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Shady OMA, Shalash IA, Elshaghabee FMF, Negm MSI, Yousef GAB, Rizk EMA. Evaluating the Effect of Lactobacillus casei FEGY 9973 and Curcumin on Experimental Giardiasis. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:302-308. [PMID: 38060086 PMCID: PMC11001656 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Giardia is a parasitic hard protozoan that causes a variety of parasitological and pathological changes in gastrointestinal epithelial cells and is resistant to a variety of disinfectants and treatments. This study used experimental animals infected with Giardia Lamblia to assess the potential therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Lactobacillus in yoghurt) and curcumin in comparison to one of the commonly used drugs (metronidazole). METHODS The study included 54 Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) that ranged in weight from 80 to 100 g and were divided into six groups: The effect of the used preparations was assessed in terms of parasitological and histopathological aspects in Group I non-infected healthy control, Group II infected non-treated, Group III infected treated with metronidazole MTZ, Group IV infected treated with Lactobacillus casei, Group V infected treated with curcumin, and Group VI infected treated with, Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Lactobacillus in yoghurt). The number of G. lamblia cysts per gram of stool was counted during the parasitological examination. RESULTS The difference between the infected non-treated group and all the treated groups was statistically significant (P0.05). When compared to the infected untreated group, Lactobacillus casei and, Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Lactobacillus in yoghurt) produced a 100% reduction in G. lamblia cyst shedding, curcumin produced an 87.80% reduction in number of cysts, and metronidazole produced a 78.4% reduction in number of cysts. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the potentially effective therapeutic effect of different preparations of probiotics and curcumin against Giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omima M Abou Shady
- Medical Parasitology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed S I Negm
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehad A B Yousef
- Medical Parasitology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Enas M A Rizk
- Medical Parasitology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Šmit I, Potočnjak D, Matijatko V, Torti M, Jović I, Grden D, Crnogaj M, Beck R. The Influence of Giardia duodenalis on the Occurrence of Clinical Signs in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:694. [PMID: 38133245 PMCID: PMC10748341 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis infections are common in dogs and are mainly caused by assemblages C and D. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the presence of Giardia duodenalis and different Giardia assemblages detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs and the occurrence of certain clinical signs. All the dogs included (n = 82) were clinically examined, and fecal samples were examined for other parasites and Clostridium spp. Also, G. duodenalis assemblages were detected and the occurrence of certain clinical signs was assessed. A total of 42/82 (51.2%) dogs were symptomatic and had one or more gastrointestinal signs, and 40/82 (48.8%) dogs were asymptomatic. G. duodenalis was found in 25/82 (30.5%) dogs: assemblage C in 10/25 (40%) and assemblage D in 15/25 (60%). Only Cryptosporidium spp. showed a higher coinfection rate with G. duodenalis but that did not have an influence on clinical sign appearance. There was no correlation between the presence of different assemblages of G. duodenalis and the sex of the host or the duration and appearance of certain clinical signs, except the presence of mucus in feces, which was more frequent in dogs invaded with G. duodenalis assemblage C. Further research of other assemblages is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Šmit
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Dalibor Potočnjak
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Vesna Matijatko
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Marin Torti
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Ines Jović
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Darko Grden
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Martina Crnogaj
- Clinic for Internal Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.)
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kanski S, Weber K, Busch K. [Feline and canine giardiosis: An Update]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:411-421. [PMID: 38056479 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a facultative pathogenic intestinal parasite. Giardiosis in dogs and cats may appear with or without clinical signs. Typical signs include diarrhea with or without vomiting. The prevalence in young animals is high and may amount to up to 50%. There are 8 different genotypes (A - H), which are called assemblages. Assemblages C and D are most common in dogs and assemblage F most frequent in cats. However, animals may also be infected with the zoonotically effective assemblages A and B or exhibit mixed infections. The immunofluorescence test (IFA), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal centrifugation using zinc sulphate solution are currently recommended as diagnostic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used to determine the corresponding assemblage. Approved treatments for giardiosis include fenbendazole and metronidazole. In addition, undertaking specific hygiene measures is warranted. Only animals showing clinical signs or those living in the same household with high-risk patients (e. g. immunosuppressed humans) are recommended to receive medication. The aim of treatment is clinical improvement of the diseased dogs and cats. Frequently, complete elimination of Giardia is not attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kanski
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Karin Weber
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Kathrin Busch
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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dos Reis LL, de Souza LSS, Braga FCDO, Lima DCDS, Lima NADS, Padinha JDS, Nava AFD, Vicente ACP. Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in northern sloth from Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230088. [PMID: 37971095 PMCID: PMC10644951 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parasite Giardia duodenalis infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals as well as humans. Giardia is genotyped into eight assemblages (A-H). Zoonotic assemblages A and B have already been identified in humans and wild and domestic animals (non-human primates and cats) from Brazilian Amazon and in the world. Due to its zoonotic/zooanthroponotic nature, surveillance initiatives and the definition of Giardia assemblages are important in order to characterise the epidemiological scenario and to implement further control measures. OBJECTIVES Determine assemblages of G. duodenalis in sloths from the Brazilian Amazon Region. METHODS Faecal parasitological examination of sloths from Amazonas State. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the beta giardin (BG), and genes from multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. FINDINGS Here, we identified, by microscopy, Giardia in two northern sloths (Bradypus tridactylus). These two samples were submitted to molecular assays and it was revealed that both were infected by G. duodenalis assemblage A. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they belong to assemblage A within sequences from humans and wild and domestic animals. CONCLUSION Therefore, besides showing, by the first time, the current presence of this parasite in sloths, our findings reveals that this wild animal species would be part of the zoonotic/zooanthroponotic scenario of this parasite in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Lappe dos Reis
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia de Importância para a Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lirna Salvioni Silva de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia de Importância para a Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Francisco Carlos de Oliveira Braga
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia de Importância para a Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Dayane Costa de Souza Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia de Importância para a Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Jessica da Silva Padinha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia de Importância para a Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Ferreira Dales Nava
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Mateo M, Montoya A, Bailo B, Köster PC, Dashti A, Hernández‐Castro C, Saugar JM, Matas P, Xiao L, Carmena D. Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2542-2558. [PMID: 37725371 PMCID: PMC10650246 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well-being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared. OBJECTIVES We investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain. METHODS Canine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017-2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods. RESULTS Overall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that (i) well-cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of PharmacyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of VeterinaryComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Carolina Hernández‐Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical PathologiesUniversity of AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Matas
- Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX)Villanueva de la CañadaMadridSpain
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Kaufmann H, Zenner L, Benabed S, Poirel MT, Bourgoin G. Lack of efficacy of fenbendazole against Giardia duodenalis in a naturally infected population of dogs in France. Parasite 2022; 29:49. [PMID: 36315102 PMCID: PMC9621113 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiosis is a worldwide intestinal parasitosis, affecting both humans and animals. Treatment in dogs remains limited and the lack of efficacy of the few approved medications is a rising concern. In this study, 23 dogs raised by veterinary students and naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis were treated in home conditions with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for 5 consecutive days). Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (FS1), 2-4 days after treatment (FS2) and 8-10 days after treatment (FS3). Giardia duodenalis cyst excretion was measured quantitatively by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) at FS1, FS2 and FS3. Molecular typing with a nested PCR targeting the SSU rDNA locus was also performed at FS1 and FS2. Fecal consistency improved in 16/21 dogs (76%) and mean cyst shedding was reduced by 84% after treatment. However, only 8/23 dogs (35%) achieved therapeutic success (≥90% reduction of cysts) and only 4/23 dogs (17%) had complete elimination of G. duodenalis. Molecular typing showed that dogs harbored only canine-specific assemblages, with a high prevalence of assemblage C in analyzed samples (30/39). We also detected different assemblages after treatment and nucleotide substitutions in assemblage C sequences that have not been described previously. Eight to ten days after treatment, high Giardia cyst excretion was measured, suggesting possible reinfection despite hygiene measures and/or multiplication. These data suggest that fenbendazole treatment may improve fecal consistency but has limited therapeutic efficacy against giardiosis in this population of dogs. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole against canine giardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Kaufmann
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Lionel Zenner
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Slimania Benabed
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France,Corresponding author:
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Eppler ME, Hanzlicek G, Londoño-Renteria B, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ. Survey of U.S. based veterinarians' knowledge, perceptions and practices about canine giardiasis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100768. [PMID: 36041803 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Giardia spp. is a protozoal parasite capable of causing diarrhea in mammals. Certain Giardia assemblages are potentially zoonotic. As part of a public health study, a questionnaire-based cross-sectional web survey was distributed among U.S. small and mixed animal veterinarians to assess the perceived prevalence, the preferred testing and treatment methods, the recommended control measures, and the information communicated about the zoonotic potential of canine giardiasis. Between February and June 2021, over 123 veterinarians from 31 U.S. states participated in the survey. 77% of surveyed veterinarians indicated that they are aware of the prevalence of canine giardiasis in their areas of practice. 52% of veterinarians reported that they test all symptomatic dogs for Giardia, while 42.4% test dogs only some of the time. The preferred confirmatory tests were in the following order: commercial diagnostic lab > in-clinic SNAP® Test > in-clinic Direct Smear > in-clinic Fecal Flotation > state/university diagnostic lab. Several combinations of tests are frequently used to confirm diagnosis. Although there are no labelled products available for treating canine giardiasis in the U.S., 54% of respondents preferred using both fenbendazole and metronidazole simultaneously, 15% reported using fenbendazole only, and 20% reported using metronidazole only. 77.0% of respondents indicated they have dealt with treatment refractory cases often or rarely. 92.6% of veterinarians reported mentioning environmental control to pet owners sometimes or always, which included bathing the infected pet, cleaning toys/bowls/bedding, cleaning floors, and bathing other pets. 73.6% of veterinarians communicated to their clients that Giardia was potentially zoonotic. There are conflicting opinions on the importance of zoonotic transmission between humans and canines available to the general veterinary practitioner. Given that children are at a higher risk of developing Giardia infections, it is important for veterinarians to preserve the health of canine companions to protect their human owners. Thus, the contributions of veterinarians in managing canine giardiasis within the framework of One Health initiatives should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Eppler
- MPH Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Gregg Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Berlin Londoño-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America
| | - Jeba R J Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States of America.
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Eissa FMA, Abdel-Shafi IR, El-Sayed SH, Negm MS, Ahmed JA. Assessment of therapeutic potential of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale commercial supplements in experimental giardiasis models. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:704-713. [PMID: 36091266 PMCID: PMC9458793 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is one of the most common protozoal parasites in humans, and a major cause of diarrheal illness. Treatment of giardiasis relies on metronidazole (MTZ) and other nitroimidazoles which exhibit some limitations, including variable treatment efficacy and parasite-drug resistance. In this work, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the commercial products of Allium sativum (A. sativum) and Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale), alone and in combination with MTZ, on giardiasis in experimentally infected hamsters. Parasitological assessments: cysts count, cysts viability and trophozoites count, and histopathological assessment were performed. Results revealed that the percentage of reduction in cysts number in the A. sativum, Z. officinale, A. sativum/MTZ, and Z. officinale/MTZ treated groups were of 84.5, 88.9, 82, and 86.1%, respectively, compared to infected non-treated group. While MTZ treated group showed percentage of reduction 79.7%. Regarding the cyst viability, it was reduced by 73.4, 76.9, 64.9, and 70.7%, in the A. sativum, Z. officinale, A. sativum/MTZ, and Z. officinale/MTZ treated groups respectively, compared to 61.9% in the MTZ treated group. For the trophozoites, the percentage of reduction was 64.1, 60.2, 59.4, and 47.3%, respectively, compared to 38.6% in MTZ treated group. The examination of duodenal sections revealed remarkable improvement in the histopathological changes in the A. sativum, Z. officinale, and the MTZ combination groups. In conclusion, A. sativum and Z. officinale preparations showed higher anti-giardial activity compared to MTZ, with higher reduction in Giardia cyst numbers, viability and trophozoite numbers in the experimentally infected hamsters. Further in vivo trials are recommended using A. sativum and Z. officinale preparations in increasing doses to reach a higher cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. A. Eissa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Al-Saray St., El Manial, Cairo, 11956 Egypt
| | - Iman R. Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Al-Saray St., El Manial, Cairo, 11956 Egypt
| | - Shaimaa H. El-Sayed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Negm
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jumana A. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Al-Saray St., El Manial, Cairo, 11956 Egypt
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Itoh N, Iijima Y, Kameshima S, Kimura Y. Multilocus genotyping analysis of 114 Giardia duodenalis isolates from different populations of domestic dogs in Japan. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the genotypes and zoonotic potentials of G. duodenalis isolates from different populations of domestic dogs in Japan, a total of 114 Giardia positive samples were examined using multilocus genotyping analysis at the 3 loci of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi). Although the dog-adapted assemblages C and D were dominant, the zoonotic assemblage A was also demonstrated at a percentage of 23.7% (27/114). The results suggest that canine G. duodenalis isolates in Japan have the potential for zoonotic transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Itoh
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Y. Iijima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - S. Kameshima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Y. Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
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10
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Agresti A, Berrilli F, Maestrini M, Guadano Procesi I, Loretti E, Vonci N, Perrucci S. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy). Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010012. [PMID: 35055960 PMCID: PMC8781685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheltered dogs, the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis is frequently high and may include potential zoonotic genotypes. The prevalence, genotypes and potential risk factors of G. duodenalis were assessed in 168 dogs from four kennels (Pistoia, Prato, Florence, Valdarno) in Tuscany, central Italy and compared with data from previous Italian studies. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites was also investigated. Individual dog faecal samples collected from each kennel were examined by parasitological techniques and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium faecal antigens. On Giardia-positive samples, molecular analysis was performed for genotype identification. Overall, 69 dogs scored positive for G. duodenalis (41%), but significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the four kennels and sampling seasons. The potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B and the canine-specific assemblage C (Pistoia: A-AII, B, C; Prato: A-AII, B; Florence: A-AII; Valdarno: A and C) were identified. Toxocara canis (8.9%), Trichuris vulpis (3.6%), hookworms (1.19%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (0.6%) were also identified. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis and the identification of potentially zoonotic genotypes in all examined kennels underline the need to improve routine parasite monitoring and control measures and to provide insights into the zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Agresti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (I.G.P.)
| | - Michela Maestrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Isabel Guadano Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (I.G.P.)
- Department of Biology, Ph.D. Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Loretti
- Unità Funzionale Aziendale Igiene Urbana, Az. USL Centro Toscana, 50127 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Vonci
- Unità Funzionale Igiene Epidemiologia e Sanità Pubblica, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, 50032 Borgo San Lorenzo, Italy;
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2216949
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11
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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12
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Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Household Dogs and Cats from Poland. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:428-435. [PMID: 33040220 PMCID: PMC8166709 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a widespread protozoan parasite affecting humans and many species of animals, including dogs and cats. Due to its zoonotic potential, it is important to know the frequency of this parasite in companion animals. The aim of this study was to determine current epidemiological status of G. duodenalis in household dogs and cats. METHODS In this study, 293 fecal samples from pet dogs and cats were collected from January 2017 to July 2019 and tested for G. duodenalis by PCR (using β-giardin gene). The animals were divided into groups depending on their age, breed and fecal consistency. RESULTS The examination allowed for detection of G. duodenalis in 6.0% of canine and 3.9% of feline fecal samples. The highest frequency was revealed in young (under one-year old) dogs. Sequencing confirmed the presence of assemblages C and D in dogs and A and F in cats. CONCLUSION The study showed current frequency of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats and also revealed the occurrence of host-specific assemblages as well as zoonotic assemblage A.
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13
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Ilić T, Nišavić U, Gajić B, Nenadović K, Ristić M, Stanojević D, Dimitrijević S. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from public shelters in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101653. [PMID: 33930631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on endoparasitic infections in dogs from dog shelters in Southeastern Europe are limited; thus, this study aimed to add to the existing knowledge on this topic by reporting on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from public dog shelters in the Republic of Serbia. In 2017 and 2018, individual and pooled fecal samples, were collected from 1267 dogs from six shelters. All samples were qualitatively examined for parasites using flotation tests. Seven taxa of intestinal parasites were identified: Cystoisospora spp., ascarids: Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, hookworms, Trichuris vulpis, taeniids and Dipylidium caninum. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 58. 3 % (78. 1 % in young dogs and 53.1 % in adult dogs). The parasites detected in both young (<1 year old) and adult dogs (>1 year old) were Cystoisospora spp. (20 % and 4.9 %), T. canis (33.5 % and 14.7 %), T. leonina (7.7 % and 2.3 %), and hookworms (16.9 % and 15 %), respectively. However, T. vulpis (9.6 %), taeniids (1.3 %), and D. caninum (5.4 %) were detected only in adult dogs. In the Belgrade shelter, young dogs had a higher prevalence of endoparasitic infections (18.9 %, 49/260) than adult dogs (14.8 %, 149/1007). In the Subotica, Jagodina and Niš shelters, young dogs had significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively) prevalence of endoparasitic infections (10 %, 12.3 % and 14.6 %) than adult dogs (5.3 %, 8 % and 7.2 %). These results will be useful for establishing health care programs in dog shelters and implementing effective strategies for the control of intestinal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ilić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Uroš Nišavić
- Public Communal Company, Veterina Belgrade, Emergency Room Utility, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Gajić
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Katarina Nenadović
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Ristić
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture Kruševac, University of Niš, Serbia.
| | | | - Sanda Dimitrijević
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ciuca L, Pepe P, Bosco A, Caccio SM, Maurelli MP, Sannella AR, Vismarra A, Cringoli G, Kramer L, Rinaldi L, Genchi M. Effectiveness of Fenbendazole and Metronidazole Against Giardia Infection in Dogs Monitored for 50-Days in Home-Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626424. [PMID: 33842570 PMCID: PMC8032893 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A field trial performed in-home conditions was conducted on 24 dogs naturally infected with Giardia, in order to compare the efficacy of fenbendazole and metronidazole. Animals were allocated in groups randomly in order to obtain two groups of 12 dogs each with similar parasitic loads of Giardia cysts: dogs in Group A were treated with fenbendazole (Panacur®, Intervet Italia Srl) administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg orally once a day for 5 consecutive days, dogs in Group B were treated with metronidazole (Flagyl®, Zambon Italia Srl) administered orally at the dose of 50 mg/kg, once a day for 5 consecutive days. All the dogs that were shedding Giardia cysts after the first treatment (Day 0) were retreated (either at Day 7 or at Day 14 or at Day 21) until a negative result was obtained with the same treatment. Additionally, all the dogs were re-examined at Day 50. All the dogs were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts using a fecal flotation method (FLOTAC). The percent efficacy of the treatments (A and B) was calculated at each sampling point (Days 7, 14, 21, and 50) as reduction in mean Giardia cysts. After the first therapy, on day 7, 4/12 (33.3%) dogs tested positive for Giardia cysts in the Group A and 5/12 (41.7%) in the Group B. Efficacies at (Days 7, 14, 21, and 50) of the treatments against Giardia infection were 80.9, 94, 100, and 97% in the Group A and 70.8, 99, 100, and 97.1% in the Group B. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the efficacy of Fenbendazole and Metronidazole against infection by G. duodenalis (P = 0.686). Molecular analysis revealed full homology (i.e., 100% with JN416550) with the canine specific assemblage D in six positive dogs. Different hypotheses might explain the re-appearance of the Giardia cysts in some dogs after treatment, e.g., re-infection from the home environment, the correct medication given by the owners, the diet, as well as treatment failure, but also biological issues related to the intermittent excretion of Giardia cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Mario Caccio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Sannella
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Khine NO, Chimnoi W, Kamyingkird K, Kengradomkij C, Saetiew N, Simking P, Saengow S, Jittapalapong S, Inpankaew T. Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from stray dogs residing in monasteries in Bangkok, Thailand. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102337. [PMID: 33771679 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are enteric protozoan parasites that infect a wide variety of domestic animals as well as humans worldwide, causing diarrheal diseases. Giardia duodenalis assemblages C and D are specific to canine hosts and zoonotic assemblages A and B are also found in dogs as a reservoir host. In dogs, Cryptosporidium canis is the host-specific species while humans are infected by C. hominis and C. parvum and at least another 16 zoonotic Cryptosporidium species have been reported causing human infections, with C. meleagridis, C. viatorum, and C. ubiquitum being the most frequent. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis from stray dogs in areas of Bangkok and to identify the species and assemblages. Fecal samples (540) were collected from dogs residing in 95 monasteries in 48 districts in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed using the ssu-rRNA gene for both parasites. In total, 3.0% (16/540) samples were positive for G. duodenalis, with most being G. duodenalis assemblage D (7/16) followed by assemblage C (7/16) and zoonotic assemblage A (2/16). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 0.7% (4/540) based on the PCR results and all were the dog genotype C. canis. These results indicated that dogs residing in Bangkok monasteries poses a limited role as source of human giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwai Oo Khine
- Bio-Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wissanuwat Chimnoi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanya Kengradomkij
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nantiya Saetiew
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Muban Chombueng Rajabhat University, Ratchaburi 70120, Thailand
| | - Patcharathorn Simking
- Division of Animal Health Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Sinsamuth Saengow
- Division of Animal Health Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | | | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Chiebao DP, Martins CM, Pena HFDJ, Gabriel FHDL, Turazza J, Soares H, Merlo A. Epidemiological study of Giardia duodenalis infection in companion dogs from the metropolitan area of São Paulo Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:765-773. [PMID: 32347663 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal disease that has a direct life cycle, with cysts eliminated in the faeces of an infected host being ingested by a susceptible host. In Brazil, studies of chronically infected adult dogs estimated a prevalence of 10%-20%. Diagnosis of giardiasis, as a cause of diarrhoea is important for the global One-Health guidelines when controlling cyst dissemination in the environment. We investigated the prevalence of G. duodenalis in the pet dog population of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, compared the efficacy of direct tests available to the veterinary clinical practice and attempted to identify possible risk factors associated with the parasite. Ten veterinary practices distributed throughout the municipality randomly performed the rapid SNAP ELISA test on canine faecal samples, and dog owners provided information specific to the animal via a questionnaire. The samples were also analysed using sucrose and zinc sulphate flotation techniques. Sensitivity and specificity of the tests were used to calculate required number of samples and true prevalence. Significance, agreement among tests, and odds ratio (OR) were assessed with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs (n = 265) was 6.9% (CI 3.47-11.21). Positive tests were significantly more frequent in animals younger than 1 year, with an OR for G. duodenalis occurrence nearly 7-fold that of older dogs. Direct diagnosis tests showed high agreement (96.1%, κ = 0.729; p < .0001) showing that the combined techniques provide a highly accurate diagnosis. Results indicated that the control of the pathogen has been improving in the pet dog population in metropolitan Sao Paulo, but management tools including diagnosis, immunization, and treatment, especially in puppies, must be continued in order to advance towards continuous decrease of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontes Chiebao
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | - Camila Marinelli Martins
- Departament of Nursing and Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brasil.,AAC&T Research Consulting LTDA, Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fatima de Jesus Pena
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fábio Henrique de Lima Gabriel
- Regional Laboratory of Sorocaba, Center for Research in Animal Health, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Sorocaba, Brasil
| | | | - Herbert Soares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - FMVZ, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Merlo
- Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda., São Paulo, Brasil
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Perrucci S, Berrilli F, Procopio C, Di Filippo MM, Pierini A, Marchetti V. Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs affected by primary chronic enteropathy. Open Vet J 2020; 10:74-79. [PMID: 32426260 PMCID: PMC7193877 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine primary chronic enteropathy (CE) includes a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic gastrointestinal signs. Aim: This study evaluated the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis infection in primary CE-affected dogs. Methods: Forty-seven CE-affected dogs of different age and sex were enrolled in the study. For each dog, frequency of defecation, fecal consistency, and eventual fecal abnormalities were evaluated. A clinical scoring index of CE severity (clinical chronic enteropathy activity index) was also assessed, and the type of enteropathy was retrospectively classified. For parasitological analysis, fresh fecal samples collected from each dog were examined by fresh and Lugol stained smears, flotation test, and a rapid immunoassay. Giardia duodenalis genotypes were identified by molecular analysis. Differences of clinical parameters between G. duodenalis positive and G. duodenalis negative dogs were statistically evaluated. Results: Among the CE canine patients, 16 out of 47 (34%) dogs were found positive for G. duodenalis and assemblages C and D were identified. No statistical differences emerged according to the types of CE between G. duodenalis-positive and G. duodenalis-negative dog groups. The clinical index of CE severity was indicative of significant less severe clinical forms in G. duodenalis-positive dogs (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Results here obtained shows how G. duodenalis may be present in primary CE-affected dogs and further investigations are needed to clarify the real significance of mild clinical presentation in G. duodenalis-positive dogs affected by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Evaluation of the effects of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of healthy dogs with and without subclinical Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium canis infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228145. [PMID: 32027665 PMCID: PMC7004322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in host health and there is increasing concern regarding the deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals on the fecal microbiome. The effect of anthelmintic therapy on the fecal microbiome in dogs has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of dogs with and without subclinical Giardia species and Cryptosporidium canis infections. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Part 1: 6 healthy adult research beagles with subclinical giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis were administered a commercially available preparation of febantel combined with pyrantel and praziquantel (FPP) orally daily for three days. Part 2: 19 healthy staff-owned dogs without giardiasis or cryptosporidiosis were divided into a treatment group (n = 9) that was administered fenbendazole orally daily for five days and an untreated control group (n = 10). For both parts of the study, feces were collected at multiple time points before and after anthelmintic (FPP or fenbendazole) administration. Fecal DNA was extracted for Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and qPCR assays. Neither FPP nor fenbendazole treatment caused a significant change in alpha or beta diversity or the relative abundance of bacterial species. Upon univariate statistical analysis neither FPP or fenbendazole caused minimal changes in the fecal microbiota. CONCLUSION FPP administration was associated with minimal alterations of the fecal microbiome of healthy research beagles with subclinical giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Fenbendazole administration was associated with minimal alterations of the fecal microbiome of healthy staff owned dogs.
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Seasonal distributions and other risk factors for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dogs and cats in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2020; 174:104820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barbanti F, Spigaglia P. Microbiological characteristics of human and animal isolates of Clostridioides difficile in Italy: Results of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in the years 2006-2016. Anaerobe 2019; 61:102136. [PMID: 31857201 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and the emergence of highly virulent types highlight the need of microbiological characterization to gain insight CDI epidemiological changes. This paper, reporting data obtained by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità Central Laboratory Service for C. difficile (ISS-CLSCD) in 2006-2016, provides a first long-term microbiological analysis of human and animal C. difficile strains circulating in Italy. The number of human isolates analyzed by ISS-CLSCD significantly increased over the time (170 in 2006-2011 vs 661 in 2012-2016). Independently from the year of isolation, 42% of the clinical isolates belonged to the PCR-ribotype (RT) 018-lineage (RT 018, RT 607, RT 541, PR07661 and PR14328), with RT 018 and RT 607 grouping the majority of isolates. This lineage was significantly associated to CDIs occurred in the General Medicine Units, Clinic Units or Long-Term Care Facilities, while it was rarely found in pediatric patients. Although the percentage of isolates positive for the binary toxin (CDT) was stable during the study (20%), several CDT-positive RTs emerged in 2012-2016, including RT 027. In total, 32 RTs overlapped between animals and humans and six of these RTs were non-toxigenic. The two lineages prevalent in animals, the RT 078-lineage and the RT 569-lineage (RT 569, RT 049, RT 056 and RT 727), were also found in humans, while the RT 018-lineage was rarely detected in animals, suggesting that it is prevalently associated to human infections. Sixty-two percent of clinical isolates showed a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype, with resistance to rifampicin characterizing successful RTs. A MDR phenotype was also observed in 18% of animal isolates, in particular from dogs, supporting animals as potential reservoirs of resistant C. difficile strains. Interestingly, multiple resistances were observed in both human and animal non-toxigenic isolates suggesting their contribution to antibiotic resistance spread among C. difficile population. All these data indicate that CDI is an issue of growing concern in Italy, highlighting the need for a standardized surveillance in our Country and an interdisciplinary approach to deal successfully with this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Barbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Spigaglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Zheng JT, Zhang N, Yu YH, Gong PT, Li XH, Wu N, Wang C, Wang XC, Li X, Li JH, Zhang XC. Identification of a TRBD zinc finger-interacting protein in Giardia duodenalis and its regulation of telomerase. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:568. [PMID: 31783771 PMCID: PMC6884763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis, with diarrhea as the primary symptom. The trophozoite proliferation of this zoonotic parasite is mainly affected by telomerase, although the mechanism of telomerase regulation has not been thoroughly analyzed. Methods This study was performed to identify the telomerase RNA-binding domain (TRBD)-interacting protein in G. duodenalis and its regulation of telomerase. Interaction between TRBD and interacting proteins was verified via pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) techniques, and the subcellular localization of the protein interactions was determined in vivo via split SNAP-tag labeling. The hammerhead ribozyme was designed to deplete the mRNA of TRBD-interacting proteins. Results Using TRBD as bait, we identified zinc-finger domain (ZFD)-containing proteins and verified it via pulldown and co-IP experiments. Protein-protein interaction occurred in the nuclei of 293T cells and both nuclei of G. duodenalis. The hammerhead ribozyme depleted ZFD mRNA levels, which reduced the reproduction rate of G. duodenalis, telomerase activity and telomere length. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ZFD may regulate telomere function in G. duodenalis nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Animal Models of Human Diseases, Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yan-Hui Yu
- Clinical Laboratory of Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peng-Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xian-He Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Cen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jian-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Cheung W, Russo C, Maher S, Malik R, Šlapeta J. Successful use of secnidazole to manage a giardiosis outbreak in a shelter. Vet Parasitol 2019; 274:108911. [PMID: 31499401 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common parasite in dogs in shelters where new introductions, including numerous juvenile individuals, are ongoing. A safe and effective single dose parasiticide is highly desirable for shelters experiencing disease caused by G. duodenalis (giardiosis). Secnidazole is an efficacious, low-cost medication used for the treatment of giardiosis in humans and has the advantage of requiring only a single oral dose. The aim of this study was to determine retrospectively the effectiveness of secnidazole on dogs of all ages during an outbreak of giardiosis in a shelter. Patients recruited into this retrospective study were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of adult dogs and weaned dogs (>10 weeks-of-age). Group B was comprised of puppies (<10 weeks-of-age). Giardiosis resolved in all 14 patients in Group A within 13 days following a single oral dose of secnidazole (30 mg/kg). There were no individuals with both gastrointestinal signs and a positive G. duodenalis antigen test at the time of the first and second follow-up examination. For the young puppies in Group B, giardiosis was reduced by 90% (9/10) within 22 days following two consecutive doses of secnidazole (30 mg/kg; 2 weeks apart). No adverse reactions were observed in any patients treated with secnidazole. Secnidazole is an effective and easily administered drug for the treatment of clinical canine giardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Cheung
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Animal Welfare League NSW, Kemps Creek, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Candace Russo
- Animal Welfare League NSW, Kemps Creek, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Maher
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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23
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Ryan U, Zahedi A. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis from a veterinary perspective. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:209-254. [PMID: 31630759 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of eight Giardia species are accepted. These include: Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia), which infects humans and animals, Giardia agilis, Giardia ardeae, Giardia psittaci, Giardia muris, Giardia microti, Giardia peramelis and G. cricetidarum, which infect non-human hosts including amphibians, birds, rodents and marsupials. Giardia duodenalis is a species complex consisting of eight assemblages (A-H), with assemblages A and B the dominant assemblages in humans. Molecular studies to date on the zoonotic potential of Giardia in animals are problematic and are hampered by lack of concordance between loci. Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats and pigs) are predominantly infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E, which has recently been shown to be zoonotic, followed by assemblage A. In cats and dogs, assemblages A, B, C, D and F are commonly reported but relatively few studies have conducted molecular typing of humans and their pets and the results are contradictory with some studies support zoonotic transmission but the majority of studies suggesting separate transmission cycles. Giardia also infects a broad range of wildlife hosts and although much less well studied, host-adapted species as well as G. duodenalis assemblages (A-H) have been identified. Fish and other aquatic wildlife represent a source of infection for humans with Giardia via water contamination and/or consumption of undercooked fish and interestingly, assemblage B and A predominated in the two molecular studies conducted to date. Our current knowledge of the transmission dynamics of Giardia is still poor and the development of more discriminatory typing tools such as whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Giardia isolates is therefore essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Sauda F, Malandrucco L, De Liberato C, Perrucci S. Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter cats of central Italy. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100321. [PMID: 31796183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the limited resources and the large number of cats living in feline shelters may facilitate the spread of parasite infections that may affect the health of cats and expose shelter workers and adoptive owners to zoonosis. Prevalence and risk factors of potential zoonotic and host-specific gastrointestinal parasite infections were assessed in cats living in public and private shelters of central Italy. Individual fecal samples were examined macroscopically and then screened microscopically by fresh and Lugol stained fecal smears and by flotation and the Baermann tests. A commercial rapid immune-chromatographic assay was used to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. All animals were clinically examined to evaluate presence of clinical signs compatible to parasitic infections. Data were statistically analysed by multivariate analysis with logistic regression and chi square testing for bivariate analysis. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the shelter cats surveyed was 22% (29/132), with 26/132 (19.7%) of the animals infected with potentially zoonotic organisms. Upon statistical analysis, parasite infections were identified in significantly more cats younger than 18 months of age (p <0.05), and most often associated with the presence of compatible clinical signs (p <0.05). A higher prevalence of protozoan infections (18.1%, 24/132) than of helminth infections (12.9%, 17/132) was observed. Identified parasites were Giardia duodenalis (10.6%, 14/132), Toxocara cati (9%, 12/132), Cystoisospora felis (3%, 4/132), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.3%, 3/132), hookworms (2.3%, 3/132), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.6%, 2/132), Aonchotheca putorii (0.75%, 1/132), Tritrichomonas foetus (0.75%, 1/132) and Strongyloides sp. (0.75%, 1/132). Co-infections were identified in the 7.6% of animals surveyed. Results obtained from this study indicate high gastrointestinal parasite risk to shelter cats and public health in the examined areas and suggest the need for more effective control measures in shelters surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sauda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Livia Malandrucco
- Ospedale Veterinario ASL Roma D, Via della Magliana 856, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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25
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Shmalberg J, Montalbano C, Morelli G, Buckley GJ. A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Probiotic or Metronidazole for Acute Canine Diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:163. [PMID: 31275948 PMCID: PMC6593266 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is a common, often self-limiting, cause of presentation for veterinary care, yet there is a paucity of data on frequently-prescribed treatments. The purpose of this randomized, double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial was to compare two anecdotally-recommended treatments: a probiotic combination and metronidazole. Sixty dogs without concurrent comorbidities were randomized into three treatment groups. The time to resolution of diarrheal signs was evaluated using owner surveys and fecal scoring charts. Dogs presenting with acute diarrhea achieved acceptable fecal consistency after 3.5 ± 2.2 days when receiving probiotic, 4.6 ± 2.4 days with oral metronidazole, and 4.8 ± 2.9 days with placebo; statistically significant differences were not identified between treatment groups (p = 0.17). These findings failed to provide evidence for the common use of metronidazole in this cohort of dogs with acute canine diarrhea, and a larger study population would be required to identify a statistically significant effect of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christina Montalbano
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Gareth J Buckley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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26
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Saleh MN, Heptinstall JR, Johnson EM, Ballweber LR, Lindsay DS, Werre S, Herbein JF, Zajac AM. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1272-1277. [PMID: 30982235 PMCID: PMC6524394 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An evaluation of currently available in-clinic diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis infection of dogs and cats has not been performed. In addition, there is discordance among published diagnostic comparisons. The absence of a true gold standard for detecting Giardia duodenalis also complicates diagnostic evaluations. OBJECTIVES To evaluate diagnostic tests commercially available in the United States for detecting Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats, in comparison to a widely used reference test, the direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and also to compare the results of 2 methods of analysis: comparison of diagnostic tests to a reference test (IFA) and Bayesian analysis. ANIMALS Fecal samples from a convenience sample of 388 cats and dogs located in Colorado, Oklahoma, and Virginia. METHODS Fecal samples were tested for Giardia duodenalis by zinc sulfate centrifugal fecal flotation and 4 different commercial diagnostic immunoassays. Results were analyzed via Bayesian analysis and by comparison to the IFA as the reference test. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity by comparison to IFA was ≥82% and ≥90%, respectively, for all diagnostic tests in dogs and cats. When analyzed via Bayesian analysis, sensitivity and specificity were ≥83% and ≥95%, respectively. When ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results were combined with immunoassay results, there was no longer a significant difference between the sensitivities of the commercial in-clinic immunoassays. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Bayesian analysis validates using IFA as the reference test. Differences in commercial in-clinic immunoassay sensitivities can be mitigated when the results are combined with ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam N Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | | | - Eileen M Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Lora R Ballweber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Stephen Werre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Anne M Zajac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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27
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Pepe P, Ianniello D, Alves LC, Morgoglione ME, Maurelli MP, Bosco A, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Comparative cost-effectiveness of immunoassays and FLOTAC for diagnosing Giardia spp. infection in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:158. [PMID: 30961639 PMCID: PMC6454601 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia spp. is a protozoan pathogen and is the most common enteric parasite of domestic animals and humans. Assays for detecting infection in fecal samples using direct or indirect examinations are important tools for diagnosing the disease. The objective of the present study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of immunoassays and FLOTAC technique for diagnosing Giardia spp. infection in dogs. RESULTS Fecal samples from 80 positive stray dogs were tested for the presence of copro-antigens of Giardia spp. using the direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the FLOTAC double technique. All methods were performed in accordance with the instructions reported in the original description for each technique. The results showed that ELISA can be run in less time than IFA and almost at the same time of the FLOTAC technique. Among the tests used in this study, FLOTAC had the lowest cost per correct diagnosis, compared with immunoassays. CONCLUSIONS The results from this cost-effectiveness analysis, in combination with the sensitivity and specificity of the FLOTAC technique, suggest that the FLOTAC technique can be use in the routine diagnosis of Giardia spp. infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Davide Ianniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Leucio Camara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Elena Morgoglione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Campania Region, Eboli, Italy
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28
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Protocol standardization for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:31-38. [PMID: 30903916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalve shellfish are of public health interest because they can accumulate pollutants in their tissues. As they are usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, they are considered to be a possible source of foodborne infections, including giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis. Although data indicating contamination of shellfish with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts have been published, comparing results from different studies is difficult, as there is no standardized protocol for the detection and quantification of these parasites in mussels, and different researchers have used different analytical approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the most sensitive protocol for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in shellfish. In an effort to test the sensitivity and the detection limits of the protocol, every step of the process was investigated, from initial preparation of the mussel matrix through detection of the parasites. Comparative studies were conducted, including several methods previously applied by other researchers, on commercial mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis spiked with a known number of (oo)cysts of both parasites. As preparation of the mussel matrix plays an important role in the sensitivity of the method, different techniques were tested. These included: (ia) removal of the coarse particles from the matrix with sieving, (ib) extraction of the lipids with diethyl ether, and (ic) artificial digestion of the matrix with pepsin digestion solution, and (ii) the use or not of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the concentration of the (oo)cysts. Pre-treatment of the mussel homogenate with pepsin digestion solution, followed by IMS, then detection with a direct immunofluorescence assay, achieved the highest sensitivity: 32.1% (SD: 21.1) of Giardia cysts and 61.4% (SD: 26.2) Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered, with a detection limit of 10 (oo)cysts per g of mussel homogenate. The outcome of the current study was the standardization of a protocol, with defined detection limits, for the detection of these two protozoan transmission stages in mussels, in order to be used as a reference technique in future studies. Further advantages of this protocol are that it uses the whole mussel as a starting material and does not require difficult handling procedures. The method has potential to be applied in larger surveys and, potentially, to other species of shellfish for the detection of these parasites. However, the composition (lipid to protein ratio) may be of relevance for detection efficiency for some other species of shellfish.
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29
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In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of the anti-Giardia duodenalis activity of the supernatant of Slab51 (SivoMixx). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213385. [PMID: 30845190 PMCID: PMC6405091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on Giardia duodenalis of Slab51 probiotic supernatants were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro, Slab51 (101 UFC) was cultured and the obtained supernatant was filtered, adjusted at pH 7, and added (100μl/ml) as such (Slab51 FS) or after heat-treatment, to G. duodenalis cultures to evaluate its effects on G. duodenalis trophozoites growth and adherence. For comparison, negative and metronidazole (20μg/ml) treated controls were used. The morphological and ultrastructural alterations of G. duodenals trophozoites following treatment with Slab51 FS supernatant were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Ex vivo, mice duodenal portions were cultivated in standard conditions with 5x105G. duodenalis trophozoites/ml, while to further five duodenal portions similarly cultured and infected, Slab51 FS 200μl was added. After 12 and 18h, samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and histologically processed to score Giardia infection and cell damage. Cell proliferation/apoptosis was scored by Ki67, TUNEL and Caspase–3 tests. All experiments were conducted in triplicate throughout the study. All data were statistically evaluated (P< 0.05). Results showed that Slab51 FS significantly reduced Giardia growth and adherence respect to negative controls, but its efficacy was overall lower than that of metronidazole. Moreover, the effects of Slab51 FS were significantly lowered by heat-treatment and this reduction was statistically higher at 90°C than at 56°C, indicating a heat-sensitive nature of active Slab51 FS compounds. At the ultrastructural level, Slab51 FS treated Giardia trophozoites were swelling, increased in size and showed alterations of their cellular membrane and vacuole patterns, loss of the nuclear envelope and nuclear architecture. In ex vivo trials, viable G. duodenalis trophozoites and enterocyte TUNEL+ and Caspase-3 expression were significantly reduced in intestinal sections added with Slab51 FS, while enterocyte Ki67 expression was significantly increased, confirming the anti-G. duodenalis activity of Slab51 FS observed in vitro. In conclusion, results from this study showed that the fresh culture supernatant of the commercial probiotic Slab51 has anti-G. duodenalis properties both in vitro and ex vivo in a mouse model.
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30
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Tauro A, Beltran E, Cherubini GB, Coelho AT, Wessmann A, Driver CJ, Rusbridge CJ. Metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity in 26 dogs. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:495-501. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Tauro
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Godalming, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming; Surrey GU7 2QQ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - E Beltran
- Royal Veterinary College Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Ringgold Standard Institution, Hatfield; Hertfordshire United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - GB Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals Ringgold Standard Institution, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - AT Coelho
- Dick White Referrals Ringgold Standard Institution, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - A Wessmann
- Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - CJ Driver
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Godalming, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming; Surrey GU7 2QQ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - CJ Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Godalming, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming; Surrey GU7 2QQ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine Ringgold Standard Institution Guildford; Surrey United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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31
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Rehbein S, Klotz C, Ignatius R, Müller E, Aebischer A, Kohn B. Giardia duodenalisin small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:117-124. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rehbein
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- MVZ Labor 28; Berlin Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | - Anton Aebischer
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16); Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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32
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Barbecho JM, Bowman DD, Liotta JL. Comparative performance of reference laboratory tests and in-clinic tests for Giardia in canine feces. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:444. [PMID: 30068364 PMCID: PMC6090814 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the performance of four in-clinic Giardia diagnostic tests by comparing results to three laboratory methods for detection of Giardia. A set of 177 fecal samples originally submitted to a commercial laboratory by veterinarians for routine ova and parasite (O&P) testing was used. Specimens were examined by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) for presence of Giardia cysts which served as the gold standard. Fecal samples were tested using a Giardia-specific cyst wall antigen microtiter plate format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and each of the in-clinic assays adhering to the package insert for each kit. RESULTS Evaluated were four in-clinic antigen test kits: VetScan® Canine Giardia Rapid Test (Abaxis), Anigen® Rapid CPV-CCV-Giardia Antigen Test (BioNote), SNAP® Giardia Test (IDEXX) and Witness® Giardia Test (Zoetis). In the comparison of the in-clinic tests to the DFA standard test sensitivity ranged between 70.0-87.1%, and specificity ranged between 71.1-93.4%. CONCLUSION Of the tests evaluated here, the SNAP test had the highest sensitivity and specificity. The SNAP test had the highest percent positive and percent negative agreement when compared to the microtiter plate format ELISA and the O&P assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4-114 VMC, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Janice L Liotta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4-114 VMC, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Iijima Y, Itoh N, Ito Y, Kimura Y. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from household cats and pet shop kittens. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:44-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Uiterwijk M, Nijsse R, Kooyman FNJ, Wagenaar JA, Mughini-Gras L, Koop G, Ploeger HW. Comparing four diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in dogs using latent class analysis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:439. [PMID: 30064472 PMCID: PMC6069568 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To accurately diagnose giardiosis in dogs, knowledge of diagnostic test characteristics and expected prevalence are required. The aim of this work was to estimate test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of four commonly used diagnostic tests for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs. Methods Fecal samples from 573 dogs originating from four populations (household dogs, shelter dogs, hunting dogs and clinical dogs) were examined with centrifugation sedimentation flotation (CSF) coproscopical analysis, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA, Merifluor Cryptosporidium/Giardia®), a rapid enzyme immunochromatographic assay (IDEXX SNAP Giardia®) and qPCR (SSU rDNA) for presence of G. duodenalis. Bayesian latent class analysis was used to determine test performance characteristics and to estimate G. duodenalis prevalence of each of the four dog populations. Results All tests were highly specific. IDEXX SNAP Giardia® showed the highest specificity (99.6%) and qPCR the lowest (85.6%). The sensitivities were much more variable, with qPCR showing the highest (97.0%) and CSF the lowest (48.2%) sensitivity. DFA was more sensitive than IDEXX SNAP Giardia®, but slightly less specific. Prevalences of G. duodenalis differed substantially between populations, with the hunting dogs showing the highest G. duodenalis prevalence (64.9%) and the household dogs the lowest (7.9%). Conclusions This study identifies qPCR as a valuable screening tool because of its high sensitivity, whereas methods using microscopy for cyst identification or cyst wall detection should be used in situations where high specificity is required. G. duodenalis is a prevalent gastro-intestinal parasite in Dutch dogs, especially in dogs living in groups (hunting and shelter dogs) and clinical dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3014-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Uiterwijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Present address: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Nijsse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harm W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Costa VAN, Brener B, Fonseca ABM, Sudré AP. Modification of the Alere GIARDIA Ag TEST immunochromatography KIT methodology for its use in frozen fecal sediment of dogs and cats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:479-483. [PMID: 29641769 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820160675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide intestinal parasite and is one of the most frequent protozoa species infecting dogs and cats. This study aimed to modify the methodology of Alere GIARDIA Ag TEST KIT for its use in frozen fecal sediments with different storage times in a freezer (-20°C), thus expanding the range of use of this methodology. One hundred fecal sediments from dogs (n=50) and cats (n=50) previously examined by optical microscopy for Giardia cysts were selected for this study. The agreement between the modified immunochromatography and microscopy results was calculated by Kappa coefficient. To evaluate the performance of the modified immunochromatography assay on samples with different storage time, the fecal sediments were divided into three groups according to the time of storage in a freezer: (a) ≤ 1 year (n=37); (b) > 1 year and ≤ 3 years (n=39); (c) > 10 years (max. 13 years) (n=24). The results obtained by the modified immunochromatography assay demonstrates a higher sensitivity of this technique when compared with microscopy, regardless of the frozen storage time. These results allow for the use of this methodology in a greater scope of analysis, especially in frozen fecal sediment triage in sample collections, enabling epidemiological and comparative analysis along different decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane A N Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Ernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Brener
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Ernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz M Fonseca
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Mário Santos Braga, s/n, Valonguinho, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Sudré
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Professor Ernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, 24210-130 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Andrés-Lasheras S, Martín-Burriel I, Mainar-Jaime RC, Morales M, Kuijper E, Blanco JL, Chirino-Trejo M, Bolea R. Preliminary studies on isolates of Clostridium difficile from dogs and exotic pets. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29523201 PMCID: PMC5845233 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is recognised as an emerging disease in both humans and some animal species. During the past few years, insights into human CDI epidemiology changed and C. difficile is also considered as an emerging community-acquired pathogen. Certain ribotypes (RT) are possibly associated with zoonotic transmission. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of C. difficile in a population of pets and to characterise the isolates. Results Faecal samples from a total of 90 diarrhoeic dogs and 24 from exotic animal species (both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic) were analysed. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 6 (6.7%) dogs and one reptile sample (4.2%). Four (66.7%) of the six dog strains were capable of producing toxins. Four known different RTs were detected in dogs (010, 014, 123 and 358) and a new one was found in a faecal sample of an exotic animal. This new RT isolate was negative for all toxin genes tested and belonged to sequence type 347 which has been proposed as a Clade-III member. Importantly, two dog strains showed a stable resistance to metronidazole (initial MIC values: 128 and 48 μg/ml). Conclusions The results obtained in this study suggest the implementation of antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance programs to assess the prevalence of metronidazole resistance in dogs; molecular studies to elucidate C. difficile metronidazole resistance mechanisms are warranted. Based on the similarity between the ribotypes observed in dogs and those described in humans, the zoonotic transmission should be further explored. Furthermore, exotic animals have shown to harbor uncommon C. difficile strains which require further genomic studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1402-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Lasheras
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inma Martín-Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mariano Morales
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorios Albéitar, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ed Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José L Blanco
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Chirino-Trejo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Assessment of the diagnostic performance of four methods for the detection of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from human, canine and feline carriers. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 145:73-78. [PMID: 29329749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric parasitic diseases including giardiasis are of public health concern. Different methods are available for the diagnosis of this parasitic infection in fecal samples such as the identification of protozoan cysts and trophozoites by light microscopy, detection of specific antigens by ELISA, and amplification of DNA fragments by PCR. The present study aimed at assessing the performance of four laboratory tests for the detection of Giardia duodenalis in fecal specimens from three different host species with a previous diagnosis of giardiasis; canine, feline and human patients provided new stool samples to be retested for Giardia before initiating treatment with antiprotozoal drugs. For this purpose, triplicate fecal specimens from 54 humans, 24 dogs and 18 cats living in the city of Niterói, RJ, southeast Brazil, were analysed by light microscopy, ELISA, immunochromatography, and nested PCR. The centrifugal-flotation method detected Giardia cysts in 89.6% (86/96) of the fecal samples. The protozoan parasite was detected via immunochromatography in 87.5% (84/96) of these samples. Giardia was detected by ELISA in 69.8% (67/96) of the stool specimens from carriers with a previous diagnosis of Giardia infection. Giardia was detected by PCR in only 39.6% (38/96) of the fecal specimens. Based on these findings, we suggest that, among the four assays that were used in this study, the zinc sulphate flotation technique (Faust et al., 1939) is the best diagnostic assay in terms of sensitivity and specificity to detect G. duodenalis on serially collected samples from dogs, cats and humans.
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Ito Y, Iijima Y, Itoh N, Kimura Y. Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from breeding cattery cats in Japan. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917745237. [PMID: 29270308 PMCID: PMC5731622 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917745237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study reports the multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from cats maintained in breeding catteries in Japan and discusses their potential for zoonotic transmission. Methods A total of 41 faecal samples positive for Giardia-specific antigen were procured from cats maintained in five breeding catteries and subjected to PCR to amplify four gene loci, namely small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi ). The PCR-amplified DNA fragments were sequenced to determine the G duodenalis genotypes (synonym for assemblages). Results The most commonly occurring single assemblage was assemblage F (68.3%; n = 28/41), followed by assemblage A (12.2%; n = 5/41) and assemblage C (2.4%; n = 1/41). The mixed assemblages were identified as follows: assemblages F and A (9.8%; n = 4/41), assemblages F and C (4.9%; n = 2/41) and assemblages C and D (2.4%; n = 1/41). Additional sub-genotyping of assemblage A isolates based on three of the sequenced loci (gdh, bg and tpi ) revealed that all eight isolates were identified as sub-assemblage AI and/or AII. Conclusions and relevance The present study is the first to report the detection of dog-adapted assemblages C and D in feline isolates from Japan. In addition, zoonotic sub-assemblage AI and human-adapted sub-assemblage AII were also identified. Thus, we concluded that the risk of transmission of G duodenalis from breeding cattery cats to humans is considerable and cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan.,Ito Animal Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Iijima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Itoh
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
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Simonato G, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Cassini R, Traversa D, Tessarin C, Di Cesare A, Pietrobelli M. Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in canine faecal samples contaminating public areas in Northern Italy. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3411-3418. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saleh MN, Gilley AD, Byrnes MK, Zajac AM. Development and evaluation of a protocol for control of Giardia duodenalis in a colony of group-housed dogs at a veterinary medical college. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:644-9. [PMID: 27585102 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.6.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a protocol for control of Giardia duodenalis in naturally infected group-housed dogs at a veterinary medical college. DESIGN Prospective evaluation study. ANIMALS 34 dogs. PROCEDURES All dogs were tested for evidence of G duodenalis infection. Dogs were treated with fenbendazole on study days 1 through 10. On day 5, dogs were bathed and moved into clean, disinfected kennels in a different room to allow for disinfection and drying of their assigned kennels at 26.7°C (80°F) for 24 hours on day 6. After treatment, dogs were returned to their original housing; fecal samples were collected weekly from days 8 through 41 and then every 3 weeks until day 209. Samples were fixed in formalin and examined by direct immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, 1 pretreatment sample underwent PCR assay and DNA sequencing to determine the assemblage (genotype) of the organism. Normal handling routines for the dogs and their use in teaching activities were not changed. RESULTS Initially, all dogs in the colony shed G duodenalis cysts. During and immediately after treatment (days 8 and 13), no cysts were detected in any dogs. On day 20, 1 cyst was observed in the fecal sample from 1 dog; results for all subsequent fecal analyses were negative. The G duodenalis cysts collected from the pretreatment sample had an assemblage C genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The integrated protocol was successful in controlling G duodenalis infection in this dog colony, despite exposure of dogs to a variety of environments and frequent handling by multiple individuals. Sequence analysis identified an assemblage typically found in dogs but not in people, indicating that zoonotic transmission would be unlikely.
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping Analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020026. [PMID: 29056685 PMCID: PMC5606608 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolated from dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand were determined. Fecal samples were collected from 109 dogs between July and August 2008. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was determined by immunofluorescent assay (IFA), PCR assays that amplify Cryptosporidium heat-shock protein 70 kDa (hsp70), and two PCR assays that amplify a small subunit-ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA). Giardiaduodenalis infection was identified using zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation, IFA, and four PCR assays that amplify the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and generic and dog-specific assays of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G.duodenalis was 31.2% and 45.9%, respectively. Sequence analysis of 22 Cryptosporidium-positive samples and 21 Giardia-positive samples revealed the presence of C.canis in 15, and C. parvum in 7, G. duodenalis Assemblage C in 8, D in 11, and mixed of C and D in 2 dogs. Dogs in Chiang Mai were commonly exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum can be isolated from the feces of dogs, and all G. duodenalis assemblages were dog-specific. Dogs could be a reservoir for a zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection in humans, but further studies will be required to determine the clinical and zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - A Valeria Scorza
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - John S Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lora R Ballweber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Puebla LEJ, Núñez FA, Rivero LR, Hernández YR, Millán IA, Müller N. Prevalence of intestinal parasites and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from dogs in La Habana, Cuba. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:107-112. [PMID: 31014625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide protozoan parasite that infects humans and other mammals including dogs. Due to the risk of zoonotic transmission between dogs and humans, we aimed in this study to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites and the distribution of assemblages of G. duodenalis among dogs analysed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in La Habana from June 2014 to March 2015 in the Zoonosis Unit of La Lisa municipality. A total of 98 dogs were analysed by three different techniques (microscopy with faecal concentration, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and Polymerase Chain Reaction) in order to detect Giardia in stool samples. Out of 98 dogs studied, 43 (43.9%) were infected with intestinal parasites. The zoonotic parasites Ancylostoma caninum (21.4%), Trichuris vulpis (16.3%) and the protozoan Giardia duodenalis (11.2%) were the most prevalent parasites. In regards to the G. duodenalis, seven dogs were positive by microscopy after faecal concentration, nine by NOVITEC® Giardia Microplate Assay, and ten and eleven samples were amplified by the β-giardin and SSU-RNA PCRs, respectively. After PCR sequence analysis of both genes only zoonotic assemblages (A and B) were detected. The SSU-RNA sequence results revealed a distribution of 8 assemblage A and 4 assemblage B, whereas only assemblage A were identified by the β-giardin analysis. Among subassemblage classification by β-giardin phylogenetic tree, four isolates showed an AI pattern and one isolate displayed an AII distribution. Mixed infections were detected in three isolates. These findings highlight the risk of zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis between dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Fidel A Núñez
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lázara Rojas Rivero
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 1/2 e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Moron-Soto M, Gutierrez L, Sumano H, Tapia G, Alcala-Canto Y. Efficacy of nitazoxanide to treat natural Giardia infections in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:52. [PMID: 28143543 PMCID: PMC5286866 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia parasites cause gastrointestinal disease in humans, dogs, and many other animals worldwide. The treatment of dogs for giardiasis requires further investigation to ascertain levels of drug efficacy and the possibility of adverse side effects. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has shown good clinical anti-Giardia activity in humans, yet it has not been evaluated for the treatment of giardiasis in dogs. Methods Thirty-five dogs, naturally infected with Giardia were divided into five groups (n = 7): dogs in group NTZ1, NTZ2, and NTZ3 were treated with a single oral dose of 37.5 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg, respectively, of NTZ on days 0 and 14. The fourth group was treated with a commercially available regimen that includes a combination of pyrantel, praziquantel, and febantel (FEB) administered orally for three consecutive days. Additionally, an untreated control group was established. Giardia cysts from the stool of each dog were quantified on days -3, 0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 25, and 28. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in all dogs, before the first treatment and after concluding the experiment. Results Shedding of Giardia cysts was reduced in all treated groups when compared to untreated controls (P < 0.01). However, NTZ2, NTZ3, and FEB had a lower risk during the study. Furthermore, NTZ was also effective against another protozoan, Cryptosporidium spp. at doses of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, in contrast to the combination of febantel + pyrantel + praziquantel. Biochemical parameters of treated animals, namely, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase enzymes, remained within physiological ranges. Conclusions Based on these results, the implementation of NTZ as a treatment for giardiasis in dogs is proposed. The administration of a single dose is an important advantage of NTZ because it reduces workload, particularly in animals placed in shelters and kennels, where handling of large numbers of animals is required, and personnel is frequently scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Moron-Soto
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P., 04510, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P., 04510, Mexico
| | - Héctor Sumano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P., 04510, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P., 04510, Mexico
| | - Yazmin Alcala-Canto
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P., 04510, Mexico.
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Sommer MF, Zdravković N, Vasić A, Grimm F, Silaghi C. Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs from Belgrade, Serbia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 7:54-57. [PMID: 31014658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that dog shelters are a common source for parasitic infections in different countries worldwide. The present study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the frequency of polyparasitism in dogs living in two private shelters in Belgrade, Serbia. For this purpose, 134 faecal samples were examined for gastrointestinal parasites with the merthiolate-iodine-formalin concentration (MIFC)-method as well as for Giardia-coproantigen with an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Taeniid eggs were identified by PCR and sequence analysis. Overall, at least one of nine different endoparasites was detected in 75.4% (101/134) of the dogs. Giardia duodenalis coproantigen was found most frequently (45.5%; 61/134), followed by eggs of Ancylostomatidae (41.0%; 55/134), oocysts of Hammondia/Neospora (11.2%; 15/134), eggs of Toxascaris leonina (9.7%; 13/134), oocysts of Isospora canis (8.2%; 11/134), eggs of Trichuris vulpis (6.7%; 9/134), cysts of Sarcocystis spp. (4.5%; 6/134), eggs of Toxocara canis (3.0%; 4/134) and eggs of Taenia spp. (1.5%; 2/134). The results of the study confirm a high parasitic burden in the investigated shelter dogs and call for an effective deworming program including an improved hygiene management in the affected facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Franziska Sommer
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nemanja Zdravković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Vasić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Ito Y, Itoh N, Kimura Y, Kanai K. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in breeding cattery cats in Japan. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:834-7. [PMID: 26208865 PMCID: PMC11112212 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15597023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address the lack of up-to-date published data, the present study assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasites in breeding catteries in Japan. METHODS Fresh faecal samples were randomly collected from 342 cats (aged 1 month to 12 years) in seven breeding catteries in Japan, located in prefectures of Nagano (n = 2), Saitama (n = 1), Aichi (n = 2), Gifu (n = 1) and Miyagi (n = 1), on a single occasion. The samples were tested for the presence of Giardia species copro-antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Other intestinal parasites were identified microscopically using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation technique. RESULTS The total prevalence of intestinal parasites was 20.8%; only two genera of protozoa (Giardia species: 18.7% and Cystoisospora species: 5.0%) were detected. Coinfections of both protozoans were recorded in 2.9% of cats. In contrast, no helminths were detected. The presence of total infection, Giardia species, Cystoisospora species and multiple infections in cats <1 year old were significantly more prevalent than in cats ⩾1 year old. There were no significant differences among faecal conditions with or without intestinal parasites. Giardia species infection was present in samples from all breeding catteries, except for one facility. Cystoisospora species and coinfections were shown in four and two breeding catteries, respectively. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was markedly variable among the breeding catteries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present study demonstrates the significance of Giardia species and Cystoisospora species infections in breeding cattery cats. Additionally, it is suggested that environmental contamination is the most important factor influencing the prevalence of protozoal infections in breeding catteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ito
- Ito Animal Hospital, Miyashiro, Minami Saitama, Saitama, Japan Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Itoh
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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Alves J, Santos A. Prevalence of Giardia spp. in young dogs using a combination of two diagnostic methods. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:261-6. [PMID: 27078649 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, prevalence of the protozoan parasites from the genus Giardia spp, with zoonotic potential and worldwide dissemination, was accessed in young dogs, which are reported as having higher prevalence rates. With that purpose, 49 animals from the Grupo de Intervenção Cinotécnico of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (Portuguese Gendarmerie Canine Unit) were chosen. They were housed individually in areas with a high number of kennels (up to 100), with ages ragging from newborns to 10 years old. Dogs were divided in four groups, according their age: under 6 months (n = 16), 6-12 months (n = 6), 12-18 months (n = 13) and 18-24 months (n = 14), comprising 22 females and 27 males. Fecal samples were collected from every animal and all were submitted to two different diagnostic tests, a passive flotation technique with a ZnSO4 solution and a detection of fecal antigen using a commercially available ELISA test (Witness® Giardia - Zoetis). From the 49 samples, 5 (10.2%) were considered positive with ZnSO4 flotation technique and 6 (12.24%) with the Witness® Giardia test. When considering the combination of both tests, 5 animals (10.2%) were considered positive. Of these, 3 (60%) were from the group under 6 months old, 1 (20%) from the 6-12 months and 1 from the 18-24 (20%) months. Within each group, in the under 6 months group 18.75% (n = 16) were considered positive, 16.67% in the 6-12 month group (n = 6), 0% in the 12-18 month group (n=13) and 7.14% in 18-24 month group (n = 14). None of the animals had clinical signs and no significant differences were found when comparing prevalence according to age, breed or gender. A combination of fecal flotation and antigen ELISA tests have good sensitivity and are easy to perform in practice and, therefore, could be a good choice to perform a diagnostic and small animal veterinarians should have this possible diagnostic in mind when in the present of clinical signs, particularly in young dogs.
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Rational Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious Causes of Diarrhea in Kittens. AUGUST'S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE, VOLUME 7 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152495 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fava NMN, Soares RM, Scalia LAM, Cunha MJRD, Faria ESM, Cury MC. Molecular typing of canine Giardia duodenalis isolates from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2015; 161:1-5. [PMID: 26704664 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia) is a widespread intestinal parasite in mammals, including humans and pets worldwide. It should be considered a species complex and comprises eight assemblage (A-H). This works aimed to determine the genotypic variability among G. duodenalis isolates from dogs from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Fecal samples of 97 dogs, from 1-to-10 months old from 15 commercial kennels, were collected and analyzed by the zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique, to determine their positivity for G. duodenalis cysts. Cysts pellets were stored and submitted to PCR and nested-PCR reactions with gdh and tpi primers, and then sequencing. Among positive samples (n = 19), fragment amplifications of gdh and tpi genes was observed in 16 (84,2%) and 14 (73,6%), respectively. In total, 30 sequences were obtained. Sequencing analysis showed that for gdh, all isolates were identified as host-specific genotype D, and for tpi, besides host-specific genotype C, were also observed zoonotic genotypes A and B. This study provides, for the first time, current information about genetic characterization of G. duodenalis isolates found in dogs in Minas Gerais state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália M N Fava
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Soares
- University of Sao Paulo - College of Veterinarian Medicine Medicina, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 87 - Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luana A M Scalia
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S M Faria
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Federal University of Uberlandia - Biomedical Science Institute Laboratory of Parasitology, Para Avenue, 1720 - Umuarama Campus, 38400-902, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sommer MF, Beck R, Ionita M, Stefanovska J, Vasić A, Zdravković N, Hamel D, Rehbein S, Knaus M, Mitrea IL, Shukullari E, Kirkova Z, Rapti D, Capári B, Silaghi C. Multilocus sequence typing of canine Giardia duodenalis from South Eastern European countries. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2165-74. [PMID: 25804971 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide occurring protozoan that can infect various mammalian hosts. While living conditions are getting closer between pet animals and owners, there is discussion whether dogs may contribute to the transmission of these pathogens to humans. The present study was conducted in order to identify the Giardia assemblages in dogs from South Eastern Europe. For this purpose, 1645 faecal samples of household and shelter dogs from Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania and Serbia were tested for Giardia coproantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A subset of 107 faecal samples demonstrating Giardia cysts by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or microscopy (15-22 per country) plus 26 IFA-positive canine faecal samples from Croatia were used for DNA extraction and multilocus sequence typing with nested PCRs targeting five different gene loci: SSU rRNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, beta giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). One third (33.7%) of the samples tested positive for Giardia antigen in the coproantigen ELISA. Shelter dogs were infected more frequently than household dogs (57.2 vs. 29.7%, p < 0.01). Amplification was obtained in 82.0, 12.8, 11.3, 1.5, and 31.6%, of the investigated samples at the SSU rRNA, bg, gdh and tpi loci and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, respectively. The dog-specific assemblages C and D were identified in 50 and 68 samples, respectively. The results demonstrate that G. duodenalis should be considered as a common parasite in dogs from South Eastern Europe. However, there was no evidence for zoonotic Giardia assemblages in the investigated canine subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Sommer
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Leopoldstr. 5 80802, München, Germany,
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Hinney B, Ederer C, Stengl C, Wilding K, Štrkolcová G, Harl J, Flechl E, Fuehrer HP, Joachim A. Enteric protozoa of cats and their zoonotic potential—a field study from Austria. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2003-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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