATP synthase mediates L-arginine-induced pancreatitis, a model of severe AP the pathogenesis of which has remained unknown. Strategies to restore mitochondrial and/or autophagic function might be developed for treatment of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Biczo
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter T. Vegh
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga A. Mareninova
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jason Elperin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ethan Lotshaw
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sophie Gretler
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sudarshan R. Malla
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Dawson
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- Department of Pediatric GI, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Peter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine and First Department of Medicine, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Rakonczay
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Sendler M, Weiss FU, Golchert J, Homuth G, van den Brandt C, Mahajan UM, Partecke LI, Döring P, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS, Wagh PR, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Cathepsin B-Mediated Activation of Trypsinogen in Endocytosing Macrophages Increases Severity of Pancreatitis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:704-718.e10. [PMID: 29079517 PMCID: PMC6663074 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis is characterized by premature intracellular activation of digestive proteases within pancreatic acini and a consecutive systemic inflammatory response. We investigated how these processes interact during severe pancreatitis in mice. METHODS Pancreatitis was induced in C57Bl/6 wild-type (control), cathepsin B (CTSB)-knockout, and cathepsin L-knockout mice by partial pancreatic duct ligation with supramaximal caerulein injection, or by repetitive supramaximal caerulein injections alone. Immune cells that infiltrated the pancreas were characterized by immunofluorescence detection of Ly6g, CD206, and CD68. Macrophages were isolated from bone marrow and incubated with bovine trypsinogen or isolated acinar cells; the macrophages were then transferred into pancreatitis control or cathepsin-knockout mice. Activities of proteases and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were determined using fluorogenic substrates and trypsin activity was blocked by nafamostat. Cytokine levels were measured using a cytometric bead array. We performed immunohistochemical analyses to detect trypsinogen, CD206, and CD68 in human chronic pancreatitis (n = 13) and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (n = 15) specimens. RESULTS Macrophages were the predominant immune cell population that migrated into the pancreas during induction of pancreatitis in control mice. CD68-positive macrophages were found to phagocytose acinar cell components, including zymogen-containing vesicles, in pancreata from mice with pancreatitis, as well as human necrotic pancreatic tissues. Trypsinogen became activated in macrophages cultured with purified trypsinogen or co-cultured with pancreatic acini and in pancreata of mice with pancreatitis; trypsinogen activation required macrophage endocytosis and expression and activity of CTSB, and was sensitive to pH. Activation of trypsinogen in macrophages resulted in translocation of NF-kB and production of inflammatory cytokines; mice without trypsinogen activation (CTSB-knockout mice) in macrophages developed less severe pancreatitis compared with control mice. Transfer of macrophage from control mice to CTSB-knockout mice increased the severity of pancreatitis. Inhibition of trypsin activity in macrophages prevented translocation of NF-κB and production of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Studying pancreatitis in mice, we found activation of digestive proteases to occur not only in acinar cells but also in macrophages that infiltrate pancreatic tissue. Activation of the proteases in macrophage occurs during endocytosis of zymogen-containing vesicles, and depends on pH and CTSB. This process involves macrophage activation via NF-κB-translocation, and contributes to systemic inflammation and severity of pancreatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cathepsin B/deficiency
- Cathepsin B/genetics
- Cathepsin B/metabolism
- Cathepsin L/deficiency
- Cathepsin L/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Ceruletide
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endocytosis
- Enzyme Activation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Macrophages/transplantation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- Necrosis
- Pancreas/enzymology
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatectomy
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/enzymology
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/immunology
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/pathology
- Phagocytosis
- Phenotype
- Severity of Illness Index
- Time Factors
- Trypsinogen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ujjwal M Mahajan
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars-Ivo Partecke
- Department of Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paula Döring
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | - Preshit R Wagh
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Algül H, Habtezion A. Autophagy, Inflammation, and Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1212-1226. [PMID: 28918190 PMCID: PMC6338477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a common disorder with significant morbidity and mortality, yet little is known about its pathogenesis, and there is no specific or effective treatment. Its development involves dysregulated autophagy and unresolved inflammation, demonstrated by studies in genetic and experimental mouse models. Disease severity depends on whether the inflammatory response resolves or amplifies, leading to multi-organ failure. Dysregulated autophagy might promote the inflammatory response in the pancreas. We discuss the roles of autophagy and inflammation in pancreatitis, mechanisms of deregulation, and connections among disordered pathways. We identify gaps in our knowledge and delineate perspective directions for research. Elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms could lead to new targets for treating or reducing the severity of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hana Algül
- II Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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11
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Maertin S, Elperin JM, Lotshaw E, Sendler M, Speakman SD, Takakura K, Reicher BM, Mareninova OA, Grippo PJ, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Gukovskaya AS. Roles of autophagy and metabolism in pancreatic cancer cell adaptation to environmental challenges. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G524-G536. [PMID: 28705806 PMCID: PMC5792215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays extensive and poorly vascularized desmoplastic stromal reaction, and therefore, pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells are confronted with nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. Here, we investigate the roles of autophagy and metabolism in PaCa cell adaptation to environmental stresses, amino acid (AA) depletion, and hypoxia. It is known that in healthy cells, basal autophagy is at a low level, but it is greatly activated by environmental stresses. By contrast, we find that in PaCa cells, basal autophagic activity is relatively high, but AA depletion and hypoxia activate autophagy only weakly or not at all, due to their failure to inhibit mechanistic target of rapamycin. Basal, but not stress-induced, autophagy is necessary for PaCa cell proliferation, and AA supply is even more critical to maintain PaCa cell growth. To gain insight into the underlying mechanisms, we analyzed the effects of autophagy inhibition and AA depletion on PaCa cell metabolism. PaCa cells display mixed oxidative/glycolytic metabolism, with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) predominant. Both autophagy inhibition and AA depletion dramatically decreased OXPHOS; furthermore, pharmacologic inhibitors of OXPHOS suppressed PaCa cell proliferation. The data indicate that the maintenance of OXPHOS is a key mechanism through which autophagy and AA supply support PaCa cell growth. We find that the expression of oncogenic activation mutation in GTPase Kras markedly promotes basal autophagy and stimulates OXPHOS through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. The results suggest that approaches aimed to suppress OXPHOS, particularly through limiting AA supply, could be beneficial in treating PDAC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cancer cells in the highly desmoplastic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma confront nutrient [i.e., amino acids (AA)] deprivation and hypoxia, but how pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells adapt to these conditions is poorly understood. This study provides evidence that the maintenance of mitochondrial function, in particular, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), is a key mechanism that supports PaCa cell growth, both in normal conditions and under the environmental stresses. OXPHOS in PaCa cells critically depends on autophagy and AA supply. Furthermore, the oncogenic activation mutation in GTPase Kras upregulates OXPHOS through an autophagy-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina Maertin
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; ,3Department of Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Jason M. Elperin
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Ethan Lotshaw
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Matthias Sendler
- 3Department of Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Steven D. Speakman
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Benjamin M. Reicher
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Olga A. Mareninova
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Julia Mayerle
- 3Department of Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany; ,5Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- 3Department of Medicine A, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
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12
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Mareninova OA, Shalbueva N, Deng N, Su HY, Thomas DD, Jones EK, Messenger SW, Yang J, Hu C, Gukovsky I, Liu Z, Groblewski GE, Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ. Human Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Proteomic Characterization, Physiologic Responses, and Organellar Disorders in ex Vivo Pancreatitis. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:2726-2743. [PMID: 28935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is largely based on studies using rodents. To assess similar mechanisms in humans, we performed ex vivo pancreatitis studies in human acini isolated from cadaveric pancreata from organ donors. Because data on these human acinar preparations are sparse, we assessed their functional integrity and cellular and organellar morphology using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy; and their proteome by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acinar cell responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the bile acid taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate were also analyzed. Proteomic analysis of acini from donors of diverse ethnicity showed similar profiles of digestive enzymes and proteins involved in translation, secretion, and endolysosomal function. Human acini preferentially expressed the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 and maintained physiological responses to CCh for at least 20 hours. As in rodent acini, human acini exposed to toxic concentrations of CCh and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate responded with trypsinogen activation, decreased cell viability, organelle damage manifest by mitochondrial depolarization, disordered autophagy, and pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress. Human acini also secreted inflammatory mediators elevated in acute pancreatitis patients, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 2 and 3, macrophage inhibitory factor, and chemokines mediating neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. In conclusion, human cadaveric pancreatic acini maintain physiological functions and have similar pathological responses and organellar disorders with pancreatitis-causing treatments as observed in rodent acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane D Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaina K Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott W Messenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Chang HH, Moro A, Takakura K, Su HY, Mo A, Nakanishi M, Waldron RT, French SW, Dawson DW, Hines OJ, Li G, Go VLW, Sinnett-Smith J, Pandol SJ, Lugea A, Gukovskaya AS, Duff MO, Rosenberg DW, Rozengurt E, Eibl G. Incidence of pancreatic cancer is dramatically increased by a high fat, high calorie diet in KrasG12D mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184455. [PMID: 28886117 PMCID: PMC5590955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data has linked obesity to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To allow for detailed mechanistic studies in a relevant model mimicking diet-induced obesity and pancreatic cancer, a high-fat, high-calorie diet (HFCD) was given to P48+/Cre;LSL-KRASG12D (KC) mice carrying a pancreas-specific oncogenic Kras mutation. The mice were randomly allocated to a HFCD or control diet (CD). Cohorts were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 9 months and tissues were harvested for further analysis. Compared to CD-fed mice, HFCD-fed animals gained significantly more weight. Importantly, the cancer incidence was remarkably increased in HFCD-fed KC mice, particularly in male KC mice. In addition, KC mice fed the HFCD showed more extensive inflammation and fibrosis, and more advanced PanIN lesions in the pancreas, compared to age-matched CD-fed animals. Interestingly, we found that the HFCD reduced autophagic flux in PanIN lesions in KC mice. Further, exome sequencing of isolated murine PanIN lesions identified numerous genetic variants unique to the HFCD. These data underscore the role of sustained inflammation and dysregulated autophagy in diet-induced pancreatic cancer development and suggest that diet-induced genetic alterations may contribute to this process. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link in males and females, and will facilitate the development of interventions targeting obesity-associated pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Chang
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Aune Moro
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Allen Mo
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - O. Joe Hines
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vay Liang W. Go
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael O. Duff
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Messenger SW, Jones EK, Holthaus CL, Thomas DDH, Cooley MM, Byrne JA, Mareninova OA, Gukovskaya AS, Groblewski GE. Acute acinar pancreatitis blocks vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8)-dependent secretion, resulting in intracellular trypsin accumulation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7828-7839. [PMID: 28242757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymogen secretory granules in pancreatic acinar cells express two vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP), VAMP2 and -8, each controlling 50% of stimulated secretion. Analysis of secretion kinetics identified a first phase (0-2 min) mediated by VAMP2 and second (2-10 min) and third phases (10-30 min) mediated by VAMP8. Induction of acinar pancreatitis by supramaximal cholecystokinin (CCK-8) stimulation inhibits VAMP8-mediated mid- and late-phase but not VAMP2-mediated early-phase secretion. Elevation of cAMP during supramaximal CCK-8 mitigates third-phase secretory inhibition and acinar damage caused by the accumulation of prematurely activated trypsin. VAMP8-/- acini are resistant to secretory inhibition by supramaximal CCK-8, and despite a 4.5-fold increase in total cellular trypsinogen levels, are fully protected from intracellular trypsin accumulation and acinar damage. VAMP8-mediated secretion is dependent on expression of the early endosomal proteins Rab5, D52, and EEA1. Supramaximal CCK-8 (60 min) caused a 60% reduction in the expression of D52 followed by Rab5 and EEA1 in isolated acini and in in vivo The loss of D52 occurred as a consequence of its entry into autophagic vacuoles and was blocked by lysosomal cathepsin B and L inhibition. Accordingly, adenoviral overexpression of Rab5 or D52 enhanced secretion in response to supramaximal CCK-8 and prevented accumulation of activated trypsin. These data support that acute inhibition of VAMP8-mediated secretion during pancreatitis triggers intracellular trypsin accumulation and loss of the early endosomal compartment. Maintaining anterograde endosomal trafficking during pancreatitis maintains VAMP8-dependent secretion, thereby preventing accumulation of activated trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Messenger
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Elaina K Jones
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Conner L Holthaus
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Diana D H Thomas
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michelle M Cooley
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jennifer A Byrne
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia, and
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- From the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
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15
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Sakata K, Araki K, Nakano H, Nishina T, Komazawa-Sakon S, Murai S, Lee GE, Hashimoto D, Suzuki C, Uchiyama Y, Notohara K, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Yamamura KI, Baba H, Ohmuraya M. Novel method to rescue a lethal phenotype through integration of target gene onto the X-chromosome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37200. [PMID: 27845447 PMCID: PMC5109027 DOI: 10.1038/srep37200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss-of-function mutations of serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene are associated with human chronic pancreatitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We previously reported that mice lacking Spink3, the murine homologue of human SPINK1, die perinatally due to massive pancreatic acinar cell death, precluding investigation of the effects of SPINK1 deficiency. To circumvent perinatal lethality, we have developed a novel method to integrate human SPINK1 gene on the X chromosome using Cre-loxP technology and thus generated transgenic mice termed “X-SPINK1“. Consistent with the fact that one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated, X-SPINK1 mice exhibit mosaic pattern of SPINK1 expression. Crossing of X-SPINK1 mice with Spink3+/− mice rescued perinatal lethality, but the resulting Spink3−/−;XXSPINK1 mice developed spontaneous pancreatitis characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The results show that mice lacking a gene essential for cell survival can be rescued by expressing this gene on the X chromosome. The Spink3−/−;XXSPINK1 mice, in which this method has been applied to partially restore SPINK1 function, present a novel genetic model of chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sakata
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishina
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Sachiko Komazawa-Sakon
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Shin Murai
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Grace E Lee
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenji Notohara
- Department of Pathology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-8602, Japan
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we discuss recent studies that advance our understanding of molecular and cellular factors initiating and driving pancreatitis, with the emphasis on the role of acinar cell organelle disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The central physiologic function of the pancreatic acinar cell - to synthesize, store, and secrete digestive enzymes - critically relies on coordinated actions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the endolysosomal system, mitochondria, and autophagy. Recent studies begin to unravel the roles of these organelles' disordering in the mechanism of pancreatitis. Mice deficient in key autophagy mediators Atg5 or Atg7, or lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, exhibit dysregulation of multiple signaling and metabolic pathways in pancreatic acinar cells and develop spontaneous pancreatitis. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by sustained opening of the permeability transition pore is shown to mediate pancreatitis in several clinically relevant experimental models, and its inhibition by pharmacologic or genetic means greatly reduces local and systemic pathologic responses. Experimental pancreatitis is also alleviated with inhibitors of ORAI1, a key component of the plasma membrane channel mediating pathologic rise in acinar cell cytosolic Ca2+. Pancreatitis-promoting mutations are increasingly associated with the ER stress. These findings suggest novel pathways and drug targets for pancreatitis treatment. In addition, the recent studies identify new mediators (e.g., neutrophil extracellular traps) of the inflammatory and other responses of pancreatitis. SUMMARY The recent findings illuminate a critical role of organelles regulating the autophagic, endolysosomal, mitochondrial, and ER pathways in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis and secretory function; provide compelling evidence that organelle disordering is a key pathogenic mechanism initiating and driving pancreatitis; and identify molecular and cellular factors that could be targeted to restore organellar functions and thus alleviate or treat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ilya Gukovsky
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mukherjee R, Mareninova OA, Odinokova IV, Huang W, Murphy J, Chvanov M, Javed MA, Wen L, Booth DM, Cane MC, Awais M, Gavillet B, Pruss RM, Schaller S, Molkentin JD, Tepikin AV, Petersen OH, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Criddle DN, Gukovskaya AS, Sutton R. Mechanism of mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction and damage in the pancreas: inhibition prevents acute pancreatitis by protecting production of ATP. Gut 2016; 65:1333-46. [PMID: 26071131 PMCID: PMC4920725 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute pancreatitis is caused by toxins that induce acinar cell calcium overload, zymogen activation, cytokine release and cell death, yet is without specific drug therapy. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated but the mechanism not established. DESIGN We investigated the mechanism of induction and consequences of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the pancreas using cell biological methods including confocal microscopy, patch clamp technology and multiple clinically representative disease models. Effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the MPTP were examined in isolated murine and human pancreatic acinar cells, and in hyperstimulation, bile acid, alcoholic and choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented acute pancreatitis. RESULTS MPTP opening was mediated by toxin-induced inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor calcium channel release, and resulted in diminished ATP production, leading to impaired calcium clearance, defective autophagy, zymogen activation, cytokine production, phosphoglycerate mutase 5 activation and necrosis, which was prevented by intracellular ATP supplementation. When MPTP opening was inhibited genetically or pharmacologically, all biochemical, immunological and histopathological responses of acute pancreatitis in all four models were reduced or abolished. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the mechanism and consequences of MPTP opening to be fundamental to multiple forms of acute pancreatitis and validates the MPTP as a drug target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mukherjee
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California Los Angeles and Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irina V Odinokova
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California Los Angeles and Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Wei Huang
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - John Murphy
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Chvanov
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muhammad A Javed
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Li Wen
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David M Booth
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew C Cane
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bruno Gavillet
- Debiopharm Research and Manufacturing S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ole H Petersen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California Los Angeles and Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California Los Angeles and Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David N Criddle
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California Los Angeles and Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert Sutton
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Mareninova OA, Sendler M, Malla SR, Yakubov I, French SW, Tokhtaeva E, Vagin O, Oorschot V, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Blanz J, Dawson D, Klumperman J, Lerch MM, Mayerle J, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Lysosome associated membrane proteins maintain pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis: LAMP-2 deficient mice develop pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:678-694. [PMID: 26693174 PMCID: PMC4673685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenic mechanism of pancreatitis is poorly understood. Recent evidence implicates defective autophagy in pancreatitis responses; however, the pathways mediating impaired autophagy in pancreas remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of lysosome associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) in pancreatitis. METHODS We analyzed changes in LAMPs in experimental models and human pancreatitis, and the underlying mechanisms: LAMP de-glycosylation and degradation. LAMP cleavage by cathepsin B (CatB) was analyzed by mass spectrometry. We used mice deficient in LAMP-2 to assess its role in pancreatitis. RESULTS Pancreatic levels of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 greatly decrease across various pancreatitis models and in human disease. Pancreatitis does not trigger LAMPs' bulk de-glycosylation, but induces their degradation via CatB-mediated cleavage of LAMP molecule close to the boundary between luminal and transmembrane domains. LAMP-2 null mice spontaneously develop pancreatitis that begins with acinar cell vacuolization due to impaired autophagic flux, and progresses to severe pancreas damage characterized by trypsinogen activation, macrophage-driven inflammation, and acinar cell death. LAMP-2 deficiency causes a decrease in pancreatic digestive enzymes content, stimulates the basal and inhibits CCK-induced amylase secretion by acinar cells. The effects of LAMP-2 knockout and acute cerulein pancreatitis overlap, which corroborates the pathogenic role of LAMP decrease in experimental pancreatitis models. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a critical role for LAMPs, particularly LAMP-2, in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, and provide evidence that defective lysosomal function, resulting in impaired autophagy, leads to pancreatitis. Mice with LAMP-2 deficiency present a novel genetic model of human pancreatitis caused by lysosomal/autophagic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Mareninova
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sudarshan Ravi Malla
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Iskandar Yakubov
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Elmira Tokhtaeva
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga Vagin
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Viola Oorschot
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Judith Blanz
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Dawson
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anna S. Gukovskaya, PhD, Pancreatic Research Group, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Building 258, Room 340, Los Angeles, California 90073. fax: 310-268-4981.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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20
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Edderkaoui M, Nitsche C, Zheng L, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. NADPH oxidase activation in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through Akt-dependent up-regulation of p22phox. J Biol Chem 2014; 288:36259. [PMID: 24363267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a113.200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dawson DW, Hertzer K, Moro A, Donald G, Chang HH, Go VL, Pandol SJ, Lugea A, Gukovskaya AS, Li G, Hines OJ, Rozengurt E, Eibl G. High-fat, high-calorie diet promotes early pancreatic neoplasia in the conditional KrasG12D mouse model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1064-73. [PMID: 23943783 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is epidemiologic evidence that obesity increases the risk of cancers. Several underlying mechanisms, including inflammation and insulin resistance, are proposed. However, the driving mechanisms in pancreatic cancer are poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to develop a model of diet-induced obesity and pancreatic cancer development in a state-of-the-art mouse model, which resembles important clinical features of human obesity, for example, weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Offspring of Pdx-1-Cre and LSL-KrasG12D mice were allocated to either a high-fat, high-calorie diet (HFCD; ∼4,535 kcal/kg; 40% of calories from fats) or control diet (∼3,725 kcal/kg; 12% of calories from fats) for 3 months. Compared with control animals, mice fed with the HFCD significantly gained more weight and developed hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, and elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The pancreas of HFCD-fed animals showed robust signs of inflammation with increased numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), elevated levels of several cytokines and chemokines, increased stromal fibrosis, and more advanced PanIN lesions. Our results show that a diet high in fats and calories leads to obesity and metabolic disturbances similar to humans and accelerates early pancreatic neoplasia in the conditional KrasG12D mouse model. This model and findings will provide the basis for more robust studies attempting to unravel the mechanisms underlying the cancer-promoting properties of obesity, as well as to evaluate dietary- and chemopreventive strategies targeting obesity-associated pancreatic cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dawson
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 LeConte Avenue, 72-236 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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Edderkaoui M, Nitsche C, Zheng L, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. NADPH oxidase activation in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through Akt-dependent up-regulation of p22 . J Biol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a110.200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer (PaCa). However, the mechanisms of smoking-induced PaCa remain unknown. Here we investigated the effect of smoking compounds on cell death pathways in pancreatic ductal cells, precursors of PaCa. METHODS Human pancreatic ductal cells (HPDE6-c7) were cultured with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or smoking compound 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Apoptosis and autophagy were assessed by DNA fragmentation and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS Exposure to CSE or NNK decreased DNA fragmentation and up-regulated BclXL. Akt kinase was activated by smoking compounds through reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Specifically, Akt activation was prevented by inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase. Molecular or pharmacologic inhibitions of Akt prevented the antiapoptotic effect of smoking compounds. Smoking compounds stimulated rapid (1 hour) and transient activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and formation of autophagic vacuoles, indicating stimulation of autophagy. Repeated exposure to CSE/NNK (48 hours or longer) abolished the early activation of autophagic markers. Inhibition of Akt prevented the antiautophagic effect of long exposure to smoking compounds, indicating that smoking-induced late activation of Akt prevents autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Long exposure of pancreatic ductal cells to smoking compounds inhibited apoptosis and autophagy. The results revealed a central role for Akt kinase in mediating key procarcinogenic effects of smoking compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hwan Park
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul Grippo
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Xu S, Grippo PJ, Khayrutdinova OM, French SW, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. Abstract 2730: Novel animal models of pancreatic cancer induced by smoking and chronic pancreatitis. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims: Smoking and pancreatitis are two major risk factors for pancreatic cancer. We developed novel mouse models of pancreatic cancer induced by smoking and chronic pancreatitis. We used two pancreatic cancer mouse models induced by overexpression of Kras with two different degrees of disease complexity. Methods: Wild type (WT), EL-Kras and Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras transgenic mice were subjected to a major cigarette smoke compound nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) at doses close to those accumulated with smoking (100mg/kg) or exposed to tobacco smoke (80mg/m3) in tobacco smoke chambers for five days a week during 6 weeks. Standard model of chronic pancreatitis induced by cerulein injections (50μg/kg) for 3 weeks was applied to WT and Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras mice. Mice were then sacrificed and pancreatic tissue analyzed. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL. Autophagy was assessed by measuring autophagic markers LC3-II and p62. Pancreatic lesions, proliferation, fibrosis and inflammation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expression of stem cell markers were analyzed by Western. Results: NNK and exposure to tobacco smoke significantly increased the number and stage of pancreatic neoplastic (PanIN) lesions in Kras transgenic mice. Smoking stimulated fibrosis and stellate cells activation but had no significant effect on inflammation. EMT markers (decrease in E-Cadherin and increase in vimentin protein levels) were stimulated by NNK and tobacco smoke exposure in both WT and transgenic mice. NNK decreased apoptosis and LC3-II level in Kras mice. In addition, smoking stimulated expression of stem cell markers sox2 and CD133. Cerulein stimulated fibrosis, stellate cells activation, inflammation, and slightly stimulated EMT in WT and transgenic mice. Combination of smoking and cerulein had additive effect on stimulation of PanIN lesion formation, fibrosis, EMT and stem cell markers induction. Conclusion: The results indicate that both tobacco smoke and chronic cerulein pancreatitis promote pancreatic cancer progression in both EL-Kras and Pdx1-Cre;LSL-Kras mice models. Smoking acts through enhancing fibrosis and EMT; whereas pancreatitis stimulates mainly inflammation and fibrosis. Smoking and pancreatitis have additive effect on fibrosis, EMT and acquiring of stem cell characteristics.
Citation Format: Shiping Xu, Paul J. Grippo, Oxana M. Khayrutdinova, Samuel W. French, Stephen J. Pandol, Anna S. Gukovskaya, Mouad Edderkaoui. Novel animal models of pancreatic cancer induced by smoking and chronic pancreatitis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2730. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2730
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- 2Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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25
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Li N, Wu X, Holzer RG, Lee JH, Todoric J, Park EJ, Ogata H, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Pizzo DP, VandenBerg S, Tarin D, Atay C, Arkan MC, Deerinck TJ, Moscat J, Diaz-Meco M, Dawson D, Erkan M, Kleeff J, Karin M. Loss of acinar cell IKKα triggers spontaneous pancreatitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2231-43. [PMID: 23563314 DOI: 10.1172/jci64498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that causes progressive destruction of pancreatic acinar cells and, ultimately, loss of pancreatic function. We investigated the role of IκB kinase α (IKKα) in pancreatic homeostasis. Pancreas-specific ablation of IKKα (Ikkα(Δpan)) caused spontaneous and progressive acinar cell vacuolization and death, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, and circulatory release of pancreatic enzymes, clinical signs resembling those of human chronic pancreatitis. Loss of pancreatic IKKα causes defective autophagic protein degradation, leading to accumulation of p62-mediated protein aggregates and enhanced oxidative and ER stress in acinar cells, but none of these effects is related to NF-κB. Pancreas-specific p62 ablation prevented ER and oxidative stresses and attenuated pancreatitis in Ikkα(Δpan) mice, suggesting that cellular stress induced by p62 aggregates promotes development of pancreatitis. Importantly, downregulation of IKKα and accumulation of p62 aggregates were also observed in chronic human pancreatitis. Our studies demonstrate that IKKα, which may control autophagic protein degradation through its interaction with ATG16L2, plays a critical role in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, whose dysregulation promotes pancreatitis through p62 aggregate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California 92093-0723, USA
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Mareninova OA, Hermann K, French SW, O’Konski MS, Pandol SJ, Webster P, Erickson AH, Katunuma N, Gorelick FS, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Impaired autophagic flux mediates acinar cell vacuole formation and trypsinogen activation in rodent models of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Invest 2013. [DOI: 10.1172/jci69660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas that carries considerable morbidity and mortality; its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Recent findings from experimental models and genetically altered mice summarized in this review reveal that autophagy, the principal cellular degradative pathway, is impaired in pancreatitis and that one cause of autophagy impairment is defective function of lysosomes. We propose that the lysosomal/autophagic dysfunction is a key initiating event in pancreatitis and a converging point of multiple deranged pathways. There is strong evidence supporting this hypothesis. Investigation of autophagy in pancreatitis has just started, and many questions about the "upstream" mechanisms mediating the lysosomal/autophagic dysfunction and the "downstream" links to pancreatitis pathologies need to be explored. Answers to these questions should provide insight into novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies for treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Pandol SJ, Apte MV, Wilson JS, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. The burning question: why is smoking a risk factor for pancreatic cancer? Pancreatology 2012; 12:344-9. [PMID: 22898636 PMCID: PMC3956306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease. The prognosis is poor; less than 5% of those diagnosed are still alive five years after diagnosis, and complete remission is still rare. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor of pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanism(s) through which it causes the disease remains unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke stimulate pancreatic cancer progression through induction of inflammation and fibrosis which act in concert with genetic factors leading to the inhibition of cell death and stimulation of proliferation resulting in the promotion of the PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Pandol
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Minoti V. Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California Los Angeles, California
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Park C, Lee IS, Nitsche C, Gerloff A, Go VLW, Grippo PJ, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. Abstract 1337: Novel model of pancreatic cancer induced by smoking compound NNK. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background & Aims: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms through which smoking promotes pancreatic cancer remain unknown. Experimental models of smoking-induced pancreatic cancer have not been developed. Here we studied the effect of cigarette smoking compound: nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on cancer progression in Elastase-Kras (EL-Kras) mice, which have mutated/activated Kras. We further determined the effect of NNK and cigarette smoking extract (CSE) on cell death pathways both in vivo and in vitro in human pancreatic ductal cells. Methods: Wild type and EL-Kras transgenic mice were injected with NNK (100mg/Kg) once a week for 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed one week later. Analysis of pancreatic lesions, adenocarcinoma, as well as measurement of fibrosis, inflammation, and proliferation were performed by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis in tissue was assessed by TUNEL assay. Immortalized human ductal cells HPDE6 were cultured for up to 1 week in the presence or absence of NNK (1nM-1µM) or CSE (4ng/ml-4µg/ml). Apoptosis was assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation. Autophagy in cells and in mice pancreatic tissue was assessed by measuring autophagic marker LC3-II with western blot and with immunofluorescence. Results: NNK injections significantly increased (8 times) the number of pancreatic neoplastic lesions in EL-Kras mice. Importantly, NNK induced progression of the pancreatic lesions to the adenocarcinoma stage. Staining of pancreatic tumors with amylase and cytokeratines 7 and 9 showed that cancer cells present the phenotype of both acinar and ductal cells indicating that cells are at the stage of progression to the ductal adenocarcinoma phenotype. Stimulation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma was associated with a decrease in autophagy and apoptosis of exocrine pancreatic cells. NNK inhibited autophagy and apoptosis in pancreas from wild type mice but the effect was much less pronounced. Importantly, NNK injection stimulated fibrosis and stellate cells recruitment and activation. Furthermore, NNK stimulated inflammation. Similarly, exposure to NNK or CSE inhibited apoptosis and autophagy of human ductal cells. NNK and CSE increased Akt phosphorylation both in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of Akt kinase reversed the smoking inhibitory effect on apoptosis and autophagy, indicating a central role of Akt in the progression of pancreatic cancer by smoking compounds. Further, Akt inhibited autophagy through regulation of AMPK phosphorylation. Conclusion: NNK-induced cancer progression in EL-Kras mice represents the first mouse model of pancreatic cancer induced by smoking and can be utilized to understand the mechanism of progression of the disease. Akt kinase is a key mediator of smoking-induced pancreatic cancer progression.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1337. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1337
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHwan Park
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - In Soek Lee
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Claudia Nitsche
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andreas Gerloff
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vay Liang W. Go
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul J. Grippo
- 2Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- 1UCLA & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi RK, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Juhász G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, Brumell JH, Shen WC, Sheng ZH, Shi Y, Shibuya K, Shidoji Y, Shieh JJ, Shih CM, Shimada Y, Shimizu S, Shintani T, Brunetti-Pierri N, Shirihai OS, Shore GC, Sibirny AA, Sidhu SB, Sikorska B, Silva-Zacarin EC, Simmons A, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simone C, Brunk UT, Simonsen A, Sinclair DA, Singh R, Sinha D, Sinicrope FA, Sirko A, Siu PM, Sivridis E, Skop V, Skulachev VP, Bulman DE, Slack RS, Smaili SS, Smith DR, Soengas MS, Soldati T, Song X, Sood AK, Soong TW, Sotgia F, Spector SA, Bultman SJ, Spies CD, Springer W, Srinivasula SM, Stefanis L, Steffan JS, Stendel R, Stenmark H, Stephanou A, Stern ST, Sternberg C, Bultynck G, Stork B, Strålfors P, Subauste CS, Sui X, Sulzer D, Sun J, Sun SY, Sun ZJ, Sung JJ, Suzuki K, Burbulla LF, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Swanton C, Sweeney ST, Sy LK, Szabadkai G, Tabas I, Taegtmeyer H, Tafani M, Takács-Vellai K, Bursch W, Takano Y, Takegawa K, Takemura G, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Tan KS, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Tang D, Tang D, Butchar JP, Tanida I, Tannous BA, Tavernarakis N, Taylor GS, Taylor GA, Taylor JP, Terada LS, Terman A, Tettamanti G, Thevissen K, Buzgariu W, Thompson CB, Thorburn A, Thumm M, Tian F, Tian Y, Tocchini-Valentini G, Tolkovsky AM, Tomino Y, Tönges L, Tooze SA, Bydlowski SP, Tournier C, Tower J, Towns R, Trajkovic V, Travassos LH, Tsai TF, Tschan MP, Tsubata T, Tsung A, Turk B, Cadwell K, Turner LS, Tyagi SC, Uchiyama Y, Ueno T, Umekawa M, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Unni VK, Vaccaro MI, Valente EM, Van den Berghe G, Cahová M, van der Klei IJ, van Doorn WG, van Dyk LF, van Egmond M, van Grunsven LA, Vandenabeele P, Vandenberghe WP, Vanhorebeek I, Vaquero EC, Velasco G, Cai D, Vellai T, Vicencio JM, Vierstra RD, Vila M, Vindis C, Viola G, Viscomi MT, Voitsekhovskaja OV, von Haefen C, Votruba M, Cai J, Wada K, Wade-Martins R, Walker CL, Walsh CM, Walter J, Wan XB, Wang A, Wang C, Wang D, Wang F, Cai Q, Wang F, Wang G, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang HD, Wang J, Wang K, Wang M, Wang RC, Wang X, Calabretta B, Wang XJ, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Wang ZB, Wang ZC, Wang Z, Wansink DG, Ward DM, Watada H, Waters SL, Calvo-Garrido J, Webster P, Wei L, Weihl CC, Weiss WA, Welford SM, Wen LP, Whitehouse CA, Whitton JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Camougrand N, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WK, Wyttenbach A, Campanella M, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Campos-Salinas J, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Candi E, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Cao L, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Caplan AB, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Carding SR, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh, III HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Cardoso SM, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Carew JS, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Carlin CR, Zuckerbraun B, Carmignac V, Carneiro LA, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CH, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AM, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, Clark RS, Clarke PG, Clarke R, Codogno P, Coller HA, Colombo MI, Comincini S, Condello M, Condorelli F, Cookson MR, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Corbalan R, Cossart P, Costelli P, Costes S, Coto-Montes A, Couve E, Coxon FP, Cregg JM, Crespo JL, Cronjé MJ, Cuervo AM, Cullen JJ, Czaja MJ, D'Amelio M, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Davids LM, Davies FE, De Felici M, de Groot JF, de Haan CA, De Martino L, De Milito A, De Tata V, Debnath J, Degterev A, Dehay B, Delbridge LM, Demarchi F, Deng YZ, Dengjel J, Dent P, Denton D, Deretic V, Desai SD, Devenish RJ, Di Gioacchino M, Di Paolo G, Di Pietro C, Díaz-Araya G, Díaz-Laviada I, Diaz-Meco MT, Diaz-Nido J, Dikic I, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Ding WX, Distelhorst CW, Diwan A, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dokudovskaya S, Dong Z, Dorsey FC, Dosenko V, Dowling JJ, Doxsey S, Dreux M, Drew ME, Duan Q, Duchosal MA, Duff KE, Dugail I, Durbeej M, Duszenko M, Edelstein CL, Edinger AL, Egea G, Eichinger L, Eissa NT, Ekmekcioglu S, El-Deiry WS, Elazar Z, Elgendy M, Ellerby LM, Eng KE, Engelbrecht AM, Engelender S, Erenpreisa J, Escalante R, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Espert L, Espina V, Fan H, Fan J, Fan QW, Fan Z, Fang S, Fang Y, Fanto M, Fanzani A, Farkas T, Farre JC, Faure M, Fechheimer M, Feng CG, Feng J, Feng Q, Feng Y, Fésüs L, Feuer R, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Fimia GM, Fingar DC, Finkbeiner S, Finkel T, Finley KD, Fiorito F, Fisher EA, Fisher PB, Flajolet M, Florez-McClure ML, Florio S, Fon EA, Fornai F, Fortunato F, Fotedar R, Fowler DH, Fox HS, Franco R, Frankel LB, Fransen M, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujii J, Fujisaki K, Fujita E, Fukuda M, Furukawa RH, Gaestel M, Gailly P, Gajewska M, Galliot B, Galy V, Ganesh S, Ganetzky B, Ganley IG, Gao FB, Gao GF, Gao J, Garcia L, Garcia-Manero G, Garcia-Marcos M, Garmyn M, Gartel AL, Gatti E, Gautel M, Gawriluk TR, Gegg ME, Geng J, Germain M, Gestwicki JE, Gewirtz DA, Ghavami S, Ghosh P, Giammarioli AM, Giatromanolaki AN, Gibson SB, Gilkerson RW, Ginger ML, Ginsberg HN, Golab J, Goligorsky MS, Golstein P, Gomez-Manzano C, Goncu E, Gongora C, Gonzalez CD, Gonzalez R, González-Estévez C, González-Polo RA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Gorbunov NV, Gorski S, Goruppi S, Gottlieb RA, Gozuacik D, Granato GE, Grant GD, Green KN, Gregorc A, Gros F, Grose C, Grunt TW, Gual P, Guan JL, Guan KL, Guichard SM, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Gunst J, Gustafsson ÅB, Halayko AJ, Hale AN, Halonen SK, Hamasaki M, Han F, Han T, Hancock MK, Hansen M, Harada H, Harada M, Hardt SE, Harper JW, Harris AL, Harris J, Harris SD, Hashimoto M, Haspel JA, Hayashi SI, Hazelhurst LA, He C, He YW, Hébert MJ, Heidenreich KA, Helfrich MH, Helgason GV, Henske EP, Herman B, Herman PK, Hetz C, Hilfiker S, Hill JA, Hocking LJ, Hofman P, Hofmann TG, Höhfeld J, Holyoake TL, Hong MH, Hood DA, Hotamisligil GS, Houwerzijl EJ, Høyer-Hansen M, Hu B, Hu CAA, Hu HM, Hua Y, Huang C, Huang J, Huang S, Huang WP, Huber TB, Huh WK, Hung TH, Hupp TR, Hur GM, Hurley JB, Hussain SN, Hussey PJ, Hwang JJ, Hwang S, Ichihara A, Ilkhanizadeh S, Inoki K, Into T, Iovane V, Iovanna JL, Ip NY, Isaka Y, Ishida H, Isidoro C, Isobe KI, Iwasaki A, Izquierdo M, Izumi Y, Jaakkola PM, Jäättelä M, Jackson GR, Jackson WT, Janji B, Jendrach M, Jeon JH, Jeung EB, Jiang H, Jiang H, Jiang JX, Jiang M, Jiang Q, Jiang X, Jiang X, Jiménez A, Jin M, Jin SV, Joe CO, Johansen T, Johnson DE, Johnson GV, Jones NL, Joseph B, Joseph SK, Joubert AM, Juhász G, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Jung CH, Jung YK, Kaarniranta K, Kaasik A, Kabuta T, Kadowaki M, Kågedal K, Kamada Y, Kaminskyy VO, Kampinga HH, Kanamori H, Kang C, Kang KB, Kang KI, Kang R, Kang YA, Kanki T, Kanneganti TD, Kanno H, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A, Karantza V, Kaushal GP, Kaushik S, Kawazoe Y, Ke PY, Kehrl JH, Kelekar A, Kerkhoff C, Kessel DH, Khalil H, Kiel JA, Kiger AA, Kihara A, Kim DR, Kim DH, Kim DH, Kim EK, Kim HR, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim JC, Kim JK, Kim PK, Kim SW, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kimchi A, Kimmelman AC, King JS, Kinsella TJ, Kirkin V, Kirshenbaum LA, Kitamoto K, Kitazato K, Klein L, Klimecki WT, Klucken J, Knecht E, Ko BC, Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Flores JBK, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJ, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, 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Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners, Jr. JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KM, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AH, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi RK, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Juhász G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, Brumell JH, Shen WC, Sheng ZH, Shi Y, Shibuya K, Shidoji Y, Shieh JJ, Shih CM, Shimada Y, Shimizu S, Shintani T, Brunetti-Pierri N, Shirihai OS, Shore GC, Sibirny AA, Sidhu SB, Sikorska B, Silva-Zacarin EC, Simmons A, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simone C, Brunk UT, Simonsen A, Sinclair DA, Singh R, Sinha D, Sinicrope FA, Sirko A, Siu PM, Sivridis E, Skop V, Skulachev VP, Bulman DE, Slack RS, Smaili SS, Smith DR, Soengas MS, Soldati T, Song X, Sood AK, Soong TW, Sotgia F, Spector SA, Bultman SJ, Spies CD, Springer W, Srinivasula SM, Stefanis L, Steffan JS, Stendel R, Stenmark H, Stephanou A, Stern ST, Sternberg C, Bultynck G, Stork B, Strålfors P, Subauste CS, Sui X, Sulzer D, Sun J, Sun SY, Sun ZJ, Sung JJ, Suzuki K, Burbulla LF, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Swanton C, Sweeney ST, Sy LK, Szabadkai G, Tabas I, Taegtmeyer H, Tafani M, Takács-Vellai K, Bursch W, Takano Y, Takegawa K, Takemura G, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Tan KS, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Tang D, Tang D, Butchar JP, Tanida I, Tannous BA, Tavernarakis N, Taylor GS, Taylor GA, Taylor JP, Terada LS, Terman A, Tettamanti G, Thevissen K, Buzgariu W, Thompson CB, Thorburn A, Thumm M, Tian F, Tian Y, Tocchini-Valentini G, Tolkovsky AM, Tomino Y, Tönges L, Tooze SA, Bydlowski SP, Tournier C, Tower J, Towns R, Trajkovic V, Travassos LH, Tsai TF, Tschan MP, Tsubata T, Tsung A, Turk B, Cadwell K, Turner LS, Tyagi SC, Uchiyama Y, Ueno T, Umekawa M, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Unni VK, Vaccaro MI, Valente EM, Van den Berghe G, Cahová M, van der Klei IJ, van Doorn WG, van Dyk LF, van Egmond M, van Grunsven LA, Vandenabeele P, Vandenberghe WP, Vanhorebeek I, Vaquero EC, Velasco G, Cai D, Vellai T, Vicencio JM, Vierstra RD, Vila M, Vindis C, Viola G, Viscomi MT, Voitsekhovskaja OV, von Haefen C, Votruba M, Cai J, Wada K, Wade-Martins R, Walker CL, Walsh CM, Walter J, Wan XB, Wang A, Wang C, Wang D, Wang F, Cai Q, Wang F, Wang G, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang HD, Wang J, Wang K, Wang M, Wang RC, Wang X, Calabretta B, Wang XJ, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Wang ZB, Wang ZC, Wang Z, Wansink DG, Ward DM, Watada H, Waters SL, Calvo-Garrido J, Webster P, Wei L, Weihl CC, Weiss WA, Welford SM, Wen LP, Whitehouse CA, Whitton JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Camougrand N, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WK, Wyttenbach A, Campanella M, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Campos-Salinas J, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Candi E, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Cao L, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Caplan AB, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Carding SR, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh, III HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Cardoso SM, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Carew JS, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Carlin CR, Zuckerbraun B, Carmignac V, Carneiro LA, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CH, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AM, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, Clark RS, Clarke PG, Clarke R, Codogno P, Coller HA, Colombo MI, Comincini S, Condello M, Condorelli F, Cookson MR, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Corbalan R, Cossart P, Costelli P, Costes S, Coto-Montes A, Couve E, Coxon FP, Cregg JM, Crespo JL, Cronjé MJ, Cuervo AM, Cullen JJ, Czaja MJ, D'Amelio M, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Davids LM, Davies FE, De Felici M, de Groot JF, de Haan CA, De Martino L, De Milito A, De Tata V, Debnath J, Degterev A, Dehay B, Delbridge LM, Demarchi F, Deng YZ, Dengjel J, Dent P, Denton D, Deretic V, Desai SD, Devenish RJ, Di Gioacchino M, Di Paolo G, Di Pietro C, Díaz-Araya G, Díaz-Laviada I, Diaz-Meco MT, Diaz-Nido J, Dikic I, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Ding WX, Distelhorst CW, Diwan A, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dokudovskaya S, Dong Z, Dorsey FC, Dosenko V, Dowling JJ, Doxsey S, Dreux M, Drew ME, Duan Q, Duchosal MA, Duff KE, Dugail I, Durbeej M, Duszenko M, Edelstein CL, Edinger AL, Egea G, Eichinger L, Eissa NT, Ekmekcioglu S, El-Deiry WS, Elazar Z, Elgendy M, Ellerby LM, Eng KE, Engelbrecht AM, Engelender S, Erenpreisa J, Escalante R, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Espert L, Espina V, Fan H, Fan J, Fan QW, Fan Z, Fang S, Fang Y, Fanto M, Fanzani A, Farkas T, Farre JC, Faure M, Fechheimer M, Feng CG, Feng J, Feng Q, Feng Y, Fésüs L, Feuer R, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Fimia GM, Fingar DC, Finkbeiner S, Finkel T, Finley KD, Fiorito F, Fisher EA, Fisher PB, Flajolet M, Florez-McClure ML, Florio S, Fon EA, Fornai F, Fortunato F, Fotedar R, Fowler DH, Fox HS, Franco R, Frankel LB, Fransen M, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujii J, Fujisaki K, Fujita E, Fukuda M, Furukawa RH, Gaestel M, Gailly P, Gajewska M, Galliot B, Galy V, Ganesh S, Ganetzky B, Ganley IG, Gao FB, Gao GF, Gao J, Garcia L, Garcia-Manero G, Garcia-Marcos M, Garmyn M, Gartel AL, Gatti E, Gautel M, Gawriluk TR, Gegg ME, Geng J, Germain M, Gestwicki JE, Gewirtz DA, Ghavami S, Ghosh P, Giammarioli AM, Giatromanolaki AN, Gibson SB, Gilkerson RW, Ginger ML, Ginsberg HN, Golab J, Goligorsky MS, Golstein P, Gomez-Manzano C, Goncu E, Gongora C, Gonzalez CD, Gonzalez R, González-Estévez C, González-Polo RA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Gorbunov NV, Gorski S, Goruppi S, Gottlieb RA, Gozuacik D, Granato GE, Grant GD, Green KN, Gregorc A, Gros F, Grose C, Grunt TW, Gual P, Guan JL, Guan KL, Guichard SM, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Gunst J, Gustafsson ÅB, Halayko AJ, Hale AN, Halonen SK, Hamasaki M, Han F, Han T, Hancock MK, Hansen M, Harada H, Harada M, Hardt SE, Harper JW, Harris AL, Harris J, Harris SD, Hashimoto M, Haspel JA, Hayashi SI, Hazelhurst LA, He C, He YW, Hébert MJ, Heidenreich KA, Helfrich MH, Helgason GV, Henske EP, Herman B, Herman PK, Hetz C, Hilfiker S, Hill JA, Hocking LJ, Hofman P, Hofmann TG, Höhfeld J, Holyoake TL, Hong MH, Hood DA, Hotamisligil GS, Houwerzijl EJ, Høyer-Hansen M, Hu B, Hu CAA, Hu HM, Hua Y, Huang C, Huang J, Huang S, Huang WP, Huber TB, Huh WK, Hung TH, Hupp TR, Hur GM, Hurley JB, Hussain SN, Hussey PJ, Hwang JJ, Hwang S, Ichihara A, Ilkhanizadeh S, Inoki K, Into T, Iovane V, Iovanna JL, Ip NY, Isaka Y, Ishida H, Isidoro C, Isobe KI, Iwasaki A, Izquierdo M, Izumi Y, Jaakkola PM, Jäättelä M, Jackson GR, Jackson WT, Janji B, Jendrach M, Jeon JH, Jeung EB, Jiang H, Jiang H, Jiang JX, Jiang M, Jiang Q, Jiang X, Jiang X, Jiménez A, Jin M, Jin SV, Joe CO, Johansen T, Johnson DE, Johnson GV, Jones NL, Joseph B, Joseph SK, Joubert AM, Juhász G, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Jung CH, Jung YK, Kaarniranta K, Kaasik A, Kabuta T, Kadowaki M, Kågedal K, Kamada Y, Kaminskyy VO, Kampinga HH, Kanamori H, Kang C, Kang KB, Kang KI, Kang R, Kang YA, Kanki T, Kanneganti TD, Kanno H, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A, Karantza V, Kaushal GP, Kaushik S, Kawazoe Y, Ke PY, Kehrl JH, Kelekar A, Kerkhoff C, Kessel DH, Khalil H, Kiel JA, Kiger AA, Kihara A, Kim DR, Kim DH, Kim DH, Kim EK, Kim HR, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim JC, Kim JK, Kim PK, Kim SW, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kimchi A, Kimmelman AC, King JS, Kinsella TJ, Kirkin V, Kirshenbaum LA, Kitamoto K, Kitazato K, Klein L, Klimecki WT, Klucken J, Knecht E, Ko BC, Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Flores JBK, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJ, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, Liu QA, Liu W, Liu YC, Liu Y, Lockshin RA, Lok CN, Lonial S, Loos B, Lopez-Berestein G, López-Otín C, Lossi L, Lotze MT, Low P, Lu B, Lu B, Lu B, Lu Z, Luciano F, Lukacs NW, Lund AH, Lynch-Day MA, Ma Y, Macian F, MacKeigan JP, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Maiuri L, Maiuri MC, Malagoli D, Malicdan MCV, Malorni W, Man N, Mandelkow EM, Manon S, Manov I, Mao K, Mao X, Mao Z, Marambaud P, Marazziti D, Marcel YL, Marchbank K, Marchetti P, Marciniak SJ, Marcondes M, Mardi M, Marfe G, Mariño G, Markaki M, Marten MR, Martin SJ, Martinand-Mari C, Martinet W, Martinez-Vicente M, Masini M, Matarrese P, Matsuo S, Matteoni R, Mayer A, Mazure NM, McConkey DJ, McConnell MJ, McDermott C, McDonald C, McInerney GM, McKenna SL, McLaughlin B, McLean PJ, McMaster CR, McQuibban GA, Meijer AJ, Meisler MH, Meléndez A, Melia TJ, Melino G, Mena MA, Menendez JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Menon MB, Menzies FM, Mercer CA, Merighi A, Merry DE, Meschini S, Meyer CG, Meyer TF, Miao CY, Miao JY, Michels PA, Michiels C, Mijaljica D, Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners, Jr. JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KM, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AH, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi RK, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Juhász G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, Brumell JH, Shen WC, Sheng ZH, Shi Y, Shibuya K, Shidoji Y, Shieh JJ, Shih CM, Shimada Y, Shimizu S, Shintani T, Brunetti-Pierri N, Shirihai OS, Shore GC, Sibirny AA, Sidhu SB, Sikorska B, Silva-Zacarin EC, Simmons A, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simone C, Brunk UT, Simonsen A, Sinclair DA, Singh R, Sinha D, Sinicrope FA, Sirko A, Siu PM, Sivridis E, Skop V, Skulachev VP, Bulman DE, Slack RS, Smaili SS, Smith DR, Soengas MS, Soldati T, Song X, Sood AK, Soong TW, Sotgia F, Spector SA, Bultman SJ, Spies CD, Springer W, Srinivasula SM, Stefanis L, Steffan JS, Stendel R, Stenmark H, Stephanou A, Stern ST, Sternberg C, Bultynck G, Stork B, Strålfors P, Subauste CS, Sui X, Sulzer D, Sun J, Sun SY, Sun ZJ, Sung JJ, Suzuki K, Burbulla LF, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Swanton C, Sweeney ST, Sy LK, Szabadkai G, Tabas I, Taegtmeyer H, Tafani M, Takács-Vellai K, Bursch W, Takano Y, Takegawa K, Takemura G, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Tan KS, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Tang D, Tang D, Butchar JP, Tanida I, Tannous BA, Tavernarakis N, Taylor GS, Taylor GA, Taylor JP, Terada LS, Terman A, Tettamanti G, Thevissen K, Buzgariu W, Thompson CB, Thorburn A, Thumm M, Tian F, Tian Y, Tocchini-Valentini G, Tolkovsky AM, Tomino Y, Tönges L, Tooze SA, Bydlowski SP, Tournier C, Tower J, Towns R, Trajkovic V, Travassos LH, Tsai TF, Tschan MP, Tsubata T, Tsung A, Turk B, Cadwell K, Turner LS, Tyagi SC, Uchiyama Y, Ueno T, Umekawa M, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Unni VK, Vaccaro MI, Valente EM, Van den Berghe G, Cahová M, van der Klei IJ, van Doorn WG, van Dyk LF, van Egmond M, van Grunsven LA, Vandenabeele P, Vandenberghe WP, Vanhorebeek I, Vaquero EC, Velasco G, Cai D, Vellai T, Vicencio JM, Vierstra RD, Vila M, Vindis C, Viola G, Viscomi MT, Voitsekhovskaja OV, von Haefen C, Votruba M, Cai J, Wada K, Wade-Martins R, Walker CL, Walsh CM, Walter J, Wan XB, Wang A, Wang C, Wang D, Wang F, Cai Q, Wang F, Wang G, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang HD, Wang J, Wang K, Wang M, Wang RC, Wang X, Calabretta B, Wang XJ, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Wang ZB, Wang ZC, Wang Z, Wansink DG, Ward DM, Watada H, Waters SL, Calvo-Garrido J, Webster P, Wei L, Weihl CC, Weiss WA, Welford SM, Wen LP, Whitehouse CA, Whitton JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Camougrand N, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WK, Wyttenbach A, Campanella M, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Campos-Salinas J, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Candi E, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Cao L, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Caplan AB, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Carding SR, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh, III HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Cardoso SM, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Carew JS, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Carlin CR, Zuckerbraun B, Carmignac V, Carneiro LA, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CH, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AM, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, 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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Flores JBK, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJ, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, Liu QA, Liu W, Liu YC, Liu Y, Lockshin RA, Lok CN, Lonial S, Loos B, Lopez-Berestein G, López-Otín C, Lossi L, Lotze MT, Low P, Lu B, Lu B, Lu B, Lu Z, Luciano F, Lukacs NW, Lund AH, Lynch-Day MA, Ma Y, Macian F, MacKeigan JP, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Maiuri L, Maiuri MC, Malagoli D, Malicdan MCV, Malorni W, Man N, Mandelkow EM, Manon S, Manov I, Mao K, Mao X, Mao Z, Marambaud P, Marazziti D, Marcel YL, Marchbank K, Marchetti P, Marciniak SJ, Marcondes M, Mardi M, Marfe G, Mariño G, Markaki M, Marten MR, Martin SJ, Martinand-Mari C, Martinet W, Martinez-Vicente M, Masini M, Matarrese P, Matsuo S, Matteoni R, Mayer A, Mazure NM, McConkey DJ, McConnell MJ, McDermott C, McDonald C, McInerney GM, McKenna SL, McLaughlin B, McLean PJ, McMaster CR, McQuibban GA, Meijer AJ, Meisler MH, Meléndez A, Melia TJ, Melino G, Mena MA, Menendez JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Menon MB, Menzies FM, Mercer CA, Merighi A, Merry DE, Meschini S, Meyer CG, Meyer TF, Miao CY, Miao JY, Michels PA, Michiels C, Mijaljica D, Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners, Jr. JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KM, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AH, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi RK, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Juhász G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, Brumell JH, Shen WC, Sheng ZH, Shi Y, Shibuya K, Shidoji Y, Shieh JJ, Shih CM, Shimada Y, Shimizu S, Shintani T, Brunetti-Pierri N, Shirihai OS, Shore GC, Sibirny AA, Sidhu SB, Sikorska B, Silva-Zacarin EC, Simmons A, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simone C, Brunk UT, Simonsen A, Sinclair DA, Singh R, Sinha D, Sinicrope FA, Sirko A, Siu PM, Sivridis E, Skop V, Skulachev VP, Bulman DE, Slack RS, Smaili SS, Smith DR, Soengas MS, Soldati T, Song X, Sood AK, Soong TW, Sotgia F, Spector SA, Bultman SJ, Spies CD, Springer W, Srinivasula SM, Stefanis L, Steffan JS, Stendel R, Stenmark H, Stephanou A, Stern ST, Sternberg C, Bultynck G, Stork B, Strålfors P, Subauste CS, Sui X, Sulzer D, Sun J, Sun SY, Sun ZJ, Sung JJ, Suzuki K, Burbulla LF, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Swanton C, Sweeney ST, Sy LK, Szabadkai G, Tabas I, Taegtmeyer H, Tafani M, Takács-Vellai K, Bursch W, Takano Y, Takegawa K, Takemura G, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Tan KS, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Tang D, Tang D, Butchar JP, Tanida I, Tannous BA, Tavernarakis N, Taylor GS, Taylor GA, Taylor JP, Terada LS, Terman A, Tettamanti G, Thevissen K, Buzgariu W, Thompson CB, Thorburn A, Thumm M, Tian F, Tian Y, Tocchini-Valentini G, Tolkovsky AM, Tomino Y, Tönges L, Tooze SA, Bydlowski SP, Tournier C, Tower J, Towns R, Trajkovic V, Travassos LH, Tsai TF, Tschan MP, Tsubata T, Tsung A, Turk B, Cadwell K, Turner LS, Tyagi SC, Uchiyama Y, Ueno T, Umekawa M, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Unni VK, Vaccaro MI, Valente EM, Van den Berghe G, Cahová M, van der Klei IJ, van Doorn WG, van Dyk LF, van Egmond M, van Grunsven LA, Vandenabeele P, Vandenberghe WP, Vanhorebeek I, Vaquero EC, Velasco G, Cai D, Vellai T, Vicencio JM, Vierstra RD, Vila M, Vindis C, Viola G, Viscomi MT, Voitsekhovskaja OV, von Haefen C, Votruba M, Cai J, Wada K, Wade-Martins R, Walker CL, Walsh CM, Walter J, Wan XB, Wang A, Wang C, Wang D, Wang F, Cai Q, Wang F, Wang G, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang HD, Wang J, Wang K, Wang M, Wang RC, Wang X, Calabretta B, Wang XJ, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Wang ZB, Wang ZC, Wang Z, Wansink DG, Ward DM, Watada H, Waters SL, Calvo-Garrido J, Webster P, Wei L, Weihl CC, Weiss WA, Welford SM, Wen LP, Whitehouse CA, Whitton JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Camougrand N, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WK, Wyttenbach A, Campanella M, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Campos-Salinas J, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Candi E, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Cao L, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Caplan AB, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Carding SR, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh, III HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Cardoso SM, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Carew JS, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Carlin CR, Zuckerbraun B, Carmignac V, Carneiro LA, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CH, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AM, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, Clark RS, Clarke PG, Clarke R, Codogno P, Coller HA, Colombo MI, Comincini S, Condello M, Condorelli F, Cookson MR, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Corbalan R, Cossart P, Costelli P, Costes S, Coto-Montes A, Couve E, Coxon FP, Cregg JM, Crespo JL, Cronjé MJ, Cuervo AM, Cullen JJ, Czaja MJ, D'Amelio M, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Davids LM, Davies FE, De Felici M, de Groot JF, de Haan CA, De Martino L, De Milito A, De Tata V, Debnath J, Degterev A, Dehay B, Delbridge LM, Demarchi F, Deng YZ, Dengjel J, Dent P, Denton D, Deretic V, Desai SD, Devenish RJ, Di Gioacchino M, Di Paolo G, Di Pietro C, Díaz-Araya G, Díaz-Laviada I, Diaz-Meco MT, Diaz-Nido J, Dikic I, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Ding WX, Distelhorst CW, Diwan A, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dokudovskaya S, Dong Z, Dorsey FC, Dosenko V, Dowling JJ, Doxsey S, Dreux M, Drew ME, Duan Q, Duchosal MA, Duff KE, Dugail I, Durbeej M, Duszenko M, Edelstein CL, Edinger AL, Egea G, Eichinger L, Eissa NT, Ekmekcioglu S, El-Deiry WS, Elazar Z, Elgendy M, Ellerby LM, Eng KE, Engelbrecht AM, Engelender S, Erenpreisa J, Escalante R, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Espert L, Espina V, Fan H, Fan J, Fan QW, Fan Z, Fang S, Fang Y, Fanto M, Fanzani A, Farkas T, Farre JC, Faure M, Fechheimer M, Feng CG, Feng J, Feng Q, Feng Y, Fésüs L, Feuer R, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Fimia GM, Fingar DC, Finkbeiner S, Finkel T, Finley KD, Fiorito F, Fisher EA, Fisher PB, Flajolet M, Florez-McClure ML, Florio S, Fon EA, Fornai F, Fortunato F, Fotedar R, Fowler DH, Fox HS, Franco R, Frankel LB, Fransen M, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujii J, Fujisaki K, Fujita E, Fukuda M, Furukawa RH, Gaestel M, Gailly P, Gajewska M, Galliot B, Galy V, Ganesh S, Ganetzky B, Ganley IG, Gao FB, Gao GF, Gao J, Garcia L, Garcia-Manero G, Garcia-Marcos M, Garmyn M, Gartel AL, Gatti E, Gautel M, Gawriluk TR, Gegg ME, Geng J, Germain M, Gestwicki JE, Gewirtz DA, Ghavami S, Ghosh P, Giammarioli AM, Giatromanolaki AN, Gibson SB, Gilkerson RW, Ginger ML, Ginsberg HN, Golab J, Goligorsky MS, Golstein P, Gomez-Manzano C, Goncu E, Gongora C, Gonzalez CD, Gonzalez R, González-Estévez C, González-Polo RA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Gorbunov NV, Gorski S, Goruppi S, Gottlieb RA, Gozuacik D, Granato GE, Grant GD, Green KN, Gregorc A, Gros F, Grose C, Grunt TW, Gual P, Guan JL, Guan KL, Guichard SM, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Gunst J, Gustafsson ÅB, Halayko AJ, Hale AN, Halonen SK, Hamasaki M, Han F, Han T, Hancock MK, Hansen M, Harada H, Harada M, Hardt SE, Harper JW, Harris AL, Harris J, Harris SD, Hashimoto M, Haspel JA, Hayashi SI, Hazelhurst LA, He C, He YW, Hébert MJ, Heidenreich KA, Helfrich MH, Helgason GV, Henske EP, Herman B, Herman PK, Hetz C, Hilfiker S, Hill JA, Hocking LJ, Hofman P, Hofmann TG, Höhfeld J, Holyoake TL, Hong MH, Hood DA, Hotamisligil GS, Houwerzijl EJ, Høyer-Hansen M, Hu B, Hu CAA, Hu HM, Hua Y, Huang C, Huang J, Huang S, Huang WP, Huber TB, Huh WK, Hung TH, Hupp TR, Hur GM, Hurley JB, Hussain SN, Hussey PJ, Hwang JJ, Hwang S, Ichihara A, Ilkhanizadeh S, Inoki K, Into T, Iovane V, Iovanna JL, Ip NY, Isaka Y, Ishida H, Isidoro C, Isobe KI, Iwasaki A, Izquierdo M, Izumi Y, Jaakkola PM, Jäättelä M, Jackson GR, Jackson WT, Janji B, Jendrach M, Jeon JH, Jeung EB, Jiang H, Jiang H, Jiang JX, Jiang M, Jiang Q, Jiang X, Jiang X, Jiménez A, Jin M, Jin SV, Joe CO, Johansen T, Johnson DE, Johnson GV, Jones NL, Joseph B, Joseph SK, Joubert AM, Juhász G, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Jung CH, Jung YK, Kaarniranta K, Kaasik A, Kabuta T, Kadowaki M, Kågedal K, Kamada Y, Kaminskyy VO, Kampinga HH, Kanamori H, Kang C, Kang KB, Kang KI, Kang R, Kang YA, Kanki T, Kanneganti TD, Kanno H, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A, Karantza V, Kaushal GP, Kaushik S, Kawazoe Y, Ke PY, Kehrl JH, Kelekar A, Kerkhoff C, Kessel DH, Khalil H, Kiel JA, Kiger AA, Kihara A, Kim DR, Kim DH, Kim DH, Kim EK, Kim HR, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim JC, Kim JK, Kim PK, Kim SW, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kimchi A, Kimmelman AC, King JS, Kinsella TJ, Kirkin V, Kirshenbaum LA, Kitamoto K, Kitazato K, Klein L, Klimecki WT, Klucken J, Knecht E, Ko BC, Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Flores JBK, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJ, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, Liu QA, Liu W, Liu YC, Liu Y, Lockshin RA, Lok CN, Lonial S, Loos B, Lopez-Berestein G, López-Otín C, Lossi L, Lotze MT, Low P, Lu B, Lu B, Lu B, Lu Z, Luciano F, Lukacs NW, Lund AH, Lynch-Day MA, Ma Y, Macian F, MacKeigan JP, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Maiuri L, Maiuri MC, Malagoli D, Malicdan MCV, Malorni W, Man N, Mandelkow EM, Manon S, Manov I, Mao K, Mao X, Mao Z, Marambaud P, Marazziti D, Marcel YL, Marchbank K, Marchetti P, Marciniak SJ, Marcondes M, Mardi M, Marfe G, Mariño G, Markaki M, Marten MR, Martin SJ, Martinand-Mari C, Martinet W, Martinez-Vicente M, Masini M, Matarrese P, Matsuo S, Matteoni R, Mayer A, Mazure NM, McConkey DJ, McConnell MJ, McDermott C, McDonald C, McInerney GM, McKenna SL, McLaughlin B, McLean PJ, McMaster CR, McQuibban GA, Meijer AJ, Meisler MH, Meléndez A, Melia TJ, Melino G, Mena MA, Menendez JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Menon MB, Menzies FM, Mercer CA, Merighi A, Merry DE, Meschini S, Meyer CG, Meyer TF, Miao CY, Miao JY, Michels PA, Michiels C, Mijaljica D, Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners, Jr. JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KM, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AH, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi R, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NYO, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ETW, Bánhegyi G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, Bourquin JP, Boya P, Boyer-Guittaut M, Bozhkov PV, Brady NR, Brancolini C, Brech A, Brenman JE, Brennand A, Bresnick EH, Brest P, Bridges D, Bristol ML, Brookes PS, Brown EJ, Brumell JH, Brunetti-Pierri N, Brunk UT, Bulman DE, Bultman SJ, Bultynck G, Burbulla LF, Bursch W, Butchar JP, Buzgariu W, Bydlowski SP, Cadwell K, Cahová M, Cai D, Cai J, Cai Q, Calabretta B, Calvo-Garrido J, Camougrand N, Campanella M, Campos-Salinas J, Candi E, Cao L, Caplan AB, Carding SR, Cardoso SM, Carew JS, Carlin CR, Carmignac V, Carneiro LAM, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CHK, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AMK, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, Clark RSB, Clarke PGH, Clarke R, Codogno P, Coller HA, Colombo MI, Comincini S, Condello M, Condorelli F, Cookson MR, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Corbalan R, Cossart P, Costelli P, Costes S, Coto-Montes A, Couve E, Coxon FP, Cregg JM, Crespo JL, Cronjé MJ, Cuervo AM, Cullen JJ, Czaja MJ, D'Amelio M, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Davids LM, Davies FE, De Felici M, de Groot JF, de Haan CAM, De Martino L, De Milito A, De Tata V, Debnath J, Degterev A, Dehay B, Delbridge LMD, Demarchi F, Deng YZ, Dengjel J, Dent P, Denton D, Deretic V, Desai SD, Devenish RJ, Di Gioacchino M, Di Paolo G, Di Pietro C, Díaz-Araya G, Díaz-Laviada I, Diaz-Meco MT, Diaz-Nido J, Dikic I, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Ding WX, Distelhorst CW, Diwan A, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dokudovskaya S, Dong Z, Dorsey FC, Dosenko V, Dowling JJ, Doxsey S, Dreux M, Drew ME, Duan Q, Duchosal MA, Duff K, Dugail I, Durbeej M, Duszenko M, Edelstein CL, Edinger AL, Egea G, Eichinger L, Eissa NT, Ekmekcioglu S, El-Deiry WS, Elazar Z, Elgendy M, Ellerby LM, Eng KE, Engelbrecht AM, Engelender S, Erenpreisa J, Escalante R, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Espert L, Espina V, Fan H, Fan J, Fan QW, Fan Z, Fang S, Fang Y, Fanto M, Fanzani A, Farkas T, Farré JC, Faure M, Fechheimer M, Feng CG, Feng J, Feng Q, Feng Y, Fésüs L, Feuer R, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Fimia GM, Fingar DC, Finkbeiner S, Finkel T, Finley KD, Fiorito F, Fisher EA, Fisher PB, Flajolet M, Florez-McClure ML, Florio S, Fon EA, Fornai F, Fortunato F, Fotedar R, Fowler DH, Fox HS, Franco R, Frankel LB, Fransen M, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujii J, Fujisaki K, Fujita E, Fukuda M, Furukawa RH, Gaestel M, Gailly P, Gajewska M, Galliot B, Galy V, Ganesh S, Ganetzky B, Ganley IG, Gao FB, Gao GF, Gao J, Garcia L, Garcia-Manero G, Garcia-Marcos M, Garmyn M, Gartel AL, Gatti E, Gautel M, Gawriluk TR, Gegg ME, Geng J, Germain M, Gestwicki JE, Gewirtz DA, Ghavami S, Ghosh P, Giammarioli AM, Giatromanolaki AN, Gibson SB, Gilkerson RW, Ginger ML, Ginsberg HN, Golab J, Goligorsky MS, Golstein P, Gomez-Manzano C, Goncu E, Gongora C, Gonzalez CD, Gonzalez R, González-Estévez C, González-Polo RA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Gorbunov NV, Gorski S, Goruppi S, Gottlieb RA, Gozuacik D, Granato GE, Grant GD, Green KN, Gregorc A, Gros F, Grose C, Grunt TW, Gual P, Guan JL, Guan KL, Guichard SM, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Gunst J, Gustafsson AB, Halayko AJ, Hale AN, Halonen SK, Hamasaki M, Han F, Han T, Hancock MK, Hansen M, Harada H, Harada M, Hardt SE, Harper JW, Harris AL, Harris J, Harris SD, Hashimoto M, Haspel JA, Hayashi SI, Hazelhurst LA, He C, He YW, Hébert MJ, Heidenreich KA, Helfrich MH, Helgason GV, Henske EP, Herman B, Herman PK, Hetz C, Hilfiker S, Hill JA, Hocking LJ, Hofman P, Hofmann TG, Höhfeld J, Holyoake TL, Hong MH, Hood DA, Hotamisligil GS, Houwerzijl EJ, Høyer-Hansen M, Hu B, Hu CAA, Hu HM, Hua Y, Huang C, Huang J, Huang S, Huang WP, Huber TB, Huh WK, Hung TH, Hupp TR, Hur GM, Hurley JB, Hussain SNA, Hussey PJ, Hwang JJ, Hwang S, Ichihara A, Ilkhanizadeh S, Inoki K, Into T, Iovane V, Iovanna JL, Ip NY, Isaka Y, Ishida H, Isidoro C, Isobe KI, Iwasaki A, Izquierdo M, Izumi Y, Jaakkola PM, Jäättelä M, Jackson GR, Jackson WT, Janji B, Jendrach M, Jeon JH, Jeung EB, Jiang H, Jiang H, Jiang JX, Jiang M, Jiang Q, Jiang X, Jiang X, Jiménez A, Jin M, Jin S, Joe CO, Johansen T, Johnson DE, Johnson GVW, Jones NL, Joseph B, Joseph SK, Joubert AM, Juhász G, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Jung CH, Jung YK, Kaarniranta K, Kaasik A, Kabuta T, Kadowaki M, Kagedal K, Kamada Y, Kaminskyy VO, Kampinga HH, Kanamori H, Kang C, Kang KB, Kang KI, Kang R, Kang YA, Kanki T, Kanneganti TD, Kanno H, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A, Karantza V, Kaushal GP, Kaushik S, Kawazoe Y, Ke PY, Kehrl JH, Kelekar A, Kerkhoff C, Kessel DH, Khalil H, Kiel JAKW, Kiger AA, Kihara A, Kim DR, Kim DH, Kim DH, Kim EK, Kim HR, Kim JS, Kim JH, Kim JC, Kim JK, Kim PK, Kim SW, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kimchi A, Kimmelman AC, King JS, Kinsella TJ, Kirkin V, Kirshenbaum LA, Kitamoto K, Kitazato K, Klein L, Klimecki WT, Klucken J, Knecht E, Ko BCB, Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Kouri Flores JB, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJX, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, Lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, Liu QA, Liu W, Liu YC, Liu Y, Lockshin RA, Lok CN, Lonial S, Loos B, Lopez-Berestein G, López-Otín C, Lossi L, Lotze MT, Lőw P, Lu B, Lu B, Lu B, Lu Z, Luciano F, Lukacs NW, Lund AH, Lynch-Day MA, Ma Y, Macian F, MacKeigan JP, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Maiuri L, Maiuri MC, Malagoli D, Malicdan MCV, Malorni W, Man N, Mandelkow EM, Manon S, Manov I, Mao K, Mao X, Mao Z, Marambaud P, Marazziti D, Marcel YL, Marchbank K, Marchetti P, Marciniak SJ, Marcondes M, Mardi M, Marfe G, Mariño G, Markaki M, Marten MR, Martin SJ, Martinand-Mari C, Martinet W, Martinez-Vicente M, Masini M, Matarrese P, Matsuo S, Matteoni R, Mayer A, Mazure NM, McConkey DJ, McConnell MJ, McDermott C, McDonald C, McInerney GM, McKenna SL, McLaughlin B, McLean PJ, McMaster CR, McQuibban GA, Meijer AJ, Meisler MH, Meléndez A, Melia TJ, Melino G, Mena MA, Menendez JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Menon MB, Menzies FM, Mercer CA, Merighi A, Merry DE, Meschini S, Meyer CG, Meyer TF, Miao CY, Miao JY, Michels PAM, Michiels C, Mijaljica D, Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KMA, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AMJ, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AHV, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM, Shen WC, Sheng ZH, Shi Y, Shibuya K, Shidoji Y, Shieh JJ, Shih CM, Shimada Y, Shimizu S, Shintani T, Shirihai OS, Shore GC, Sibirny AA, Sidhu SB, Sikorska B, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Simmons A, Simon AK, Simon HU, Simone C, Simonsen A, Sinclair DA, Singh R, Sinha D, Sinicrope FA, Sirko A, Siu PM, Sivridis E, Skop V, Skulachev VP, Slack RS, Smaili SS, Smith DR, Soengas MS, Soldati T, Song X, Sood AK, Soong TW, Sotgia F, Spector SA, Spies CD, Springer W, Srinivasula SM, Stefanis L, Steffan JS, Stendel R, Stenmark H, Stephanou A, Stern ST, Sternberg C, Stork B, Strålfors P, Subauste CS, Sui X, Sulzer D, Sun J, Sun SY, Sun ZJ, Sung JJY, Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Swanson MS, Swanton C, Sweeney ST, Sy LK, Szabadkai G, Tabas I, Taegtmeyer H, Tafani M, Takács-Vellai K, Takano Y, Takegawa K, Takemura G, Takeshita F, Talbot NJ, Tan KSW, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Tang D, Tang D, Tanida I, Tannous BA, Tavernarakis N, Taylor GS, Taylor GA, Taylor JP, Terada 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JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WKK, Wyttenbach A, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Zuckerbraun B. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012; 8:445-544. [PMID: 22966490 PMCID: PMC3404883 DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2742] [Impact Index Per Article: 228.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Klionsky DJ, Abdalla FC, Abeliovich H, Abraham RT, Acevedo-Arozena A, Adeli K, Agholme L, Agnello M, Agostinis P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Ahn HJ, Ait-Mohamed O, Ait-Si-Ali S, Akematsu T, Akira S, Al-Younes HM, Al-Zeer MA, Albert ML, Albin RL, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Aleo MF, Alirezaei M, Almasan A, Almonte-Becerril M, Amano A, Amaravadi RK, Amarnath S, Amer AO, Andrieu-Abadie N, Anantharam V, Ann DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Aoki H, Apostolova N, Arancia G, Aris JP, Asanuma K, Asare NY, Ashida H, Askanas V, Askew DS, Auberger P, Baba M, Backues SK, Baehrecke EH, Bahr BA, Bai XY, Bailly Y, Baiocchi R, Baldini G, Balduini W, Ballabio A, Bamber BA, Bampton ET, Juhász G, Bartholomew CR, Bassham DC, Bast RC, Batoko H, Bay BH, Beau I, Béchet DM, Begley TJ, Behl C, Behrends C, Bekri S, Bellaire B, Bendall LJ, Benetti L, Berliocchi L, Bernardi H, Bernassola F, Besteiro S, Bhatia-Kissova I, Bi X, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Blum JS, Boise LH, Bonaldo P, Boone DL, Bornhauser BC, Bortoluci KR, Bossis I, Bost F, 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XB, Wang A, Wang C, Wang D, Wang F, Cai Q, Wang F, Wang G, Wang H, Wang HG, Wang HD, Wang J, Wang K, Wang M, Wang RC, Wang X, Calabretta B, Wang XJ, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Wang ZB, Wang ZC, Wang Z, Wansink DG, Ward DM, Watada H, Waters SL, Calvo-Garrido J, Webster P, Wei L, Weihl CC, Weiss WA, Welford SM, Wen LP, Whitehouse CA, Whitton JL, Whitworth AJ, Wileman T, Camougrand N, Wiley JW, Wilkinson S, Willbold D, Williams RL, Williamson PR, Wouters BG, Wu C, Wu DC, Wu WK, Wyttenbach A, Campanella M, Xavier RJ, Xi Z, Xia P, Xiao G, Xie Z, Xie Z, Xu DZ, Xu J, Xu L, Xu X, Campos-Salinas J, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto A, Yamashina S, Yamashita M, Yan X, Yanagida M, Yang DS, Yang E, Yang JM, Yang SY, Candi E, Yang W, Yang WY, Yang Z, Yao MC, Yao TP, Yeganeh B, Yen WL, Yin JJ, Yin XM, Yoo OJ, Cao L, Yoon G, Yoon SY, Yorimitsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshimori T, Yoshimoto K, You HJ, Youle RJ, Younes A, Yu L, Caplan AB, Yu L, Yu SW, Yu WH, Yuan ZM, Yue Z, Yun CH, Yuzaki M, Zabirnyk O, Silva-Zacarin E, Zacks D, Carding SR, Zacksenhaus E, Zaffaroni N, Zakeri Z, Zeh, III HJ, Zeitlin SO, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Zhang J, Zhang JP, Zhang L, Cardoso SM, Zhang L, Zhang MY, Zhang XD, Zhao M, Zhao YF, Zhao Y, Zhao ZJ, Zheng X, Zhivotovsky B, Zhong Q, Carew JS, Zhou CZ, Zhu C, Zhu WG, Zhu XF, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zoladek T, Zong WX, Zorzano A, Zschocke J, Carlin CR, Zuckerbraun B, Carmignac V, Carneiro LA, Carra S, Caruso RA, Casari G, Casas C, Castino R, Cebollero E, Cecconi F, Celli J, Chaachouay H, Chae HJ, Chai CY, Chan DC, Chan EY, Chang RCC, Che CM, Chen CC, Chen GC, Chen GQ, Chen M, Chen Q, Chen SSL, Chen W, Chen X, Chen X, Chen X, Chen YG, Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Cheng A, Cheng CH, Cheng Y, Cheong H, Cheong JH, Cherry S, Chess-Williams R, Cheung ZH, Chevet E, Chiang HL, Chiarelli R, Chiba T, Chin LS, Chiou SH, Chisari FV, Cho CH, Cho DH, Choi AM, Choi D, Choi KS, Choi ME, Chouaib S, Choubey D, Choubey V, Chu CT, Chuang TH, Chueh SH, Chun T, Chwae YJ, Chye ML, Ciarcia R, Ciriolo MR, Clague MJ, Clark RS, Clarke PG, Clarke R, Codogno P, Coller HA, Colombo MI, Comincini S, Condello M, Condorelli F, Cookson MR, Coombs GH, Coppens I, Corbalan R, Cossart P, Costelli P, Costes S, Coto-Montes A, Couve E, Coxon FP, Cregg JM, Crespo JL, Cronjé MJ, Cuervo AM, Cullen JJ, Czaja MJ, D'Amelio M, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Davids LM, Davies FE, De Felici M, de Groot JF, de Haan CA, De Martino L, De Milito A, De Tata V, Debnath J, Degterev A, Dehay B, Delbridge LM, Demarchi F, Deng YZ, Dengjel J, Dent P, Denton D, Deretic V, Desai SD, Devenish RJ, Di Gioacchino M, Di Paolo G, Di Pietro C, Díaz-Araya G, Díaz-Laviada I, Diaz-Meco MT, Diaz-Nido J, Dikic I, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Ding WX, Distelhorst CW, Diwan A, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Dokudovskaya S, Dong Z, Dorsey FC, Dosenko V, Dowling JJ, Doxsey S, Dreux M, Drew ME, Duan Q, Duchosal MA, Duff KE, Dugail I, Durbeej M, Duszenko M, Edelstein CL, Edinger AL, Egea G, Eichinger L, Eissa NT, Ekmekcioglu S, El-Deiry WS, Elazar Z, Elgendy M, Ellerby LM, Eng KE, Engelbrecht AM, Engelender S, Erenpreisa J, Escalante R, Esclatine A, Eskelinen EL, Espert L, Espina V, Fan H, Fan J, Fan QW, Fan Z, Fang S, Fang Y, Fanto M, Fanzani A, Farkas T, Farre JC, Faure M, Fechheimer M, Feng CG, Feng J, Feng Q, Feng Y, Fésüs L, Feuer R, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Fimia GM, Fingar DC, Finkbeiner S, Finkel T, Finley KD, Fiorito F, Fisher EA, Fisher PB, Flajolet M, Florez-McClure ML, Florio S, Fon EA, Fornai F, Fortunato F, Fotedar R, Fowler DH, Fox HS, Franco R, Frankel LB, Fransen M, Fuentes JM, Fueyo J, Fujii J, Fujisaki K, Fujita E, Fukuda M, Furukawa RH, Gaestel M, Gailly P, Gajewska M, Galliot B, Galy V, Ganesh S, Ganetzky B, Ganley IG, Gao FB, Gao GF, Gao J, Garcia L, Garcia-Manero G, Garcia-Marcos M, Garmyn M, Gartel AL, Gatti E, Gautel M, Gawriluk TR, Gegg ME, Geng J, Germain M, Gestwicki JE, Gewirtz DA, Ghavami S, Ghosh P, Giammarioli AM, Giatromanolaki AN, Gibson SB, Gilkerson RW, Ginger ML, Ginsberg HN, Golab J, Goligorsky MS, Golstein P, Gomez-Manzano C, 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Koch JC, Koga H, Koh JY, Koh YH, Koike M, Komatsu M, Kominami E, Kong HJ, Kong WJ, Korolchuk VI, Kotake Y, Koukourakis MI, Flores JBK, Kovács AL, Kraft C, Krainc D, Krämer H, Kretz-Remy C, Krichevsky AM, Kroemer G, Krüger R, Krut O, Ktistakis NT, Kuan CY, Kucharczyk R, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kundu M, Kung HJ, Kurz T, Kwon HJ, La Spada AR, Lafont F, Lamark T, Landry J, Lane JD, Lapaquette P, Laporte JF, László L, Lavandero S, Lavoie JN, Layfield R, Lazo PA, Le W, Le Cam L, Ledbetter DJ, Lee AJ, Lee BW, Lee GM, Lee J, lee JH, Lee M, Lee MS, Lee SH, Leeuwenburgh C, Legembre P, Legouis R, Lehmann M, Lei HY, Lei QY, Leib DA, Leiro J, Lemasters JJ, Lemoine A, Lesniak MS, Lev D, Levenson VV, Levine B, Levy E, Li F, Li JL, Li L, Li S, Li W, Li XJ, Li YB, Li YP, Liang C, Liang Q, Liao YF, Liberski PP, Lieberman A, Lim HJ, Lim KL, Lim K, Lin CF, Lin FC, Lin J, Lin JD, Lin K, Lin WW, Lin WC, Lin YL, Linden R, Lingor P, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Lisanti MP, Liton PB, Liu B, Liu CF, Liu K, Liu L, Liu QA, Liu W, Liu YC, Liu Y, Lockshin RA, Lok CN, Lonial S, Loos B, Lopez-Berestein G, López-Otín C, Lossi L, Lotze MT, Low P, Lu B, Lu B, Lu B, Lu Z, Luciano F, Lukacs NW, Lund AH, Lynch-Day MA, Ma Y, Macian F, MacKeigan JP, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Maiuri L, Maiuri MC, Malagoli D, Malicdan MCV, Malorni W, Man N, Mandelkow EM, Manon S, Manov I, Mao K, Mao X, Mao Z, Marambaud P, Marazziti D, Marcel YL, Marchbank K, Marchetti P, Marciniak SJ, Marcondes M, Mardi M, Marfe G, Mariño G, Markaki M, Marten MR, Martin SJ, Martinand-Mari C, Martinet W, Martinez-Vicente M, Masini M, Matarrese P, Matsuo S, Matteoni R, Mayer A, Mazure NM, McConkey DJ, McConnell MJ, McDermott C, McDonald C, McInerney GM, McKenna SL, McLaughlin B, McLean PJ, McMaster CR, McQuibban GA, Meijer AJ, Meisler MH, Meléndez A, Melia TJ, Melino G, Mena MA, Menendez JA, Menna-Barreto RFS, Menon MB, Menzies FM, Mercer CA, Merighi A, Merry DE, Meschini S, Meyer CG, Meyer TF, Miao CY, Miao JY, Michels PA, Michiels C, Mijaljica D, Milojkovic A, Minucci S, Miracco C, Miranti CK, Mitroulis I, Miyazawa K, Mizushima N, Mograbi B, Mohseni S, Molero X, Mollereau B, Mollinedo F, Momoi T, Monastyrska I, Monick MM, Monteiro MJ, Moore MN, Mora R, Moreau K, Moreira PI, Moriyasu Y, Moscat J, Mostowy S, Mottram JC, Motyl T, Moussa CEH, Müller S, Muller S, Münger K, Münz C, Murphy LO, Murphy ME, Musarò A, Mysorekar I, Nagata E, Nagata K, Nahimana A, Nair U, Nakagawa T, Nakahira K, Nakano H, Nakatogawa H, Nanjundan M, Naqvi NI, Narendra DP, Narita M, Navarro M, Nawrocki ST, Nazarko TY, Nemchenko A, Netea MG, Neufeld TP, Ney PA, Nezis IP, Nguyen HP, Nie D, Nishino I, Nislow C, Nixon RA, Noda T, Noegel AA, Nogalska A, Noguchi S, Notterpek L, Novak I, Nozaki T, Nukina N, Nürnberger T, Nyfeler B, Obara K, Oberley TD, Oddo S, Ogawa M, Ohashi T, Okamoto K, Oleinick NL, Oliver FJ, Olsen LJ, Olsson S, Opota O, Osborne TF, Ostrander GK, Otsu K, Ou JHJ, Ouimet M, Overholtzer M, Ozpolat B, Paganetti P, Pagnini U, Pallet N, Palmer GE, Palumbo C, Pan T, Panaretakis T, Pandey UB, Papackova Z, Papassideri I, Paris I, Park J, Park OK, Parys JB, Parzych KR, Patschan S, Patterson C, Pattingre S, Pawelek JM, Peng J, Perlmutter DH, Perrotta I, Perry G, Pervaiz S, Peter M, Peters GJ, Petersen M, Petrovski G, Phang JM, Piacentini M, Pierre P, Pierrefite-Carle V, Pierron G, Pinkas-Kramarski R, Piras A, Piri N, Platanias LC, Pöggeler S, Poirot M, Poletti A, Poüs C, Pozuelo-Rubio M, Prætorius-Ibba M, Prasad A, Prescott M, Priault M, Produit-Zengaffinen N, Progulske-Fox A, Proikas-Cezanne T, Przedborski S, Przyklenk K, Puertollano R, Puyal J, Qian SB, Qin L, Qin ZH, Quaggin SE, Raben N, Rabinowich H, Rabkin SW, Rahman I, Rami A, Ramm G, Randall G, Randow F, Rao VA, Rathmell JC, Ravikumar B, Ray SK, Reed BH, Reed JC, Reggiori F, Régnier-Vigouroux A, Reichert AS, Reiners, Jr. JJ, Reiter RJ, Ren J, Revuelta JL, Rhodes CJ, Ritis K, Rizzo E, Robbins J, Roberge M, Roca H, Roccheri MC, Rocchi S, Rodemann HP, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Rohrer B, Roninson IB, Rosen K, Rost-Roszkowska MM, Rouis M, Rouschop KM, Rovetta F, Rubin BP, Rubinsztein DC, Ruckdeschel K, Rucker EB, Rudich A, Rudolf E, Ruiz-Opazo N, Russo R, Rusten TE, Ryan KM, Ryter SW, Sabatini DM, Sadoshima J, Saha T, Saitoh T, Sakagami H, Sakai Y, Salekdeh GH, Salomoni P, Salvaterra PM, Salvesen G, Salvioli R, Sanchez AM, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Sandri M, Sankar U, Sansanwal P, Santambrogio L, Saran S, Sarkar S, Sarwal M, Sasakawa C, Sasnauskiene A, Sass M, Sato K, Sato M, Schapira AH, Scharl M, Schätzl HM, Scheper W, Schiaffino S, Schneider C, Schneider ME, Schneider-Stock R, Schoenlein PV, Schorderet DF, Schüller C, Schwartz GK, Scorrano L, Sealy L, Seglen PO, Segura-Aguilar J, Seiliez I, Seleverstov O, Sell C, Seo JB, Separovic D, Setaluri V, Setoguchi T, Settembre C, Shacka JJ, Shanmugam M, Shapiro IM, Shaulian E, Shaw RJ, Shelhamer JH, Shen HM. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.19496 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Abstract
Recent findings from our group, obtained on experimental in vivo and ex vivo models of pancreatitis, reveal that this disease causes a profound dysfunction of key cellular organelles, lysosomes and mitochondria. We found that autophagy, the main cellular degradative, lysosome-driven process, is activated but also impaired in acute pancreatitis because of its' inefficient progression/resolution (flux) resulting from defective function of lysosomes. One mechanism underlying the lysosomal dysfunction in pancreatitis is abnormal processing (maturation) and activation of cathepsins, major lysosomal hydrolases; another is a decrease in pancreatic levels of key lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. Our data indicate that lysosomal dysfunction plays an important initiating role in pancreatitis pathobiology. The impaired autophagy mediates vacuole accumulation in acinar cells; furthermore, the abnormal maturation and activation of cathepsins leads to increase in intra-acinar trypsin, the hallmark of pancreatitis; and LAMP-2 deficiency causes inflammation and acinar cell necrosis. Thus, the autophagic and lysosomal dysfunctions mediate key pathologic responses of pancreatitis. On the other hand, we showed that pancreatitis causes acinar cell mitochondria depolarization, mediated by the permeability transition pore (PTP). Genetic (via deletion of cyclophilin D) inactivation of PTP prevents mitochondrial depolarization and greatly ameliorates the pathologic responses of pancreatitis. Further, our data suggest that mitochondrial damage, by stimulating autophagy, increases the demand for efficient lysosomal degradation and therefore aggravates the pathologic consequences of lysosomal dysfunction. Thus, the combined autophagic, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunctions are key to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gukovsky
- Southern California Research Centers for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and University of California at Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of exocrine pancreas that carries considerable morbidity and mortality; its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. During the past decade, new insights have been gained into signaling pathways and molecules that mediate the inflammatory response of pancreatitis and death of acinar cells (the main exocrine pancreas cell type). By contrast, much less is known about the acinar cell organellar damage in pancreatitis and how it contributes to the disease pathogenesis. RECENT ADVANCES This review summarizes recent findings from our group, obtained on experimental in vivo and ex vivo models, which reveal disordering of key cellular organelles, namely, mitochondria, autophagosomes, and lysosomes, in pancreatitis. Our results indicate a critical role for mitochondrial permeabilization in determining the balance between apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatitis, and thus the disease severity. We further investigate how the mitochondrial dysfunction (and hence acinar cell death) is regulated by Ca(2+), reactive oxygen species, and Bcl-xL, in relation to specific properties of pancreatic mitochondria. Our results also reveal that autophagy, the principal cellular degradative, lysosome-driven pathway, is impaired in pancreatitis due to inefficient lysosomal function, and that impaired autophagy mediates two key pathological responses of pancreatitis-accumulation of vacuoles in acinar cells and the abnormal, intra-acinar activation of digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The findings discussed in this review indicate critical roles for mitochondrial and autophagic/lysosomal dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and delineate directions for detailed investigations into the molecular events that underlie acinar cell organellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I. Which way to die: the regulation of acinar cell death in pancreatitis by mitochondria, calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1876-80. [PMID: 21524653 PMCID: PMC4574286 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Takahashi H, Chen MC, Pham H, Angst E, King JC, Park J, Brovman EY, Ishiguro H, Harris DM, Reber HA, Hines OJ, Gukovskaya AS, Go VLW, Eibl G. Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria baicalensis, induces apoptosis by Mcl-1 down-regulation in human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813:1465-74. [PMID: 21596068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) and SB-derived polyphenols possess anti-proliferative activities in several cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PaCa). However, the precise molecular mechanisms have not been fully defined. SB extract and SB-derived polyphenols (wogonin, baicalin, and baicalein) were used to determine their anti-proliferative mechanisms. Baicalein significantly inhibited the proliferation of PaCa cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, whereas wogonin and baicalin exhibited a much less robust effect. Treatment with baicalein induced apoptosis with release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and activation of caspase-3 and -7 and PARP. The general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk reversed baicalein-induced apoptosis, indicating a caspase-dependent mechanism. Baicalein decreased expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family, presumably through a transcriptional mechanism. Genetic knockdown of Mcl-1 resulted in marked induction of apoptosis. The effect of baicalein on apoptosis was significantly attenuated by Mcl-1 over-expression, suggesting a critical role of Mcl-1 in this process. Our results provide evidence that baicalein induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, UCLA Center for Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nitsche CJ, Moore RM, Maertin S, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Grippo P, Gukovskaya AS. Abstract 3775: Autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through a non-canonical Beclin-1 independent pathway. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background & Aims: Autophagy plays a dual role in cancer development. Recent data indicate that autophagy is oncosuppressive and impaired autophagy is emerging as the critical pro-onco “hallmark” of cancer cells. On the other hand, autophagy is a prosurvival mechanism, and its inhibition may increase cancer cell death and thus be beneficial. Beclin-1 plays a key role in mediating autophagy; its interaction with class III PI3K hVPS34 was shown to be necessary for the autophagosome formation in eukaryotic cells and Beclin-1 knockdown promotes tumorigenesis. Here we investigate the role of Beclin-1 in autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells PANC-1, and CAPAN-2 were subjected to amino-acid (AA) depletion or hypoxia, strong autophagy activators. Measuring autophagic marker LC3-II with western blot or with immunofluorescence assessed the number of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy induction was measured in cells pretreated with NH4Cl or bafilomycin to block autophagy progression. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was assessed by co-localization of lysosomal marker LAMP-1 with LC3; the efficiency of autophagic flux by measuring the levels of p62, which is degraded through autophagy; apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activity.
Results: AA depletion and hypoxia increased LC3-II both in the presence and absence of NH4Cl, indicating autophagy induction. AA depletion and hypoxia decreased p62 level, indicating stimulation of autophagic degradation. In cells treated with or without AA depletion or hypoxia Beclin-1 knockdown had no effect on either autophagic vacuole formation or p62 degradation. Similarly, the inhibition of Beclin-1 partner, hVPS 34 with siRNA or with PI3K inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA), decreased neither autophagy induction nor autophagic degradation. Finally, silencing of both Beclin-1 and its downstream mediator, Atg5 did not affect autophagy induction by AA depletion or hypoxia. All these data indicate that autophagy in PaCa cells is mediated through Beclin-1, Atg5, hVPS 34 -independent pathway. Of note, Beclin-1 knockdown increased co-localization of LC3 with LAMP-1 and p62 levels indicating that autophagy progression is delayed in the absence of Beclin-1. AA depletion and hypoxia moderately (∼by 30%) increased apoptosis in PaCa cells. Silencing of Beclin-1, hVPS 34, or Atg5 had no effect on apoptosis, in basal conditions as well as well as in cells subjected to AA depletion or hypoxia. Differently, 3MA stimulated apoptosis through Beclin-1-independent mechanism.
Conclusions: In pancreatic cancer cells AA depletion and hypoxia activate autophagy through non-canonical pathway, which does not involve Beclin-1. Silencing of the key mediators of canonical autophagy, Beclin-1, Atg5 and hVPS34 had no effect on autophagy and apoptosis, whereas 3MA stimulated apoptosis through autophagy-independent pathway.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3775. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3775
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J. Nitsche
- 1Department of Internal Medicine A Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ryan M. Moore
- 2VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sandrina Maertin
- 1Department of Internal Medicine A Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- 1Department of Internal Medicine A Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- 1Department of Internal Medicine A Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paul Grippo
- 3Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Pandol SJ, Lugea A, Mareninova OA, Smoot D, Gorelick FS, Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I. Investigating the pathobiology of alcoholic pancreatitis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:830-7. [PMID: 21284675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is one of the most common causes of pancreatitis. The risk of developing alcohol-induced pancreatitis is related to the amount and duration of drinking. However, only a small portion of heavy drinkers develop disease, indicating that other factors (genetic, environmental, or dietary) contribute to disease initiation. Epidemiologic studies suggest roles for cigarette smoking and dietary factors in the development of alcoholic pancreatitis. The mechanisms underlying alcoholic pancreatitis are starting to be understood. Studies from animal models reveal that alcohol sensitizes the pancreas to key pathobiologic processes that are involved in pancreatitis. Current studies are focussed on the mechanisms responsible for the sensitizing effect of alcohol; recent findings reveal disordering of key cellular organelles including endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. As our understanding of alcohol's effects continue to advance to the level of molecular mechanisms, insights into potential therapeutic strategies will emerge providing opportunities for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Pandol
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles, 90073, USA.
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44
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Edderkaoui M, Nitsche C, Zheng L, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. NADPH oxidase activation in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through Akt-dependent up-regulation of p22phox. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7779-7787. [PMID: 21118808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that Nox4 NADPH oxidase is highly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and that it is activated by growth factors and plays a pro-survival, anti-apoptotic role. Here we investigate the mechanisms through which insulin-like growth factor I and serum (FBS) activate NADPH oxidase in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells. We show that in PaCa cells, NADPH oxidase is composed of Nox4 and p22(phox) catalytic subunits, which are both required for NADPH oxidase activity. Insulin-like growth factor I and FBS activate NADPH oxidase through transcriptional up-regulation of p22(phox). This involves activation of the transcription factor NF-κB mediated by Akt kinase. Up-regulation of p22(phox) by the growth factors results in increased Nox4-p22(phox) complex formation and activation of NADPH oxidase. This mechanism is different from that for receptor-induced activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase, which is mediated by phosphorylation of its regulatory subunits. Up-regulation of p22(phox) represents a novel pro-survival mechanism through which growth factors and Akt inhibit apoptosis in PaCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Edderkaoui
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Claudia Nitsche
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Ling Zheng
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- From the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073.
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45
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Gerasimenko J, Ferdek P, Fischer L, Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ. Inhibitors of Bcl-2 protein family deplete ER Ca2+ stores in pancreatic acinar cells. Pflugers Arch 2010; 460:891-900. [PMID: 20617337 PMCID: PMC2937140 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiological stimulation of pancreatic acinar cells by cholecystokinin and acetylcholine activate a spatial-temporal pattern of cytosolic [Ca+2] changes that are regulated by a coordinated response of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). For the present study, we designed experiments to determine the potential role of Bcl-2 proteins in these patterns of cytosolic [Ca+2] responses. We used small molecule inhibitors that disrupt the interactions between prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins (i.e. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl) and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (i.e. Bax) and fluorescence microfluorimetry techniques to measure both cytosolic [Ca+2] and endoplasmic reticulum [Ca+2]. We found that the inhibitors of Bcl-2 protein interactions caused a slow and complete release of intracellular agonist-sensitive stores of calcium. The release was attenuated by inhibitors of IP3Rs and RyRs and substantially reduced by strong [Ca2+] buffering. Inhibition of IP3Rs and RyRs also dramatically reduced activation of apoptosis by BH3I-2′. CICR induced by different doses of BH3I-2′ in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells was markedly decreased compared with control. The results suggest that Bcl-2 proteins regulate calcium release from the intracellular stores and suggest that the spatial-temporal patterns of agonist-stimulated cytosolic [Ca+2] changes are regulated by differential cellular distribution of interacting pairs of prosurvival and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gerasimenko
- The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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46
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Park C, Lee IS, Abdulsattar AM, Grippo PJ, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS, Edderkaoui M. Abstract 2456: Mechanism of pancreatic cancer induction by smoking. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background & Aims: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer. However, the molecular signaling mechanisms of cigarette smoking remain poorly understood. We studied the effects of the cigarette smoking extract (CSE) and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on apoptosis, proliferation and autophagy and underlying signaling mechanisms both in vitro in human pancreatic ductal cells and in vivo in mouse pancreas. We also studied the effect of K-ras mutation on the smoking-induced cell survival and proliferation. Methods: Immortalized human ductal cells HPDE6 were cultured for up to 1 week in the presence or absence of CSE (0.04-4µg/ml) or NNK (1nM-1µM). Pancreas-specific K-ras transgenic mice EL-K-ras were used as a cancer model. Wild type and EL-K-ras mice were injected with NNK (100mg/Kg) once weekly for 4 weeks and animals sacrificed 72h after the last injection. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation with Cell death ELISA or TUNEL and proliferation by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA or BrdUrd labeling. Autophagy was measured with its marker LC3 using immunofluorescence staining. Molecular signaling mechanisms were evaluated with Western. Results: Exposure of human ductal cells to CSE and NNK for 24h to 1 week time-dependently decreased apoptosis and autophagy and increased proliferation. Exposure to CSE and NNK decreased AMPK phosphorylation and increased Akt phosphorylation. Akt activation occurred at the times of AMPK inhibition. Pharmacological Akt inactivation reversed the inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation by CSE and NNK and prevented the effects of CSE and NNK on apoptosis and autophagy, indicating a central role of Akt in the prosurvival effects of tobacco compounds. In K-ras mice model of pancreatic cancer NNK injections induced increase in Akt kinase and decrease in AMPK phosphorylation. NNK decreased autophagy and apoptosis and stimulated proliferation in the pancreas. The NNK inhibitory effect on apoptosis and autophagy and the stimulation of proliferation were more pronounced in K-ras mice compared to wild type mice. Conclusion: Our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that smoking compounds create conditions favorable for cancer promotion through activating survival pathways including activation of Akt kinase and inhibition of AMPK activities; this leads to a decrease in apoptosis and autophagy and stimulation of proliferation. Our data suggest that smoking works in concert with K-ras mutation to induce adenocarcinoma.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2456.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHwan Park
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - In Seok Lee
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amro M. Abdulsattar
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- 1VA-Healthcare System & University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Nitsche CJ, Moore RM, Pimienta M, Grippo P, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Gukovskaya AS. Abstract 4844: Dual effect of Akt on autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background & Aims: Key steps in autophagic protein degradation are formation of autophagosomes (induction) and their fusion with lysosomes (progression). Akt is a major anti-apoptotic factor in cancer cells; however, its role in autophagy in general, and in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) in particular, is poorly understood. We recently showed that phosphatases PHLPP-I and -II are key negative regulators of Akt in PaCa cells. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of Akt and PHLPPs on individual steps of autophagy and the role of autophagy in the prosurvival function of Akt in PaCa cells. Methods: We measured apoptosis by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity; autophagy, by conversion of cytosolic LC3-I to autophagic LC3-II (with immunoblot) and LC3 immunofluorescence; autophagy induction, in cells pretreated with NH4Cl to block autophagy progression; autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes, by co-localization of the lysosomal marker LAMP-1 with LC3-II; and efficiency of protein degradation, by level of p62 protein, a specific autophagy target. Results: Akt inactivation by AktVIII inhibitor or siRNA, or by overexpression of PHLPP-I and -II all stimulated autophagic vacuole formation in MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Akt inactivation greatly facilitated LC3-I/LC3-II conversion both in the presence and absence of NH4Cl, indicating increased autophagy induction. At the same time, Akt inactivation inhibited autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes and efficiency of protein degradation, indicating decreased autophagy progression. Thus, Akt has dual effect on autophagy in PaCa cells: it inhibits autophagy induction but promotes autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes and hence autophagy progression. The overall effect of Akt is decreased accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, i.e., inhibition of autophagic death. To study the role of autophagy in apoptosis, we used 3-methyladenine or beclin siRNA to inhibit autophagy induction, and bafilomycin or chloroquine to block the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. All these treatments stimulated apoptosis in PaCa cells, indicating the anti-apoptotic role of autophagy. In cells with inactivated Akt, blocking autophagy induction (e.g., with 3-methyladenine) further greatly stimulated apoptosis. This indicates that the ability of Akt to inhibit autophagy induction greatly diminishes its anti-apoptotic function. Differently, blocking autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes had little effect on apoptosis in cells in which Akt was inactivated, likely because in these cells autophagy progression was already inhibited. Conclusions: Akt inhibition hampers autophagy progression, thus promoting vacuolization and autophagic cell death. At the same time, Akt inhibition greatly stimulates autophagy induction, thus counteracting apoptosis. Therefore, to maximally stimulate apoptosis in PaCa cells we propose to apply Akt inhibitors in combination with inhibitors of autophagy.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4844.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Grippo
- 3Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Julia Mayerle
- 1KIM A Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greiswald, Germany
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48
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Abstract
The main function of the exocrine pancreas is to produce digestive enzymes, which normally are secreted as inactive zymogens and become activated after reaching the duodenum. Pancreatitis is a relatively common and potentially fatal inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. Its mild forms are self-limited, but severe pancreatitis has 10%-30% mortality. The pathogenesis of pancreatitis remains obscure, and there are no specific treatments. The disease is believed to initiate in acinar cells, the main cell type of the exocrine pancreas. Hallmark responses of acute pancreatitis are the premature, intra-acinar cell activation of trypsinogen (i.e., its conversion from zymogen to active trypsin), vacuole accumulation, inflammation and death of acinar cells through both necrosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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49
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Nakamura Y, Do JH, Yuan J, Odinokova IV, Mareninova O, Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ. Inflammatory cells regulate p53 and caspases in acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G92-100. [PMID: 19850968 PMCID: PMC2806100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response during pancreatitis regulates necrotic and apoptotic rates of parenchymal cells. Neutrophil depletion by use of anti-polymorphonuclear serum (anti-PMN) increases apoptosis in experimental pancreatitis but the mechanism has not been determined. Our study was designed to investigate signaling mechanisms in pancreatic parenchymal cells regulating death responses with neutrophil depletion. Rats were neutrophil depleted with anti-PMN treatment. Then cerulein pancreatitis was induced, followed by measurements of apoptosis signaling pathways. There was greater activation of executioner caspases-3 in the pancreas with anti-PMN treatment compared with control. There were no differences between these groups of animals in mitochondrial cytochrome c release or in activities of initiator caspase-8 and -9. However, there was greater activation of caspase-2 with anti-PMN treatment during cerulein pancreatitis. The upstream regulation of caspases-2 includes p53, which was increased; the p53 negative regulator, Mdm2, was decreased by anti-PMN treatment during cerulein pancreatitis. In vitro experiments using isolated pancreatic acinar cells a pharmacological inhibitor of Mdm2 increased caspase-2/-3 activities, and an inhibitor of p53 decreased these activities during cholecystokinin-8 treatment. Furthermore, experiments using the AR42J cell line Mdm2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased caspase-2/-3 activities, and p53 siRNA decreased these activities during cholecystokinin-8 treatment. These results suggest that during acute pancreatitis the inflammatory response inhibits apoptosis. The mechanism of this inhibition involves caspase-2 and its upstream regulation by p53 and Mdm2. Because previous findings indicate that promotion of apoptosis decreases necrosis and severity of pancreatitis, these results suggest that strategies to inhibit Mdm2 or activate p53 will have beneficial effects for treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Jae Hyuk Do
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Irina V. Odinokova
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Olga Mareninova
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
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50
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Ohno I, Eibl G, Odinokova I, Edderkaoui M, Damoiseaux RD, Yazbec M, Abrol R, Goddard WA, Yokosuka O, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS. Rottlerin stimulates apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through interactions with proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G63-73. [PMID: 19762431 PMCID: PMC2806098 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00257.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound derived from Mallotus philipinensis. In the present study, we show that rottlerin decreased tumor size and stimulated apoptosis in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer with no effect on normal tissues in vivo. Rottlerin also induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cell lines by interacting with mitochondria and stimulating cytochrome c release. Immunoprecipitation results indicated that rottlerin disrupts complexes of prosurvival Bcl-xL with Bim and Puma. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown showed that Bim and Puma are necessary for rottlerin to stimulate apoptosis. We also showed that rottlerin and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibitor BH3I-2' stimulate apoptosis through a common mechanism. They both directly interact with mitochondria, causing increased cytochrome c release and mitochondrial depolarization, and both decrease sequestration of BH3-only proteins by Bcl-xL. However, the effects of rottlerin and BH3I-2' on the complex formation between Bcl-xL and BH3-only proteins are different. BH3I-2' disrupts complexes of Bcl-xL with Bad but not with Bim or Puma, whereas rottlerin had no effect on the Bcl-xL interaction with Bad. Also BH3I-2', but not rottlerin, required Bad to stimulate apoptosis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that rottlerin has a potent proapoptotic and antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer, which is mediated by disrupting the interaction between prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and proapoptotic BH3-only proteins. Thus rottlerin represents a promising novel agent for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ohno
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and ,7Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guido Eibl
- 3Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, and
| | - Irina Odinokova
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and ,4Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and
| | - Robert D. Damoiseaux
- 5Molecular Shared Screening Resources, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Moussa Yazbec
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- 6Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
| | - William A. Goddard
- 6Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- 7Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, ,Departments of 2Medicine and
| |
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