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Yoshinami Y, Nishimura E, Hosokai T, Yamamoto S, Matsuda S, Nomura M, Kawakubo H, Kato K, Kitagawa Y. Rare malignant neoplasm of the esophagus: current status and future perspectives. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:111-120. [PMID: 37861097 PMCID: PMC10849183 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is common worldwide, including in Japan, and its major histological subtype is squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are some rare esophageal cancers, including neuroendocrine neoplasm, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, carcinosarcoma and malignant melanoma. The biological and clinical features of these cancers differ from those of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, different treatment strategies are needed for these cancers but are based on limited evidence. Neuroendocrine neoplasm is mainly divided into neuroendocrine tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma by differentiation and the Ki-67 proliferation index or mitotic index. Epidemiologically, the majority of esophageal neuroendocrine neoplasms are neuroendocrine carcinoma. The treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma is similar to that of small cell lung cancer, which has similar morphological and biological features. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is known to be associated with alterations in the c-KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor genes and, if resectable, is treated in accordance with the modified Fletcher classification. Carcinosarcoma is generally resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy and requires multimodal treatments such as surgery plus chemotherapy to achieve cure. Primary malignant melanoma is resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy, but immune checkpoint inhibitors have recently demonstrated efficacy for malignant melanoma of the esophagus. This review focuses on the current status and future perspectives for rare cancer of the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yoshinami
- Department of Head and Neck, Esophageal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erica Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hosokai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shun Yamamoto
- Department of Head and Neck, Esophageal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoo Nomura
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kato
- Department of Head and Neck, Esophageal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Del Campo Fonseca A, Ahmed D. Ultrasound robotics for precision therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115164. [PMID: 38145721 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of microrobots in precision therapy has gained significant attention. The small size and maneuverability of these micromachines enable them to potentially access regions that are difficult to reach using traditional methods; thus, reducing off-target toxicities and maximizing treatment effectiveness. Specifically, acoustic actuation has emerged as a promising method to exert control. By harnessing the power of acoustic energy, these small machines potentially navigate the body, assemble at the desired sites, and deliver therapies with enhanced precision and effectiveness. Amidst the enthusiasm surrounding these miniature agents, their translation to clinical environments has proven difficult. The primary objectives of this review are threefold: firstly, to offer an overview of the fundamental acoustic principles employed in the field of microrobots; secondly, to assess their current applications in medical therapies, encompassing tissue targeting, drug delivery or even cell infiltration; and lastly, to delve into the continuous efforts aimed at integrating acoustic microrobots into in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Del Campo Fonseca
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, ETH Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, ETH Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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3
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Kerekes D, Frey A, Bakkila B, Kunstman JW, Khan SA. Surgical treatment of stage IV gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: Experience and outcomes in the United States. J Surg Oncol 2023; 128:790-802. [PMID: 37435780 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Surgery for metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (GEP-NEC) has not been well-studied. This retrospective cohort study describes patients in the United States with stage IV GEP-NEC and their survival outcomes segregated by surgery. METHODS Patients diagnosed with stage IV GEP-NEC from 2004 to 2017 in the National Cancer Database were categorized into three groups: no surgery, primary site or metastatic site ("single-site") surgery, and primary site and metastatic site ("multisite") surgery. Factors associated with surgical treatment were identified, and risk-adjusted overall survival of each group was compared. RESULTS Of 4171 patients included, 958 (23.0%) underwent single-site surgery and 374 (9.0%) underwent multisite surgery. The strongest predictor of surgery was primary tumor type. Compared with no surgery, the risk-adjusted mortality reduction associated with single-site surgery ranged from 63% for small bowel (HR = 0.37, 0.23-0.58, p < 0.001) NEC to 30% for colon and appendix NEC (HR = 0.70, 0.61-0.80, p < 0.001), while the mortality reduction associated with multisite surgery ranged from 77% for pancreas NEC (HR = 0.23, 0.17-0.33, p < 0.001) to 48% for colon and appendix NEC (HR = 0.52, 0.44-0.63, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We observed an association between extent of surgical intervention and overall survival for patients with stage IV GEP-NEC. Surgical resection should be further investigated as a treatment option for highly-selected patients with this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerekes
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alexander Frey
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Baylee Bakkila
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John W Kunstman
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sajid A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Dhakre VW, Purushothaman G, Doctor N. Gallbladder Neuroendocrine Tumors: Is There a Need for a Specific Approach? Gastrointest Tumors 2022; 9:5-11. [PMID: 35528747 PMCID: PMC9021648 DOI: 10.1159/000520988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the gallbladder or the biliary tree are rare. Most of the current guidelines and protocols are derived from the experience of managing lung small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma or gastrointestinal NETs. But, the overall outcome of gallbladder NETs (GB-NETs) seems worse than similarly staged lung NETs and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. This may be due to its rarity and lack of literature for a focused approach toward its treatment. Hence, the need for a specifically designed approach might help improve results of treatment for these rare tumors. We share our experience of 2 patients with GB-NETs and their 5-year outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Waman Dhakre
- Department of Surgery, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Govind Purushothaman
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology & HPB Surgery, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilesh Doctor
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology & HPB Surgery, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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5
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Shi M, Fan Z, Xu J, Yang J, Li Y, Gao C, Su P, Wang X, Zhan H. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms G3: Novel insights and unmet needs. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188637. [PMID: 34678439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the 2019 WHO pathology grading system, high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) can be divided into well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors G3 (NETs G3) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). GEP-NETs G3 and GEP-NECs present significant differences in driver genes and disease origin. NETs G3 and NECs have been confirmed to be two distinct diseases with different genetic backgrounds, however, this issue remains controversial. The prognosis of NETs G3 is significantly better than that of NECs. The differential diagnosis of GEP-NETs G3 and GEP-NECs should be combined with the patient's medical history, tumor histopathology, Ki-67 index, DAXX/ATRX, TP53 and Rb expression as well as other immunohistochemical indicators. In addition, the treatment strategies of these two subgroups are very different. Here, we summarize recent findings focused on the genomics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and other aspects of high-grade GEP-NENs (G3). This review may help further our understanding of the carcinogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of GEP-NENs G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhiyao Fan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Changhao Gao
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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6
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Boddu SHS, Bhagav P, Karla PK, Jacob S, Adatiya MD, Dhameliya TM, Ranch KM, Tiwari AK. Polyamide/Poly(Amino Acid) Polymers for Drug Delivery. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 34698184 PMCID: PMC8544418 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers have always played a critical role in the development of novel drug delivery systems by providing the sustained, controlled and targeted release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Among the different polymers, polyamides or poly(amino acid)s exhibit distinct features such as good biocompatibility, slow degradability and flexible physicochemical modification. The degradation rates of poly(amino acid)s are influenced by the hydrophilicity of the amino acids that make up the polymer. Poly(amino acid)s are extensively used in the formulation of chemotherapeutics to achieve selective delivery for an appropriate duration of time in order to lessen the drug-related side effects and increase the anti-tumor efficacy. This review highlights various poly(amino acid) polymers used in drug delivery along with new developments in their utility. A thorough discussion on anticancer agents incorporated into poly(amino acid) micellar systems that are under clinical evaluation is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai H. S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Prakash Bhagav
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research and Development, Sampann Research and Development, Panacea Biotec Ltd., Ambala, Chandigarh Highway, Lalru 140501, India;
| | - Pradeep K. Karla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th St. N.W., Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mansi D. Adatiya
- Lallubhai Motilal College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (M.D.A.); (T.M.D.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Tejas M. Dhameliya
- Lallubhai Motilal College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (M.D.A.); (T.M.D.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Ketan M. Ranch
- Lallubhai Motilal College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India; (M.D.A.); (T.M.D.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Hirose S, Hasegawa N, Kawai H, Yamaura M, Mizui T, Komatsu Y, Nagase M, Sato M, Hattori J, Endo M, Yamamoto Y, Ishige K, Fukuda K, Hyodo I, Mizokami Y. Mediastinal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Slowly Growing for 8 Years after Surgical Resection of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Intern Med 2020; 59:2505-2509. [PMID: 32641665 PMCID: PMC7662036 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4584-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 70-year-old woman was referred to our department due to a solitary mediastinal tumor which gradually grew near the site of anastomosis for 8 years after radical surgery of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. It was difficult to distinguish the lymph node recurrence of esophageal cancer from another tumor of unknown primary origin. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed, and the tumor was diagnosed to be neuroendocrine carcinoma. She received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with etoposide plus cisplatin. After the completion of chemoradiotherapy, the tumor disappeared. A solitary growing tumor which develops after radical resection of cancer would be better to be examined histologically in order to make an accurate diagnosis and select the most appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hirose
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hasegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawai
- Department of Pathology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamaura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Mizui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Komatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nagase
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junji Hattori
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masato Endo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ishige
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Fukuda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Mizokami
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
- Endoscopic Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Japan
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8
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Kanthan R, Tharmaradinam S, Asif T, Ahmed S, Kanthan SC. Mixed epithelial endocrine neoplasms of the colon and rectum – An evolution over time: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5181-5206. [PMID: 32982118 PMCID: PMC7495040 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i34.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed tumors of the colon and rectum, composed of a combination of epithelial and endocrine elements of benign and malignant potential are rare neoplasms. These can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract and are often diagnosed incidentally. Though they have been a well-documented entity in the pancreas, where the exocrine-endocrine mixed tumors have been known for a while, recognition and accurate diagnosis of these tumors in the colon and rectum, to date, remains a challenge. This is further compounded by the different terminologies that have been attributed to these lesions over the years adding to increased confusion and misclassification. Therefore, dedicated literature reviews of these lesions in the colon and rectum are inconsistent and are predominantly limited to case reports and case series of limited case numbers. Though, most of these tumors are high grade and of advanced stage, intermediate and low grade lesions of these mixed tumors are also increasingly been reported. There are no established independent consensus based guidelines for the therapeutic patient management of these unique lesions.
AIM To provide a comprehensive targeted literature review of these complex mixed tumors in the colon and rectum that chronicles the evolution over time with summarization of historical perspectives of terminology and to further our understanding regarding their pathogenesis including genomic landscape, clinicoradiological features, pathology, treatment, prognosis, the current status of the management of the primary lesions, their recurrences and metastases.
METHODS A comprehensive review of the published English literature was conducted using the search engines PubMed, MEDLINE and GOOGLE scholar. The following search terms [“mixed tumors colon” OR mixed endocrine/neuroendocrine tumor/neoplasm/lesion colon OR adenocarcinoma and endocrine/neuroendocrine tumor colon OR mixed adenocarcinoma and endocrine/neuroendocrine carcinoma colon OR Amphicrine tumors OR Collision tumors] were used. Eligibility criteria were defined and all potential relevant items, including full articles and/or abstracts were independently reviewed, assessed and agreed upon items were selected for in-depth analysis.
RESULTS In total 237 full articles/abstracts documents were considered for eligibility of which 45 articles were illegible resulting in a total of 192 articles that were assessed for eligibility of which 139 have been selected for reference in this current review. This seminal manuscript is a one stop article that provides a detailed outlook on the evolution over time with summarization of historical perspectives, nomenclature, clinicoradiological features, pathology, treatment, prognosis and the current status of the management of both the primary lesions, their recurrences and metastases. Gaps in knowledge have also been identified and discussed. An important outcome of this manuscript is the justified proposal for a new, simple, clinically relevant, non-ambiguous terminology for these lesions to be referred to as mixed epithelial endocrine neoplasms (MEENs).
CONCLUSION MEEN of the colon and rectum are poorly understood rare entities that encompass an extensive range of heterogeneous tumors with a wide variety of combinations leading to tumors of high, intermediate or low grade malignant potential. This proposed new revised terminology of MEEN will solve the biggest hurdle of confusion and misclassification that plagues these rare unique colorectal neoplasms thus facilitating the future design of multi institutional prospective randomized controlled clinical trials to develop and evaluate newer therapeutic strategies that are recommended for continued improved understanding and personal optimization of clinical management of these unique colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh Tharmaradinam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, SK, Canada
| | - Tehmina Asif
- Division of Oncology, Saskatoon Cancer Centre, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, SK, Canada
| | - Shahid Ahmed
- Division of Oncology, Saskatoon Cancer Centre, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, SK, Canada
| | - Selliah C Kanthan
- Division of General Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 0W8, SK, Canada
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9
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Li J, Ma J, Wang H, Niu J, Zhou L. Population-based analysis of small cell carcinoma of the esophagus using the SEER database. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:3529-3538. [PMID: 32802432 PMCID: PMC7399392 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Small cell cancer (SmCC) of the esophagus is a rare malignancy with an aggressive behavior associated with poor survival. The present study aims to determine the clinicopathological characteristics, therapeutic and prognosis. Methods Patients with SmCC of the esophagus, diagnosed from 1975 to 2016, were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The clinicopathological characteristics were described and the prognostic factors were further determined using Cox regression analysis. Results The median overall survival (mOS) of all 515 patients with SmCC of the esophagus was 7.0 months, and the 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 31.5%, 14.7%, 6.00%, respectively. Patients with chemoradiotherapy (mOS: 12.0 months) had better prognosis than those receiving surgery alone (mOS: 12.0 vs. 4.0 months). The patients receiving surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy had longest survival time (mOS: 19.0 months), followed by patients receiving surgery combined with chemotherapy (14.0 months). The multivariate Cox survival analysis demonstrated that older age, distant metastases were independent prognostic factors. The use of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy were independent favorable prognostic factors (P<0.05 for all). Conclusions SmCC of the esophagus is uncommon, older age and distant metastases were independently associated with poor survival. Chemotherapy could provide significant clinical benefit for those patients, especially chemoradiotherapy and surgery combined with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heji Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyong Niu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heji Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Craig Z, Swain J, Batman E, Wadsley J, Reed N, Faluyi O, Cave J, Sharma R, Chau I, Wall L, Lamarca A, Hubner R, Mansoor W, Sarker D, Meyer T, Cairns DA, Howard H, Valle JW, McNamara MG. NET-02 trial protocol: a multicentre, randomised, parallel group, open-label, phase II, single-stage selection trial of liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid or docetaxel as second-line therapy in patients with progressive poorly differentiated extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034527. [PMID: 32029495 PMCID: PMC7045240 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poorly differentiated (PD), extrapulmonary (EP), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are rare but aggressive neuroendocrine neoplasms. First-line treatment for advanced disease is an etoposide and platinum-based chemotherapy combination. There is no established second-line treatment for patients with PD-EP-NEC, and this is an area of unmet need. METHODS AND ANALYSIS NET-02 is a UK, multicentre, randomised (1:1), parallel group, open-label, phase II, single-stage selection trial of liposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI)/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid or docetaxel as second-line therapy in patients with progressive PD-EP-NEC. One hundred and two eligible participants will be randomised to receive either nal-IRI/5-FU/folinic acid or docetaxel. The primary objective is to determine the 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate. The secondary objectives of this study are to determine PFS, overall survival, objective response rate, toxicity, quality of life and whether neuron-specific enolase is predictive of treatment response. If either treatment is found to have a 6-month PFS rate of at least 25%, that treatment will be considered for a phase III trial. If both treatments meet this target, prespecified selection criteria will be applied to establish which treatment to take forward. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has ethical approval from the Greater Manchester Central Research Ethics Committee (reference no. 18/NW/0031) and clinical trial authorisation from the Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and uploaded to the European Union Clinical Trials Register. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS ISRCTN10996604, NCT03837977, EudraCT Number: 2017-002453-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Craig
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jayne Swain
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Emma Batman
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Wadsley
- Department of Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicholas Reed
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olusola Faluyi
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, Wirral, UK
| | - Judith Cave
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, London, UK
| | - Ian Chau
- Gastrointestinal and Lymphoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Wall
- Department of Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Hubner
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wasat Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Debashis Sarker
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - David A Cairns
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Helen Howard
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Juan W Valle
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Waters AM, Maizlin II, Russell RT, Dellinger M, Gow KW, Goldin A, Goldfarb M, Nuchtern JG, Langer M, Vasudevan SA, Doski JJ, Raval M, Beierle EA. Pancreatic islet cell tumors in adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2103-2106. [PMID: 30954230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic islet cell tumors are rare in adolescents, and most studies published to date focus on older patients. We utilized a national database to describe the histology and clinical pattern of pancreatic islet cell tumors in adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients, and to compare AYAs to older adults. We hypothesized that AYAs with pancreatic islet cell tumors would have better overall survival. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB, 1998-2012) was queried for AYA patients (15-39 years) with a pancreatic islet cell tumor diagnosis. Demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes were abstracted and compared to adults (≥40 years). RESULTS 383 patients (56.4% female, 65% non-Hispanic Whites) were identified, with a median age of 27 (IQR 16-34) years. Islet cell carcinoma was the most common histology. Of patients with known stage of disease, 49% presented with early stage (I or II). Seventy percent of patients underwent surgical resection, including local excision 44%, Whipple procedure 37.5%, or total pancreatectomy 19%. Chemotherapy was utilized in 27% and radiotherapy in 7%. All-cause mortality was 36%. AYA patients underwent more extensive resections (p = 0.001) and had lower mortality rates (p < 0.001), with no differences in tumor stage or use of adjuvant therapies, when compared to adults. CONCLUSIONS AYA patients with pancreatic islet cell tumors had comparable utilization of adjuvant therapies but underwent more extensive resections and demonstrated a higher overall survival rate than adult counterparts. Further investigation into approaches to earlier diagnosis and tailoring of multimodality therapy of these neoplasms in the AYA population is needed. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Study, Level II - retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Waters
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ilan I Maizlin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Robert T Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Matthew Dellinger
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Kenneth W Gow
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Adam Goldin
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Melanie Goldfarb
- Department of Surgery, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence St. John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Jed G Nuchtern
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Monica Langer
- Department of Surgery, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Tufts University, Portland, ME
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John J Doski
- Department of Surgery, Methodist Children's Hospital of South Texas, University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Mehul Raval
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of pancreatic neoplasms with a wide range of malignant potential. They may manifest as noninfiltrative, slow-growing tumors, locally invasive masses, or even swiftly metastasizing cancers. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, because of the increasing amount of scientific literature available for pNETs, the classification, prognostic stratification criteria, and available consensus guidelines for diagnosis and therapy have been revised and updated. SUMMARY The vast majority of new pNET diagnoses consist of incidentally discovered lesions on cross-sectional imaging. The biologic behavior of pNETs is defined by the grade and stage of the tumor. Surgery is the only curative treatment and it, therefore, represents the first therapeutic choice for any localized pNET; however, recent evidence suggests that patients with small (<2 cm), nonfunctioning G1 tumors can be safely observed.An aggressive surgical approach towards liver metastases is recommended in selected cases, as well as liver-directed therapies for disease control. In the presence of unresectable progressive disease, somatostatin analogs, targeted therapies such as everolimus, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and systemic chemotherapy are all useful tools for prolonging survival.
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13
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Kitagawa Y, Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Ota Y, Nakayama I, Suzuki T, Wakatsuki T, Ichimura T, Ogura M, Ooki A, Takahari D, Suenaga M, Chin K, Yamaguchi K. Safety and efficacy of amrubicin monotherapy in patients with platinum-refractory metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a single cancer center retrospective study. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5757-5764. [PMID: 31417315 PMCID: PMC6599893 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s201048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (GI-NEC) have poor prognoses. Although platinum-based combination chemotherapy is commonly used as first-line treatment, the benefit of amrubicin (AMR) and salvage chemotherapy in those who develop platinum-refractory GI-NEC remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of AMR monotherapy in patients with platinum-refractory GI-NEC. Patients and methods Platinum-refractory GI-NEC patients who received AMR monotherapy between April 2012 and September 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were evaluated. PFS and OS were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and compared using log-rank tests. Results In total, 16 patients were enrolled. Of them, 13 (81.3%), 1 (6.2%), and 2 (12.5%) received cisplatin plus irinotecan, cisplatin plus etoposide, and fluoropyrimidine plus platinum, respectively, before AMR monotherapy. The primary sites of NEC included the esophagus (N=3, 18.8%), stomach (N=10, 62.5%), duodenum (N=1, 6.2%) and colorectum (N=2, 12.5%). Patients were administered a median of 3 (range, 1–15) cycles of AMR. The ORR was 6.3%, and the median PFS and OS were 2.9 months (95% CI: 1.7–7.4) and 13.8 months (95% CI: 7.9–23.5), respectively. Neutropenia was the most serious adverse event. Grade 3 or higher neutropenia and febrile neutropenia occurred in 50.0% and 6.2% of patients, respectively. Other nonhematological toxicities were not severe, and no treatment-related deaths occurred. The 10 patients who received subsequent chemotherapy after AMR had significantly longer OS than those who did not (17.3 months vs 8.9 months; p=0.018). The median PFS of those who received organ-specific subsequent chemotherapy after AMR was 3.8 months, which was longer than that of those who received prior AMR. Conclusion AMR is feasible with minimal side effects for platinum-refractory GI-NEC. Organ-specific subsequent chemotherapy after AMR may improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Osumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izuma Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeru Wakatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsukuni Suenaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Cannizzaro R, Maiero S, Fornasarig M, Canzonieri V, Magris R, Guarnieri G, Urbani M, Buonadonna A, Baresic T, Spessotto P. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a suitable method for extrapulmonary high grade neuroendocrine rectal carcinoma (HGNEC) evaluation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4577-4583. [PMID: 31354291 PMCID: PMC6590055 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s198034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of the probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) has been analyzed in different pathologic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we analyzed a case of extrapulmonary high grade neuroendocrine rectal carcinoma (HGNEC) using, for the first time, the pCLE system. A 72-year old man was diagnosed with an 8 cm diameter rectal HGNEC by standard colonoscopy integrated with the pCLE system. The diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma was confirmed by immunohistochemical analyses. By using the pCLE system, we well defined and resolved vascular structures and mucosal architecture. An altered mucosal pattern and vascular defects, peculiar for HGNEC, were observed at high magnification, allowing the identification of a pattern which was quite different from that observed in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (PDA) where tissues appear darker, very irregular, even if glandular structures can still be recognized. This underlines the usefulness of pCLE in discriminating HGNECs from PDAs. In conclusion, pCLE could represent a valid and helpful method for in vivo HGNEC diagnosis, allowing prompt and careful management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Cannizzaro
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Stefania Maiero
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mara Fornasarig
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magris
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guarnieri
- Oncological Gastroenterology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Martina Urbani
- Oncologic Radiation Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Tanja Baresic
- Nuclear Medicine, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paola Spessotto
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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15
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Akamatsu H, Nakamura K, Ebara T, Inaba K, Itasaka S, Jingu K, Kosaka Y, Murai T, Nagata K, Soejima T, Takahashi S, Toyoda T, Toyoshima S, Nemoto K, Akimoto T. Organ-preserving approach via radiotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the bladder: an analysis based on the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group (JROSG) survey. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:509-516. [PMID: 31034572 PMCID: PMC6640904 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is extremely rare, accounting for <1% of all malignant tumours in the urinary tract. Thus, no standard therapy modality for this malignancy has been established. This study aimed to retrospectively analyse the clinical outcomes associated with definitive radiotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the bladder. A questionnaire-based survey of patients with pathologically proven small cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with definitive radiation therapy between 1990 and 2010 was conducted by the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group. The clinical records of 12 eligible patients were collected from nine institutions. The median age of the patients was 70.5 years (range: 44-87 years), and the median follow-up period was 27.3 months (range: 3.3-117.8 months). The median prescribed dose was 60 Gy (range: 50.0-61.0 Gy), and a median of 2.0 Gy (range: 1.2-2.0 Gy) was administered per fraction. Systemic chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy was performed in eight cases (66.7%). The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 50.0% and 33.3%, respectively. And the 3- and 5-year local control rates were 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively. Chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival and relapse-free survival (P = 0.006 and 0.001, respectively). No serious adverse events occurred in the observation period. All patients who achieved local control maintained functional bladders. In conclusion, radiotherapy is a potential local treatment option and has an important role in maintaining quality of life. Systemic chemotherapy combined with local radiotherapy seems to be effective in improving survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Akamatsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Nakamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, 617-1 Takabayashinishi-machi, Ota, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Inaba
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Itasaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Miwa, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosaka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taro Murai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, 18-28 Yayoi-cho, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Soejima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takahashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Toyoda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Toyoshima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-2-78 Nishinagae, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenji Nemoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Research Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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17
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Feng T, Lv W, Yuan M, Shi Z, Zhong H, Ling S. Surgical resection of the primary tumor leads to prolonged survival in metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:54. [PMID: 30898132 PMCID: PMC6429809 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative resection of the primary tumor for metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (pNEC) patients is not recommended because of the poor prognosis compared to that of patients with well-differentiated, lower grade tumors. However, the published data supporting this recommendation regarding pNEC are limited. In the present study, we assessed whether palliative primary tumor resection in stage IV pNEC patients affects survival and identified other factors that affect survival in these patients. METHODS We collected data from stage IV pNEC patients registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1988 and 2014. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to compare overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients who did or did not undergo primary tumor resection. RESULTS We identified 350 patients with metastatic, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated pNEC. A total of 14.3% (50/350) of patients underwent primary tumor resection. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that primary tumor resection provided a significant benefit for both OS and CSS in stage IV pNEC patients. Additionally, chemotherapy and the presence of the primary tumor in the pancreatic tail were independent positive prognostic factors for metastatic pNEC patients in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that chemotherapy, location of the primary tumor in the pancreatic tail, and, most importantly, surgical removal of the primary tumor are associated with prolonged survival in stage IV pNEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangxia Lv
- Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiqin Yuan
- Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Shi
- Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Zhong
- Department of Abdominal Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunbin Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
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18
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Lee YI, Jeon HK, Im JW, Oh SY, Kim KB, Kim B. Primary Gastric Small Cell Carcinoma: A Case Identified as a Large Subepithelial Tumor from Invisible State in 6 Months. Clin Endosc 2018; 52:76-79. [PMID: 29976037 PMCID: PMC6370925 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2018.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary gastric small cell carcinoma (GSCC) is one of the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. It is a rare cancer with a very aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis because of the high rate of metastases. It is usually found in far advanced stage. We experienced a case of GSCC which had developed into a large subepithelial tumor (SET) from invisible state in a short period. A 65-year-old man consulted our hospital because of early gastric cancer. He underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection for the early gastric cancer at high body posterior wall. After 6 months, the follow-up endoscopy showed a large newly developed SET-like lesion with central ulceration at the gastric cardia. Endoscopic biopsy revealed GSCC. Total gastrectomy was performed. One out of the 26 perigastric lymph nodes had a metastasis. He received 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin. He is still in good health 12 months after operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Im Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hong Kil Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Yu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Byunggyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
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19
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Yang G, Li D, Zheng F, Yang L. Long-term disease free survival of gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma treated with multimodality therapy: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 8:653-656. [PMID: 29732153 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma, a rare malignant type of stomach tumor, is composed of components of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor. This type of neoplasm usually has a poor prognosis since both components are malignant. A 65-year-old male presented with norexia, epigastric distention, abdominal and lumbar pain. Contrast computed tomography scan of the abdomen verified multiple lesions merged into a large mass. Histolopathological examination of the specimen from digestive endoscopy was verified to be gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient received a multimodality treatment of chemotherapy, surgical resection with radiotherapy and still remains alive with no evidence of metastasis or recurrence for over 5 years. The authors suggest that multimodality therapy may be beneficial and necessary to effictively treat mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Yang
- Medical Department of National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Fangchao Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang 262700, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Medical Department of National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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20
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Rickman DS, Schulte JH, Eilers M. The Expanding World of N-MYC–Driven Tumors. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:150-163. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated outcomes in patients with high-grade neuroendocrine (HGNE) carcinoma of the anorectum treated with pelvic chemoradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 1, 2000 and February 17, 2013, 10 patients were confirmed to have HGNE carcinoma of the rectum or anal canal and treated with pelvic chemoradiation (radiation dose ≥45 Gy). Overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), progression-free survival (PFS), and patterns of failure were evaluated. RESULTS Eight had pure HGNE carcinoma and 2 had HGNE carcinoma with minor component of adenocarcinoma. Median age was 62 years. Median follow-up was 15 months (range, 3 to 128 mo). Tumor stages included TxN0M0 (1), II (1), III (4), and IV (4) including 2 with only inguinal involvement. Median tumor size was 5.5 cm (range, 3 to 7 cm). Patients received postoperative chemoradiation (1), preoperative chemoradiation (2), and chemoradiation without surgery (7). Median dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 45 to 60 Gy). All patients received chemotherapy before or after chemoradiation. Seven had pelvic LRC; 2 had possible and 1 had confirmed local progression. Both patients who had preoperative chemoradiation only had microscopic focus of residual carcinoma at surgery. Seven had disease progression; of which all developed distant progression, with distant progression occurring as the first event in 6 (liver, lung, bone, and abdominal nodes). Actuarial 2-year PFS and OS were 30% and 46%, respectively. One patient received prophylactic cranial irradiation; only one of the other 9 patient developed brain metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic chemoradiation provided LRC for the majority of the patients' lifetime. Most patients had distant failure, but patterns of distant failure do not support routine prophylactic cranial irradiation.
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22
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Fan H, Lu P, Xu L, Qin Y, Li J. Synchronous occurrence of hereditary gastric adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and esophageal small cell and squamous carcinoma in situ: an extremely rare case report. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:720. [PMID: 29115925 PMCID: PMC5678561 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse gastric carcinoma (HDGC) accounts for 1-3% of all gastric carcinomas. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but they comprise fewer than 1% of all GI malignancies. Small-cell carcinoma (SmCC) is a rare histological type of esophageal carcinoma, accounting for 0.4% to 2.8% of all esophageal tumors. Co-occurrence of SmCC with esophageal tumors caused by squamous carcinoma is also very uncommon. Although multiple primary malignancies are no longer rare in clinical practice, the simultaneous appearance of HDGC, GIST, esophageal small cell and squamous carcinoma in situ is extremely rare and very few cases have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 53 year-old woman with synchronous occurrence of four malignancies including HDGC, GIST, esophageal small cell- and local squamous carcinoma in situ. A total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and paclitaxel liposome were performed. After a 1-year follow-up, this patient was still in good condition with no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSION This is the unique case that describes the co-existence of the aforementioned four types of neoplasm. This case demonstrates that a diagnosis of gastric cancer does not preclude the presence of other malignancies and every case should be thoroughly analyzed to avoid missing other problems, which may worsen the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Cavalcanti E, Armentano R, Valentini AM, Chieppa M, Caruso ML. Role of PD-L1 expression as a biomarker for GEP neuroendocrine neoplasm grading. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3004. [PMID: 28837143 PMCID: PMC5596583 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare, heterogeneous and ubiquitous tumors commonly localized in the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and pancreas. The clinical behavior of NEN is highly unpredictable; in fact, low-grade cases can unexpectedly be associated with metastases. Currently, the 2010 WHO NEN classification employs histological differentiation and the proliferation index for grading tumors but fails to provide reliable prognostic and therapeutic indications. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better characterization of G2/G3 NENs. Similar to several other tumors, NENs possess immune-escape mechanisms, but very little has yet been done to characterize this crucial aspect. There are no available data describing PD-L1 expression in these tumors. Here we provide, for the first time, evidence of PD-L1 tissue expression in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs). PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with a high-grade WHO classification (G3) (P<0.001) but not with gender, primary site, or lymph node status. The PD-L1 positivity rate and signal intensity are directly correlated (P<0.001) with a grade increase from G1 to G3. In particular in G3 cases, we observed a dichotomy between the morphology (WD- and PD-NENs) and Ki67. Moreover, our study demonstrated a significant association with the grade and PD-L1 expression levels in immune-infiltrating cells (P<0.001). In particular, G3 tumors are characterized by strong PD-L1 expression in both the tumor and infiltrating immune cells (P<0.001), reflecting an unfavorable environment for T-cell-mediated tumor aggression. These findings suggest that NENs might acquire resistance to immune surveillance by upregulating PD-L1 and inhibiting peritumoral and intratumoral infiltrating lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate that PD-L1 is currently the best-known biomarker for G3 NENs, becoming the new gold standard for G3 NEN discrimination. Furthermore, pharmacological approaches using anti-PD-1 antibodies may become the logical choice for the treatment of G3 cases with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cavalcanti
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Valentini
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Caruso
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy
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Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-10. [PMID: 28586335 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are a diverse group of neoplasms typically diagnosed and treated on the basis of their site of origin. This Perspective focuses on advances in our understanding of the tumorigenesis and treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Recent evidence from sequencing indicates that, although neuroendocrine tumors can arise de novo, they can also develop as a result of lineage plasticity in response to pressure from targeted therapies. We discuss the shared genomic alterations of these tumors independently of their site of origin, and we explore potential therapeutic strategies on the basis of recent biological findings.
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Avci A, Avci D, Erden F, Ragip E, Cetinkaya A, Ozyurt K, Atasoy M. Can we use the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume values for the diagnosis of anterior uveitis in patients with Behcet's disease? Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:881-886. [PMID: 28769565 PMCID: PMC5529084 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s135260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare the value of hematological parameters, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV), as indicators of anterior uveal segment involvement in patients with Behcet’s disease (BD). Patients and methods Hospital-based records of a total of 912 patients with BD from the dermatology clinic and healthy volunteers from the checkup clinic were assessed retrospectively. After applying the exclusion criteria of the study, 71 of the BD patients with anterior uveitis, 69 of the BD patients without ophthalmological pathology and 151 healthy volunteers were included in the study. MPV, PLR, and NLR values of patients and healthy volunteers were compared. Results All MPV, PLR, and NLR values of patients who had anterior uveitis were significantly higher than those of other patients and healthy volunteers. Statistically, considering area under curves (ratio): NLR was 0.725 (0.653–0.797), P<0.001; PLR was 0.600 (0.523–0.676), P=0.012, and MPV was 0.358 (0.279–0.437), P<0.001. Conclusion MPV, PLR, and NLR are all valuable for assessment of anterior uveal segment involvement in patients with BD. However, the NLR seems to be better than the PLR and MPV for indicating anterior uveitis due to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atil Avci
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Deniz Avci
- Internal Medicine Department, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatma Erden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Cubuk State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertas Ragip
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Cetinkaya
- Internal Medicine Department, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ozyurt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Atasoy
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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Wong AT, Shao M, Rineer J, Osborn V, Schwartz D, Schreiber D. Treatment and survival outcomes of small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: an analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-5. [PMID: 27860114 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the paucity of esophageal small cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, there are few large studies evaluating this disease. In this study, the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was utilized to analyze the clinical features, treatment, and survival of patients with esophageal SCC in a large, population-based dataset. We selected patients diagnosed with esophageal SCC from 1998 to 2011. Patients were identified as having no treatment, chemotherapy alone, radiation ± sequential chemotherapy, concurrent chemoradiation, and esophagectomy ± chemotherapy and/or radiation. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with OS. A total of 583 patients were identified. Most patients had stage IV disease (41.7%). Regarding treatment selection, chemoradiation was the most commonly utilized for patients with nonmetasatic disease, whereas chemotherapy alone was most common for metastatic patients. Esophagectomy (median survival 44.9 months with 3 year OS 50.5%) was associated with the best OS for patients with localized (node-negative) disease compared with chemotherapy alone (p < 0.001) or chemoradiation (p = 0.01). For locoregional (node-positive) disease, treatment with chemoradiation resulted in a median survival of 17.8 months and a 3 year OS 31.6%. On multivariate analysis, treatment with chemotherapy alone (p = 0.003) was associated with worse OS while esophagectomy (p = 0.04) was associated with improved OS compared to chemoradiation. Esophageal SCC is an aggressive malignancy with most patients presenting with metastatic disease. Either esophagectomy or chemoradiation as part of multimodality treatment appear to improve OS for selected patients with nonmetastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Wong
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Meng Shao
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Justin Rineer
- UF Health Cancer Center - Orlando Health, Florida, USA
| | - Virginia Osborn
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - David Schwartz
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - David Schreiber
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Lamarca A, Walter T, Pavel M, Borbath I, Freis P, Nuñez B, Childs A, McNamara MG, Hubner RA, Garcia-Carbonero R, Meyer T, Valle JW, Barriuso J. Design and Validation of the GI-NEC Score to Prognosticate Overall Survival in Patients With High-Grade Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2960706. [PMID: 28130474 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic markers for risk stratification of patients with gastrointestinal high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (GI-NECs) are lacking; we designed and validated a prognostic score for overall survival (OS). Methods Consecutive patients diagnosed in five neuroendocrine specialist European centers were included. Patients were divided into three cohorts: a training cohort (TC), an external validation cohort (EVC), and a prospective validation cohort (PVC). Prognostic factors were identified by log-rank test, Cox-regression, and logistic regression analyses. The derived score was internally and externally validated. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Of 395 patients screened, 313 were eligible (TC = 109 patients, EVC = 184 patients, and PVC = 20 patients). The derived prognostic score included five variables: presence of liver metastases, alkaline phosphatase (ALK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), and Ki67. In multivariable analysis, the score was prognostic for OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47 to 2.35, P < .001) and had good discrimination (C-index = 0.76) and calibration (mean error = 0.021, 90th percentile = 0.037) in the TC. These results were validated in the EVC and PVC, in which our score was able to prognosticate for OS when adjusted for other prognostic variables in the multivariable analysis (HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.27 to 2.71, P = .001; and HR = 4.51, 95% CI = 1.87 to 10.87, P = .001, respectively). The score classified patients into two groups with incremental risk of death: group A (0-2 points, 181 patients [63.9%], median OS = 19.4 months, 95% CI = 16.1 to 25.1) and group B (3-6 points, 102 patients [36.1%], median OS = 5.2 months, 95% CI = 3.6 to 6.9). Conclusions The GI-NEC score identifies two distinct patient cohorts; it provides a tool for clinicians when making treatment decisions and may be used as a stratification factor in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lamarca
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Walter
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marianne Pavel
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivan Borbath
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia Freis
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Nuñez
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexa Childs
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard A Hubner
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rocio Garcia-Carbonero
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Juan W Valle
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), Manchester, UK (AL, MGM, RAH, JWV, JB); Department of Medical Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon Edouard Herriot Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (TW, PF); Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany (MP); Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (IB); Department of Medical Oncology, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (BN, RGC); Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (ENETS Centre of Excellence), London, UK (AC, TM); Institute of Cancer Sciences (MGM, JWV) and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (JB), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Amrubicin in patients with platinum-refractory metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:794-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Three Molecular Subtypes of Gastric Adenocarcinoma Have Distinct Histochemical Features Reflecting Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Status and Neuroendocrine Differentiation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 23:633-45. [PMID: 25517873 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current histopathologic classification schemes for gastric adenocarcinoma have limited clinical utility and are difficult to apply due to tumor heterogeneity. Elucidation of molecular subtypes of gastric cancer may contribute to our understanding of gastric cancer biology and to the development of new molecular markers that may lead to improved diagnosis, therapy, or prognosis. We previously demonstrated that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected gastric cancers have a distinct human gene expression profile compared with uninfected cancers. We now examine the histopathologic features characterizing infected (n=14) and uninfected (n=89) cancers; the latter of which are now further divided into 2 major molecular subtypes based on expression patterns of 93 RNAs. One uninfected gastric cancer subtype was distinguished by upregulation of 3 genes with neuroendocrine (NE) function (CHGA, GAST, and REG4 encoding chromogranin, gastrin, and the secreted peptide REG4 involved in epithelial cell regeneration), implicating hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of a major class of gastric adenocarcinomas. Evidence of NE differentiation (molecular, immunohistochemical, or morphologic) was mutually exclusive of EBV infection. EBV-infected tumors tended to have solid-type morphology with lymphoid stroma. This study reveals novel molecular subtypes of gastric cancer and their associated morphologies that demonstrate divergent NE features.
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Detweiler CJ, Cardona DM, Hsu DS, McCall SJ. Primary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma emerging from an adenomatous polyp in the setting of familial adenomatous polyposis. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2015-214206. [PMID: 26884076 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-214206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare inherited syndrome that is characterised by innumerable adenomas of the colon and rectum, a high risk of colorectal cancer and a variety of extracolonic manifestations. FAP presents as hundreds to thousands of colonic adenomas beginning in adolescence. The syndrome is associated with less than 1% of all colorectal cancer cases, but there is a nearly 100% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with FAP. This case demonstrates a 60-year-old man with FAP who developed high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with glandular and squamous differentiation, and regional lymph node and liver metastases. Early diagnosis of FAP is of the utmost importance to start screening colonoscopies to assess disease burden, perform polypectomies and to make management decisions. Neuroendocrine carcinomas rarely occur in patients with FAP, and awareness of this association among general medical physicians and pathologists is essential for the diagnosis and care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Detweiler
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diana M Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David S Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon J McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Garcia-Carbonero R, Sorbye H, Baudin E, Raymond E, Wiedenmann B, Niederle B, Sedlackova E, Toumpanakis C, Anlauf M, Cwikla JB, Caplin M, O'Toole D, Perren A. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for High-Grade Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:186-94. [PMID: 26731334 DOI: 10.1159/000443172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Garcia-Carbonero
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Tang LH, Untch BR, Reidy DL, O'Reilly E, Dhall D, Jih L, Basturk O, Allen PJ, Klimstra DS. Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors with a Morphologically Apparent High-Grade Component: A Pathway Distinct from Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1011-7. [PMID: 26482044 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WD-NET) of the enteropancreatic system are low-intermediate grade (G1, G2). Elevated proliferation demonstrated by either a brisk mitotic rate (>20/10 high power fields) or high Ki-67 index (>20%) defines a group of aggressive neoplasms designated as high-grade (G3) neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). High-grade NEC is equated with poorly differentiated NEC (PD-NEC) and is associated with a dismal outcome. Progression of WD-NETs to a high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasm very rarely occurs and their clinicopathologic and molecular features need to be characterized. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated 31 cases of WD-NETs with evidence of a component of a high-grade neoplasm. The primary sites included pancreas, small bowel, bile duct, and rectum. Histopathology of the cases was retrospectively reviewed and selected IHC and gene mutation analyses performed. RESULTS The high-grade component occurred either within the primary tumor (48%) or at metastatic sites (52%). The clinical presentation, radiographic features, biomarkers, and the genotype of these WD-NETs with high-grade component remained akin to those of G1-G2 WD-NETs. The median disease-specific survival (DSS) was 55 months (16-119 months), and 2-year and 5-year DSS was 88% and 49%, respectively-significantly better than that of a comparison group of true PD-NEC (DSS 11 months). CONCLUSIONS Mixed grades can occur in WD-NETs, which are distinguished from PD-NECs by their unique phenotype, proliferative indices, and the genotype. This phenomenon of mixed grade in WD-NET provides additional evidence to the growing recognition that the current WHO G3 category contains both WD-NETs as well as PD-NECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Brian R Untch
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Diane L Reidy
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eileen O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Deepti Dhall
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lily Jih
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter J Allen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Xie MR, Xu SB, Sun XH, Ke L, Mei XY, Liu CQ, Ma DC. Role of surgery in the management and prognosis of limited-stage small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28:476-82. [PMID: 24787553 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is a rare, highly aggressive tumor characterized by early dissemination and a poor prognosis. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been used alone or in combination for the treatment of this rare disease. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the role of surgery in the management of limited-stage SCCE at a high-volume center. We retrospectively evaluated 73 patients with limited-stage SCCE who received an esophagectomy at our center from January 1994 to December 2011. The clinical characteristics, median survival times (MSTs), overall survival (OS), and relevant prognostic factors were analyzed. The overall MST was 23.0 months, and the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 61.6%, 47.9%, 22.7%, and 10.6%, respectively. The MST for patients without lymph node involvement (33.0 months) was greater than the MST for patients with lymph node involvement (17.0 months) (P = 0.014). Similarly, patients who underwent radical resection had a greater MST (25.0 months) than patients who underwent palliative resection (7.0 months) (P = 0.004). Patients who received chemotherapy had a greater MST (27.0 months) than patients who did not receive chemotherapy (13.0 months) (P = 0.021). Survival analysis confirmed that a radical operation, chemotherapy, and lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors. This study suggests that radical resection combined with chemotherapy should be recommended for patients with limited-stage SCCE, especially patients with negative regional lymph nodes. A lack of lymph node metastasis was a good prognostic factor because patients without lymph node involvement had greater OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - S B Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X H Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - L Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - X Y Mei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - C Q Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - D C Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Gan J, Zhang Y, Ke X, Tan C, Ren H, Dong H, Jiang J, Chen S, Zhuang Y, Zhang H. Dysregulation of PAK1 Is Associated with DNA Damage and Is of Prognostic Importance in Primary Esophageal Small Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12035-50. [PMID: 26023713 PMCID: PMC4490427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESCC) is a rare, but fatal subtype of esophageal carcinoma. No effective therapeutic regimen for it. P21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is known to function as an integrator and an indispensable node of major growth factor signaling and the molecular therapy targeting PAK1 has been clinical in pipeline. We thus set to examine the expression and clinical impact of PAK1 in PESCC. The expression of PAK1 was detected in a semi-quantitative manner by performing immunohistochemistry. PAK1 was overexpressed in 22 of 34 PESCC tumors, but in only 2 of 18 adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Overexpression of PAK1 was significantly associated with tumor location (p = 0.011), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.026) and patient survival (p = 0.032). We also investigated the association of PAK1 with DNA damage, a driven cause for malignancy progression. γH2AX, a DNA damage marker, was detectable in 18 of 24 (75.0%) cases, and PAK1 expression was associated with γH2AX (p = 0.027). Together, PAK1 is important in metastasis and progression of PESCC. The contribution of PAK1 to clinical outcomes may be involved in its regulating DNA damage pathway. Further studies are worth determining the potentials of PAK1 as prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for PESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Gan
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Information, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Chong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Hongzheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cancer Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515063, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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Modrek AS, Hsu HC, Leichman CG, Du KL. Radiation therapy improves survival in rectal small cell cancer - Analysis of Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:101. [PMID: 25902707 PMCID: PMC4464878 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell carcinoma of the rectum is a rare neoplasm with scant literature to guide treatment. We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to investigate the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of this cancer. Methods The SEER database (National Cancer Institute) was queried for locoregional cases of small cell rectal cancer. Years of diagnosis were limited to 1988–2010 (most recent available) to reduce variability in staging criteria or longitudinal changes in surgery and radiation techniques. Two month conditional survival was applied to minimize bias by excluding patients who did not survive long enough to receive cancer-directed therapy. Patient demographics between the RT and No_RT groups were compared using Pearson Chi-Square tests. Overall survival was compared between patients who received radiotherapy (RT, n = 43) and those who did not (No_RT, n = 28) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate important covariates. Results Median survival was significantly longer for patients who received radiation compared to those who were not treated with radiation; 26 mo vs. 8 mo, respectively (log-rank P = 0.009). We also noted a higher 1-year overall survival rate for those who received radiation (71.1% vs. 37.8%). Unadjusted hazard ratio for death (HR) was 0.495 with the use of radiation (95% CI 0.286-0.858). Among surgery, radiotherapy, sex and age at diagnosis, radiation therapy was the only significant factor for overall survival with a multivariate HR for death of 0.393 (95% CI 0.206-0.750, P = 0.005). Conclusions Using SEER data, we have identified a significant survival advantage with the use of radiation therapy in the setting of rectal small cell carcinoma. Limitations of the SEER data apply to this study, particularly the lack of information on chemotherapy usage. Our findings strongly support the use of radiation therapy for patients with locoregional small cell rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard C Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York, USA.
| | - Cynthia G Leichman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Kevin L Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York, USA.
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Metastatic extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma to the cerebellopontine angle: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol Med 2015; 2015:847058. [PMID: 25810937 PMCID: PMC4355812 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCC) are rare malignancies with poor patient prognoses. We present the case of a 63-year-old male who underwent surgical resection of a poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma, likely from a small intestinal primary tumor that metastasized to the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). A 63-year-old male presented with mild left facial paralysis, hearing loss, and balance instability. MRI revealed a 15 mm mass in the left CPA involving the internal auditory canal consistent with a vestibular schwannoma. Preoperative MRI eight weeks later demonstrated marked enlargement to 35 mm. The patient underwent a suboccipital craniectomy and the mass was grossly different visually and in consistency from a standard vestibular schwannoma. The final pathology revealed a poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma. Postoperative PET scan identified avid uptake in the small intestine suggestive of either a small intestinal primary tumor or additional metastatic disease. The patient underwent whole brain radiation therapy and chemotherapy and at last follow-up demonstrated improvement in his symptoms. Surgical resection and radiotherapy are potential treatment options to improve survival in patients diagnosed with NET brain metastases. We present the first documented case of skull base metastasis of a poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma involving the CPA.
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Amrubicin monotherapy for patients with extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma after platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:829-35. [PMID: 25702050 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EPNEC) are rarely observed and are associated with poor outcomes. Based on the clinicopathological similarity, treatment used for small cell lung carcinoma has also been employed for EPNEC, but the response to such therapy has not been well examined. The goal of this study was to investigate amrubicin (AMR) monotherapy as a salvage therapy for EPNEC arising from digestive organs. METHODS Patients with EPNEC of the digestive organs who had prior platinum-based chemotherapy and were subsequently treated with AMR between July 2005 and December 2013 at any one of four institutions were retrospectively examined to characterize the safety and efficacy of AMR. RESULTS Thirteen patients (ten males, three females; median age 64 years) were examined. Primary cancer sites included stomach (n = 6), rectum (n = 3), esophagus (n = 2), liver (n = 1) and pancreas (n = 1). Prior irinotecan- and etoposide-containing chemotherapies were used in ten and six patients, respectively. Median initial dose of AMR was 40 mg/m(2)/day for three consecutive days, and median of treatment cycles was 4 (range 1-9). The objective response rate (ORR) was 38.5%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 107 (range 22-275) and 215 days (range 71-535), respectively. Common severe adverse events (grade 3/4) were neutropenia (84.6%) and febrile neutropenia (30.8%). Patient with longer platinum-free interval (>90 days) exhibited longer PFS and OS than those with shorter platinum-free interval (190 vs. 63 days and 348 vs. 145 days, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AMR showed evidence of clinical activity and safety when used for the treatment of EPNEC. It might be especially useful for populations with sensitive relapse.
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Zhang Y, Ren H, Wang L, Ning Z, Zhuang Y, Gan J, Chen S, Zhou D, Zhu H, Tan D, Zhang H. Clinical impact of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells in primary small cell esophageal carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9718-34. [PMID: 24886814 PMCID: PMC4100116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary small cell esophageal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of gastrointestinal cancer with poor prognosis. In the present study, the impact of tumour infiltrating inflammatory cells on clinico-pathological characteristics and the patients' prognosis were analysed. A total of 36 small cell esophageal carcinomas, 19 adjacent normal tissues and 16 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma samples were collected. Qualified pathologists examined eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages on histochemical slides. The infiltration of eosinophils and macrophages in small cell esophageal carcinoma was significantly increased as compared with tumor adjacent normal tissues, and was significantly less in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Macrophage count was significantly associated with (p = 0.015) lymph node-stage in small cell esophageal carcinoma. When we grouped patients into two groups by counts of infiltrated inflammatory cells, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high macrophage infiltration group (p = 0.004) and high eosinophil infiltration group (p = 0.027) had significantly enhanced survival. In addition, multivariate analysis unveiled that eosinophil count (p = 0.002) and chemotherapy (Yes vs. No, p = 0.001) were independent prognostic indicators. Taken together, infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils into the solid tumor appear to be important in the progression of small cell esophageal carcinoma and patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- Department of Information, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Hongzheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, the Central Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Zhifeng Ning
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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Sorbye H, Strosberg J, Baudin E, Klimstra DS, Yao JC. Gastroenteropancreatic high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer 2014; 120:2814-23. [PMID: 24771552 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified as low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade tumors based on morphologic criteria and the proliferation rate. Most studies have been conducted in patients with well differentiated (low-grade to intermediate-grade) neuroendocrine tumors. Data are substantially scarcer on poorly differentiated, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), which includes the entities of small cell carcinoma and large cell NEC. A literature search of GEP-NEC was performed. Long-term survival was poor even among patients who presented with localized disease. Several studies highlighted heterogeneity within the high-grade NEC category and a need for the further identification of discreet prognostic and predictive groups. Tumors with a Ki-67 proliferation index <55% were less responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy, and patients with such tumors or with well differentiated morphology had better survival than patients who had tumors with poorly differentiated morphology or a higher Ki-67 index. Treatment options beyond platinum-based chemotherapy are emerging. A revision of the World Health Organization high-grade NEC classification seems to be necessary based on recent data. Platinum-based chemotherapy may not be the optimal treatment for patients who have GEP-NEC with a moderately high proliferation rate. Adequate diagnostic and prognostic stratifications constitute the basis for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Clinical significance of preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio versus platelet lymphocyte ratio in patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:504365. [PMID: 24089602 PMCID: PMC3780658 DOI: 10.1155/2013/504365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the presence of systemic inflammation correlates with poor survival in various of cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic values of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE). Preoperative NLR and PLR were evaluated in 43 patients with SCCE from January 2001 to December 2010. The prognostic significance of both markers was then determined by both uni- and multivariate analytical methods. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also plotted to verify the accuracy of NLR and PLR for survival prediction. Patients with PLR ≥150 had significantly poorer (relapse-free survival) RFS and (overall survival) OS compared to patients with PLR <150. However, RFS or OS did not differ according to NLR categories (<3.5 and ≥3.5). The areas under the curve (AUC) indicated that PLR was superior to NLR as a predictive factor. The results of the present study conclude that PLR is superior to NLR as a predictive factor in patients with SCCE.
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Feng JF, Zhao HG, Liu JS, Chen QX. Significance of preoperative C-reactive protein as a parameter in patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1147-51. [PMID: 24009425 PMCID: PMC3758215 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-reactive protein (CRP) is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers, however, no studies regarding the predictive value of CRP in small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) are available. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of preoperative CRP in patients with SCCE. Methods From January 2001 to December 2010, a retrospective analysis of 43 consecutive patients with SCCE was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic parameters. Results In our study, elevated CRP levels (>10 mg/L) were found in 16 patients (37.2%). CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with deeply invasive tumors (P = 0.018) and those associated with nodal metastasis (P = 0.018). Patients with CRP ≤10 mg/L had a significantly better overall survival than patients with CRP >10 mg/L (25.9% vs 6.3%, P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses showed that CRP was a significant predictor for overall survival. CRP >10 mg/L had a hazard ratio of 2.756 (95% confidence interval: 1.115–6.813, P = 0.028) for overall survival. Conclusion Preoperative CRP is an independent predictive factor for long-term survival in patients with SCCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology, Banshan Bridge, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Hou X, Wei JC, Wu JX, Wang X, Fu JH, Lin P, Yang HX. Multidisciplinary modalities achieve encouraging long-term survival in resectable limited-disease esophageal small cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69259. [PMID: 23874925 PMCID: PMC3706419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The management of limited-disease esophageal small cell carcinoma is not well defined, and the role of surgery is still controversial. We aim to determine the optimal treatment strategy in limited-disease of esophageal small cell carcinoma. Methods and Findings We conducted a retrospective review of 141 patients with limited-disease esophageal small cell carcinoma from 3 institutions in China who underwent treatment between July 1994 and September 2008, July 1994 and July 2011, and June 2004 and December 2010, respectively. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to assess the survival differences between the groups. Cox proportional hazards model were used to further determine the independent factors impacting overall survival. The median survival time was 16.1 months for the entire cohort of patients, with a 5-year survival rate of 6.7%. The median survival times for surgery alone, surgery combined with chemotherapy, surgery combined with radiotherapy, surgery combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, and chemotherapy alone were 18.0 months, 15.0 months, 23.0 months, 25.0 months, 17.1 months, and 6.1 months, respectively; the corresponding 5-year survival rates were 0%, 15.4%, 0%, 38.9%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. For the 105 patients who underwent R0 resection, the median disease-free survival time was 12.0 months, with a 95% confidence interval of 9.5 months to 14.5 months. The multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that advanced pathological staging (p = 0.003), and pure esophageal small cell carcinoma (p = 0.035) were independent factors decreasing overall survival. Conclusions Our data suggested that multidisciplinary modalities achieved encouraging long-term survival in patients with resectable limited-disease of esophageal small cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, Yaocun Town, Linzhou City, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xun Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University; Xiamen City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-Xian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Peng C, Shen S, Zhang X, Zou X. Limited stage small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a clinicopathologic and prognostic analysis of 27 cases. Rare Tumors 2013; 5:e6. [PMID: 23772305 PMCID: PMC3682458 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2013.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics and potential prognostic factors for patients with limited stage small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. The records of 27 patients with limited stage small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, who all received surgery with lymphadenectomy, were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. The median age of patients was 60 years old (range 38–79). The primary locations of tumor were the esophagus (74.1%) and stomach (14.8%). The rate of preoperative accurate diagnosis (16.7%) was low for small cell carcinoma of the esophagus and stomach. 40.7% of all the patients had regional lymph node metastases. Five patients underwent surgery alone, and the other 22 were treated with surgery + postoperative chemotherapy. All patients had disease progression or recurrence. The overall median survival time was 10 months and the 1-year survival rate was 37.0%. Patients who received postoperative chemotherapy had a median survival time of 12 months, which was superior to the 5-month survival of for those who only had surgery (P<0.0001). TNM stage (P=0.02) and postoperative chemotherapy (P<0.0001) were considered as two prognostic factors in uni-variate analysis. Postoperative chemotherapy was a significant independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P=0.01). The prognosis for patients with limited stage small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract remains dismal, however, postoperative chemotherapy may have the potential to improve the outcome for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
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Gastric small-cell carcinoma found on esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol Med 2013; 2013:475961. [PMID: 23662228 PMCID: PMC3638551 DOI: 10.1155/2013/475961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Characterized as an undifferentiated, neuroendocrine tumor arising from totipotent stem cells, small-cell carcinoma (SCC) most commonly arises from the lung. Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinomas (ESCC) are rare and account for only four percent of SCC. Gastric ESCC, more commonly seen in Japanese male patients in their seventh decade of life, accounts for approximately 0.1 percent of ESCC. Case Presentation. A 75-year-old Hispanic male presented with a several week history of worsening epigastric pain with nausea and vomiting. Computer tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis showed a large heterogeneous mass involving the posterior gastric wall with diffuse extension into the gastric cardia. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed a large fungating mass in the lesser curvature of the stomach. Biopsy of the mass revealed small-cell carcinoma of the stomach. The patient was diagnosed with extensive/stage 4 disease and started on chemoradiation. Discussion. Our case, of a very rare condition highlights, the importance of recognizing atypical pathologic diagnoses. More research will need to be conducted with GSCC patients in order to better characterize disease pathogenesis, genetic mutations, and optimal disease management. The hope is to identify biomarkers that will identify patients earlier in their disease course when cure is possible.
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Sorbye H, Welin S, Langer SW, Vestermark LW, Holt N, Osterlund P, Dueland S, Hofsli E, Guren MG, Ohrling K, Birkemeyer E, Thiis-Evensen E, Biagini M, Gronbaek H, Soveri LM, Olsen IH, Federspiel B, Assmus J, Janson ET, Knigge U. Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): the NORDIC NEC study. Ann Oncol 2012; 24:152-60. [PMID: 22967994 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As studies on gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3) (GI-NEC) are limited, we reviewed clinical data to identify predictive and prognostic markers for advanced GI-NEC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from advanced GI-NEC patients diagnosed 2000-2009 were retrospectively registered at 12 Nordic hospitals. RESULTS The median survival was 11 months in 252 patients given palliative chemotherapy and 1 month in 53 patients receiving best supportive care (BSC) only. The response rate to first-line chemotherapy was 31% and 33% had stable disease. Ki-67<55% was by receiver operating characteristic analysis the best cut-off value concerning correlation to the response rate. Patients with Ki-67<55% had a lower response rate (15% versus 42%, P<0.001), but better survival than patients with Ki-67≥55% (14 versus 10 months, P<0.001). Platinum schedule did not affect the response rate or survival. The most important negative prognostic factors for survival were poor performance status (PS), primary colorectal tumors and elevated platelets or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. CONCLUSIONS Advanced GI-NEC patients should be considered for chemotherapy treatment without delay.PS, colorectal primary and elevated platelets and LDH levels were prognostic factors for survival. Patients with Ki-67<55% were less responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy, but had a longer survival. Our data indicate that it may not be correct to consider all GI-NEC as one single disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sorbye
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Matsunaga M, Miwa K, Noguchi T, Sasaki Y. Small cell carcinoma of gastro-oesophageal junction with remarkable response to chemo-radiotherapy. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr-2012-006361. [PMID: 22843758 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is rare, and no effective strategy has yet been established. On the basis of regimens reportedly effective for small cell lung cancer, we performed chemotherapy with cisplatin plus etoposide in combination with radiotherapy to relieve obstruction, in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction. Chemotherapy was switched to carboplatin plus etoposide due to renal toxicity. No distant metastases were detected and lesion spread was limited. A complete response, with no evidence of recurrence to date, was achieved. Curative resection was suggested but refused by the patient. He has been closely followed up in our outpatient clinic for more than a year and has shown no evidence of recurrence since the completion of treatment. Although cisplatin plus etoposide is a standard chemotherapy regimen for small cell carcinoma, carboplatin plus etoposide may be effective in cases in which cisplatin is contraindicated due to renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototsugu Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Oncology, International Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Japan.
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Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are composed of cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. The old and the new WHO classifications distinguish between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms. All well-differentiated neoplasms, regardless of whether they behave benignly or develop metastases, will be called neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), and graded G1 (Ki67 <2%) or G2 (Ki67 2-20%). All poorly differentiated neoplasms will be termed neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and graded G3 (Ki67 >20%). To stratify the GEP-NETs and GEP-NECs regarding their prognosis, they are now further classified according to TNM-stage systems that were recently proposed by the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) and the AJCC/UICC. In the light of these criteria the pathology and biology of the various NETs and NECs of the gastrointestinal tract (including the oesophagus) and the pancreas are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Klöppel
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Lee HH, Jung CK, Jung ES, Song KY, Jeon HM, Park CH. Mixed exocrine and endocrine carcinoma in the stomach: a case report. J Gastric Cancer 2011; 11:122-5. [PMID: 22076213 PMCID: PMC3204483 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2011.11.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of the coexistence of a gastric small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with a gastric adenocarcinoma. A 62-year-old man presented with epigastric soreness for 1 month. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a Borrmann type I tumor at the lesser curvature of the lower body of the stomach. The patient underwent a distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection and the resected specimen exhibited a 3.5×3.5 cm sized, fungating lesion. Two separated, not intermingling, lesions with non-adenocarcinoma components encircled by well differentiated adenocarcinoma components were identified microscopically. The non-adenocarcinoma component showed neuroendocrine features, such as a solid and trabecular pattern, and the tumor cells showed a high nuclear grade with minimal cytoplasm, indistinct nucleoli, and positive response for synaptophysin, CD56. The final pathological diagnosis was a gastric mixed exocrine-endocrine carcinoma (MEEC) composed of an adenocarcinoma and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the collision type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hong Lee
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Asayama M, Fuse N, Yoshino T, Yano T, Tahara M, Doi T, Fujii S, Ohtsu A. Amrubicin for the treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract: a retrospective analysis of five cases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:1325-30. [PMID: 21461890 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A standard chemotherapy regimen for neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract (GI-NEC) has not been established. Treatment usually consists of platinum doublets, consistent with the standard treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), with which it shares clinicopathological similarities. Here, we retrospectively examined responses of five GI-NEC patients treated with amrubicin chloride (AMR) which has shown activity against SCLC as salvage therapy. METHODS Five patients with histologically proven unresectable GI-NEC in whom previous chemotherapy regimens had failed were treated with AMR, a synthetic anthracycline with potent topoisomerase II inhibition. RESULTS Primary tumors were located in the esophagus in three patients, anus in one, and colon in one. AMR was administered intravenously at 35-40 mg/m(2) on days 1-3 every 3 weeks for a median of six treatment cycles (range, 2-8). Although all patients had received one to four previous chemotherapy regimens, including cisplatin doublets, three of five achieved objective responses to AMR. All three had esophageal NEC in relapse following combination treatment with irinotecan plus cisplatin. The most common adverse events of ≥ grade 3 were neutropenia (75%), anemia (60%), thrombocytopenia (20%), and febrile neutropenia (20%). CONCLUSIONS Single-agent AMR achieved objective responses in three of five patients with GI-NEC. This compound may be a candidate for prospective evaluation in a larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Asayama
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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Abstract
Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric corpus. Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are silent and composed by ECL cells, the second most frequent neuroendocrine neoplasms being the high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). In the duodenum, preneoplastic lesions are similarly described for gastrin (G) and somatostatin (D) cells. G-cell NETs are the most frequent neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum, either functioning or nonfunctioning, followed by D-cell NETs and gangliocytic paraganglioma (GCP). No systematic definition of nonneoplastic lesions exists for endocrine cells of the ileum, appendix, and colon-rectum. The most frequent ileal NETs are serotonin-producing enterochromaffin (EC)-cell NETs (classic carcinoid), associating with functional syndrome only in presence of liver metastases. Neoplasms are usually larger in the colon as compared with the small lesions observed in the rectum. High-grade NECs are observed in the colon and rectum-sigmoid, often associate with nonendocrine neoplastic components, and fare an aggressive course with poor outcome and short survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Policlinico A. Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, Rome I-00168, Italy.
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