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Cantallops Vilà P, Ravichandra A, Agirre Lizaso A, Perugorria MJ, Affò S. Heterogeneity, crosstalk, and targeting of cancer-associated fibroblasts in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2024; 79:941-958. [PMID: 37018128 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises diverse tumors of the biliary tree and is characterized by late diagnosis, short-term survival, and chemoresistance. CCAs are mainly classified according to their anatomical location and include diverse molecular subclasses harboring inter-tumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Besides the tumor cell component, CCA is also characterized by a complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment where tumor cells and stromal cells crosstalk in an intricate network of interactions. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, one of the most abundant cell types in the tumor stroma of CCA, are actively involved in cholangiocarcinogenesis by participating in multiple aspects of the disease including extracellular matrix remodeling, immunomodulation, neo-angiogenesis, and metastasis. Despite their overall tumor-promoting role, recent evidence indicates the presence of transcriptional and functional heterogeneous CAF subtypes with tumor-promoting and tumor-restricting properties. To elucidate the complexity and potentials of cancer-associated fibroblasts as therapeutic targets in CCA, this review will discuss the origin of cancer-associated fibroblasts, their heterogeneity, crosstalk, and role during tumorigenesis, providing an overall picture of the present and future perspectives toward cancer-associated fibroblasts targeting CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aashreya Ravichandra
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aloña Agirre Lizaso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Silvia Affò
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Ravichandra A, Bhattacharjee S, Affò S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapeutic resistance. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:201-226. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Chipman K, De Meulenaer B, Dinovi M, Mennes W, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Baert K, Dujardin B, Wallace H. Risks for public health related to the presence of furan and methylfurans in food. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05005. [PMID: 32625300 PMCID: PMC7009982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risk to human health of the presence of furan and methylfurans (2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran) in food. They are formed in foods during thermal processing and can co-occur. Furans are produced from several precursors such as ascorbic acid, amino acids, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, and are found in a variety of foods including coffee and canned and jarred foods. Regarding furan occurrence, 17,056 analytical results were used in the evaluation. No occurrence data were received on methylfurans. The highest exposures to furan were estimated for infants, mainly from ready-to-eat meals. Grains and grain-based products contribute most for toddlers, other children and adolescents. In adults, elderly and very elderly, coffee is the main contributor to dietary exposure. Furan is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is found in highest amounts in the liver. It has a short half-life and is metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to the reactive metabolite, cis-but-2-ene-1,4-dialdehyde (BDA). BDA can bind covalently to amino acids, proteins and DNA. Furan is hepatotoxic in rats and mice with cholangiofibrosis in rats and hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas in mice being the most prominent effects. There is limited evidence of chromosomal damage in vivo and a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanism. Clear evidence for indirect mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis include oxidative stress, gene expression alterations, epigenetic changes, inflammation and increased cell proliferation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation using as a reference point a benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.064 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of cholangiofibrosis in the rat. The calculated MOEs indicate a health concern. This conclusion was supported by the calculated MOEs for the neoplastic effects.
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Lee SH, Park SW. [Inflammation and Cancer Development in Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Cancer]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2016; 66:325-39. [PMID: 26691190 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2015.66.6.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been known to be a risk for many kinds of cancers, including pancreatic and biliary tract cancer. Recently, inflammatory process has emerged as a key mediator of cancer development and progression. Many efforts with experimental results have been given to identify the underlying mechanisms that contribute to inflammation-induced tumorigenesis. Diverse inflammatory pathways have been investigated and inhibitors for inflammation-related signaling pathways have been developed for cancer treatment. This review will summarize recent outcomes about this distinctive process in pancreatic and biliary tract cancer. Taking this evidence into consideration, modulation of inflammatory process will provide useful options for pancreatic and biliary tract cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreatobiliary Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Pancreatobiliary Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Affo S, Yu LX, Schwabe RF. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:153-186. [PMID: 27959632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. Because of the wide landscape of genomic alterations and limited therapeutic success of targeting tumor cells, a recent focus has been on better understanding and possibly targeting the microenvironment in which liver tumors develop. A unique feature of liver cancer is its close association with liver fibrosis. More than 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop in fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, suggesting an important role of liver fibrosis in the premalignant environment (PME) of the liver. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), in contrast, is characterized by a strong desmoplasia that typically occurs in response to the tumor, suggesting a key role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and fibrosis in its tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss the functional contributions of myofibroblasts, CAFs, and fibrosis to the development of HCC and CCA in the hepatic PME and TME, focusing on myofibroblast- and extracellular matrix-associated growth factors, fibrosis-associated immunosuppressive pathways, as well as mechanosensitive signaling cascades that are activated by increased tissue stiffness. Better understanding of the role of myofibroblasts in HCC and CCA development and progression may provide the basis to target these cells for tumor prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Affo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Le-Xing Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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Ilyas SI, Borad MJ. The rise of the FGFR inhibitor in advanced biliary cancer: the next cover of time magazine? J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:789-796. [PMID: 27747092 PMCID: PMC5056253 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.08.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are heterogeneous tumors arising from the biliary tract with features of cholangiocyte differentiation. CCAs are aggressive tumors with limited treatment options and poor overall survival. Only a subset of CCA patients with early stage disease can avail potentially curative treatment options. For advanced biliary tract tumors, currently there are limited effective treatment modalities. Recent advances have provided greater insight into the genomic landscape of CCAs. The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway is involved in key cellular processes essential to survival and differentiation. Accordingly, aberrant FGFR signaling has significant oncogenic potential. Recent discovery of FGFR2 gene fusions in CCA has heightened interest in FGFR inhibition in advanced biliary tract cancer. These findings have served as a catalyst for ongoing clinical investigation of FGFR inhibition in CCA patients with various FGFR signaling abnormalities. Herein, we review FGFR aberrations in CCA and their prognostic implications, FGFR targeting as a viable therapeutic option in advanced biliary tract malignancies, and future directions for development of combination approaches utilizing FGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic,
Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent of late that inflammation plays an integral role in a spectrum of malignancies including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Primary sclerosing cholangitis with chronic inflammation is the most common risk factor for CCA in the Western world. Recent work has highlighted that inflammatory pathways are essential in carcinogenesis and tissue invasion and migration. Inflammation advances carcinogenesis by induction of DNA damage, evasion of apoptosis, promotion of cell proliferation, and neoangiogenesis. CCA is characterized by the presence of a desmoplastic stroma consisting of cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This rich inflammatory milieu is vital to the cancer ecosystem, and targeting its components represents an attractive therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
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Ilyas SI, Gores GJ. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1215-29. [PMID: 24140396 PMCID: PMC3862291 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are hepatobiliary cancers with features of cholangiocyte differentiation; they can be classified anatomically as intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), perihilar CCA (pCCA), or distal CCA. These subtypes differ not only in their anatomic location, but in epidemiology, origin, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The incidence and mortality of iCCA has been increasing over the past 3 decades, and only a low percentage of patients survive until 5 years after diagnosis. Geographic variations in the incidence of CCA are related to variations in risk factors. Changes in oncogene and inflammatory signaling pathways, as well as genetic and epigenetic alterations and chromosome aberrations, have been shown to contribute to the development of CCA. Furthermore, CCAs are surrounded by a dense stroma that contains many cancer-associated fibroblasts, which promotes their progression. We have gained a better understanding of the imaging characteristics of iCCAs and have developed advanced cytologic techniques to detect pCCAs. Patients with iCCAs usually are treated surgically, whereas liver transplantation after neoadjuvant chemoradiation is an option for a subset of patients with pCCAs. We review recent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of CCA, along with advances in classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Campbell DJW, Dumur CI, Lamour NF, DeWitt JL, Sirica AE. Novel organotypic culture model of cholangiocarcinoma progression. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:1119-30. [PMID: 22568523 PMCID: PMC3416930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have suggested that increased α-smooth muscle-actin positive myofibroblastic cells (α-SMA positive CAF) in the desmoplastic stroma may relate to a more aggressive cancer and worse survival outcomes for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients. To facilitate investigating cellular and molecular interactions between α-SMA positive CAF and cholangiocarcinoma cells related to ICC progression, we developed a novel 3-D organotypic culture model of cholangiocarcinoma that more accurately mimics the stromal microenvironment, gene expression profile and select pathophysiological characteristics of desmoplastic ICC in vivo. METHODS This unique model was established by co-culturing within a type I collagen gel matrix, a strain of cholangiocarcinoma cells (derived from an ICC formed in syngeneic rat liver following bile duct inoculation of spontaneously-transformed rat cholangiocytes) with varying numbers of clonal α-SMA positive CAF established from the same tumor type. RESULTS Cholangiocarcinoma cells and α-SMA positive CAF in monoculture each exhibited cell-specific biomarker gene expression profiles characteristic of stromal myofibroblastic cell versus malignant cholangiocyte cell types. In comparison, the gene expression profile and histopathological characteristics exhibited by the organotypic co-culture closely resembled those of whole tissue samples of the parent orthotopic ICC. We further showed α-SMA positive CAF to significantly enhance cholangiocarcinoma cell "ductal-like" growth and cancer cell migration/invasiveness in vitro, as well as to promote upregulated expression of select genes known to be associated with ICC invasion. CONCLUSION This novel organotypic model provides an important new resource for studying the effects of microenvironment on cholangiocarcinoma progression in vitro and may have potential as a preclinical model for identifying molecularly targeted therapies.
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Zhu SS, Li WG. Advances in research of signaling pathways in cholangiocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2913-2919. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that the incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) show an increasing trend worldwide over the past several years. Many pathophysiologic aspects of this neoplasia are still unknown and need to be fully discovered. However, progress has been recently made in understanding molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation and growth of malignant cholangiocytes. It is found that cholangiocarcinogenesis is a multistep cellular process evolving from a normal condition of the epithelial biliary cells and ending with malignant transformation through a chronic inflammation status. The bad prognosis related to CC justifies why a better identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of this cancer is required for the development of effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. Signaling pathways can regulate substance and energy metabolism in organisms and are closely related to biological growth and development. This paper mainly introduces signaling pathways which occur in cholangiocarcinoma and their roles in cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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Shoda J, Ishige K, Sugiyama H, Kawamoto T. Biliary tract carcinoma: clinical perspectives on molecular targeting strategies for therapeutic options. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2012; 19:342-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00534-012-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Shoda
- Field of Basic Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine; University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kazunori Ishige
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Tsukuba Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki Japan
| | - Toru Kawamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
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Guest I, Ilic Z, Sell S. Age dependence of oval cell responses and bile duct carcinomas in male fischer 344 rats fed a cyclic choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet. Hepatology 2010; 52:1750-7. [PMID: 20842700 PMCID: PMC2967670 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The age dependence of the oval cell response and bile duct carcinomas of male F344 rats exposed to a cyclic choline deficiency-ethionine (CDE) diet (2 weeks on, 1 week off) supports the concept of loss of potential of liver stem cells to form cancers with aging. Livers of rats exposed at 3 weeks of age demonstrated a robust and widespread oval cell proliferation followed by cholangiofibrosis and bile duct metaplasia with extensive mucinous cysts throughout all lobes, and induction of cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) in seven of eight rats. Livers of rats exposed beginning at 8 weeks of age had much less oval cell response and cholangiofibrosis with only 1 of 15 rats developing a CCA. Livers in old (10-12 months when started) rats remained virtually unaffected, with minimal oval cell proliferation, only occasional and small foci of ductular dysplasia, and none of 16 rats developed CCAs. In contrast to most published studies using uninterrupted choline deficiency plus a carcinogen, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not observed under the conditions of this study. CONCLUSION With aging, male F344 rats exposed to cyclic CDE diet display a diminished oval cell response and fewer CCAs. The absence of HCC is possibly due to the fact that during cyclic CDE, the week off may allow putative liver stem cells to avoid death or differentiation and survive to give rise to CCAs, whereas with continuous CDE exposure, the stem cells are forced to differentiate and develop into HCCs with relatively few CCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Guest
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201
| | - Z. Ilic
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201
| | - S. Sell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, 12208,Corresponding Author: Stewart Sell, MD, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Room C-551, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, Phone 518 474 0547, Fax 518 473 2900,
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Fava G. Molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:12-22. [PMID: 21607138 PMCID: PMC3097940 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), the malignant tumor of the epithelial cells lining the biliary ducts, has undergone a worldwide increase in incidence and mortality. The malignant transformation of the biliary cells originates from a multistep process evolving through chronic inflammation of the biliary tract to CC. In the last few years several advances have been towards understanding and clarifying the molecular mechanisms implicated in the cholangiocarcinogenesis process. However, many pathophysiologic aspects governing the growth of CC are still undefined. The poor prognosis of this tumor underlines the urgent need to codify the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of CC in order to design effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. This review reports on progresses made in the last few years in clarifying the molecular pathways involved in the process of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Menakongka A, Suthiphongchai T. Involvement of PI3K and ERK1/2 pathways in hepatocyte growth factor-induced cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:713-22. [PMID: 20135719 PMCID: PMC2817059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell invasiveness and the mechanisms underlying such cellular responses.
METHODS: Effects of HGF on cell invasion and motility were investigated in two human CCA cell lines, HuCCA-1 and KKU-M213, using Transwell in vitro assay. Levels of proteins of interest and their phosphorylated forms were determined by Western blotting. Localization of E-cadherin was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and visualized under confocal microscope. Activities of matrix degrading enzymes were determined by zymography.
RESULTS: Both CCA cell lines expressed higher Met levels than the H69 immortalized cholangiocyte cell line. HGF induced invasion and motility of the cell lines and altered E-cadherin from membrane to cytoplasm localization, but did not affect the levels of secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator, key matrix degrading enzymes involved in cell invasion. Concomitantly, HGF stimulated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation but with slightly different kinetic profiles in the two cell lines. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, markedly suppressed HGF-stimulated invasion of both CCA cell lines, and inhibition of the ERK pathway by U0126 suppressed HGF-induced invasion of the KKU-M213 cell line but had a moderate effect on HuCCA-1 cells.
CONCLUSION: These data indicate that HGF promotes CCA cell invasiveness through dys-localization of E-cadherin and induction of cell motility by distinct signaling pathways depending on cell line type.
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Hickling KC, Hitchcock JM, Oreffo V, Mally A, Hammond TG, Evans JG, Chipman JK. Evidence of Oxidative Stress and Associated DNA Damage, Increased Proliferative Drive, and Altered Gene Expression in Rat Liver Produced by the Cholangiocarcinogenic Agent Furan. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:230-43. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623309357946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Furan is a potent cholangiocarcinogen in rat by an as yet undefined mechanism. The risk to man remains unclear. Using a time-course stop study design, we have investigated the potential of furan to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage associated with inflammatory and regenerative responses in rat liver. Furan was administered via oral gavage (30 mg/kg b.w. 5 daily doses per week), and livers were analyzed at time points between eight hr and three months. A one-month recovery group previously treated for three months was also included. There was a marked association between CYP2E1 expression and DNA oxidation (8-oxo-dG) in areas of centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis seen after a single dose. After one-month recovery from three-month treatment, 8-oxo-dG was still observed in areas of furan-induced cholangiofibrosis. Furan-induced changes in the expression of various genes associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle control were identified during treatment and recovery. We propose that furan-induced cholangiocarcinomas emerge from areas of cholangiofibrosis as a result of a combination of chronic, persistent indirect damage to DNA through oxygen radicals coupled with persistent proliferative signals, including loss of connexin 32, that act to convert this DNA damage to fixed mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Hickling
- Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Hitchcock
- Molecular Toxicology Drug Safety Research & Development Pfizer Ltd Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - V. Oreffo
- Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - A. Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T. G. Hammond
- Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - J. G. Evans
- Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - J. K. Chipman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Sirica AE. Role of ErbB family receptor tyrosine kinases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:7033-58. [PMID: 19084911 PMCID: PMC2776834 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression and signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) family receptor tyrosine kinases, most notably that of ErbB2 and ErbB1, have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Constitutive overexpression of ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 in malignant cholangiocytes has raised interest in the possibility that agents which selectively target these receptors could potentially be effective in cholangiocarcinoma therapy. However, current experience with such ErbB-directed therapies have at best produced only modest responses in patients with biliary tract cancers. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of both preclinical and clinical studies aimed at assessing the role of altered ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 expression, genetic modifications, and dysregulated signaling on cholangiocarcinoma development and progression. Specific limitations in experimental approaches that have been used to assess human cholangiocarcinoma specimens for ErbB2 and/or ErbB1 overexpression and gene amplification are discussed. In addition, current rodent models of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis associated with constitutive ErbB2 overexpression are reviewed. Select interactive relationships between ErbB2 or ErbB1 with other relevant molecular signaling pathways associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma development and progression are also detailed, including those linking ErbB receptors to bile acid, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6/gp130, transmembrane mucins, hepatocyte growth factor/Met, and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Lastly, various factors that can limit therapeutic efficacy of ErbB-targeted agents against cholangiocarcinoma are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Blechacz
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Fava G, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Alpini G. Molecular pathology of biliary tract cancers. Cancer Lett 2006; 250:155-67. [PMID: 17069969 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development, growth and metastatic diffusion of biliary tract cancers are still undefined. The increase in worldwide incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma justifies the impellent need to clarify the intracellular mechanisms triggering the malignant transformation of the biliary epithelium and growth of biliary malignancies. A more complete characterization of the molecular pathology of bile duct cancers could lead to the identification of valid targets for the diagnosis and therapy of these devastating malignancies. This review describes the scientific progress made over the past decades with regard to the understanding of the molecular processes of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Fava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Han C, Demetris AJ, Stolz DB, Xu L, Lim K, Wu T. Modulation of Stat3 activation by the cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha and cyclooxygenase-2-controlled prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24831-46. [PMID: 16790433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of human cancers show constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study describes a novel cross-talk between the COX-2-controlled prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and Stat3 signaling pathways that coordinately regulate human cancer cell growth. COX-2-derived PGE(2) induces interleukin-6 production through activation of EP(4) receptor and subsequent phosphorylation of gp130/Stat3 in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. In parallel, activation of COX-2/PGE(2) signaling also enhances Stat3 phosphorylation and reporter activity through EP(1) receptor-induced activation of c-Src and EGFR in these cells. Moreover, the observations that EP(1) receptor is detected in the nucleus as well as in the Stat3.DNA binding complex and that activation of EP(1) receptor in the nuclei enhances Stat3 activation depicts a previously undescribed G protein-coupled receptor in the nucleus for Stat3 activation and tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. changhan+@pitt.edu
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20
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant epithelial neoplasm arising within the biliary tract and its incidence and mortality is rising. Early diagnosis is difficult and there is presently no effective treatment. Significant progress has been made over the past several years in defining the link between COX-2 and cholangiocarcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro and in animal models. However, recently, concerns have been raised about the cardiovascular side effect associated with some COX-2 inhibitors utilized at relatively high dose for antitumor chemoprevention, despite that these inhibitors have a proven safety profile when given as monotherapy to arthritis patients. Therefore, there is an urgent and practical need to develop novel chemopreventive strategy that simultaneously targets COX-2 signaling and other related key molecules in cholangiocarcinogenesis, such as EGFR or utilization of agents inhibiting COX-2 signaling in conjunction with other standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy; these approaches are expected to provide synergistic anti-tumor effect with lesser side effect. In this context, the recently delineated interplay between COX-2-derived PG signaling and other growth-regulatory pathways, such as EGFR, ErbB2, IL-6/GP130, HGF/Met, TGF-beta/Smad, and iNOS is expected to provide important therapeutic implications. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms for COX-2-derived PG signaling in cholangiocarcinogenesis and focus on the newly unveiled interactions between PG cascade and other key signaling pathways that coordinately regulate cholangiocarcinoma growth. Knowledge on these aspects will help develop more effective therapeutic strategy targeting COX-2 and related key signaling molecules.
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21
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Wu T. Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin signaling in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1755:135-50. [PMID: 15921858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant epithelial neoplasm arising within the biliary tract and its incidence and mortality is rising. Early diagnosis is difficult and there is presently no effective treatment. Significant progress has been made over the past several years in defining the link between COX-2 and cholangiocarcinogenesis. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro and in animal models. However, recently, concerns have been raised about the cardiovascular side effect associated with some COX-2 inhibitors utilized at relatively high dose for antitumor chemoprevention, despite that these inhibitors have a proven safety profile when given as monotherapy to arthritis patients. Therefore, there is an urgent and practical need to develop novel chemopreventive strategy that simultaneously targets COX-2 signaling and other related key molecules in cholangiocarcinogenesis, such as EGFR or utilization of agents inhibiting COX-2 signaling in conjunction with other standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy; these approaches are expected to provide synergistic anti-tumor effect with lesser side effect. In this context, the recently delineated interplay between COX-2-derived PG signaling and other growth-regulatory pathways, such as EGFR, ErbB2, IL-6/GP130, HGF/Met, TGF-beta/Smad, and iNOS is expected to provide important therapeutic implications. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms for COX-2-derived PG signaling in cholangiocarcinogenesis and focus on the newly unveiled interactions between PG cascade and other key signaling pathways that coordinately regulate cholangiocarcinoma growth. Knowledge on these aspects will help develop more effective therapeutic strategy targeting COX-2 and related key signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, MUH E-740, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for the Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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23
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are devastating cancers that are increasing in both their worldwide incidence and mortality rates. The challenges posed by these often lethal biliary tract cancers are daunting, with conventional treatment options being limited and the only hope for long-term survival being that of complete surgical resection of the tumor. Unfortunately, the vast majority of patients with cholangiocarcinoma typically seek treatment with advanced disease, and often these patients are deemed poor candidates for curative surgery. Moreover, conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy have not been shown to be effective in prolonging long-term survival, and although photodynamic therapy combined with stenting has been reported to be effective as a palliative treatment, it is not curative. Thus, there is a real need to develop novel chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma based on exploiting select molecular targets that would impact in a significant way on clinical outcome. This review focuses on potential preventive targets in cholangiocarcinogenesis, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and altered bile acid signaling pathways. In addition, molecular alterations related to dysregulation of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and survival, aberrant gene expression, invasion and metastasis, and tumor microenvironment are described in the context of various clinical and pathological presentations. Moreover, an emphasis is placed on the importance of critical signaling pathways and postulated interactions, including those of ErbB-2, hepatocyte growth factor/Met, interleukin-6/glycoprotein130, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, MUC1 and MUC4, beta-catenin, telomerase, and Fas pathways as potential molecular therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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24
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Okuda K, Nakanuma Y, Miyazaki M. Cholangiocarcinoma: recent progress. Part 2: molecular pathology and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:1056-63. [PMID: 12201864 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Part 2 of this review discusses DNA damage in biliary epithelial cells in the development of cholangiocarcinoma, alterations in cell kinetics of biliary epithelial cells, biliary epithelial mitoinhibition, and apoptosis that includes the role of Bcl-2, transforming growth factor-beta, telomerase activities and deregulation of Ras and p53, cancer-associated antigens in cholangiocarcinoma, precancerous lesions, stroma formation and angiogenesis, cancer invasion, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and the mechanism of evasion from immune surveillance. These discussions are followed briefly by treatments such as photodynamic therapy, and surgical approaches comparing resection and liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Okuda
- Department of Medicine, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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25
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Wu T, Han C, Lunz JG, Michalopoulos G, Shelhamer JH, Demetris AJ. Involvement of 85-kd cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and cyclooxygenase-2 in the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2002; 36:363-73. [PMID: 12143044 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.34743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) are the crucial rate-limiting enzymes in prostaglandin (PG) metabolism that show increased expression in a number of human cancers, including cholangiocarcinomas; and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines with COX-2 inhibitors can decrease proliferation. Cholangiocarcinomas also produce and proliferate in response to nonneoplastic biliary epithelial cell mitogens, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This study was designed to determine whether there is any relationship between eicosanoid metabolism and growth stimulation by IL-6 and HGF, two important biliary epithelial cell and cholangiocarcinoma mitogens. Incubation of SG231, a well-characterized human cholangiocarcinoma cell line, with HGF, IL-6, PGE(2), or PGF(2)alpha resulted in significantly increased cell growth. HGF and IL-6 also induced a rapid release of arachidonic acid (AA) from SG231 and increased the synthesis of PGE(2) and PGF(2)alpha. The cPLA(2) inhibitor arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) and the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 significantly inhibited HGF- and IL-6-induced release of AA, PG synthesis, and proliferation in SG231 cells as well as two other human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, HuCCT1 and CC-LP-1 cells. Thus, PGs alone can induce cholangiocarcinoma growth, and the HGF- and IL-6-induced proliferation is mediated, at least in part, by PGs. HGF and IL-6 also induced a rapid phosphorylation of cPLA(2) (within 1 minute) but did not alter cPLA(2) and COX-2 protein expression. The HGF- and IL-6-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation was blocked by the inhibitors of p38 and p42/44 MAP kinases, protein kinase C, calmodulin kinase, and tyrosine kinase, showing that HGF- and IL-6-induced AA release and PG production are mediated by phosphorylation of cPLA(2). In conclusion, molecular pathways link classic biliary epithelial cell mitogens to PG metabolism constituents in cholangiocarcinoma growth, which may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Presbyterian University Hospital, PA 15213, USA.
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26
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Aishima SI, Taguchi KI, Sugimachi K, Shimada M, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M. c-erbB-2 and c-Met expression relates to cholangiocarcinogenesis and progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Histopathology 2002; 40:269-78. [PMID: 11895493 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The c-erbB-2 and c-Met proto-oncogenes are important for tumour invasiveness and metastasis in many types of malignant tumours. Previous studies have indicated that these proteins are associated with carcinogenesis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In this study, we examined c-erbB-2 and c-Met expression by immunohistochemistry in hepatolithiasis, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic lymph node, in order to clarify whether these proteins play a role in carcinogenesis and tumour metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS In hepatolithiasis, the staining for c-erbB-2 was positive in 14 of the 23 (61%) cases, while staining for c-Met was positive in eight of the 23 (35%) cases. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, staining for c-erbB-2 was positive in 45 of the 81 (55%) cases, while staining for c-Met was positive in 28 (35%) cases. The positivity of c-Met staining in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was significantly higher in the differentiated type of cholangiocarcinoma than in the undifferentiated type. In addition, c-Met-positive staining had an inverted correlation with tumour size, the presence of perineural invasion and the presence of lymph node metastasis. c-Met staining had a significantly higher positivity in cases at an early stage of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In contrast, the positivity of c-erbB-2 staining in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was significantly higher in cases with lymph node metastasis than in cases without. In metastatic lymph nodes, the staining for c-erbB-2 was positive in 20 of the 25 (80%) cases, while staining for c-Met was positive in six of the 25 (24%) cases. There was no difference in survival between c-erbB-2-positive and negative patients. However, the patients with c-Met-positive tumours had a significantly longer survival than those with c-Met-negative tumours in the medium survival term. The multivariate analysis showed the presence of lymph node metastasis, lymphatic permeation and histological differentiation to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION These results indicate that increased c-Met expression participates in cholangiocarcinogenesis and in the early developmental stages of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, while increased c-erbB-2 expression contributes to the development of cholangiocarcinogenesis into an advanced stage associated with tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-I Aishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Advances in cellular and molecular biology of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder adenocarcinoma are providing innovative means for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer. Similarly, refinements in noninvasive studies--including helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and endoscopic ultrasonography--are enabling more accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning for these tumors. Complete resection remains the only means for cure, and recent reports from major hepatobiliary centers support aggressive wide resection for bile duct and gallbladder cancer. Palliation of malignant strictures has improved with advanced endoscopic techniques, newer polyurethane-covered stents, endoscopic microwave coagulation therapy, and radiofrequency intraluminal endohyperthermia. The preliminary data on such minimally invasive techniques suggest an improvement in quality of life and survival for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Abdalla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Sirica AE, Lai GH, Zhang Z. Biliary cancer growth factor pathways, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and potential therapeutic strategies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:363-72. [PMID: 11357901 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a hepatic biliary cancer of high morbidity and mortality, whose molecular pathogenesis is unknown. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that alterations in selected growth factor pathways, including an overexpression of the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases c-ErbB-2/c-Neu and c-Met, together with possible aberrant autocrine expression of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, the ligand for c-Met, may be playing important roles associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in both the human liver and in the furan rat model of cholangiocarcinogenesis. Cyclo-oxygenase-2, whose regulation has been experimentally related to c-ErbB-2/c-Neu as well as to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, and which has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, has also been observed in preliminary studies to be upregulated in human biliary cancers and in cholangiocarcinoma induced in the furan rat model. Moreover, new data from our laboratory have demonstrated the cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 to produce a significant dose-dependent growth inhibition of rat cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro, as well as to suppress anchorage-independent growth of these cells in soft agar. Based on the data reviewed, we propose that the selective therapeutic targeting of aberrant growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and of cyclo-oxygenase-2, alone or in combination, has potential to become a useful new approach for the treatment and/or chemoprevention of cholangiocarcinoma. We further propose that the furan rat model may serve as a powerful preclinical model for testing therapeutic and chemopreventative strategies that selectively target c-ErbB-2/c-Neu, cyclo-oxygenase-2, and/or autocrine hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met, aberrantly expressed in cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Sirica
- Department of Pathology, The Medical School at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0297, USA.
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29
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Liver damage using suicide genes. A model for oval cell activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:549-59. [PMID: 10934157 PMCID: PMC1850125 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration from the facultative hepatic stem cells, the oval cells, takes place in situations in which liver regeneration from pre-existing hepatocytes is prevented. Different models have been used to stimulate oval cell response. Many of them involve the use of carcinogenic agents with or without partial hepatectomy. In this study we show that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the suicide gene thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir administration caused hepatotoxicity of variable intensity. Rats with moderate elevation in serum transaminases recovered normal liver architecture few weeks after adenovirus injection. In contrast, rats with severe liver damage exhibited a marked and persisting activation of oval cells accompanied by ductular hyperplasia. In some rats, such lesion eventually evolved to cholangiofibrosis and in one rat to cholangiocarcinoma. Deposition of fibronectin and increased number of hepatic stellate cells were found in association with oval cells and cholangiofibrotic lesions. Hepatocyte growth factor was hyperexpressed in the livers with intense oval cell response or ductular proliferation, suggesting a participation of this factor in those lesions. In summary, our data demonstrate activation of oval cell response after gene transfer of thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir administration. These findings indicate that high doses of this therapy causes liver damage together with an impairment in hepatocellular regeneration.
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30
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Yokomuro S, Tsuji H, Lunz JG, Sakamoto T, Ezure T, Murase N, Demetris AJ. Growth control of human biliary epithelial cells by interleukin 6, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor beta1, and activin A: comparison of a cholangiocarcinoma cell line with primary cultures of non-neoplastic biliary epithelial cells. Hepatology 2000; 32:26-35. [PMID: 10869285 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A well characterized human cholangiocarcinoma (CC) cell line, SG231, was compared with primary cultures of normal human biliary epithelial cells (BECs) for alterations in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated stimulation and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and activin A-mediated inhibition of growth. Results were compared with immunolabeling of the original tumor and after injection of SG231 into the liver of BALB/cByJ-scid mice. In vitro, both BECs and CCs expressed met, gp80, and gp130 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, but the levels of expression were higher in the CCs than in the BECs. In both the CCs and BECs, exogenous HGF or IL-6 induced phosphorylation of met or gp130, respectively, and a concentration-dependent increase in DNA synthesis. However, the CCs but not BECs, continued to grow in basal serum-free medium (SFM) and spontaneously produced both IL-6 and HGF under these conditions, which resulted in auto-phosphorylation of gp130 and met, respectively; and neutralizing anti-HGF or anti-IL-6 alone inhibited CC growth, indicative of autocrine growth control circuits. Conversely, activin A inhibits the growth of both BECs and CCs, but does not significantly increase apoptosis. Activin-A-induced growth inhibition of both CCs and BECs can be reversed by 100 ng/mL exogenous IL-6, but not by 10 to 100 ng/mL HGF. TGF-beta1 inhibited the growth of BECs but had no mitoinhibitory or proapoptotic effects on CCs. Immunolabeling of the original tumor and after inoculation into scid mice showed positive staining for met, gp130, gp80, and IL-6. This study contributes to a further understanding of BEC growth control and derangements that can occur during cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yokomuro
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, Division of Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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