1
|
Robson HR, Yanez RA, Magestro LM, French SJ, Kiupel M. Type A thymoma in a pet rabbit. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:327-330. [PMID: 35098805 PMCID: PMC8921795 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221077086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-y-old, spayed female, mixed-breed domesticated rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) was presented because of progressive bilateral exophthalmos, with a large mediastinal mass in the cranial thorax. Palliative radiation therapy was elected, and 4 fractions of 5 Gy were delivered twice weekly under general anesthesia using 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for a total dose of 20 Gy, guided by an on-board cone beam CT scan. Quality-of-life and respiratory rate improved before sudden death that followed an episode of dyspnea. The overall survival time following initial diagnosis was 93 d, with 68 d after the first dose of radiation. An autopsy was performed, and the mass was diagnosed as a type A thymoma. The diagnosis was confirmed with positive immunohistochemical labeling of the neoplastic cells for cytokeratin 5/6 and cytokeratin 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halley R. Robson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ryan A. Yanez
- Ryan A. Yanez, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Leanne M. Magestro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie J. French
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCready JE, Poirier VJ, Fleck A, Darco J, Beaufrère HH. Adaptive Radiation Therapy Using Weekly Hypofractionation for Thymoma Treatment: a Retrospective Study of 10 Rabbits. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:559-567. [PMID: 35212142 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is being utilized more commonly for rabbit thymomas due to high perioperative mortality rates with surgery. Median overall survival times reported for rabbit thymomas treated with a variety of RT protocols and techniques range from 6 months to greater than 2 years. As thymomas are radiation-responsive tumors and may shrink rapidly after RT, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is often warranted. The purpose of this single-institution retrospective case series was to investigate the tumor volume reduction during RT, the frequency of replanning during RT, and survival time in rabbit thymomas treated using intensity-modulated/image-guided radiation radiation therapy (IMRT/IGRT) and a weekly hypofractionated protocol delivering a total dose of 30 Gy. Ten rabbits met the inclusion criteria from October 2014-October 2019. The median progression-free survival was 561days and the median overall survival was 634 days (range: 322-1118 days). The tumor volume gradually decreased with each RT fraction. On post-hoc analysis, only the first RT fraction was associated with a significant GTV reduction (of more than 50% on average, p<0.001). All subsequent RT fractions did not further reduce the GTV significantly (p>0.06). Hypofractionated RT using a weekly protocol of 5 fractions of 6 Gy is a reasonable option to treat rabbit thymomas and replanning should be anticipated. The results of this study support the use of RT to rapidly relieve thymoma-induced dyspnea in rabbits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne E McCready
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie J Poirier
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre Fleck
- Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnson Darco
- Department of Medical Physics, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hughes H Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Palmer A, Wu CC, Miwa Y, Turek M, Sladky KK. Outcomes and survival times of client-owned rabbits diagnosed with thymoma and treated with either prednisolone or radiotherapy, or left untreated. J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
Treatment options for animals with cancer are rapidly expanding, including in exotic animal medicine. Limited information is available about treatment effects in exotic pet species beyond individual case reports. Most cancer treatment protocols in exotic animals are extrapolated from those described in humans, dogs, and cats. This review provides an update on cancer treatment in exotic animal species. The Exotic Species Cancer Research Alliance accumulates clinical cases in a central location with standardized clinical information, with resources to help clinicians find and enter their cases for the collective good of exotic clinicians and their patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dolera M, Malfassi L, Carrara N, Finesso S, Marcarini S, Mazza G, Pavesi S, Sala M, Urso G. Volumetric Modulated Arc (Radio) Therapy in Pets Treatment: The "La Cittadina Fondazione" Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E30. [PMID: 29364837 PMCID: PMC5836062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is a modern technique, widely used in human radiotherapy, which allows a high dose to be delivered to tumor volumes and low doses to the surrounding organs at risk (OAR). Veterinary clinics takes advantage of this feature due to the small target volumes and distances between the target and the OAR. Sparing the OAR permits dose escalation, and hypofractionation regimens reduce the number of treatment sessions with a simpler manageability in the veterinary field. Multimodal volumes definition is mandatory for the small volumes involved and a positioning device precisely reproducible with a setup confirmation is needed before each session for avoiding missing the target. Additionally, the elaborate treatment plan must pursue hard constraints and objectives, and its feasibility must be evaluated with a per patient quality control. The aim of this work is to report results with regard to brain meningiomas and gliomas, trigeminal nerve tumors, brachial plexus tumors, adrenal tumors with vascular invasion and rabbit thymomas, in comparison with literature to determine if VMAT is a safe and viable alternative to surgery or chemotherapy alone, or as an adjuvant therapy in pets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dolera
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Luca Malfassi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Nancy Carrara
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Sara Finesso
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marcarini
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Mazza
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Simone Pavesi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sala
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie, 26014 Romanengo, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Urso
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della provincia di Lodi, 26841 Casalpusterlengo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Neoplasia has long been reported as a rare finding in rabbits, but over the past decades the number of reports on neoplastic disease in rabbits has risen considerably. Similar to other animals, neoplastic changes may occur in any organ system, but the rate in which the organ systems are affected differs considerably. In rabbits, tumors have predominantly been found in the urogenital, hemolymphatic, and integumentary systems. This article discusses current insights on the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of the commonest neoplastic diseases in rabbits and offer guidelines for the correct diagnosis and treatment of the rabbit oncologic patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne van Zeeland
- Division of Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that is widely used in veterinary medicine, although its use in exotic animal practice has remained limited. However, there are case reports and case series of treating birds, small mammals, and reptiles for a variety of cancers with radiotherapy with varied outcomes. In this article the basic principles of radiation therapy are reviewed and the literature regarding its use in exotic animal practice is summarized. Side effects of radiotherapy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2112 Tupper Hall, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dolera M, Malfassi L, Mazza G, Urso G, Sala M, Marcarini S, Carrara N, Pavesi S, Finesso S, Kent MS. FEASIBILITY FOR USING HYPOFRACTIONATED STEREOTACTIC VOLUMETRIC MODULATED ARC RADIOTHERAPY (VMAT) WITH ADAPTIVE PLANNING FOR TREATMENT OF THYMOMA IN RABBITS: 15 CASES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:313-20. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dolera
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Luca Malfassi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazza
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Gaetano Urso
- Azienda Ospedaliera della Provincia di Lodi; Lodi (LO) Italy
| | - Massimo Sala
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Silvia Marcarini
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Nancy Carrara
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Simone Pavesi
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Sara Finesso
- La Cittadina Fondazione Studi e Ricerche Veterinarie Strada per la Cittadina; 26014 Romanengo (CR) Italy
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This article summarizes the available information on different soft tissue surgical procedures in rabbits, based on the literature and the authors' experiences, emphasizing the differences between rabbits and the more familiar dogs and cats. The major surgical principles in rabbits are discussed, and common surgical procedures, such as abdominal exploration, gastrotomy, enterotomy, liver lobectomy, nephrectomy, cystotomy, cystectomy, ovariohysterectomy, ovariectomy, orchidectomy, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Katriona Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prélaud AR, Lee AJD, Mueller RS, Zeeland YRA, Bettenay S, Majzoub M, Zenker I, Hein J. Presumptive paraneoplastic exfoliative dermatitis in four domestic rabbits. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.101226rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Jassies‐van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - R. S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityGermany
| | - Y. R. A. Zeeland
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - S. Bettenay
- Tierdermatologie DeisenhofenDeisenhofenGermany
| | - M. Majzoub
- Institute for Veterinary PathologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - I. Zenker
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Kleintiere in DüsseldorfGermany
| | - J. Hein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityGermany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prélaud AR, der Lee AJV, Mueller RS, van Zeeland YRA, Bettenay S, Majzoub M, Zenker I, Hein J. Presumptive paraneoplastic exfoliative dermatitis in four domestic rabbits. Vet Rec 2013; 172:155. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Jassies-van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R. S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Germany
| | - Y. R. A. van Zeeland
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - S. Bettenay
- Tierdermatologie Deisenhofen; Deisenhofen Germany
| | - M. Majzoub
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Germany
| | - I. Zenker
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Kleintiere in Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - J. Hein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Andres KM, Kent M, Siedlecki CT, Mayer J, Brandão J, Hawkins MG, Morrisey JK, Quesenberry K, Valli VE, Bennett RA. The use of megavoltage radiation therapy in the treatment of thymomas in rabbits: 19 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:82-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Künzel F, Hittmair KM, Hassan J, Dupré G, Russold E, Guija de Arespachochaga A, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Bilek A. Thymomas in Rabbits: Clinical Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:97-104. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thymomas are rarely recorded in rabbits, and the literature includes comparatively few cases. Medical records were reviewed to identify all pet rabbits in which a mediastinal mass was diagnosed between Feb 2007 and Jan 2010. Signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic work-up (including laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the mediastinal mass), treatment modalities, survival time, and histologic findings were evaluated. Cytologic and/or histopathologic examinations revealed thymomas in all rabbits with mediastinal masses (n=13). Rabbits with thymomas showed clinical signs of dyspnea (76.9%), exercise intolerance (53.9%), and bilateral exophthalmos (46.2%). In seven rabbits the thymoma was removed surgically. Two rabbits were treated conservatively, and four rabbits were euthanized because of their poor clinical condition. The two rabbits that underwent surgery were euthanized 6 mo and 34 mo later. Mediastinal masses in rabbits appear to be more common than previously believed and consist primarily of thymomas rather than thymic lymphomas. Cytology of samples collected by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is an accurate diagnostic tool for the identification of thymomas in rabbits. Due to a high rate of perioperative mortality, intensive perioperative care and the provision of a low-stress environment are recommended for a successful thoracotomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Künzel
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M. Hittmair
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Hassan
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilles Dupré
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Russold
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija de Arespachochaga
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bilek
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carter RT, Nevarez J, Gieger TL, Gaschen L. Diagnostic Challenge. J Exot Pet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Diagnosis | Thymoma. Lab Anim (NY) 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0910-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Treatment of an amelanotic melanoma using radiation therapy in a lesser Madagascar hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:152-7. [PMID: 20722271 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0215.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15-yr-old, male lesser Madagascar hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) presented with a mass caudal to the right ear. Cytology suggested a sarcoma. Surgical removal was attempted. Histology was consistent with a soft tissue sarcoma. The mass recurred within 331 days post operation. Radiation therapy was initiated. Computed tomography was used for staging in conjunction with three-dimensional computerized treatment planning software to permit accurate lesion localization and to optimize normal tissue sparing. A total dose of 6,480 cGy was administered in 24 fractions over 46 days. Transient hind limb paresis developed during the course of the radiation therapy, but resolved after 7 days with prednisone treatment. Minimal acute radiation toxicity was observed. The mass responded with at least a 90% reduction in volume following radiation treatment. The animal survived 266 days from the initiation of treatment. On necropsy, a small mass and granulation tissue were found at the site of the initial neoplasm, indicating good regional control of the tumor; however, extensive metastases to the spleen and liver were present. Immunohistochemically, the original, recurrent, and metastatic populations were strongly positive for HMB 45 and weakly positive for S-100, and the final diagnosis was metastatic amelanotic melanoma.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The average life span reported in laboratory and lay literature for the domestic rabbit is 5 to 10 years. The author and other veterinarians are now regularly seeing rabbits living to 9 or 10 years, the oldest reported in the author's practice being 14 years. Rabbits are herbivorous prey species with continually growing (elodont) teeth. This feature allows the geriatric rabbit to possess teeth that are essentially "new", a distinct advantage over geriatric carnivores. Expanded longevity, while generally desirable, necessarily accompanies an increase in geriatric disorders. This article examines the spectrum of disease that can affect the geriatric rabbit as well as crucial factors concerning the clinical management of the animal up to the end of its life. An improved understanding of geriatric disorders in pet rabbits allows early recognition and the opportunity to improve quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lennox
- Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, 9330 Waldemar Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pilny AA, Reavill D. Chylothorax and Thymic Lymphoma in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Diagnosis | Mummified fetus. Lab Anim (NY) 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0308-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
|