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Darmasaputra GS, Geerlings CC, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Clevers H, Galli M. Binucleated human hepatocytes arise through late cytokinetic regression during endomitosis M phase. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202403020. [PMID: 38727809 PMCID: PMC11090133 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202403020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Binucleated polyploid cells are common in many animal tissues, where they arise by endomitosis, a non-canonical cell cycle in which cells enter M phase but do not undergo cytokinesis. Different steps of cytokinesis have been shown to be inhibited during endomitosis M phase in rodents, but it is currently unknown how human cells undergo endomitosis. In this study, we use fetal-derived human hepatocyte organoids (Hep-Orgs) to investigate how human hepatocytes initiate and execute endomitosis. We find that cells in endomitosis M phase have normal mitotic timings, but lose membrane anchorage to the midbody during cytokinesis, which is associated with the loss of four cortical anchoring proteins, RacGAP1, Anillin, SEPT9, and citron kinase (CIT-K). Moreover, reduction of WNT activity increases the percentage of binucleated cells in Hep-Orgs, an effect that is dependent on the atypical E2F proteins, E2F7 and E2F8. Together, we have elucidated how hepatocytes undergo endomitosis in human Hep-Orgs, providing new insights into the mechanisms of endomitosis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella S. Darmasaputra
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cindy C. Geerlings
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matilde Galli
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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El Hajji S, Lacotte S, Moeckli B, Cauchy F, Compagnon P, Toso C. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Is Associated With Better Waitlist Management of Liver Transplant Candidates With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transpl Int 2024; 37:12781. [PMID: 39044902 PMCID: PMC11265282 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) reduces portal hypertension complications. Its impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We evaluated 42,843 liver transplant candidates with HCC from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (2002-2022). 4,484 patients with and without TIPS were propensity score-matched 1:3. Analysing wait-list changes in total tumor volume, HCC count, and alpha-fetoprotein levels, and assessing survival from listing and transplantation; TIPS correlated with a decreased nodule count (-0.24 vs. 0.04, p = 0.028) over a median wait period of 284 days (IQR 195-493) and better overall survival from listing (95.6% vs. 91.5% at 1 year, p < 0.0001). It was not associated with changes in tumor volume (0.28 vs. 0.11 cm³/month, p = 0.58) and AFP (14.37 vs. 20.67 ng/mL, p = 0.42). Post-transplant survival rates (91.8% vs. 91.7% at 1 year, p = 0.25) and HCC recurrence (5.1% vs. 5.9% at 5 years, p = 0.14) were similar, with a median follow-up of 4.98 years (IQR 2.5-8.08). While TIPS was associated with a reduced nodule count and improved waitlist survival, it did not significantly impact HCC growth or aggressiveness. These findings suggest potential benefits of TIPS in HCC management, but further studies need to confirm TIPS safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia El Hajji
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat Moeckli
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Cauchy
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Compagnon
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Hepatology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Borgia M, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. Role of Virus-Related Chronic Inflammation and Mechanisms of Cancer Immune-Suppression in Pathogenesis and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174387. [PMID: 34503196 PMCID: PMC8431318 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis is dependent on a chronic inflammation caused by several factors, including hepatotropic viruses, such as HCV and HBV. This chronic inflammation is established in the context of the immunotolerogenic environment peculiar of the liver, in which the immune system can be stimulated by HCV and HBV viral antigens. This complex interaction can be influenced by direct-acting antiviral drug treatments, capable of (almost totally) rapidly eradicating HCV infection. The influence of anti-viral treatments on HCC pathogenesis and progression remains to be fully clarified. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be classified as a prototypical inflammation-driven cancer that generally arises from a background of liver cirrhosis, but that in the presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), could develop in the absence of fibrosis or cirrhosis. Tumor-promoting inflammation characterizes HCC pathogenesis, with an epidemiology of the chronic liver disease frequently encompassing hepatitis virus B (HBV) or C (HCV). HCC tumor onset and progression is a serial and heterogeneous process in which intrinsic factors, such as genetic mutations and chromosomal instability, are closely associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which may have features associated with the etiopathogenesis and expression of the viral antigens, which favor the evasion of tumor neoantigens to immune surveillance. With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for HCV infection, sustained virological response (SVR) has become very high, although occurrence of HCC and reactivation of HBV in patients with co-infection, who achieved SVR in short term, have been observed in a significant proportion of treated cases. In this review, we discuss the main molecular and TME features that are responsible for HCC pathogenesis and progression. Peculiar functional aspects that could be related to the presence and treatment of HCV/HBV viral infections are also dealt with.
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Ullah A, Chen G, Hussain A, Khan H, Abbas A, Zhou Z, Shafiq M, Ahmad S, Ali U, Usman M, Raza F, Ahmed A, Qiu Z, Zheng M, Liu D. Cyclam-Modified Polyethyleneimine for Simultaneous TGFβ siRNA Delivery and CXCR4 Inhibition for the Treatment of CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4451-4470. [PMID: 34234436 PMCID: PMC8257077 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease with excessive production of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. PURPOSE This study aimed at the development of a novel derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI) that can effectively deliver transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) siRNA and inhibit chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) for TGFβ silencing and CXCR4 Inhibition, respectively, to treat CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in a mouse model. METHODS Cyclam-modified PEI (PEI-Cyclam) was synthesized by incorporating cyclam moiety into PEI by nucleophilic substitution reaction. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the PEI-Cyclam polyplex formation and stability against RNAase and serum degradation. Transmission electron microscopy and zeta sizer were employed for the morphology, particle size, and zeta potential, respectively. The gene silencing and CXCR4 targeting abilities of PEI-Cyclam polyplex were evaluated by luciferase and CXCR4 redistribution assays, respectively. The histological and immunohistochemical staining determined the anti-fibrotic activity of PEI-Cyclam polyplex. The TGFβ silencing of PEI-Cyclam polyplex was authenticated by Western blotting. RESULTS The 1H NMR of PEI-Cyclam exhibited successful incorporation of cyclam content onto PEI. The PEI-Cyclam polyplex displayed spherical morphology, positive surface charge, and stability against RNAse and serum degradation. Cyclam modification decreased the cytotoxicity and demonstrated CXCR4 antagonistic and luciferase gene silencing efficiency. PEI-Cyclam/siTGFβ polyplexes decreased inflammation, collagen deposition, apoptosis, and cell proliferation, thus ameliorating liver fibrosis. Also, PEI-Cyclam/siTGFβ polyplex significantly downregulated α-smooth muscle actin, TGFβ, and collagen type III. CONCLUSION Our findings validate the feasibility of using PEI-Cyclam as a siRNA delivery vector for simultaneous TGFβ siRNA delivery and CXCR4 inhibition for the combined anti-fibrotic effects in a setting of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Aftab Ullah; Daojun Liu Email ;
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanif Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Azar Abbas
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanwei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, people's Republic of China
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Shantou University Medical College Cancer Hospital, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Usman Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, people's Republic of China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abrar Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maochao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Breed-related expression patterns of Ki67, γH2AX, and p21 during ageing in the canine liver. Vet Res Commun 2020; 45:21-30. [PMID: 33301127 PMCID: PMC7819948 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-020-09784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a molecular hallmark of ageing that is associated with multiple pathologies, and DNA damage marker γH2AX, together with cell cycle inhibitor p21, have been used as senescence markers in multiple species including dogs. Idiopathic canine chronic hepatitis has recognised breed-related differences in predisposition and prognosis, but reasons behind this are poorly understood. This retrospective study using archived post mortem tissue aimed to provide insight into liver ageing in 51 microscopically normal canine livers across seven breed categories, including those with and without increased risk of chronic hepatitis. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for γH2AX, p21, and cell proliferation marker Ki67, and the mean number of positive hepatocytes per high power field was determined. All three markers were strongly correlated to each other, but no age-dependent expression was seen in the combined study population. Overall expression levels were low in most dogs, with median values representing less than 1.5% of hepatocytes, but this increased to 20-30% in individual dogs at the upper end of the range. Individual breed differences were noted in two breeds that have increased risk of chronic hepatitis, with English Springer Spaniels having lower expression of Ki67 than other dogs, and Labradors having higher expression of Ki67 and γH2AX than other dogs. These results warrant further investigation in these breeds and highlight a need to validate reliable markers of cellular senescence in dogs.
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Intestinal Clostridioides difficile Can Cause Liver Injury through the Occurrence of Inflammation and Damage to Hepatocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7929610. [PMID: 33005688 PMCID: PMC7503108 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7929610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if intestinal Clostridioides difficile (CD) causes liver injury. Four-week-old male C3H/HeN mice were treated with phosphate-buffered solution (control), CD, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce liver injury with PBS (DEN+PBS), and DEN with CD (DEN+CD) for nine weeks. After sacrifice, livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were removed and bacterial translocation, transcriptomes, and proteins were analysed. CD was found in 20% of MLNs from the control and DEN+PBS groups, in 30% of MLNs from the CD group, and in 75% of MLNs from the DEN+CD groups, which had injured livers. Also, CD was detected in 50% of the livers in the DEN+CD group with CD-positive MLNs. Elevated IL-1β, HB-EGF, EGFR, TGF-α, PCNA, DES, HMGB1, and CRP expressions were observed in the CD and DEN+CD groups as compared to the control and DEN+PBS groups. Protein levels of IL-6 and HMGB1 were higher in the CD and DEN+CD groups than in the control and DEN+PBS groups. These results indicate that intestinal CD can initiate and aggravate liver injury, and the mechanism of pathogenesis for liver injury should be investigated in further studies.
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A negative reciprocal regulatory axis between cyclin D1 and HNF4α modulates cell cycle progression and metabolism in the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17177-17186. [PMID: 32631996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002898117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is a master regulator of liver function and a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we explore the reciprocal negative regulation of HNF4α and cyclin D1, a key cell cycle protein in the liver. Transcriptomic analysis of cultured hepatocyte and HCC cells found that cyclin D1 knockdown induced the expression of a large network of HNF4α-regulated genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) demonstrated that cyclin D1 inhibits the binding of HNF4α to thousands of targets in the liver, thereby diminishing the expression of associated genes that regulate diverse metabolic activities. Conversely, acute HNF4α deletion in the liver induces cyclin D1 and hepatocyte cell cycle progression; concurrent cyclin D1 ablation blocked this proliferation, suggesting that HNF4α maintains proliferative quiescence in the liver, at least, in part, via repression of cyclin D1. Acute cyclin D1 deletion in the regenerating liver markedly inhibited hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, confirming its pivotal role in cell cycle progression in this in vivo model, and enhanced the expression of HNF4α target proteins. Hepatocyte cyclin D1 gene ablation caused markedly increased postprandial liver glycogen levels (in a HNF4α-dependent fashion), indicating that the cyclin D1-HNF4α axis regulates glucose metabolism in response to feeding. In AML12 hepatocytes, cyclin D1 depletion led to increased glucose uptake, which was negated if HNF4α was depleted simultaneously, and markedly elevated glycogen synthesis. To summarize, mutual repression by cyclin D1 and HNF4α coordinately controls the cell cycle machinery and metabolism in the liver.
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Hoffmann K, Nagel AJ, Tanabe K, Fuchs J, Dehlke K, Ghamarnejad O, Lemekhova A, Mehrabi A. Markers of liver regeneration-the role of growth factors and cytokines: a systematic review. BMC Surg 2020; 20:31. [PMID: 32050952 PMCID: PMC7017496 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-019-0664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure contributes significantly to postoperative mortality after liver resection. The prediction of the individual risk for liver failure is challenging. This review aimed to provide an overview of cytokine and growth factor triggered signaling pathways involved in liver regeneration after resection. METHODS MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched without language restrictions for articles from the time of inception of the databases till March 2019. All studies with comparative data on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on liver regeneration in animals and humans were included. RESULTS Overall 3.353 articles comprising 40 studies involving 1.498 patients and 101 animal studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria. All included trials on humans were retrospective cohort/observational studies. There was substantial heterogeneity across all included studies with respect to the analyzed cytokines and growth factors and the described endpoints. CONCLUSION High-level evidence on serial measurements of growth factors and cytokines in blood samples used to predict liver regeneration after resection is still lacking. To address the heterogeneity of patients and potential markers, high throughput serial analyses may offer a method to predict an individual's regenerative potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Johannes Nagel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazukata Tanabe
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Karolin Dehlke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omid Ghamarnejad
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Lemekhova
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis is the most severe and acute form of alcoholic liver disease. The mortality rate associated with alcoholic hepatitis is high, largely due to the lack of suitable pharmacological interventions. While there has been substantial research in the area, generating pharmacological interventions has been plagued by the lack of a robust mouse model both for testing and for understanding the underlying pathology. A number of major notable advances have been made in this area recently, with the goal of generating a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in modeling alcoholic liver disease both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse, and place them in the context of the greater spectrum of alcoholic liver disease, with a focus on how we can translate current advances into a high-fidelity model of alcoholic hepatitis. In addition, we will review the basic mechanisms of alcoholic hepatitis as it is currently understood, focusing on recent advancements in diagnosis, prognosis and current pathophysiology, especially as it relates to the profound immune dysfunction present during alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Antioxidant Activity of Zein Hydrolysates from Zea Species and Their Cytotoxic Effects in a Hepatic Cell Culture. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020312. [PMID: 29393865 PMCID: PMC6017744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, food proteins with bioactivity have been studied for cancer treatment. Zein peptides have shown an important set of bioactivities. This work compares the cytotoxic activity of zein hydrolyzed, extracted from four Zea species: teosinte, native, hybrid, and transgenic (Teo, Nat, Hyb, and HT) in a hepatic cell culture. Zein fraction was extracted, quantified, and hydrolyzed. Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity assays were performed on HepG2 cells. The levels of expression of caspase 3, 8, and 9 were evaluated in zein-treated cell cultures. Zea parviglumis showed the highest zein content (46.0 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (673.40 TE/g) out of all native zeins. Peptides from Hyb and HT showed high antioxidant activity compared to their native counterparts (1055.45 and 724.32 TE/g, respectively). Cytotoxic activity was observed in the cell culture using peptides of the four Zea species; Teo and Nat (IC50: 1781.63 and 1546.23 ng/mL) had no significant difference between them but showed more cytotoxic activity than Hyb and HT (IC50: 1252.25 and 1155.56 ng/mL). Increased expression of caspase 3 was observed in the peptide-treated HepG2 cells (at least two-fold more with respect to the control sample). These data indicate the potential for zein peptides to prevent or treat cancer, possibly by apoptosis induction.
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Tvardovskiy A, Schwämmle V, Kempf SJ, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Jensen ON. Accumulation of histone variant H3.3 with age is associated with profound changes in the histone methylation landscape. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9272-9289. [PMID: 28934504 PMCID: PMC5766163 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of replication-independent histone variant H3.3 into chromatin is essential for many biological processes, including development and reproduction. Unlike replication-dependent H3.1/2 isoforms, H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and becomes enriched in postmitotic cells with age. However, lifelong dynamics of H3 variant replacement and the impact of this process on chromatin organization remain largely undefined. Using quantitative middle-down proteomics we demonstrate that H3.3 accumulates to near saturation levels in the chromatin of various mouse somatic tissues by late adulthood. Accumulation of H3.3 is associated with profound changes in global levels of both individual and combinatorial H3 methyl modifications. A subset of these modifications exhibit distinct relative abundances on H3 variants and remain stably enriched on H3.3 throughout the lifespan, suggesting a causal relationship between H3 variant replacement and age-dependent changes in H3 methylation. Furthermore, the H3.3 level is drastically reduced in human hepatocarcinoma cells as compared to nontumoral hepatocytes, suggesting the potential utility of the H3.3 relative abundance as a biomarker of abnormal cell proliferation activity. Overall, our study provides the first quantitative characterization of dynamic changes in H3 proteoforms throughout lifespan in mammals and suggests a role for H3 variant replacement in modulating H3 methylation landscape with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Tvardovskiy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Chauhan R, Lahiri N. Tissue- and Serum-Associated Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:37-55. [PMID: 27398029 PMCID: PMC4933537 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world, is offering a challenge to human beings, with the current modes of treatment being a palliative approach. Lack of proper curative or preventive treatment methods encouraged extensive research around the world with an aim to detect a vaccine or therapeutic target biomolecule that could lead to development of a drug or vaccine against HCC. Biomarkers or biological disease markers have emerged as a potential tool as drug/vaccine targets, as they can accurately diagnose, predict, and even prevent the diseases. Biomarker expression in tissue, serum, plasma, or urine can detect tumor in very early stages of its development and monitor the cancer progression and also the effect of therapeutic interventions. Biomarker discoveries are driven by advanced techniques, such as proteomics, transcriptomics, whole genome sequencing, micro- and micro-RNA arrays, and translational clinics. In this review, an overview of the potential of tissue- and serum-associated HCC biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for drug development is presented. In addition, we highlight recently developed micro-RNA, long noncoding RNA biomarkers, and single-nucleotide changes, which may be used independently or as complementary biomarkers. These active investigations going on around the world aimed at conquering HCC might show a bright light in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.; Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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McKillop IH, Schrum LW, Thompson KJ. Role of alcohol in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2016; 3:29-43. [PMID: 30191025 PMCID: PMC6095421 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Chronic, heavy ethanol consumption is a major risk for developing the worsening liver pathologies that culminate in hepatic cirrhosis, the leading risk factor for developing HCC. A significant body of work reports the biochemical and pathological consequences of ethanol consumption and metabolism during hepatocarcinogeneis. The systemic effects of ethanol means organ system interactions are equally important in understanding the initiation and progression of HCC within the alcoholic liver. This review aims to summarize the effects of ethanol-ethanol metabolism during the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, the progression toward HCC and the importance of ethanol as a comorbid factor for HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain H McKillop
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
| | - Laura W Schrum
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
| | - Kyle J Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203 USA
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14
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Chang S, Sung PS, Lee J, Park J, Shin EC, Choi C. Prolonged silencing of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 induces a dedifferentiated phenotype in human liver cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:38-47. [PMID: 26493024 PMCID: PMC4717863 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1 (DGAT1), a key enzyme in triglyceride (TG) biogenesis, is highly associated with metabolic abnormalities, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of DGAT1 silencing in the human liver have not been elucidated. To investigate the effects of DGAT1 silencing in human liver cells, we compared the cellular behaviours of DGAT1‐deficient Huh‐7.5 cell lines with those of control Huh‐7.5 cells. DGAT1‐deficient cells acquired dedifferentiated and stem cell‐like characteristics, such as formation of aggregates in the presence of high levels of growth factors, high proliferation rates and loss of albumin secretion. In relation to aggregate formation, the expression level of various adhesion molecules was significantly altered in DGAT1‐deficient cells. Microarray data analysis and immunostaining of patient tissue samples clearly showed decreased expression levels of DGAT1 and integrin β1 in patients who have nodular cirrhosis without fatty degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Chang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jungsul Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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15
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Molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma. Viruses 2009; 1:852-72. [PMID: 21994573 PMCID: PMC3185529 DOI: 10.3390/v1030852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex process that remains still partly understood. That might be explained by the multiplicity of etiologic factors, the genetic/epigenetic heterogeneity of tumors bulks and the ignorance of the liver cell types that give rise to tumorigenic cells that have stem cell-like properties. The DNA stress induced by hepatocyte turnover, inflammation and maybe early oncogenic pathway activation and sometimes viral factors, leads to DNA damage response which activates the key tumor suppressive checkpoints p53/p21Cip1 and p16INK4a/pRb responsible of cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence as reflected by the cirrhosis stage. Still obscure mechanisms, but maybe involving the Wnt signaling and Twist proteins, would allow pre-senescent hepatocytes to bypass senescence, acquire immortality by telomerase reactivation and get the last genetic/epigenetic hits necessary for cancerous transformation. Among some of the oncogenic pathways that might play key driving roles in hepatocarcinogenesis, c-myc and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling seem of particular interest. Finally, antiproliferative and apoptosis deficiencies involving TGF-β, Akt/PTEN, IGF2 pathways for instance are prerequisite for cancerous transformation. Of evidence, not only the transformed liver cell per se but the facilitating microenvironment is of fundamental importance for tumor bulk growth and metastasis.
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16
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Horiguchi N, Ishac EJN, Gao B. Liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic cirrhosis: correlation with decreased STAT3 activation. Alcohol 2007; 41:271-80. [PMID: 17630087 PMCID: PMC1986734 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic patients; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined liver regeneration and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation (an important signal for liver regeneration) in cirrhotic livers from alcoholics, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and alcoholic plus HCV infection. Liver regeneration and STAT3 activation were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis of Ki67 and STAT3 phosphorylation, respectively, in 20 alcoholic cirrhosis, 13 HCV cirrhosis, 13 alcoholic+HCV cirrhosis. Alcoholic or alcoholic plus HCV cirrhotic livers had significantly lower Ki67+ and phospho-STAT3+ (pSTAT3+) hepatocytes and bile duct cells than HCV cirrhotic livers. The pSTAT3 positive staining did not correlate with liver injury (elevation of serum levels of aspartate transaminase [AST] and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]) but correlated positively with cell proliferation (Ki67 positive staining). IN CONCLUSION liver regeneration is suppressed in alcoholic cirrhotic livers, which may be partly due to decreased STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Horiguchi
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward JN Ishac
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Bin Gao
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Chen L, Yang Z, Qiu F. Studies on hepatocyte apoptosis, proliferation and oncogene c-fos expression in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic rat liver. JOURNAL OF TONGJI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY = TONG JI YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO 2003; 19:53-5. [PMID: 12840877 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the significance of hepatocyte apoptosis, proliferation and oncogene c-fos expression in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhotic rat liver. Rat cirrhosis was induced by subcutaneous injection of 50% (v:v 1:1) CCl4. Hepatocyte apoptosis, proliferation and oncogene c-fos expression were examined with TUNEL, PCNA and c-fos immunohistochemical methods in control group and treatment group 72 h, 5, 7, 11 and 15 weeks after CCl4 induction. Hepatocyte apoptosis was rarely seen in control rat liver. The hepatocyte apoptosis was obviously increased 72 h after treatment. Fifteen weeks after treatment, the apoptosis was still more obvious in treatment group than that in controls. PCNA was constantly expressed in CCl4 group, with highest level at middle phase. C-fos was positive 7 and 11 weeks after CCl4 treatment. The results suggest that: 1) apoptosis is involved in rat liver damage at the early phase in CCl4-induced injury, and the process can alleviate nodule reconstruction or eradicate potentially mutational hepatocytes at the later phase; 2) hepatocytes constantly proliferate in CCl4-induced rat liver cirrhosis, especially at the middle phase; 3) c-fos might modulate hepatocyte proliferation in CCl4-induced rat liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan 430030
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18
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Lake-Bakaar G, Mazzoccoli V, Ruffini L. Digital image analysis of the distribution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47:1644-8. [PMID: 12141830 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015800126283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral dynamic studies in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection indicate a significantly shortened survival of virus-infected cells. Since at the steady state of chronic viral infection, the rate of infected cell elimination equals new cell regeneration, this would imply a high rate of hepatocyte turnover in chronic HCV liver disease. We estimated the fraction of regenerating hepatocytes in liver biopsy sections in chronic HCV liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We used antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) to detect proliferating cell nuclei in liver biopsy specimen from controls and patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC. We also used bis-benzimide to label fluorescently all hepatocyte nuclei simultaneously. Using digital image analysis, we calculated the area occupied by PCNA-stained hepatocyte nuclei, as a fraction of the total area occupied by fluorescently labeled hepatocyte nuclei (labeling index; LI). Antibody staining was negligible in the control specimen. The mean +/- SE PCNA LI increased from 0.21 +/- 0.1 in chronic hepatitis to 0.63 +/- 0.15 in HCC. There was no significant difference between chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The fraction of cells undergoing regeneration is increased in chronic HCV liver disease, HCV-related cirrhosis, and HCC. Increased hepatocyte turnover could provide the link between chronic HCV liver disease and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerond Lake-Bakaar
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768, USA
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