Effectiveness of a nutrition education program for the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in end-stage renal disease

Research progress on influencing factors and intervention methods of protein-energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A literature review

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) has high incidence in hemodialysis patients and refers to a state of decreased protein and energy substance. With the extensive development of hemodialysis in patients with end-stage kidney disease, most patients with maintenance hemodialysis have the problem of PEW, which is one of the common complications of maintenance hemodialysis patients, resulting in decreased quality of life and increased mortality. This article searches and analyzes the literature in recent years to summarize the current influencing factors and common interventions of PEW in maintenance hemodialysis patients, which will provide reference for subsequent nutritional management of maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Equations for estimating resting energy expenditure in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Background

In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, determining energy expenditure is essential for recommending energy intake in nutrition management.

Objective

We aimed to develop and validate a resting energy expenditure (REE) equation for patients with PD and compare it to previously available REE equations in dialysis patients.

Design

This cross-sectional study enrolled 200 patients with PD from two hospitals in Beijing, China. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to derive a new REE equation (eREE-PD) based on actual REE (aREE) measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) in the development dataset. The eREE-PD value was then validated with aREE in the validation dataset and compared with values from existing equations obtained in general populations and those developed for chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients, in terms of bias, precision, and accuracy.

Results

The bias, precision, and accuracy of the eREE-PD equation were significantly better than those of the Harris-Benedict, WHO, and Schofield equations (P < .005) and comparable to the Mifflin equation (P = .541 for bias, .988 for precision, and .359 for accuracy), with IC as the reference method. Either bias, precision or accuracy of the eREE-PD were significantly better than eREE-V, eREE-Bscr, and eREE-CFFM equations significantly (P < .005) and similar to eREE-CKD, eREE-Bcrp, and eREE-Cweighht equations (P > .05 for bias, precision, and accuracy). The bias, precision, and accuracy of the eREE-PD equation were consistent across subgroups categorized by hs-CRP levels.

Conclusion

The eREE-PD equation, based on age, sex, and weight data, may serve as a reliable and practical tool for estimating REE in patients with PD, aiding in individualized nutritional management. However, external validation in other populations is required to confirm its generalizability beyond the studied cohort.

Interdisciplinary Oral Nutrition Support and Supplementation After Hip Fracture Surgery in Older Adult Inpatients: A Global Cross-Sectional Survey (ONS-STUDY)

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition predicts poor outcomes following hip fracture, affecting patient recovery, healthcare performance, and costs. Evidence-based guidelines recommend multicomponent, interdisciplinary nutrition care to improve intake, reduce complications, and enhance outcomes. This study examines global variation in oral nutrition support for older (65+ years) hip fracture inpatients.

METHODS

A global survey was conducted as part of a broader program to improve interdisciplinary nutrition care. The protocol was based on evidence-based guidelines, reviewed by experts, and piloted for validity. Recruitment used snowball sampling to achieve diversity across income levels, countries, and healthcare roles.

RESULTS

The survey (July-September 2023) recruited 308 participants from 46 countries across five global regions. Respondents primarily worked in acute teaching (57.5%) and non-teaching (17.5%) hospitals, representing medical (48.4%), nursing (28.2%), and allied health (17.9%) roles. Findings revealed a global knowledge-to-practice gap in multicomponent nutrition care, across providing high-protein/energy food and fluids (median: "half the time"), post-operative provision of oral nutritional supplements (median: "half the time") and continuation for one month with assessment (median: "not very often"), and nutritional education (median: "not very often"). Only 17.9% of respondents reported routine provision ("often" and "nearly always or always") of high-protein/energy food, supplements, and education. Substantial regional variation showed Western Pacific respondents perceiving the lowest provision across multicomponent processes. Interdisciplinary, multicomponent interventions were seen as a potential opportunity requiring further exploration.

CONCLUSIONS

Major gaps persist in implementing evidence-based, interdisciplinary, multicomponent nutrition care for older adults with hip fractures. A targeted implementation approach is the next step to addressing the knowledge-to-practice gap.

Impact of Nutrition Education on Various Health-Related Components of Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review

This study aimed to identify the impact of nutrition education on various health-related components of hemodialysis patients. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant literature published between 2013 and 2023 was identified across two databases (PubMed and Science Direct). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023460681). Two independent reviewers retrieved the data, and 41 studies were selected. Nine components related to the impact of nutrition education in hemodialysis patients were identified. Each component was clarified by mentioning each study and its results. This study enabled us to characterize the various components of the impact of nutritional education in hemodialysis patients, namely biological markers, quality of life, cost of care, adherence to dietary recommendations, knowledge, malnutrition inflammation, dietary intake, weight change, and behavior change. This systematic review enables healthcare providers to assess the impact of nutritional education on hemodialysis patients. Also, it gives professionals an exact idea of the impact of nutrition education on hemodialysis patients, with knowledge of new methods using behavior change theories and innovative technological tools.

An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Distance Learning on Nutrition Quality of Hemodialysis Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has limited hemodialysis patient's attendance in healthcare centers and receiving diet education. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of distance learning on the nutrition quality of hemodialysis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

In the single-blind randomized clinical trial, 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis were randomly divided into control (n=30) and experimental (n=30) groups. Before and after the intervention, Dialysis Malnutrition Score (DMS), Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) (primary outcome), albumin, the total iron-binding capacity of the blood (TIBC), and body mass index (BMI) (Secondary outcome) were investigated. The experimental group received educational content through social networks for three months, whereas the control group received routine care and training.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean of DMS, MIS, albumin, and TIBC before the intervention. Pre-test BMI had a confounding effect; therefore, an analysis of covariance was performed to eliminate that effect. This analysis showed significant differences in the post-test mean DMS, MIS, TIBC, and BMI between the two groups. In the control group, significant differences were observed in MIS and BMI toward deterioration. The results also indicated a significant relationship between education level and age with TIBC and between marital status and albumin index.

Conclusion

Distance learning can be considered by healthcare managers and police makers as a suitable alternative to the classic face-to-face learning method to enhance hemodialysis patients' nutrition quality during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PREhabilitation of CAndidates for REnal Transplantation (PreCareTx) study: protocol for a hybrid type I, mixed method, randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Kidney transplant candidates (KTCs) need to be in optimal physical and psychological condition prior to surgery. However, KTCs often experience compromised functional capacity which can be characterised as frailty. Prehabilitation, the enhancement of a person's functional capacity, may be an effective intervention to improve the health status of KTCs. The PREhabilitation of CAndidates for REnal Transplantation (PreCareTx) study aims to examine the effectiveness of a multimodal prehabilitation programme on the health status of KTCs, and to explore the potential of implementation of prehabilitation in daily clinical practice.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This study uses a single centre, effectiveness-implementation hybrid type I study design, comprised of a randomised controlled trial and a mixed-methods study. Adult patients who are currently on the transplant waiting list or are waitlisted during the study period, at a university medical centre in The Netherlands, will be randomly assigned to either prehabilitation (n=64) or care as usual (n=64) groups. The prehabilitation group will undergo a 12-week home-based, tailored prehabilitation programme consisting of physical and/or nutritional and/or psychosocial interventions depending on the participant's deficits. This programme will be followed by a 12-week maintenance programme in order to enhance the incorporation of the interventions into daily life. The primary endpoint of this study is a change in frailty status as a proxy for health status. Secondary endpoints include changes in physical fitness, nutritional status, psychological well-being, quality of life and clinical outcomes. Tertiary endpoints include the safety, feasibility and acceptability of the prehabilitation programme, and the barriers and facilitators for further implementation.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Medical ethical approval was granted by the Medical Ethics Committee Groningen, Netherlands (M22.421). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The results will be disseminated at international conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05489432.

Effect on nutritional status and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidation of an oral nutritional supplement (with or without probiotics) in malnourished hemodialysis patients. A multicenter randomized clinical trial "Renacare Trial"

Background

Malnutrition in patients undergoing hemodialysis is frequent and associated with a reduction in muscular mass and strength, with an increment in biomarkers of inflammation and oxidation.

Materials and methods

Randomized, multicenter, parallel-group trial in malnourished hemodialysis patients with three groups [(1) control (C) individualized diet, (2) oral nutritional supplement-ONS- + placebo-SU- PL-, and (3) ONS + probiotics-SU-PR]; the trial was open regarding the intake of ONS or individualized diet recommendations, but double-blind for the intake of probiotics. We obtained, at baseline and after 3 and 6 months, anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dietary records, and routine biochemical parameters. Inflammation and oxidation were determined using ELISA techniques (Versamax and ProcartaPlex multiplex Immunoassay). Results were analyzed by intention to treat.

Results

A total of 31 patients (11 corresponding to group C, 10 to SU-PL, and 10 to SU-PR) completed the 6-months trial. The two groups that took supplements significantly increased their protein calorie, fat (total and n-3), and fiber intake. Weight and fat-free mass (FFM) also increased significantly in the groups on supplements, both at 3 and 6 months, and dynamometry did so in the SU-PL group. At month 3, prealbumin and vitamin D were significantly increased in the SU-TOT (SU-PL + SU-PR) group. No changes were observed regarding levels of phosphorus and potassium in any of the groups. Urea increased significantly at 6 months in the SU-PL group. There were significant changes in some inflammation biomarkers in the groups on supplements during the intervention (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bone morphogenetic protein-2, MCP-1, IL-1-beta, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-8). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased significantly in the supplemented patients, with no significant changes observed in isoprostanes.

Conclusion

The specific ONS improved protein-calorie intake, nutritional status (mainly FFM), and some biomarkers of inflammation/oxidation. The addition of probiotics could have a synergistic effect with ONS in such biomarkers.

Clinical trail registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/, identifier NCT03924089.

Interventions for improving health literacy in people with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Low health literacy affects 25% of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and death. Improving health literacy is a recognised priority, but effective interventions are not clear.

OBJECTIVES

This review looked the benefits and harms of interventions for improving health literacy in people with CKD.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 12 July 2022 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched MEDLINE (OVID) and EMBASE (OVID) for non-randomised studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies that assessed interventions aimed at improving health literacy in people with CKD.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed studies for eligibility and performed risk of bias analysis. We classified studies as either interventions aimed at improving aspects of health literacy or interventions targeting a population of people with poor health literacy. The interventions were further sub-classified in terms of the type of intervention (educational, self-management training, or educational with self-management training). Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI for dichotomous outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified 120 studies (21,149 participants) which aimed to improve health literacy. There were 107 RCTs and 13 non-randomised studies. No studies targeted low literacy populations. For the RCTs, selection bias was low or unclear in 94% of studies, performance bias was high in 86% of studies, detection bias was high in 86% of studies reporting subjective outcomes and low in 93% of studies reporting objective outcomes. Attrition and other biases were low or unclear in 86% and 78% of studies, respectively. Compared to usual care, low certainty evidence showed educational interventions may increase kidney-related knowledge (14 RCTs, 2632 participants: SMD 0.99, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.32; I² = 94%). Data for self-care, self-efficacy, quality of life (QoL), death, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hospitalisations could not be pooled or was not reported. Compared to usual care, low-certainty evidence showed self-management interventions may improve self-efficacy (5 RCTs, 417 participants: SMD 0.58, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.03; I² = 74%) and QoL physical component score (3 RCTs, 131 participants: MD 4.02, 95% CI 1.09 to 6.94; I² = 0%). There was moderate-certainty evidence that self-management interventions probably did not slow the decline in eGFR after one year (3 RCTs, 855 participants: MD 1.53 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI -1.41 to 4.46; I² = 33%). Data for knowledge, self-care behaviour, death and hospitalisations could not be pooled or was not reported. Compared to usual care, low-certainty evidence showed educational with self-management interventions may increase knowledge (15 RCTs, 2185 participants: SMD 0.65, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.93; I² = 90%), improve self-care behaviour scores (4 RCTs, 913 participants: SMD 0.91, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.82; I² =97%), self-efficacy (8 RCTs, 687 participants: SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.89; I² = 82%), improve QoL physical component score (3 RCTs, 2771 participants: MD 2.56, 95% CI 1.73 to 3.38; I² = 0%) and may make little or no difference to slowing the decline of eGFR (4 RCTs, 618 participants: MD 4.28 mL/min/1.73 m², 95% CI -0.03 to 8.85; I² = 43%). Moderate-certainty evidence shows educational with self-management interventions probably decreases the risk of death (any cause) (4 RCTs, 2801 participants: RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.02; I² = 0%). Data for hospitalisation could not be pooled.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Interventions to improve aspects of health literacy are a very broad category, including educational interventions, self-management interventions and educational with self-management interventions. Overall, this type of health literacy intervention is probably beneficial in this cohort however, due to methodological limitations and high heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes, the evidence is of low certainty.

A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of an Intervention with a Nutritional Supplement for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves heterogeneous diseases that affect the renal structure and function. Malnutrition plays a crucial role during patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD) treatment and is associated with an increased rate and duration of hospitalizations. The aim of this randomized, parallel, intervention-controlled trial was to assess whether the use of daily supplementation with a new nutritional product developed by the Grand Fontaine Laboratories improves the nutritional status and anthropometric parameters of stage 5 CKD patients, compared with standard renal dietary advice, after three months of follow-up. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, and blood samples were collected at baseline and after three months of intervention. Significant improvements were observed within the intervention group in body weight (1.5 kg [95% CI: 0.9 to 2.12 kg]) and BMI (0.54 kg/m² [95% CI: 0.31 to 0.77]; p-value between groups, 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). In the control group, significant decreases were observed in transferrin saturation (-5.04% [95% CI: -8.88 to -1.21]) and alpha-tocopherol levels (-3.31 umol/L [95% CI: -6.30 to -0.32]). We concluded that daily dietary intake of a specific renal nutritional complement in CKD patients with or at risk of malnutrition may prevent deterioration in nutritional parameters.

Muscle Status Response to Oral Nutritional Supplementation in Hemodialysis Patients With Protein Energy Wasting: A Multi-Center Randomized, Open Label-Controlled Trial

Background: Muscle wasting, observed in patients with end-stage kidney disease and protein energy wasting (PEW), is associated with increased mortality for those on hemodialysis (HD). Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) and nutrition counseling (NC) are treatment options for PEW but research targeting muscle status, as an outcome metric, is limited.

Aim: We compared the effects of combined treatment (ONS + NC) vs. NC alone on muscle status and nutritional parameters in HD patients with PEW.

Methods: This multi-center randomized, open label-controlled trial, registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier no. NCT04789031), recruited 56 HD patients identified with PEW using the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism criteria. Patients were randomly allocated to intervention (ONS + NC, n = 29) and control (NC, n = 27) groups. The ONS + NC received commercial renal-specific ONS providing 475 kcal and 21.7 g of protein daily for 6 months. Both groups also received standard NC during the study period. Differences in quadriceps muscle status assessed using ultrasound (US) imaging, arm muscle area and circumference, bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS), and handgrip strength (HGS) methods were analyzed using the generalized linear model for repeated measures.

Results: Muscle indices as per US metrics indicated significance (p < 0.001) for group × time interaction only in the ONS + NC group, with increases by 8.3 and 7.7% for quadriceps muscle thickness and 4.5% for cross-sectional area (all p < 0.05). This effect was not observed for arm muscle area and circumference, BIS metrics and HGS in both the groups. ONS + NC compared to NC demonstrated increased dry weight (p = 0.039), mid-thigh girth (p = 0.004), serum prealbumin (p = 0.005), normalized protein catabolic rate (p = 0.025), and dietary intakes (p < 0.001), along with lower malnutrition–inflammation score (MIS) (p = 0.041). At the end of the study, lesser patients in the ONS + NC group were diagnosed with PEW (24.1%, p = 0.008) as they had achieved dietary adequacy with ONS provision.

Conclusion: Combination of ONS with NC was effective in treating PEW and contributed to a gain in the muscle status as assessed by the US, suggesting that the treatment for PEW requires nutritional optimization via ONS.

Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease-related malnutrition in adults

BACKGROUND

Disease-related malnutrition has been reported in 10% to 55% of people in hospital and the community and is associated with significant health and social-care costs. Dietary advice (DA) encouraging consumption of energy- and nutrient-rich foods rather than oral nutritional supplements (ONS) may be an initial treatment.

OBJECTIVES

To examine evidence that DA with/without ONS in adults with disease-related malnutrition improves survival, weight, anthropometry and quality of life (QoL).

SEARCH METHODS

We identified relevant publications from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearching. Last search: 01 March 2021.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of DA with/without ONS in adults with disease-related malnutrition in any healthcare setting compared with no advice, ONS or DA alone.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed study eligibility, risk of bias, extracted data and graded evidence.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 94, mostly parallel, RCTs (102 comparisons; 10,284 adults) across many conditions possibly explaining the high heterogeneity.  Participants were mostly older people in hospital, residential care and the community, with limited reporting on their sex. Studies lasted from one month to 6.5 years.  DA versus no advice - 24 RCTs (3523 participants) Most outcomes had low-certainty evidence. There may be little or no effect on mortality after three months, RR 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26 to 2.96), or at later time points. We had no three-month data, but advice may make little or no difference to hospitalisations, or days in hospital after four to six months and up to 12 months. A similar effect was seen for complications at up to three months, MD 0.00 (95% CI -0.32 to 0.32) and between four and six months. Advice may improve weight after three months, MD 0.97 kg (95% CI 0.06 to 1.87) continuing at four to six months and up to 12 months; and may result in a greater gain in fat-free mass (FFM) after 12 months, but not earlier. It may also improve global QoL at up to three months, MD 3.30 (95% CI 1.47 to 5.13), but not later. DA versus ONS - 12 RCTs (852 participants) All outcomes had low-certainty evidence. There may be little or no effect on mortality after three months, RR 0.66 (95% CI 0.34 to 1.26), or at later time points. Either intervention may make little or no difference to hospitalisations at three months, RR 0.36 (95% CI 0.04 to 3.24), but ONS may reduce hospitalisations up to six months. There was little or no difference between groups in weight change at three months, MD -0.14 kg (95% CI -2.01 to 1.74), or between four to six months. Advice (one study) may lead to better global QoL scores but only after 12 months. No study reported days in hospital, complications or FFM. DA versus DA plus ONS - 22 RCTs (1286 participants) Most outcomes had low-certainty evidence. There may be little or no effect on mortality after three months, RR 0.92 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.80) or at later time points. At three months advice may lead to fewer hospitalisations, RR 1.70 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.77), but not at up to six months. There may be little or no effect on length of hospital stay at up to three months, MD -1.07 (95% CI -4.10 to 1.97). At three months DA plus ONS may lead to fewer complications, RR 0.75 (95% CI o.56 to 0.99); greater weight gain, MD 1.15 kg (95% CI 0.42 to 1.87); and better global QoL scores, MD 0.33 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.57), but this was not seen at other time points. There was no effect on FFM at three months. DA plus ONS if required versus no advice or ONS - 31 RCTs (3308 participants) Evidence was moderate- to low-certainty. There may be little or no effect on mortality at three months, RR 0.82 (95% CI 0.58 to 1.16) or at later time points. Similarly, little or no effect on hospitalisations at three months, RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.15), at four to six months and up to 12 months; on days in hospital at three months, MD -0.12 (95% CI -2.48 to 2.25) or for complications at any time point. At three months, advice plus ONS probably improve weight, MD 1.25 kg (95% CI 0.73 to 1.76) and may improve FFM, 0.82 (95% CI 0.35 to 1.29), but these effects were not seen later. There may be little or no effect of either intervention on global QoL scores at three months, but advice plus ONS may improve scores at up to 12 months. DA plus ONS versus no advice or ONS - 13 RCTs (1315 participants) Evidence was low- to very low-certainty. There may be little or no effect on mortality after three months, RR 0.91 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.52) or at later time points. No study reported hospitalisations and there may be little or no effect on days in hospital after three months, MD -1.81 (95% CI -3.65 to 0.04) or six months. Advice plus ONS may lead to fewer complications up to three months, MD 0.42 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.89) (one study). Interventions may make little or no difference to weight at three months, MD 1.08 kg (95% CI -0.17 to 2.33); however, advice plus ONS may improve weight at four to six months and up to 12 months. Interventions may make little or no difference in FFM or global QoL scores at any time point.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

We found no evidence of an effect of any intervention on mortality. There may be weight gain with DA and with DA plus ONS in the short term, but the benefits of DA when compared with ONS are uncertain. The size and direction of effect and the length of intervention and follow-up required for benefits to emerge were inconsistent for all other outcomes.  There were too few data for many outcomes to allow meaningful conclusions. Studies focusing on both patient-centred and healthcare outcomes are needed to address the questions in this review.

The Relationship Between Nutritional Status Based on Subjective Global Assessment and Dialysis Adequacy

Background: Malnutrition is common in patients undergoing hemodialysis and leads to a decrease in dialysis adequacy. The evaluation of dialysis adequacy is very important. Objectives: This study was done to investigate the relationship between patients’ nutrition status based on Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and their dialysis adequacy. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. Three hundred qualified patients were selected by cluster sampling. Before the dialysis session, measurement of height and weight and blood sampling for albumin, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) assessment were performed. After the dialysis session, measurement of weight and second sampling for BUN were done. SGA forms were filled by patients. Patients’ dialysis adequacy was calculated based on the DaugirdasII formula, and data were analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: From 300 patients, 128 cases (42.7%) had normal nutrition status, while 148 cases (49.3%) had mild to moderate malnutrition and 24 cases (8%) had severe malnutrition with mean dialysis adequacy of 1.07. The present study showed a significant statistical relationship between malnutrition and education (P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03), albumin (P < 0.001), TIBC (P < 0.001), and dialysis adequacy (P < 0.001). Gender, age, and dialysis duration showed no significant relationship with nutrition status based on the SGA index. Conclusions: The findings showed a high relative frequency of malnutrition and a decrease in patients’ dialysis adequacy, which emphasize the patient’s educational level, proper management of nutrition along with regular consultations by nutritionists, better implementation of the dialysis procedure, and regular follow-up of dialysis adequacy.

The Effect of Nutritional Interventions on Long-Term Patient Survival in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of malnutrition and subsequent related mortality when starting dialysis. However, there have been few clinical studies on the effect of nutritional interventions on long-term patient survival. A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2016. A total of 186 patients with non-dialysis ESKD started the nutritional education program (NEP), and 169 completed it. A total of 128 patients participated in a NEP over 6 months (personalized diet, education and oral supplementation, if needed). The control group (n = 45) underwent no specific nutritional intervention. The hospitalization rate was significantly lower for the patients with NEP (13.7%) compared with the control patients (26.7%) (p = 0.004). The mortality odds ratio for the patients who did not receive NEP was 2.883 (95% CI 0.993-8.3365, p = 0.051). The multivariate analysis showed an independent association between mortality and age (OR, 1.103; 95% CI 1.041-1.169; p = 0.001) and between mortality and the female sex (OR, 3.332; 95% CI 1.054-10.535; p = 0.040) but not between mortality and those with NEP (p = 0.051). Individualized nutrition education has long-term positive effects on nutritional status, reduces hospital admissions and increases survival among patients with advanced CKD who are starting dialysis programs.

Association of Nutrition Education and Its Interaction with Lifestyle Factors on Kidney Function Parameters and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Taiwan

We evaluated the interactive effects of nutrition education (NE) and lifestyle factors on kidney function parameters and cardiovascular risk factors among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This cross-sectional cohort study recruited 2176 CKD stages 3-5 patients aged > 20 years from Integrated Chronic Kidney Disease Care Network, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan between December 2008 and April 2019. The multivariable regression analysis was performed to investigate the interactive effects of NE with lifestyle factors on kidney function parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion (AP) were applied to assess additive interaction. Patients who were smoking or physically inactive but received NE had better estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (β: 3.83, 95% CI: 1.17-6.49 or β: 3.67, 95% CI: 2.04-5.29) compared to those without NE. Patients with smoking and NE significantly reduced risks for having high glycated hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) by 47%, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 38%, and high corrected calcium (C-Ca) by 50% compared to those without NE. Moreover, NE and smoking or inactive physical activity exhibited an excess risk of high C-Ca (RERI: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.09-0.85 for smoking or RERI: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.01-0.90 and AP: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.03-0.99 for physical activity). Our study suggests that CKD patients who were enrolled in the NE program had better kidney function. Thus, NE could be associated with slowing kidney function decline and improving cardiovascular risk factors.

Oral protein-based supplements versus placebo or no treatment for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis. Oral protein-based nutritional supplements are often provided to patients whose oral intake is otherwise insufficient to meet their energy and protein needs. Evidence for the effectiveness of oral protein-based nutritional supplements in this population is limited.

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this review were to determine the benefits and harms of using oral protein-based nutritional supplements to improve the nutritional state of patients with CKD requiring dialysis.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 12 December 2019 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with CKD requiring dialysis that compared oral protein-based nutritional supplements to no oral protein-based nutritional supplements or placebo.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed studies for eligibility, risk of bias, and extracted data from individual studies. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean difference and 95% CI for continuous outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS

Twenty-two studies (1278 participants) were included in this review. All participants were adults on maintenance dialysis of whom 79% were on haemodialysis (HD) and 21% peritoneal dialysis. The follow-up period ranged from one to 12 months. The majority of studies were at unclear risk of selection, performance, and reporting bias. The detection bias was high for self-reported outcomes. Oral protein-based nutritional supplements probably lead to a higher mean change in serum albumin compared to the control group (16 studies, 790 participants: MD 0.19 g/dL, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.33; moderate certainty evidence), although there was considerable heterogeneity in the combined analysis (I² = 84%). The increase was more evident in HD participants (10 studies, 526 participants: MD 0.28 g/dL, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.46; P = 0.001 for overall effect) and malnourished participants (8 studies, 405 participants: MD 0.31 g/dL, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.52, P = 0.003 for overall effect). Oral protein-based nutritional supplements also probably leads to a higher mean serum albumin at the end of the intervention (14 studies, 715 participants: MD 0.14 g/dL, 95% CI 0 to 0.27; moderate certainty evidence), however heterogeneity was again high (I² = 80%). Again the increase was more evident in HD participants (9 studies, 498 participants: MD 0.21 g/dL, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.38; P = 0.02 for overall effect) and malnourished participants (7 studies, 377 participants: MD 0.25 g/dL, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.47; P = 0.03 for overall effect). Compared to placebo or no supplement, low certainty evidence showed oral protein-based nutritional supplements may result in a higher serum prealbumin (4 studies, 225 participants: MD 2.81 mg/dL, 95% CI 2.19 to 3.43), and mid-arm muscle circumference (4 studies, 216 participants: MD 1.33 cm, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.43) at the end of the intervention. Compared to placebo or no supplement, oral protein-based nutritional supplements may make little or no difference to weight (8 studies, 365 participants: MD 2.83 kg, 95% CI -0.43 to 6.09; low certainty evidence), body mass index (9 studies, 368 participants: MD -0.04 kg/m², 95% CI -0.74 to 0.66; moderate certainty evidence) and lean mass (5 studies, 189 participants: MD 1.27 kg, 95% CI -1.61 to 4.51; low certainty evidence). Due to very low quality of evidence, it is uncertain whether oral protein-based nutritional supplements affect triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference, C-reactive protein, Interleukin 6, serum potassium, or serum phosphate. There may be little or no difference in the risk of developing gastrointestinal intolerance between participants who received oral protein-based nutritional supplements compared with placebo or no supplement (6 studies, 426 participants: RR 2.81, 95% CI 0.58 to 13.65, low certainty evidence). It was not possible to draw conclusions about cost or quality of life, and deaths were not reported as a study outcome in any of the included studies.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Overall, it is likely that oral protein-based nutritional supplements increase both mean change in serum albumin and serum albumin at end of intervention and may improve serum prealbumin and mid-arm muscle circumference. The improvement in serum albumin was more evident in haemodialysis and malnourished participants. However, it remains uncertain whether these results translate to improvement in nutritional status and clinically relevant outcomes such as death. Large well-designed RCTs in this population are required.

A five-year longitudinal study of the relation between end-stage kidney disease as the outcomes

Background

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are required to undergo consecutive time-based blood and biochemical tests to determine the progression of the disease according to changes in their blood and biochemical data. This study employed a random intercept model to investigate whether time-based blood and biochemical data present any notable clinical meaning that can be used to track disease progression.

Methods

This study conducted a retrospective analysis on the dialytic data of 148 patients with ESKD, who received hemodialysis between January 2005 and December 2015. The patients were all at least 20 years old, and the data used included patient demographic information and results for at least 60 blood and biochemical tests. A random intercept model was used to analyze the relationships among blood and biochemical test results, explanatory variables of patient comorbidities, and time.

Results

The age range of patients was between 33 and 98 years, with an average of 66.1 years and those over 65 years old comprising 51.3% (n = 76) of the total. Furthermore, hypertension was found to be the most common comorbidity among patients (87.2%, n = 129), followed by anemia (48.6%, n = 72), diabetes (47.3%, n = 70), dyslipidemia (19.6%, n = 29), and peptic ulcer (19.6%, n = 29). Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is a comorbidity that can serve as a strong and independent marker for prognosis in patients with ESKD. Serum creatinine level can serve as an alternative indicator because patients with ESKD and comorbid diabetes may exhibit increased creatinine levels.

Conclusions

The results of a parameter estimation for longitudinal data analysis suggested that comorbidity and time were critical variables influencing blood and biochemical test results. Furthermore, WBC and HBC, HCT, albumin, protein, and creatinine levels were recognized as variables of critical significance. The results obtained in this study indicate that multimorbidity increases the treatment burden on patients, leading to polypharmacy. For this reason, comprehensive care and treatment of ESKD cannot rely solely on data from one single time point; instead, longitudinal analysis and other data that can affect patient prognosis must also be considered.

Improvement in Nutritional Status in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease-4 by a Nutrition Education Program With No Impact on Renal Function and Determined by Male Sex

OBJECTIVE

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and a rapid deterioration of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is little information regarding the effect of nutrition intervention. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a nutrition education program (NEP) in patients with nondialysis dependent CKD (NDD-CKD), based on the diagnostic criteria for PEW proposed by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. The design of the study was a 6-month longitudinal, prospective, and interventional study. The study was conducted from March 2008 to September 2011 in the Nephrology Department of La Paz University Hospital in Madrid, Spain.

SUBJECTS

A total of 160 patients with NDD-CKD started the NEP, and 128 finished it.

INTERVENTION

The 6-month NEP consisted of designing an individualized diet plan based on the patient's initial nutritional status, and 4 nutrition education sessions.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Changes in nutritional status (PEW) and biochemical, anthropometric and body composition parameters.

RESULTS

After 6 months of intervention, potassium and inflammation levels decreased, and an improved lipid profile was found. Body mass index lowered, with increased muscle mass and a stable fat mass. Men showed increased levels of albumin and prealbumin, and women showed decreased proteinuria levels. The prevalence of PEW decreased globally (27.3%-10.9%; P = .000), but differently in men (29.5%-6.5%; P = .000) and in women (25.4%-14.9%; P = .070), 3 of the women having worsened. Kidney function was preserved, despite increased protein intake.

CONCLUSION

The NEP in NDD-CKD generally improved nutritional status as measured by PEW parameters, but individual poorer results indicated the need to pay special attention to female sex and low body mass index at the start of the program.

The Effect of BCAA and ISO-WHEY Oral Nutritional Supplements on Dialysis Adequacy

Background

Protein-energy malnutrition is a common problem in hemodialysis patients and has different outcomes such as reduced quality of life, longer hospitalization time, lower dialysis adequacy, and higher mortality rate. Investigation of dialysis adequacy is an important method for assessing hemodialysis patients, and improving the dialysis adequacy is an important healthcare team goal.

Objectives

The present study aims to investigate and compare the effects of BCAA and ISO-WHEY oral nutritional supplements on dialysis adequacy.

Methods

In a clinical trial study, 66 hemodialysis patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (n = 22), Group B (n = 22), and Group C or the control group (n = 22). In Groups A and B, as prescribed and controlled by nutritionists and nephrologists, respectively, ISO-WHEY and BCAA protein powder were used for 2 months on a daily basis. For all groups, before intervention and 1 and 2 months after intervention, the dialysis adequacy was measured using URR and Kt/V. Finally, the data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Base 21.0 software.

Results

Out of 66 patients, 61 (19 in Group A, 20 in Group B, and 22 in Group C) completed the study period, and before intervention, all groups were equal in terms of quality and quantity variables (P > 0.05). After intervention, there was a significant difference between the three groups with regard to the variables of dialysis adequacy based on Kt/V and URR to independent-t test and repeated measures ANOVA (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Results show that the intake of oral nutritional supplements leads to an improvement in the dialysis adequacy of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, the use of nutritional supplements along with patients' training and regular consultation will be helpful in improving the nutritional status, dialysis adequacy, and eventually the quality of life.

Enfermeiros atuantes em hemodiálise indicam diagnósticos de enfermagem relevantes na prática clínica

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o perfil de diagnósticos de enfermagem apontados por enfermeiros que atuam em hemodiálise como mais relevantes para a prática clínica na área. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado de agosto a setembro de 2014, em Goiânia, GO, Brasil, por meio de um questionário e escala tipo Likert (escore de 0-7) para julgamento de relevância do diagnóstico. Foi calculada a razão entre a somatória da pontuação obtida e a pontuação máxima possível. Considerou-se relevantes os diagnósticos com escore ≥0,75. Resultados Participaram 40 enfermeiros, 80% atuavam na área há mais de 24 meses, 42,5% eram especialistas em nefrologia. Eles indicaram 44 diagnósticos de enfermagem relevantes, os quais foram discutidos no contexto da enfermagem em hemodiálise. Conclusão Os diagnósticos identificados evidenciam as respostas humanas valorizadas pelos enfermeiros que atuam em hemodiálise.

Major barriers responsible for malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: challenges to optimal nutrition

Background:

Nutritional barriers may contribute to malnutrition in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Higher rates of morbidity and mortality rates have been reported in malnourished HD patients. These patients are faced with different challenges affecting their nutritional status.

Objectives:

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify most important barriers responsible for malnutrition in HD patients.

Patients and Methods:

We randomly selected 255 of 800 stable HD patients from three HD centers with an age range of 18-85 years, who had been on hemodialysis for at least three months without any acute illness. Each patient was interviewed to evaluate malnutrition [subjective global assessment (SGA), malnutrition inflammation score (MIS)], and potential medical, behavioral and socioeconomic barriers. Body composition of patients was checked through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Routine clinical markers of malnutrition such as serum albumin and total protein were measured using standard automated techniques. Binary logistic regression model was used to find the association between nutritional markers and potential barriers.

Results:

Patients with higher SGA had lower knowledge about general nutrition [odds ratio (OR), 1.3], potassium (OR, 1.89), difficulty chewing (OR, 1.16), and shopping (OR, 1.16). Those with greater MIS scores had poor appetite (OR, 1.3), depression (OR, 1.21), and difficulty with cooking (OR, 1.15). Lower BCM (body cell mass) was associated with poor appetite (OR, 0.92) and needed help for cooking (OR, 0.88). Patients with higher BFMI (body fat mass index) had insufficient general nutrition (OR, 1.15), and protein (OR, 1.27) knowledge, and needed help for shopping (OR, 1.14). Moreover, patients with higher SGA scores were those with older age and longer duration of HD.

Conclusions:

Three medical barriers (poor appetite, depression and difficulty chewing), one behavioral barrier (poor total nutrition, protein, and potassium knowledge), and one socioeconomic barrier (needing help for shopping and cooking) were independently associated with nutritional markers.