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Radtke S, Humbert O, Kiem HP. Mouse models in hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy and genome editing. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113692. [PMID: 31705854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an important treatment option for a variety of hematological diseases. The biggest advances have been made with CAR T cells and many of those studies are now FDA approved as a routine treatment for some hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is not far behind with treatment approvals granted for beta-hemoglobinopathies and adenosine deaminase severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID), and additional approbations currently being sought. With the current pace of research, the significant investment of biotech companies, and the continuously growing toolbox of viral as well as non-viral gene delivery methods, the development of new ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy approaches is at an all-time high. Research in the field of gene therapy has been ongoing for more than 4 decades with big success stories as well as devastating drawbacks along the way. In particular, the damaging effect of uncontrolled viral vector integration observed in the initial gene therapy applications in the 90s led to a more comprehensive upfront safety assessment of treatment strategies. Since the late 90s, an important read-out to comprehensively assess the quality and safety of cell products has come forward with the mouse xenograft model. Here, we review the use of mouse models across the different stages of basic, pre-clinical and translational research towards the clinical application of HSC-mediated gene therapy and editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Wilcox DA. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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MISTRG mice support engraftment and assessment of nonhuman primate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Exp Hematol 2018; 70:31-41.e1. [PMID: 30590092 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical feasibility, safety, and efficacy testing of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-mediated gene therapy approaches is commonly performed in large-animal models such as nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here, we wished to determine whether mouse models would allow engraftment of NHP HSPCs, which would enable more facile and less costly evaluation of promising strategies. In this study, we comprehensively tested two mouse strains for the engraftment of NHP CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). No engraftment of NHP HSPCs was observed in NSG mice, whereas the gene-humanized MISTRG model did demonstrate dose-dependent multilineage engraftment of NHP cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and thymus. Most importantly, and closely mimicking the hematopoietic recovery of autologous stem cell transplantations in the NHP, only HSC-enriched CD34+CD90+CD45RA- cell fractions engrafted and reconstituted the bone marrow stem cell niche in MISTRG mice. In summary, we here report the first "monkeynized" mouse xenograft model that closely recapitulates the autologous hematopoietic reconstitution in the NHP stem and progenitor cell transplantation and gene therapy model. The availability of this model has the potential to pre-evaluate novel HSC-mediated gene therapy approaches, inform studies in the NHP, and improve the overall outcome of large-animal experiments.
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A hyperactive Mpl-based cell growth switch drives macrophage-associated erythropoiesis through an erythroid-megakaryocytic precursor. Blood 2014; 125:1025-33. [PMID: 25343958 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several approaches for controlling hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion, lineage commitment, and maturation have been investigated for improving clinical interventions. We report here that amino acid substitutions in a thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl)--containing cell growth switch (CGS) extending receptor stability improve the expansion capacity of human cord blood CD34(+) cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines. Activation of this CGS with a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) expands total cells 99-fold, erythrocytes 70-fold, megakaryocytes 0.5-fold, and CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells 4.4-fold by 21 days of culture. Analysis of cells in these expanded populations identified a CID-dependent bipotent erythrocyte-megakaryocyte precursor (PEM) population, and a CID-independent macrophage population. The CD235a(+)/CD41a(+) PEM population constitutes up to 13% of the expansion cultures, can differentiate into erythrocytes or megakaryocytes, exhibits very little expansion capacity, and exists at very low levels in unexpanded cord blood. The CD206(+) macrophage population constitutes up to 15% of the expansion cultures, exhibits high-expansion capacity, and is physically associated with differentiating erythroblasts. Taken together, these studies describe a fundamental enhancement of the CGS expansion platform, identify a novel precursor population in the erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation pathway of humans, and implicate an erythropoietin-independent, macrophage-associated pathway supporting terminal erythropoiesis in this expansion system.
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Larochelle A, Dunbar CE. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy:assessing the relevance of preclinical models. Semin Hematol 2014; 50:101-30. [PMID: 24014892 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kuchmiy AA, Efimov GA, Nedospasov SA. Methods for in vivo molecular imaging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1339-53. [PMID: 23244729 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of single molecules and specific subsets of cells is widely used for studies of biological processes and particularly in immunological research. Recent technological advances have provided a qualitative change in biological visualization from studying of "snapshot" pictures to real-time continuous observation of cellular dynamics in vivo. Contemporary methods of in vivo imaging make it possible to localize specific cells within organs and tissues, to study their differentiation, migration, and cell-to-cell interactions, and to follow some intracellular events. Fluorescence intravital microscopy plays an especially important role in high resolution molecular imaging. The methods of intravital microscopy are quickly advancing thanks to improvements in molecular sensors, labeling strategies, and detection approaches. Novel techniques allow simultaneous detection of various probes with better resolution and depth of imaging. In this review, we describe current methods for in vivo imaging, with special accent on fluorescence approaches, and discuss their applications for medical and biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kuchmiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Wilcox DA. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Shahrokhi S, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. Role of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in gibbon-ape-leukemia virus (GALV) transduction of CD34+ cells. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:491-4. [PMID: 20851465 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Optimization of transduction condition is an important goal to improve gene transduction. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of SP and/or CGRP as novel growth/transducing factors on the efficacy of CD34(+) transduction. METHODS CD34(+) cells were transduced with Gibbon-Ape-Leukemia virus (GALV), containing Neomycin gene. CD34(+) cells were transduced with GALV presence of SP and/or CGRP. Real Time PCR and colony formation assay (CFU-C) was performed. RESULTS Viral vectors titration on Hela cells indicated transduction efficiency of 1×10(6)CFU/ml. Real Time PCR of Neo and CFU-C showed stimulatory role of SP on gene transfer 5.9% and 14.84% compared to 3.6% and 12.58% in control group, while opposite role observed for CGRP 0.89% and 7.86%. Both SP and CGRP showed no significant effect in these assays. DISCUSSION This study showed including of SP in growth factor cocktail is beneficial for CD34(+) transduction, which could be applied to genetic modification procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Shahrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Dembinski JL, Spaeth EL, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Studeny M, Andreeff M, Marini FC. Reduction of nontarget infection and systemic toxicity by targeted delivery of conditionally replicating viruses transported in mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 17:289-97. [PMID: 19876078 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The fiber-modified adenoviral vector Delta-24-RGD (D24RGD) offers vast therapeutic potential. Direct injection of D24RGD has been used to successfully target ovarian tumors in mice. However, systemic toxicity, especially in the liver, profoundly limits the efficacy of direct viral vector delivery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the ability to function as a vector for targeted gene therapy because of their preferential engraftment into solid tumors and participation in tumor stroma formation. We show that MSC-guided delivery of D24RGD is specific and efficient and reduces the overall systemic toxicity in mice to negligible levels compared with D24RGD alone. In our model, we found efficient targeted delivery of MSC-D24RGD to both breast and ovarian cell lines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for adenoviral hexon protein confirmed negligible levels of systemic toxicity in mice that were administered MSC-D24RGD compared with those that were administered D24RGD. These data suggest that delivery of D24RGD through MSC not only increases the targeted delivery efficiency, but also reduces the systemic exposure of the virus, thereby reducing overall systemic toxicity to the host and ultimately enhancing its value as an anti-tumor therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Dembinski
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Xue X, Huang X, Nodland SE, Mátés L, Ma L, Izsvák Z, Ivics Z, LeBien TW, McIvor RS, Wagner JE, Zhou X. Stable gene transfer and expression in cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by a hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Blood 2009; 114:1319-30. [PMID: 19414858 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report stable gene transfer in cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells using a hyperactive nonviral Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposase (SB100X). In colony-forming assays, SB100X mediated the highest efficiency (24%) of stable Discosoma sp red fluorescent protein (DsRed) reporter gene transfer in committed hematopoietic progenitors compared with both the early-generation hyperactive SB11 transposase and the piggyBac transposon system (1.23% and 3.8%, respectively). In vitro differentiation assays further demonstrated that SB100X-transfected CD34(+) cells can develop into DsRed(+) CD4(+)CD8(+) T (3.17%-21.84%; median, 7.97%), CD19(+) B (3.83%-18.66%; median, 7.84%), CD56(+)CD3(-) NK (3.53%-79.98%; median, 7.88%), and CD33(+) myeloid (7.59%-15.63%; median, 9.48%) cells. SB100X-transfected CD34(+) cells achieved approximately 46% engraftment in NOD-scid IL2gammac(null) (NOG) mice. Twelve weeks after transplantation, 0.57% to 28.96% (median, 2.79%) and 0.49% to 34.50% (median, 5.59%) of total human CD45(+) cells in the bone marrow and spleen expressed DsRed, including CD19(+) B, CD14(+) monocytoid, and CD33(+) myeloid cell lineages. Integration site analysis revealed SB transposon sequences in the human chromosomes of in vitro differentiated T, B, NK, and myeloid cells, as well as in human CD45(+) cells isolated from bone marrow and spleen of transplanted NOG mice. Our results support the continuing development of SB-based gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells as a modality for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkui Xue
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Sustained high-level polyclonal hematopoietic marking and transgene expression 4 years after autologous transplantation of rhesus macaques with SIV lentiviral vector-transduced CD34+ cells. Blood 2009; 113:5434-43. [PMID: 19339698 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-185199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that lentiviral vectors derived from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) were efficient at transducing rhesus hematopoietic repopulating cells. To evaluate the persistence of vector-containing and -expressing cells long term, and the safety implications of SIV lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer, we followed 3 rhesus macaques for more than 4 years after transplantation with transduced CD34+ cells. All 3 animals demonstrated significant vector marking and expression of the GFP transgene in T cells, B cells, and granulocytes, with mean GFP+ levels of 6.7% (range, 3.3%-13.0%), 7.4% (4.2%-13.4%), and 5.6% (3.1%-10.5%), respectively. There was no vector silencing in hematopoietic cells over time. Vector insertion site analysis of granulocytes demonstrated sustained highly polyclonal reconstitution, with no evidence for progression to oligoclonality. A significant number of clones were found to contribute at both 1-year and 3- or 4-year time points. No vector integrations were detected in the MDS1/EVI1 region, in contrast to our previous findings with a gamma-retroviral vector. These data show that lentiviral vectors can mediate stable and efficient long-term expression in the progeny of transduced hematopoietic stem cells, with an integration profile that may be safer than that of standard Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV)-derived retroviral vectors.
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Abstract
The concept of introducing genes into human cells for therapeutic purposes developed nearly 50 years ago as diseases due to defects in specific genes were recognized. Development of recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s and their application to the study of mouse tumor viruses facilitated the assembly of the first gene transfer vectors. Vectors of several different types have now been developed for specific applications and over the past decade, efficacy has been demonstrated in many animal models. Clinical trials began in 1989 and by 2002 there was unequivocal evidence that children with severe combined immunodeficiency could be cured by gene transfer into primitive hematopoietic cells. Emerging from these successful trials was the realization that proto-oncogene activation by retroviral integration could contribute to leukemia. Much current effort is focused on development of safer vectors. Successful gene therapy applications have also been developed for control of graft-versus-host disease and treatment of various viral infections, leukemias, and lymphomas. The hemophilias seem amenable to gene therapy intervention and informative clinical trials have been conducted. The hemoglobin disorders, an early target for gene therapy, have proved particularly challenging although ongoing research is yielding new information that may ultimately lead to successful clinical trials.
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Moon N, Yang SJ, Park BB, Chung YS, Lee JW, Oh IH. Efficient Bone Marrow Transduction by Gene Transfer with Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Blood Serum and Plasma: An Implication for Clinical Trials. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:744-52. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noory Moon
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Seung-Jip Yang
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Bo-Bae Park
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Shin Chung
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Lee
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Santoni de Sio FR, Gritti A, Cascio P, Neri M, Sampaolesi M, Galli C, Luban J, Naldini L. Lentiviral vector gene transfer is limited by the proteasome at postentry steps in various types of stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2142-52. [PMID: 18483423 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of human embryonic and somatic stem cells of different types has made it possible to design novel gene and cell replacement therapies. Vectors derived from retro/lentiviruses are used to stably introduce genes into stem cells and their progeny. However, the permissivity to retroviral infection varies among cell types. We previously showed that hematopoietic stem cells are poorly permissive to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived vectors and that pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome strongly enhances gene transfer. Here we report that the proteasome limits lentiviral gene transfer in all stem cell types tested, including embryonic, mesenchymal, and neural, of both human and mouse origin. Remarkably, this inhibitory activity was sharply reduced upon differentiation of the stem cells, suggesting that it represents a novel feature of the stem cell/immature progenitor phenotype. Proteasome-mediated inhibition was specific for lentiviral vectors and occurred at a postentry infection step. It was not mediated by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, a major signaling pathway modulated by the proteasome, and did not correlate with high proteasome activity. Interaction of the virion core with cyclophilin A was required to maximize the effect of proteasome inhibitor on the infection pathway. These findings are relevant to uncover new mediators of HIV gene transfer and help in designing more effective protocols for the genetic modification of stem cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Wilcox DA, White GC. Gene Therapy for Platelet Disorders. Platelets 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369367-9/50833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The Yin and Yang of Stem Cell Gene Therapy: Insights into Hematopoiesis, Leukemogenesis, and Gene Therapy Safety. Hematology 2007:460-5. [DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past decade, success in the treatment of serious genetic disorders via gene therapy was finally achieved. However, this progress was tempered by the occurrence of serious adverse events related to vector integration into the genome and activation of adjacent proto-oncogenes. Investigators are now focused on retaining the clinical potential of integrating vectors while decreasing the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
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Tao W, Evans BG, Yao J, Cooper S, Cornetta K, Ballas CB, Hangoc G, Broxmeyer HE. Enhanced green fluorescent protein is a nearly ideal long-term expression tracer for hematopoietic stem cells, whereas DsRed-express fluorescent protein is not. Stem Cells 2006; 25:670-8. [PMID: 17138958 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Validated gene transfer and expression tracers are essential for elucidating functions of mammalian genes. Here, we have determined the suitability and unintended side effects of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and DsRed-Express fluorescent protein as expression tracers in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Retrovirally transduced mouse bone marrow cells expressing either EGFP or DsRed-Express in single or mixed dual-color cell populations were clearly discerned by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The results from in vivo competitive repopulation assays demonstrated that EGFP-expressing HSCs were maintained nearly throughout the lifespan of the transplanted mice and retained long-term multilineage repopulating potential. All mice assessed at 15 months post-transplantation were EGFP positive, and, on average, 24% total peripheral white blood cells expressed EGFP. Most EGFP-expressing recipient mice lived at least 22 months. In contrast, Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-expressing donor cells dramatically declined in transplant-recipient mice over time, particularly in the competitive setting, in which mixed EGFP- and DsRed-expressing cells were cotransplanted. Moreover, under in vitro culture condition favoring preservation of HSCs, purified EGFP-expressing cells grew robustly, whereas DsRed-expressing cells did not. Therefore, EGFP has no detectable deteriorative effects on HSCs, and is nearly an ideal long-term expression tracer for hematopoietic cells; however, DsRed-Express fluorescent protein is not suitable for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Room 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Pan YW, Scarlett JM, Luoh TT, Kurre P. Prolonged adherence of human immunodeficiency virus-derived vector particles to hematopoietic target cells leads to secondary transduction in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2006; 81:639-49. [PMID: 17035328 PMCID: PMC1797443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01089-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-derived lentivirus vectors bearing the vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) envelope glycoprotein demonstrate a wide host range and can stably transduce quiescent hematopoietic stem cells. In light of concerns about biosafety and potential germ line transmission, they have been used predominantly for ex vivo strategies, thought to ensure the removal of excess surface-bound particles and prevent in vivo dissemination. Studies presented here instead reveal prolonged particle adherence after ex vivo exposure, despite serial wash procedures, with subsequent transduction of secondary target cells in direct and transwell cocultures. We explored the critical parameters affecting particle retention and transfer and show that attachment to the cell surface selectively protects virus particles from serum complement-mediated inactivation. Moreover, studies with nonmyeloablated murine recipients show that transplantation of vector-exposed, washed hematopoietic cells results in systemic dissemination of functional VSV-G/lentivector particles. We demonstrate genetic marking by inadvertent transfer of vector particles and prolonged expression of transgene product in recipient tissues. Our findings have implications for biosafety, vector design, and cell biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Wei Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Germain RN, Miller MJ, Dustin ML, Nussenzweig MC. Dynamic imaging of the immune system: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:497-507. [PMID: 16799470 DOI: 10.1038/nri1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity are dependent on the migratory capacity of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Effector cells of the innate immune system rapidly enter infected tissues, whereas sentinel dendritic cells in these sites mobilize and transit to lymph nodes. In these and other secondary lymphoid tissues, interactions among various cell types promote adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Recent advances in light microscopy have allowed direct visualization of these events in living animals and tissue explants, which allows a new appreciation of the dynamics of immune-cell behaviour. In this article, we review the basic techniques and the tools used for in situ imaging, as well as the limitations and potential artefacts of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Chen S, Wasserfall C, Kapturczak MH, Atkinson M, Agarwal A. Freeze-thaw increases adeno-associated virus transduction of cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C386-92. [PMID: 16510845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00582.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A combination of gene and cell-based therapies may provide significant advantages over existing treatments in terms of their effectiveness. However, long-term efficient gene delivery has been difficult to achieve in many cell types, including endothelial cells. We developed a freeze-thaw technique which significantly increases the transduction efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors in human aortic endothelial cells (23-fold) and in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (128-fold) in comparison to current methods for transduction. Freeze-thaw resulted in a transient but significant increase in cell surface area by 1,174 ± 69.8 μM2per cell. Reduction of cryogenic medium volume and repeated freeze-thaw further increased transduction efficiency by 2.8- and 2.4-fold, respectively. Trypsinization, dimethylsulfoxide, and cold temperatures, which are also involved in cell preservation, had no significant impact on transduction efficiency. Increased transduction was also observed in mesenchymal stem cells (42-fold) by the freeze-thaw method. The potential mechanism of this novel technique likely involves an increase in the net permeable area of biological membranes caused by water crystallization. These findings provide a new approach for gene delivery in various cell types, particularly in those resistant to transduction by conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Chen
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Papapetrou EP, Ziros PG, Micheva ID, Zoumbos NC, Athanassiadou A. Gene transfer into human hematopoietic progenitor cells with an episomal vector carrying an S/MAR element. Gene Ther 2006; 13:40-51. [PMID: 16094410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Episomally maintained self-replicating systems present attractive alternative vehicles for gene therapy applications. Recent insights into the ability of chromosomal scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) to mediate episomal maintenance of genetic elements allowed the development of a small circular episomal vector that functions independently of virally encoded proteins. In this study, we investigated the potential of this vector, pEPI-eGFP, to mediate gene transfer in hematopoietic progenitor cell lines and primary human cells. pEPI-eGFP was episomally maintained and conferred sustained eGFP expression even in nonselective conditions in the human cell line, K562, as well as in primary human fibroblast-like cells. In contrast, in the murine erythroleukemia cell line, MEL, transgene expression was silenced through histone deacetylation, despite the vector's episomal persistence. Hematopoietic semisolid cell colonies derived from transfected human cord blood CD34(+) cells expressed eGFP, albeit at low levels. After 4 weeks, the vector is retained in approximately 1% of progeny cells. Our results provide the first evidence that S/MAR-based plasmids can function as stable episomes in primary human cells, supporting long-term transgene expression. However, they do not display universal behavior in all cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Papapetrou
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, Patras, Greece.
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Wiehe JMI, Niesler C, Torzewski J, Zimmermann O, Wiesneth M, Schmitt M, Schwarz K, Döhner H, Hombach V, Greiner J. Efficient transient genetic labeling of human CD34+ progenitor cells for in vivo application. Regen Med 2006; 1:223-34. [PMID: 17465806 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic labeling of human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and their consecutive fate-mapping in vivo is an approach to answer intriguing questions in stem cell biology. We recently reported efficient transient genetic labeling of human CD34+ HPC with the truncated low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (ΔLNGFR) for in vivo application. Here we investigate whether HPC labeling with ΔLNGFR affects lineage-specific cell differentiation, whether ΔLNGFR expression is maintained during lineage-specific cell differentiation and which leukemia cell line might be an appropriate cell culture model for human CD34+ HPC. Human CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells and various leukemia cell lines were characterized by immunophenotyping. Cells were transfected using nucleofection. Hematopoietic differentiation was studied by colony-forming assays. ΔLNGFR expression was assessed using reverse transcription-PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Nucleofection was efficient and did not significantly reduce hematopoietic cell differentiation. Mature myeloid cells (CD66b+) derived from human CD34+ HPC and Mutz2 cells maintained ΔLNGFR expression at a high percentage (70 ± 2% and 58 ± 2%, respectively). Mutz2 cells may serve as an in vitro model for human myeloid HPC. The method described herein has been adopted to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) guidelines and is ready for in vivo application.
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Budak-Alpdogan T, Banerjee D, Bertino JR. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with drug resistance genes: an update. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:849-63. [PMID: 16037821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transfer of drug resistance genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has promise for the treatment of a variety of inherited, that is, X-linked severe combined immune deficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency, thalassemia, and acquired disorders, that is, breast cancer, lymphomas, brain tumors, and testicular cancer. Drug resistance genes are transferred into HSCs either for providing myeloprotection against chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression or for selecting HSCs that are concomitantly transduced with another gene for correction of an inherited disorder. In this review, we describe ongoing experimental approaches, observations from clinical trials, and safety concerns related to the drug resistance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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24
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Abstract
AbstractHLA-identical sibling hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for sickle cell disease (SCD) has a strong track record of efficacy and there is growing appreciation that its benefits exceed its risks in selected individuals. In contrast, the clinical utility of replacement gene therapy for sickle cell disease remains unproven. Its challenge is to ensure viral transduction into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and to generate safe, stable, erythroid-specific replacement gene expression at a level that is sufficient to have a clinical effect. The clinical necessity for fulfilling all these criteria may make this genetic disorder among the most complex to treat successfully by gene therapy. But the experience of HCT for SCD has proven that eliminating the βS-globin gene is curative when the transfer is stable. Thus replacement gene therapy for sickle cell disease remains a subject of intense interest and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Walters
- Children's Hospital and Research Center - Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609-1809, USA.
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