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Chen H, Ellis BW, Dinicu AT, Mojoudi M, Wilks BT, Tessier SN, Toner M, Uygun K, Uygun BE. Polyethylene glycol and caspase inhibitor emricasan alleviate cold injury in primary rat hepatocytes. Cryobiology 2024; 116:104926. [PMID: 38880369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Current methods of storing explanted donor livers at 4 °C in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution result in loss of graft function and ultimately lead to less-than-ideal outcomes post transplantation. Our lab has previously shown that supplementing UW solution with 35-kilodalton polyethylene glycol (PEG) has membrane stabilizing effects for cold stored primary rat hepatocytes in suspension. Expanding on past studies, we here investigate if PEG has the same beneficial effects in an adherent primary rat hepatocyte cold storage model. In addition, we investigated the extent of cold-induced apoptosis through treating cold-stored hepatocytes with pan caspase inhibitor emricasan. In parallel to storage at the current cold storage standard of 4 °C, we investigated the effects of lowering the storage temperature to -4 °C, at which the storage solution remains ice-free due to the supercooling phenomenon. We show the addition of 5 % PEG to the storage medium significantly reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in plated rat hepatocytes and a combinatorial treatment with emricasan maintains hepatocyte viability and morphology following recovery from cold storage. These results show that cold-stored hepatocytes undergo multiple mechanisms of cold-induced injury and that PEG and emricasan treatment in combination with supercooling may improve cell and organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyun Chen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia T Dinicu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Mojoudi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin T Wilks
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Shriners Children's Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ostróżka-Cieślik A. Modification of Preservative Fluids with Antioxidants in Terms of Their Efficacy in Liver Protection before Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1850. [PMID: 38339128 PMCID: PMC10855613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. In recent years, many advanced studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of organ preservation techniques. Modifying the composition of the preservation fluids currently used may improve graft function and increase the likelihood of transplantation success. The modified fluid is expected to extend the period of safe liver storage in the peri-transplantation period and to increase the pool of organs for transplantation with livers from marginal donors. This paper provides a literature review of the effects of antioxidants on the efficacy of liver preservation fluids. Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using a combination of MeSH terms: "liver preservation", "transplantation", "preservation solution", "antioxidant", "cold storage", "mechanical perfusion", "oxidative stress", "ischemia-reperfusion injury". Studies published up to December 2023 were included in the analysis, with a focus on publications from the last 30 years. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. The chemical compounds analyzed showed mostly bioprotective effects on hepatocytes, including but not limited to multifactorial antioxidant and free radical protective effects. It should be noted that most of the information cited is from reports of studies conducted in animal models, most of them in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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3
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Chen H, Ellis BW, Dinicu AT, Mojoudi M, Wilks BT, Tessier SN, Toner M, Uygun K, Uygun BE. Polyethylene Glycol and Caspase Inhibitor Emricasan Alleviates Cold Injury in Primary Rat Hepatocytes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3669876. [PMID: 38076969 PMCID: PMC10705698 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3669876/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Current methods of storing explanted donor livers at 4°C in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution result in loss of graft function and ultimately leads to less-than-ideal outcomes post transplantation. Our lab has previously shown that supplementing UW solution with 35-kilodalton polyethylene glycol (PEG) has membrane stabilizing effects for cold stored primary rat hepatocytes in suspension. Expanding on past studies, we here investigate if PEG has the same beneficial effects in an adherent primary rat hepatocyte cold storage model. In addition, we investigated the extent of cold-induced apoptosis through treating cold-stored hepatocytes with pan caspase inhibitor emricasan. In parallel to storage at the current cold storage standard of 4°C, we investigated the effects of lowering the storage temperature to -4°C, at which the storage solution remains ice-free due to the supercooling phenomenon. We show the addition of 5% PEG to the storage medium significantly reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in plated rat hepatocytes and a combinatorial treatment with emricasan maintains hepatocyte viability and morphology following recovery from cold storage. These results show that cold-stored hepatocytes undergo multiple mechanisms of cold-induced injury and that PEG and emricasan treatment in combination with supercooling may improve cell and organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyun Chen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Bradley W Ellis
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Antonia T Dinicu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mohammadreza Mojoudi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Benjamin T Wilks
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
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Gartzke LP, Hendriks KDW, Hoogstra-Berends F, Joschko CP, Strandmoe AL, Vogelaar PC, Krenning G, Henning RH. Inhibition of Ferroptosis Enables Safe Rewarming of HEK293 Cells following Cooling in University of Wisconsin Cold Storage Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10939. [PMID: 37446116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prolonged cooling of cells results in cell death, in which both apoptosis and ferroptosis have been implicated. Preservation solutions such as the University of Wisconsin Cold Storage Solution (UW) encompass approaches addressing both. The use of UW improves survival and thus extends preservation limits, yet it remains unclear how exactly organ preservation solutions exert their cold protection. Thus, we explored cooling effects on lipid peroxidation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the actions of blockers of apoptosis and ferroptosis, and of compounds enhancing mitochondrial function. Cooling and rewarming experiments were performed in a cellular transplantation model using Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Cell viability was assessed by neutral red assay. Lipid peroxidation levels were measured by Western blot against 4-Hydroxy-Nonenal (4HNE) and the determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA). ATP was measured by luciferase assay. Cooling beyond 5 h in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) induced complete cell death in HEK293, whereas cooling in UW preserved ~60% of the cells, with a gradual decline afterwards. Cooling-induced cell death was not precluded by inhibiting apoptosis. In contrast, the blocking of ferroptosis by Ferrostatin-1 or maintaining of mitochondrial function by the 6-chromanol SUL150 completely inhibited cell death both in DMEM- and UW-cooled cells. Cooling for 24 h in UW followed by rewarming for 15 min induced a ~50% increase in MDA, while concomitantly lowering ATP by >90%. Treatment with SUL150 of cooled and rewarmed HEK293 effectively precluded the increase in MDA and preserved normal ATP in both DMEM- and UW-cooled cells. Likewise, treatment with Ferrostatin-1 blocked the MDA increase and preserved the ATP of rewarmed UW HEK293 cells. Cooling-induced HEK293 cell death from hypothermia and/or rewarming was caused by ferroptosis rather than apoptosis. UW slowed down ferroptosis during hypothermia, but lipid peroxidation and ATP depletion rapidly ensued upon rewarming, ultimately resulting in complete cell death. Treatment throughout UW cooling with small-molecule Ferrostatin-1 or the 6-chromanol SUL150 effectively prevented ferroptosis, maintained ATP, and limited lipid peroxidation in UW-cooled cells. Counteracting ferroptosis during cooling in UW-based preservation solutions may provide a simple method to improve graft survival following cold static cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Gartzke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen D W Hendriks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Hoogstra-Berends
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian P Joschko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Lise Strandmoe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C Vogelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V. Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726 GN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V. Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726 GN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Thanuja MY, Ranganath SH, Srinivas SP. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Disruption of the Endothelial Apical Junctional Complex During Corneal Cold Storage. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:664-681. [PMID: 36255463 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To characterize the impact of corneal cold storage (CS) on the endothelial apical junctional complex (AJC). Methods: Porcine corneas were held in CS (4°C; 1-7 days) with Cornisol™ preservation medium supplemented with epothilone B (EpoB; microtubule stabilizer; 100 nM), SB-203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein [MAP] kinase inhibitor; 20 μM), or antioxidants (quercetin, 100 μM; vitamin E, 1 mM; deferoxamine, an iron chelator, 10 mM). After CS termination, the damage to endothelial AJC was characterized by imaging perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) and zonula occludens (ZO-1). The effects of EpoB and SB-203580 were characterized by imaging microtubules. The loss in the barrier function was assessed in cultured cells grown on biotin-coated gelatin by permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-avidin. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid peroxidation, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were also determined in response to CS. Results: CS led to the loss of microtubules, destruction of PAMR, and breakdown of ZO-1 in the endothelium. The severity of damage increased when CS was prolonged. Although rewarming of the tissue increased the damage, the effect was marginal. CS also induced accumulation of ROS, alteration in MMP, lipid peroxidation, enhanced LDH release, and increased permeability to FITC-avidin. These changes were opposed by EpoB, SB-203580, and antioxidants. Conclusion: Corneal CS destroys AJC of the endothelium, leading to loss of its barrier function. The effects were surmounted by microtubule stabilization, p38 MAP kinase inhibition, and antioxidants. Thus, there is potential for reformulation of the preservation medium to maintain the health of the donor corneal endothelium before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Thanuja
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - Sudhir H Ranganath
- Bio-INvENT Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
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Quiring L, Walter B, Lohaus N, Schwan D, Rech A, Dlugos A, Rauen U. Characterisation of cold-induced mitochondrial fission in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Mol Med 2022; 28:13. [PMID: 35100966 PMCID: PMC8802553 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we observed that hypothermia, widely used for organ preservation, elicits mitochondrial fission in different cell types. However, temperature dependence, mechanisms and consequences of this cold-induced mitochondrial fission are unknown. Therefore, we here study cold-induced mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells, a cell type generally displaying a high sensitivity to cold-induced injury. Methods Porcine aortic endothelial cells were incubated at 4–25 °C in modified Krebs–Henseleit buffer (plus glucose to provide substrate and deferoxamine to prevent iron-dependent hypothermic injury). Results Cold-induced mitochondrial fission occurred as early as after 3 h at 4 °C and at temperatures below 21 °C, and was more marked after longer cold incubation periods. It was accompanied by the formation of unusual mitochondrial morphologies such as donuts, blobs, and lassos. Under all conditions, re-fusion was observed after rewarming. Cellular ATP content dropped to 33% after 48 h incubation at 4 °C, recovering after rewarming. Drp1 protein levels showed no significant change during cold incubation, but increased phosphorylation at both phosphorylation sites, activating S616 and inactivating S637. Drp1 receptor protein levels were unchanged. Instead of increased mitochondrial accumulation of Drp1 decreased mitochondrial localization was observed during hypothermia. Moreover, the well-known Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 showed only partial protection against cold-induced mitochondrial fission. The inner membrane fusion-mediating protein Opa1 showed a late shift from the long to the fusion-incompetent short isoform during prolonged cold incubation. Oma1 cleavage was not observed. Conclusions Cold-induced mitochondrial fission appears to occur over almost the whole temperature range relevant for organ preservation. Unusual morphologies appear to be related to fission/auto-fusion. Fission appears to be associated with lower mitochondrial function/ATP decline, mechanistically unusual, and after cold incubation in physiological solutions reversible at 37 °C. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00430-z.
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Helfritz FA, Bojkova D, Wanders V, Kuklinski N, Westhaus S, von Horn C, Rauen U, Gallinat A, Baba HA, Skyschally A, Swoboda S, Kinast V, Steinmann E, Heusch G, Minor T, Meuleman P, Paul A, Ciesek S. Methylene Blue Treatment of Grafts During Cold Ischemia Time Reduces the Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1711-1721. [PMID: 29939277 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although organ shortage is a rising problem, organs from hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA)-positive donors are not routinely transplanted in HCV-negative individuals. Because HCV only infects hepatocytes, other organs such as kidneys are merely contaminated with HCV via the blood. In this study, we established a protocol to reduce HCV virions during the cold ischemic time. Methods Standard virological assays were used to investigate the effect of antivirals, including methylene blue (MB), in different preservation solutions. Kidneys from mini pigs were contaminated with Jc1 or HCV RNA-positive human serum. Afterwards, organs were flushed with MB. Hypothermic machine perfusion was used to optimize reduction of HCV. Results Three different antivirals were investigated for their ability to inactivate HCV in vitro. Only MB completely inactivated HCV in the presence of all perfusion solutions. Hepatitis C virus-contaminated kidneys from mini pigs were treated with MB and hypothermic machine perfusion without any negative effect on the graft. Human liver-uPA-SCID mice did not establish HCV infection after inoculation with flow through from these kidneys. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study is a first step to reduce transmission of infectious HCV particles in the transplant setting and might serve as a model for other relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Helfritz
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Wanders
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Kuklinski
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Westhaus
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Horn
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Gallinat
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Skyschally
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Swoboda
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Minor
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Andreas Paul
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site Essen, Germany
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Cold Storage Injury to Rat Small-bowel Transplants-Beneficial Effect of a Modified HTK Solution. Transplantation 2019; 102:1666-1673. [PMID: 29994982 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small bowel is prone to ischemic injury during transport before transplantation, an injury that endangers the recipient patient. The small-bowel mucosal microcirculation in particular appears to be highly sensitive to injury. Current preservation solutions such as histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution provide some protection to the graft. However, these were developed decades ago and do not address several critical processes, such as hypoxia-induced membrane pores and free radical-mediated hypothermic injury. METHODS To protect the graft from cold ischemic injury, we implemented a modified HTK solution here, including glycine, alanine, and iron chelators in a heterotopic, syngeneic small-bowel transplantation model of the rat. The effects of the modified solution and its major components were compared against the conventional HTK solution using intravital microscopy in the early reperfusion period. RESULTS The amino acid glycine, added to HTK solution, slightly improved mucosal perfusion. Both, the modified base solution (without iron chelators) and iron chelators increased functional capillary density of the mucosa during the early reperfusion period. The complete modified solution (with glycine, alanine, and iron chelators) significantly increased the perfusion index, functional capillary density of the mucosa, and red blood cell velocity in the grafts after reperfusion in comparison with the grafts preserved with HTK. CONCLUSIONS The modified preservation solution improved the microcirculation of the transplants and needs detailed evaluation in further models of small-bowel transplantation.
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Li Y, Chen HS, Shaheen M, Joo DJ, Amiot BP, Rinaldo P, Nyberg SL. Cold storage of porcine hepatocyte spheroids for spheroid bioartificial liver. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12512. [PMID: 30968460 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cell-based therapies for liver disease such as bioartificial liver rely on a large quantity and high quality of hepatocytes. Cold storage was previously shown to be a better way to preserve the viability and functionality of hepatocytes during transportation rather than freezing, but this was only proved at a lower density of rat hepatocytes spheroids. The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions for cold storage of high density of primary porcine hepatocyte spheroids. METHODS Porcine hepatocytes were isolated by a three-step perfusion method; hepatocyte spheroids were formed by a 24 hours rocked culture technique. Hepatocyte cell density was 5 × 106 /mL in 1000 mL spheroid forming medium. Spheroids were then maintained in rocked culture at 37°C (control condition) or cold stored at 4°C for 24, 48 or 72 hours in four different cold storage solutions: histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) alone; HTK + 1 mM deferoxamine (DEF); HTK + 5 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC); and HTK + 1 mM DEF + 5 mM NAC. The viability, ammonia clearance, albumin production, gene expression, and functional activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes were measured after recovery from the cold storage. RESULTS In this study, we observed that cold-induced injury was reduced by the addition of the iron chelator. Viability of HTK + DEF group hepatocyte spheroids was increased compared with other cold storage groups (P < 0.05). Performance metrics of porcine hepatocyte spheroids cold stored for 24 hours were similar to those in control conditions. The hepatocyte spheroids in control conditions started to lose their ability to clear ammonia while production of albumin was still active at 48 and 72 hours (P < 0.05). In contrast, the viability and functionality of hepatocyte spheroids including ammonia clearance and albumin secretion were preserved in HTK + DEF group at both 48- and 72-hour time points (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effects of HTK supplemented with DEF were more obvious after cold storage of high density of porcine hepatocyte spheroids for 72 hours. The porcine hepatocyte spheroids were above the cutoff criteria for use in a spheroid-based bioartificial liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harvey S Chen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammed Shaheen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce P Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Department Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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10
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Pless-Petig G, Walter B, Bienholz A, Rauen U. Mitochondrial Impairment as a Key Factor for the Lack of Attachment after Cold Storage of Hepatocyte Suspensions. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1855-1867. [PMID: 29390882 PMCID: PMC5802638 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717743254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated primary hepatocytes, which are widely used for pharmacological and clinical purposes, usually undergo certain periods of cold storage in suspension during processing. While adherent hepatocytes were shown previously to suffer iron-dependent cell death during cold (4 °C) storage and early rewarming, we previously found little iron-dependent hepatocyte death in suspension but severely decreased attachment ability unless iron chelators were added. Here, we focus on the role of mitochondrial impairment in this nonattachment of hepatocyte suspensions. Rat hepatocyte suspensions were stored in a chloride-poor, glycine-containing cold storage solution with and without iron chelators at 4 °C. After 1 wk of cold storage in the basic cold storage solution, cell viability in suspension was unchanged, while cell attachment was decreased by >80%. In the stored cells, a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content (2 ± 2 nmol/106 cells after cold storage, 5 ± 3 nmol/106 cells after rewarming vs. control 29 ± 6 nmol/106 cells), and a decrease in oxygen consumption (101 ± 59 pmol sec-1 per 106 cells after rewarming vs. control 232 ± 83 pmol sec-1 per 106 cells) were observed. Addition of iron chelators to the cold storage solution increased cell attachment to 53% ± 20% and protected against loss of MMP, and cells were able to partially regenerate ATP during rewarming (15 ± 10 nmol/106 cells). Increased attachment could also be achieved by addition of the inhibitor combination of mitochondrial permeability transition, trifluoperazine + fructose. Attached hepatocytes displayed normal MMP and mitochondrial morphology. Additional experiments with freshly isolated hepatocytes confirmed that impaired energy production-as elicited by an inhibitor of the respiratory chain, antimycin A-can decrease cell attachment without decreasing viability. Taken together, these results suggest that mitochondrial impairment with subsequent energy deficiency is a key factor for the lack of attachment of cold-stored hepatocyte suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless-Petig
- 1 Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn Walter
- 1 Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Bienholz
- 2 Klinik für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- 1 Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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Pless-Petig G, Rauen U. Serum-Free Cryopreservation of Primary Rat Hepatocytes in a Modified Cold Storage Solution: Improvement of Cell Attachment and Function. Biopreserv Biobank 2018; 16:285-295. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2018.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless-Petig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jitraruch S, Dhawan A, Hughes RD, Filippi C, Lehec SC, Glover L, Mitry RR. Cryopreservation of Hepatocyte Microbeads for Clinical Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1341-1354. [PMID: 28901189 PMCID: PMC5680969 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal transplantation of hepatocyte microbeads is an attractive option for the management of acute liver failure. Encapsulation of hepatocytes in alginate microbeads supports their function and prevents immune attack of the cells. Establishment of banked cryopreserved hepatocyte microbeads is important for emergency use. The aim of this study was to develop an optimized protocol for cryopreservation of hepatocyte microbeads for clinical transplantation using modified freezing solutions. Four freezing solutions with potential for clinical application were investigated. Human and rat hepatocytes cryopreserved with University of Wisconsin (UW)/10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/5% (300 mM) glucose and CryoStor CS10 showed better postthawing cell viability, attachment, and hepatocyte functions than with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate/10% DMSO/5% glucose and Bambanker. The 2 freezing solutions that gave better results were studied with human and rat hepatocytes microbeads. Similar effects on cryopreserved microbead morphology (external and ultrastructural), viability, and hepatocyte-functions post thawing were observed over 7 d in culture. UW/DMSO/glucose, as a basal freezing medium, was used to investigate the additional effects of cytoprotectants: a pan-caspase inhibitor (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-dl-Asp-fluoromethylketone [ZVAD]), an antioxidant (desferoxamine [DFO]), and a buffering and mechanical protectant (human serum albumin [HSA]) on RMBs. ZVAD (60 µM) had a beneficial effect on cell viability that was greater than with DFO (1 mM), HSA (2%), and basal freezing medium alone. Improvements in the ultrastructure of encapsulated hepatocytes and a lower degree of cell apoptosis were observed with all 3 cytoprotectants, with ZVAD tending to provide the greatest effect. Cytochrome P450 activity was significantly higher in the 3 cytoprotectant groups than with fresh microbeads. In conclusion, developing an optimized cryopreservation protocol by adding cytoprotectants such as ZVAD could improve the outcome of cryopreserved hepatocyte microbeads for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiruk Jitraruch
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,2 Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anil Dhawan
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin D Hughes
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celine Filippi
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon C Lehec
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Glover
- 3 Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ragai R Mitry
- 1 Dhawan Lab at Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:399-430. [PMID: 27939167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that is problematic for biological systems since it is toxic as it generates free radicals by interconverting between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) forms. Additionally, even though iron is abundant, it is largely insoluble so cells must treat biologically available iron as a valuable commodity. Thus elaborate mechanisms have evolved to absorb, re-cycle and store iron while minimizing toxicity. Focusing on rarely encountered situations, most of the existing literature suggests that iron toxicity is common. A more nuanced examination clearly demonstrates that existing regulatory processes are more than adequate to limit the toxicity of iron even in response to iron overload. Only under pathological or artificially harsh situations of exposure to excess iron does it become problematic. Here we review iron metabolism and its toxicity as well as the literature demonstrating that intracellular iron is not toxic but a stress responsive programmed cell death-inducing second messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Chang YC, Lo WJ, Huang YT, Lin CL, Cheng HC, Yeh SP. Effect of storage time and temperature on the generation of reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood leukocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53:e333-6. [PMID: 26035117 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Schaefer B, Effenberger M, Zoller H. Iron metabolism in transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 27:1109-17. [PMID: 24964028 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recipient's iron status is an important determinant of clinical outcome in transplantation medicine. This review addresses iron metabolism in solid organ transplantation, where the role of iron as a mediator of ischemia-reperfusion injury, as an immune-modulatory element, and as a determinant of organ and graft function is discussed. Although iron chelators reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury in cell and animal models, these benefits have not yet been implemented into clinical practice. Iron deficiency and iron overload are associated with reduced immune activation, whose molecular mechanisms are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, iron overload and hyperferritinemia are associated with poor prognosis in end-stage organ failure in patients awaiting kidney, or liver transplantation. This negative prognostic impact of iron overload appears to persist after transplantation, which highlights the need for optimizing iron management before and after solid organ transplantation. In contrast, iron deficiency and anemia are also associated with poor prognosis in patients with end-stage heart failure. Intravenous iron supplementation should be managed carefully because parenterally induced iron overload could persist after successful transplantation. In conclusion, current evidence shows that iron overload and iron deficiency are important risk factors before and after solid organ transplantation. Iron status should therefore be actively managed in patients on the waiting list and after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schaefer
- Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Niu X, Huang WH, De Boer B, Delriviere L, Mou LJ, Jeffrey GP. Iron-induced oxidative rat liver injury after non-heart-beating warm ischemia is mediated by tumor necrosis factor α and prevented by deferoxamine. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:904-11. [PMID: 24753220 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated iron-induced injury after warm ischemia in a non-heart-beating (NHB) rat liver model and the effects of deferoxamine (DFO). Livers from heart-beating (HB) rats or rats that were NHB for 60 minutes were stored in University of Wisconsin solution for 5 hours at 4°C [cold storage (CS)] and then were subjected to 2 hours of machine reperfusion (MRP) at 37°C. Three NHB groups were compared: (1) no DFO, (2) DFO 30 minutes before cardiac arrest and during CS and MRP, and (3) DFO during CS and MRP. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the NHB perfusate were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in comparison with levels in HB controls after CS and MRP. After CS, the levels of iron and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were 0.077 ± 0.007 μmol/g and 151 ± 26 pg/g, respectively, in the NHB group and 0.022 ± 0.004 μmol/g and 17 ± 7 pg/g, respectively, in the HB group (P < 0.01). After MRP, LDH significantly correlated with iron (R(2) = 0.81, P < 0.01). The DFO pretreatment of NHB donors decreased AST (7.3 ± 0.8 versus 4.0 ± 0.5 U/g of liver, P < 0.05) and LDH (42.5 ± 4.1 versus 20.4 ± 2.5 U/g of liver, P < 0.05) with 2 hours of MRP and increased bile flow during MRP (142 ± 34 versus 240 ± 18 μL/g, P < 0.05). It also reduced the levels of iron (0.077 ± 0.007 versus 0.050 ± 0.008 μmol/g, P < 0.05) and TNF-α (151 ± 26 versus 51 ± 13 pg/g, P < 0.05) after CS and the levels of lipid peroxidation products F2-isoprostane (149 ± 11 versus 99 ± 10 ng/g, P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (1.58 ± 0.1 versus 1.14 ± 0.08 μmol/g, P < 0.05) after MRP. In conclusion, iron-initiated oxidative stress is likely involved in NHB donor liver injury, and importantly, DFO pretreatment reduces liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwa Niu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Liu H, Yu Y, Glorioso J, Mao S, Rodysil B, Amiot BP, Rinaldo P, Nyberg SL. Cold Storage of Rat Hepatocyte Spheroids. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:819-30. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x664847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies for liver disease rely on a high-quality supply of hepatocytes and a means for storage during transportation from site of isolation to site of usage. Unfortunately, frozen cryopreservation is associated with unacceptable loss of hepatocyte viability after thawing. The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions for cold storage of rat hepatocyte spheroids without freezing. Rat hepatocytes were isolated by a two-step perfusion method; hepatocyte spheroids were formed during 48 h of rocked culture in serum-free medium (SFM). Spheroids were then maintained in rocked culture at 37°C (control condition) or cold stored at 4°C for 24 or 48 h in six different cold storage solutions: SFM alone; SFM + 1 mM deferoxamine (Def); SFM + 1 μM cyclosporin A (CsA); SFM + 1 mM Def + 1 μM CsA, University of Wisconsin (UW) solution alone, UW + 1 mM Def. Performance metrics after cold storage included viability, gene expression, albumin production, and functional activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and urea cycle proteins. We observed that cold-induced injury was reduced significantly by the addition of the iron chelator (Def) to both SFM and UW solution. Performance metrics (ammonia detoxification, albumin production) of rat hepatocyte spheroids stored in SFM + Def for 24 h were significantly increased from SFM alone and approached those in control conditions, while performance metrics after cold storage in SFM alone or cold storage for 48 h were both significantly reduced. A serum-free medium supplemented with Def allowed hepatocyte spheroids to tolerate 24 h of cold storage with less than 10% loss in viability and functionality. Further research is warranted to optimize a solution for extended cold storage of hepatocyte spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Liu
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Liver Failure Diagnosis and Treatment Center, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shennen Mao
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian Rodysil
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Piero Rinaldo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Gül S, Klein F, Puhl G, Neuhaus P. Technical feasibility of liver transplantation without cold storage. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 399:127-33. [PMID: 24317465 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-013-1150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The success of liver transplantation (LT) is accompanied by an increased need for organs. The wider use of older donors and marginal organs with risk factors such as steatosis has lead to a new interest to improve the outcome with marginal organs. We herewith report a novel technique for LT with in situ preparation and immediate warm-ischemia liver transplantation (WI-LT). The aim of our study was to demonstrate the technical feasibility and report the transplant course. METHODS Six patients underwent WI-LT at our institution. Hepatectomies during procurement and LT were both performed in parallel by different surgical teams. Technical factors and postoperative allograft function were analyzed. RESULTS All six WI-LTs were performed without intraoperative complications with a mean warm-ischemia time (WIT) of 29.0 min. No patient developed primary non-function or required retransplantation. Mean alanine aminotransferase (194.0 ± 170.4 U/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (316.3 ± 222.1 U/l) values on the first postoperative day were low, indicating a low ischemia/reperfusion injury and an excellent liver function. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that WI-LT is a safe and technically feasible approach for LT with possibly reduced IRI and an excellent postoperative allograft quality. WI-LT may therefore be considered in individual patients especially with extended criteria donors to eventually improve postoperative allograft quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gül
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany,
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UW solution improved with high anti-apoptotic activity by S-nitrosated human serum albumin. Nitric Oxide 2013; 30:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arthur PG, Niu XW, Huang WH, DeBoer B, Lai CT, Rossi E, Joseph J, Jeffrey GP. Desferrioxamine in warm reperfusion media decreases liver injury aggravated by cold storage. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:673-681. [PMID: 23429835 PMCID: PMC3574593 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate whether desferrioxamine decreases ischemia and perfusion injury aggravated by cold storage (CS) in a rat liver perfusion model.
METHODS: Isolated rat livers were kept in CS in University of Wisconsin Solution for 20 h at 4 °C, then exposed to 25 min of warm ischemia (WI) at 37 °C followed by 2 h of warm perfusion (WP) at 37 °C with oxygenated (95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide) Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Desferrioxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, was added at different stages of storage, ischemia and perfusion: in CS only, in WI only, in WP only, in WI and perfusion, or in all stages. Effluent samples were collected after CS and after WI. Perfusate samples and bile were collected every 30 min (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 h) during liver perfusion. Cellular injury was assessed by the determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the effluent and perfusate samples. Total iron was analysed in the perfusate samples. After WP, the liver was collected for the determination of liver swelling (wet to dry ratio) and liver morphological examination (hematoxylin and eosin staining).
RESULTS: Increased CS time caused increased liver dysfunction during WP. After 2 h of WP, liver injury was indicated by increased release of AST (0.5 h CS: 9.4 ± 2.2 U/g liver vs 20 h CS: 45.9 ± 10.8 U/g liver, P < 0.05) and LDH (0.5 h CS: 59 ± 14 U/g liver vs 20 h CS: 297 ± 71 U/g liver, P < 0.05). There was an associated increase in iron release into the perfusate (0.5 h CS: 0.11 ± 0.03 μmoL/g liver vs 20 h CS: 0.58 ± 0.10 μmoL/g liver, P < 0.05) and reduction in bile flow (0.5 h CS: 194 ± 12 μL/g vs 20 h CS: 71 ± 8 μL/g liver, P < 0.05). When DFO was added during WI and WP following 20 h of CS, release of iron into the perfusate was decreased (DFO absent 0.58 ± 0.10 μmoL/g liver vs DFO present 0.31 ± 0.06 μmoL/g liver, P < 0.05), and liver function substantially improved with decreased release of AST (DFO absent 45.9 ± 10.8 U/g liver vs DFO present 8.1 ± 0.9 U/g liver, P < 0.05) and LDH (DFO absent 297 ± 71 U/g liver vs DFO present 56 ± 7 U/g liver, P < 0.05), and increased bile flow (DFO absent 71 ± 8 μL/g liver vs DFO present 237 ± 36 μL/g liver, P < 0.05). DFO was also shown to improve liver morphology after WP. Cellular injury (the release of LDH and AST) was significantly reduced with the addition of DFO in CS medium but to a lesser extent compared to the addition of DFO in WP or WI and perfusion. There was no effect on liver swelling or bile flow when DFO was only added to the CS medium.
CONCLUSION: DFO added during WI and perfusion decreased liver perfusion injury aggravated by extended CS.
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Izamis ML, Calhoun C, Uygun BE, Guzzardi MA, Price G, Luitje M, Saeidi N, Yarmush ML, Uygun K. SIMPLE MACHINE PERFUSION SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCES HEPATOCYTE YIELDS OF ISCHEMIC AND FRESH RAT LIVERS. CELL MEDICINE 2013; 4:109-123. [PMID: 25431743 PMCID: PMC4243527 DOI: 10.3727/215517912x658927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of viable hepatocytes is a significant bottleneck in cell transplantation, drug discovery, toxicology, tissue engineering, and bioartificial assist devices, where trillions of high-functioning hepatocytes are needed annually. We took the novel approach of using machine perfusion to maximize cell recovery, specifically from uncontrolled cardiac death donors, the largest source of disqualified donor organs. In a rat model, we developed a simple 3 hour room temperature (20±2°C) machine perfusion protocol to treat non-premedicated livers exposed to 1 hour of warm (34°C) ischemia. Treated ischemic livers were compared to fresh, fresh-treated and untreated ischemic livers using viable hepatocyte yields and in vitro performance as quantitative endpoints. Perfusion treatment resulted in both a 25-fold increase in viable hepatocytes from ischemic livers, and a 40% increase from fresh livers. While cell morphology and function in suspension and plate cultures of untreated warm ischemic cells was significantly impaired, treated warm ischemic cells were indistinguishable from fresh hepatocytes. Further, a strong linear correlation between tissue ATP and cell yield enabled accurate evaluation of the extent of perfusion recovery. Maximal recovery of warm ischemic liver ATP content appears to be correlated with optimal flow through the microvasculature. These data demonstrate that the inclusion of a simple perfusion-preconditioning step can significantly increase the efficiency of functional hepatocyte yields and the number of donor livers that can be gainfully utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Louisa Izamis
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Candice Calhoun
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Angela Guzzardi
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gavrielle Price
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha Luitje
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nima Saeidi
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Korkut Uygun
- *Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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Prevention of hypothermic haloing extends the preservation time of hepatocytes at non freezing temperatures. Cryobiology 2012; 65:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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HTK-N, a modified HTK solution, decreases preservation injury in a model of microsteatotic rat liver transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397:1323-31. [PMID: 23111581 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-1022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury is an obstacle especially in steatotic livers, including those with steatosis induced by acute toxic stress. Recently, a modified histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, HTK-N, has been developed. This solution contains N-acetylhistidine, amino acids, and iron chelators. This study was designed to test the effects of HTK-N on preservation injury to rat livers after acute toxic injury. METHODS Microvesicular steatosis was induced by a single dose of ethanol (8 g/kg BW). Livers were harvested and stored at 4 °C for 8 h with HTK or HTK-N before transplantation. Tissue and blood samples were taken at 1, 8, and 24 h after reperfusion to compare serum liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), standard histology, and immunohistochemistry for myeloperoxidase (MPO), caspase-3, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Survival was compared after 1 week. For statistics, Analysis of Variance and t test were used. RESULTS HTK-N improved survival from 12.5% in HTK to 87.5% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, liver enzymes were decreased to 2-75% of HTK values (p < 0.05). Necrosis and leukocyte infiltration and MPO, caspase-3, and iNOS expression after transplantation were decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that HTK-N protects liver grafts with microvesicular steatosis caused by acute toxic injury from cold ischemic injury better than standard HTK most likely via inhibition of hypoxic injury and oxidative stress and amelioration of the inflammatory reaction occurring upon reperfusion.
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Pless-Petig G, Metzenmacher M, Türk TR, Rauen U. Aggravation of cold-induced injury in Vero-B4 cells by RPMI 1640 medium - identification of the responsible medium components. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:73. [PMID: 23046946 PMCID: PMC3534012 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In modern biotechnology, there is a need for pausing cell lines by cold storage to adapt large-scale cell cultures to the variable demand for their products. We compared various cell culture media/solutions for cold storage of Vero-B4 kidney cells, a cell line widely used in biotechnology. RESULTS Cold storage in RPMI 1640 medium, a recommended cell culture medium for Vero-B4 cells, surprisingly, strongly enhanced cold-induced cell injury in these cells in comparison to cold storage in Krebs-Henseleit buffer or other cell culture media (DMEM, L-15 and M199). Manufacturer, batch, medium supplements and the most likely components with concentrations outside the range of the other media/solutions (vitamin B12, inositol, biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid) did not cause this aggravation of cold-induced injury in RPMI 1640. However, a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer with a low calcium concentration (0.42 mM), a high concentration of inorganic phosphate (5.6 mM), and glucose (11.1 mM; i.e. concentrations as in RPMI 1640) evoked a cell injury and loss of metabolic function corresponding to that observed in RPMI 1640. Deferoxamine improved cell survival and preserved metabolic function in modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer as well as in RPMI 1640. Similar Ca2+ and phosphate concentrations did not increase cold-induced cell injury in the kidney cell line LLC-PK1, porcine aortic endothelial cells or rat hepatocytes. However, more extreme conditions (Ca2+ was nominally absent and phosphate concentration raised to 25 mM as in the organ preservation solution University of Wisconsin solution) also increased cold-induced injury in rat hepatocytes and porcine aortic endothelial cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the combination of low calcium and high phosphate concentrations in the presence of glucose enhances cold-induced, iron-dependent injury drastically in Vero-B4 cells, and that a tendency for this pathomechanism also exists in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless-Petig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr, 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Pless-Petig G, Singer BB, Rauen U. Cold storage of rat hepatocyte suspensions for one week in a customized cold storage solution--preservation of cell attachment and metabolism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40444. [PMID: 22792326 PMCID: PMC3392233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Primary hepatocytes are of great importance for basic research as well as cell transplantation. However, their stability, especially in suspension, is very low. This feature severely compromises storage and shipment. Based on previous studies with adherent cells, we here assessed cold storage injury in rat hepatocyte suspensions and aimed to find a cold storage solution that preserves viability, attachment ability and functionality of these cells. Methods Rat hepatocyte suspensions were stored in cell culture medium, organ preservation solutions and modified TiProtec solutions at 4°C for one week. Viability and cell volume were determined by flow cytometry. Thereafter, cells were seeded and density and metabolic capacity (reductive metabolism, forskolin-induced glucose release, urea production) of adherent cells were assessed. Results Cold storage injury in hepatocyte suspensions became evident as cell death occurring during cold storage or rewarming or as loss of attachment ability. Cell death during cold storage was not dependent on cell swelling and was almost completely inhibited in the presence of glycine and L-alanine. Cell attachment could be greatly improved by use of chloride-poor solutions and addition of iron chelators. Using a chloride-poor, potassium-rich storage solution containing glycine, alanine and iron chelators, cultures with 75% of the density of control cultures and with practically normal cell metabolism could be obtained after one week of cold storage. Conclusion In the solution presented here, cold storage injury of hepatocyte suspensions, differing from that of adherent hepatocytes, was effectively inhibited. The components which acted on the different injurious processes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless-Petig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Rauen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Neelakanta G, Hudson AM, Sultana H, Cooley L, Fikrig E. Expression of Ixodes scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein enhances cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33447. [PMID: 22428051 PMCID: PMC3302814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster experience cold shock injury and die when exposed to low non-freezing temperatures. In this study, we generated transgenic D. melanogaster that express putative Ixodes scapularis antifreeze glycoprotein (IAFGP) and show that the presence of IAFGP increases the ability of flies to survive in the cold. Male and female adult iafgp-expressing D. melanogaster exhibited higher survival rates compared with controls when placed at non-freezing temperatures. Increased hatching rates were evident in embryos expressing IAFGP when exposed to the cold. The TUNEL assay showed that flight muscles from iafgp-expressing female adult flies exhibited less apoptotic damage upon exposure to non-freezing temperatures in comparison to control flies. Collectively, these data suggest that expression of iafgp increases cold tolerance in flies by preventing apoptosis. This study defines a molecular basis for the role of an antifreeze protein in cryoprotection of flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Neelakanta
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Hudson
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lynn Cooley
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ozaki KS, Yoshida J, Ueki S, Pettigrew GL, Ghonem N, Sico RM, Lee LY, Shapiro R, Lakkis FG, Pacheco-Silva A, Murase N. Carbon monoxide inhibits apoptosis during cold storage and protects kidney grafts donated after cardiac death. Transpl Int 2011; 25:107-17. [PMID: 21999323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains as a serious deleterious factor in kidney transplantation (KTx). We hypothesized that carbon monoxide (CO), an endogenous potent cytoprotective molecule, inhibits hypothermia-induced apoptosis of kidney grafts. Using the rat KTx model mimicking the conditions of donation after cardiac death (DCD) as well as nontransplantable human kidney grafts, this study examined effects of CO in preservation solution in improving the quality of marginal kidney grafts. After cardiac cessation, rat kidneys underwent 40 min warm ischemia (WI) and 24 h cold storage (CS) in control UW or UW containing CO (CO-UW). At the end of CS, kidney grafts in control UW markedly increased mitochondrial porin release into the cytosol and resulted in increased cleaved caspase-3 and PARP expression. In contrast, grafts in CO-UW had significantly reduced mitochondrial breakdown and caspase pathway activation. After KTx, recipient survival significantly improved with CO-UW with less TUNEL(+) cells and reduced mRNA upregulation for proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS). Furthermore, when nontransplantable human kidney grafts were stored in CO-UW for 24 h, graft PARP expression, TUNEL(+) cells, and proinflammatory mediators were less than those in control UW. CO in UW inhibited hypothermia-induced apoptosis and significantly improved kidney graft function and outcomes of KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikumi S Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ozaki KS, Kimura S, Murase N. Use of carbon monoxide in minimizing ischemia/reperfusion injury in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 26:125-39. [PMID: 22000659 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon monoxide (CO) is known to be toxic because of its ability to interfere with oxygen delivery at high concentrations, mammalian cells endogenously generate CO primarily via the catalysis of heme by heme oxygenases. Recent findings have indicated that heme oxygenases and generation of CO serve as a key mechanism to maintain the integrity of the physiological function of organs and supported the development of a new paradigm that CO, at low concentrations, functions as a signaling molecule in the body and exerts significant cytoprotection. Consequently, exogenously delivered CO has been shown to mediate potent protection in various injury models through its anti-inflammatory, vasodilating, and antiapoptotic functions. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury associated with organ transplantation is one of the major deleterious factors limiting the success of transplantation. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a complex cascade of interconnected events involving cell damage, apoptosis, vigorous inflammatory responses, microcirculation disturbance, and thrombogenesis. Carbon monoxide has a great potential in minimizing I/R injury. This review will provide an overview of the basic physiology of CO, preclinical studies examining efficacy of CO in I/R injury models, and possible protective mechanisms. Carbon monoxide could be developed to be a valuable therapeutic molecule in minimizing I/R injury in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikumi S Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Pless G, Sauer IM, Rauen U. Improvement of the cold storage of isolated human hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:23-37. [PMID: 21669032 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of human hepatocytes are needed for clinical applications and different fields of research, such as cell transplantation, bioartificial liver support, and pharmacological testing. This demand calls for adequate storage options for isolated human liver cells. As cryopreservation results in severe cryoinjury, short-term storage is currently performed at 2-8°C in preservation solutions developed for the storage of solid organs. However, besides slowing down cell metabolism, cold also induces cell injury, which is, in many cell types, iron dependent and not counteracted by current storage solutions. In this study, we aimed to characterize storage injury to human hepatocytes and develop a customized solution for cold storage of these cells. Human hepatocytes were isolated from material obtained from partial liver resections, seeded in monolayer cultures, and, after a preculture period, stored in the cold in classical and new solutions followed by rewarming in cell culture medium. Human hepatocytes displayed cold-induced injury, resulting in >80% cell death (LDH release) after 1 week of cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution or cell culture medium and 3 h of rewarming. Cold-induced injury could be significantly reduced by the addition of the iron chelators deferoxamine and LK 614. Experiments with modified solutions based on the new organ preservation solution Custodiol-N showed that ion-rich variants were better than ion-poor variants, chloride-rich solutions better than chloride-poor solutions, potassium as main cation superior to sodium, and pH 7.0 superior to pH 7.4. LDH release after 2 weeks of cold storage in the thus optimized solution was below 20%, greatly improving cold storage of human hepatocytes. The results were confirmed by the assessment of hepatocellular mitochondrial membrane potential and functional parameters (resazurin reduction, glucagon-stimulated glucose liberation) and thus suggest the use of a customized hepatocyte storage solution for the cold storage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pless
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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31
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Fingas CD, Wu S, Gu Y, Wohlschlaeger J, Scherag A, Dahmen U, Paul A, de Groot H, Rauen U. Assessment of a chloride-poor versus a chloride-containing version of a modified histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution in a rat liver transplantation model. Liver Transpl 2011; 17:650-60. [PMID: 21618685 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies of cold-induced cell injury have revealed the detrimental effects of extracellular chloride on cold-stored isolated rat hepatocytes; however, its influence on endothelial cells is beneficial. To determine which of these effects is predominant in vivo, we tested both a chloride-poor variant of a new histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK)-based preservation solution and a chloride-containing variant in a rat liver transplantation model. The study, which was carried out in a blinded fashion with 7 or 8 rats per group, was divided into 2 parts: (1) a comparison of survival in 3 series under different conditions [different microsurgeons, rat strains, cold ischemia times (3, 12, and 24 hours), and warm ischemia times] and (2) an assessment of the microcirculation (30-90 minutes after reperfusion), laboratory data, bile production, and histology. In each of the survival experiments, a (strong) tendency toward prolonged survival was observed with the new chloride-containing solution (50% versus 12.5%, 75% versus 37.5%, and 100% versus 71.4% [chloride-containing vs. chloride-poor], overall P < 0.05). Additionally, the sinusoidal perfusion rates (83.9% ± 4.0% versus 69.2% ± 10.8%, P < 0.01) and the red blood cell velocities in sinusoids (147.7 ± 26.7 versus 115.5 ± 26.0 μm/second, P < 0.05) and in postsinusoidal venules (332.4 ± 87.3 versus 205.5 ± 53.5 μm/second, P < 0.01) were clearly higher with chloride. Moreover, the serum activities of liver enzymes were slightly reduced (not significantly), and bile production was significantly increased. These results suggest an overall beneficial effect of chloride in HTK-based liver preservation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D Fingas
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Iron and oxidative stress in cold-initiated necrotic death of rat hepatocyte. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1563-8. [PMID: 20620475 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelators and antioxidants have been shown to prevent hypothermia-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. This study examined whether iron chelation and antioxidants could also prevent hypothermia-induced necrosis. Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated at 4 degrees C for 6 hours and then rewarmed at 37 degrees C for 18 hours with or without the iron chelator deferoxamine and a selection of antioxidants. There was no evidence of increased cell death or adenosine triphosphate depletion during hypothermic incubation. After hypothermia and rewarming, the majority of rat hepatocytes died of necrosis as indicated by the absence of DNA fragmentation, caspase 3 activity, and apoptotic bodies. Cell death was significantly reduced if deferoxamine or a selection of antioxidants were present during hypothermia and rewarming. Deferoxamine was more effective in preventing cell death when added prior to hypothermia, indicating cell death processes were likely initiated during hypothermia.
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33
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Mediavilla MG, Di Venanzio GA, Guibert EE, Tiribelli C. Heterologous ferredoxin reductase and flavodoxin protect Cos-7 cells from oxidative stress. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13501. [PMID: 20976072 PMCID: PMC2957446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferredoxin-NADP(H) reductase (FNR) from Pisum sativum and Flavodoxin (Fld) from Anabaena PCC 7119 have been reported to protect a variety of cells and organisms from oxidative insults. In this work, these two proteins were expressed in mitochondria of Cos-7 cells and tested for their efficacy to protect these cells from oxidative stress in vitro. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cos-7/pFNR and Cos-7/pFld cell lines expressing FNR and Fld, respectively, showed a significantly higher resistance to 24 h exposure to 300-600 µM hydrogen peroxide measured by LDH retention, MTT reduction, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lipid peroxide (LPO; FOX assay) levels. However, FNR and Fld did not exhibit any protection at shorter incubation times (2 h and 4 h) to 4 mM hydrogen peroxide or to a 48 h exposure to 300 µM methyl viologen. We found enhanced methyl viologen damage exerted by FNR that may be due to depletion of NADPH pools through NADPH-MV diaphorase activity as previously observed for other overexpressed enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE The results presented are a first report of antioxidant function of these heterologous enzymes of vegetal and cyanobacterial origin in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Mediavilla
- Centro Binacional Argentina-Italia de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada CAIC and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review gives a broad overview of the key factors of ischemic injury to the liver and presents the current modifications of preservation solutions and the few strategies of biological modulation in clinical use today. RECENT FINDINGS Protective effects in human-liver transplantation were shown by methylprednisolone treatment in decreased donors, and by inhalation of a nontoxic dose of nitric oxide in recipients. In addition, recent results showed rescue of pig livers, donated after cardiac death by application of a cocktail of substances addressing several previously identified mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury. SUMMARY The future of a pharmacological approach attenuating or preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury lies in a combination of drugs acting simultaneously on several steps of the injury cascades. Applying these substances during flush, before, and during implantation appears as an attractive strategy to protect extended criteria liver grafts.
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Zaouali MA, Ben Abdennebi H, Padrissa-Altés S, Mahfoudh-Boussaid A, Roselló-Catafau J. Pharmacological strategies against cold ischemia reperfusion injury. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:537-55. [PMID: 20163266 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903547836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Good organ preservation is a determinant of graft outcome after revascularization. The necessity of increasing the quality of organ preservation, as well as of extending cold storage time, has made it necessary to consider the use of pharmacological additives. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The complex physiopathology of cold-ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury--and in particular cell death, mitochondrial injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress--are reviewed. Basic principles of the formulation of the different preservation solutions are discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Current strategies and new trends in static organ preservation using additives such as trimetazidine, polyethylene glycols, melatonin, trophic factors and endothelin antagonists in solution are presented and discussed. The benefits and mechanisms responsible for enhancing organ protection against I/R injury are also discussed. Graft preservation was substantially improved when additives were added to the preservation solutions. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Enrichment of preservation solutions by additives is clinically useful only for short periods. For longer periods of cold ischemia, the use of such additives becomes insufficient because graft function deteriorates as a result of ischemia. In such conditions, the preservation strategy should be changed by the use of machine perfusion in normothermic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amine Zaouali
- Experimental Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC-IDIBAPS, C/Rosselló 161, 7th floor, E-08036-Barcelona, Spain.
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Jones DP, Lemasters JJ, Han D, Boelsterli UA, Kaplowitz N. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in drug hepatotoxicity putting the stress on mitochondria. Mol Interv 2010; 10:98-111. [PMID: 20368370 PMCID: PMC2895369 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in aerobic life and in cell death. Thus, interference of normal mitochondrial function impairs cellular energy and lipid metabolism and leads to the unleashing of mediators of cell death. The role of mitochondria in cell death due to drug hepatotoxicity has been receiving renewed attention and it is therefore timely to assess the current status of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Jones
- Dept of Medicine, Emory University, 4131 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Various methods of protein footprinting use hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Its removal by various solid-phase desalting methods, catalase treatment, or freeze drying after the footprinting is critical to ensure no uncontrolled oxidation. Although catalase treatment removes hydrogen peroxide with little loss of protein or additional protein oxidation, we discovered that freeze drying or freezing of the protein in a peroxide solution does lead to protein oxidation. Interestingly, the oxidation is not a result of freeze or thaw processes but is dependent on the temperature and length of time for incubation. After 2 h, apomyoglobin undergoes almost-complete single oxidation at -80 degrees C and double oxidation at -15 degrees C. Minimal oxidation is observed at 4 and 22 degrees C, compared to oxidation at -80 or -15 degrees C. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is critical; 75 mM (0.2%) is required to oxidize >50% of the protein at -15 degrees C and 100 mM (0.3%) is required at -80 degrees C. In addition to Met, approximately 5% of the tryptophan and tyrosine residues are oxidized, as well as lower amounts of His and Phe. Oxidation of Val 68 and Val 17 (a buried residue) also occurs, with the oxidation of Val 17 likely occurring by electron transfer from one of two of the oxidized aromatic residues that are in contact with Val 17. Here, we describe the need to remove the hydrogen peroxide prior to cold storage of proteins, and we also report some preliminary results pertaining to the mechanism of cold, solid-state oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hambly
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Lipocalin 2 regulation by thermal stresses: Protective role of Lcn2/NGAL against cold and heat stresses. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3140-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wu S, Wohlschlaeger J, de Groot H, Rauen U. Evaluation of a Modified HTK Solution Containing the New Iron Chelator LK 614 in an Isolated Rat Liver Perfusion Model. J INVEST SURG 2009; 22:340-7. [DOI: 10.1080/08941930903214735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wu
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Herbert de Groot
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122, Essen, Germany
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Lu Y, Dai J, Shen C, Meng Q. Primary throughput screening of protectants for hypothermic preservation of bioartificial liver in gel entrapped hepatocytes. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bramey T, Freitag P, Fandrey J, Rauen U, Pamp K, Erhard J, Frede S, de Groot H, Petrat F. No evidence for protective erythropoietin alpha signalling in rat hepatocytes. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:26. [PMID: 19383129 PMCID: PMC2678141 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human erythropoietin alpha (rHu-EPO) has been reported to protect the liver of rats and mice from ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, direct protective effects of rHu-EPO on hepatocytes and the responsible signalling pathways have not yet been described. The aim of the present work was to study the protective effect of rHu-EPO on warm hypoxia-reoxygenation and cold-induced injury to hepatocytes and the rHu-EPO-dependent signalling involved. METHODS Loss of viability of isolated rat hepatocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation or incubated at 4 degrees C followed by rewarming was determined from released lactate dehydrogenase activity in the absence and presence of rHu-EPO (0.2-100 U/ml). Apoptotic nuclear morphology was assessed by fluorescence microscopy using the nuclear fluorophores H33342 and propidium iodide. Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), EPO and Bcl-2 mRNAs were quantified by real time PCR. Activation of JAK-2, STAT-3 and STAT-5 in hepatocytes and rat livers perfused in situ was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS In contrast to previous in vivo studies on ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver, rHu-EPO was without any protective effect on hypoxic injury, hypoxia-reoxygenation injury and cold-induced apoptosis to isolated cultured rat hepatocytes. EPOR mRNA was identified in these cells but specific detection of the EPO receptor protein was not possible due to the lack of antibody specificity. Both, in the cultured rat hepatocytes (10 U/ml for 15 minutes) and in the rat liver perfused in situ with rHu-EPO (8.9 U/ml for 15 minutes) no evidence for EPO-dependent signalling was found as indicated by missing effects of rHu-EPO on phosphorylation of JAK-2, STAT-3 and STAT-5 and on the induction of Bcl-2 mRNA. CONCLUSION Together, these results indicate the absence of any protective EPO signalling in rat hepatocytes. This implies that the protection provided by rHu-EPO in vivo against ischemia-reperfusion and other causes of liver injury is most likely indirect and does not result from a direct effect on hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bramey
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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Ostrowska A, Gu K, Bode DC, Van Buskirk RG. Hypothermic storage of isolated human hepatocytes: a comparison between University of Wisconsin solution and a hypothermosol platform. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:493-502. [PMID: 19296088 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Until now little is known about the functional integrity of human hepatocytes after hypothermic storage. In order to address this limitation, we evaluated several commercially available hypothermic preservation media for their abilities to protect freshly isolated hepatocytes during prolonged cold storage. Human hepatocytes were isolated from non-transplantable/rejected donor livers and resuspended in ice-cold University of Wisconsin solution (UW), HypoThermosol-Base (HTS-Base), or HypoThermosol-FRS (HTS-FRS) with or without the addition of fetal bovine serum. Cells were stored at 4 degrees C for 24-72 h, and evaluated for hepatocyte viability (trypan blue exclusion, or labeling with fluorochromes), cell attachment, and function. The energy status of hepatocytes was evaluated by measurement of intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. To determine whether the test cells expressed metabolic functions of freshly isolated cells, the activities of major phase I (cytochromes P450, FMO) and phase II (UGT, ST) drug-metabolizing enzymes were examined. Although hepatocytes are shown to be satisfactory after 24 h storage in all of the tested solutions, the cell viability, energy status, and xenobiotic metabolism following cold preservation in HTS-FRS was consistently and, in some cases, markedly higher when compared with other systems. The same metabolites for each of the tested substrates were detected in all groups of cells. Moreover, the use of HTS-FRS eliminates the need for serum in preservation solutions. HTS-FRS represents an improved solution compared to HTS-Base and UW for extending the shipping/storage time of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ostrowska
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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Uchiyama A, Kim JS, Kon K, Jaeschke H, Ikejima K, Watanabe S, Lemasters JJ. Translocation of iron from lysosomes into mitochondria is a key event during oxidative stress-induced hepatocellular injury. Hepatology 2008; 48:1644-54. [PMID: 18846543 PMCID: PMC2579320 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Iron overload exacerbates various liver diseases. In hepatocytes, a portion of non-heme iron is sequestered in lysosomes and endosomes. The precise mechanisms by which lysosomal iron participates in hepatocellular injury remain uncertain. Here, our aim was to determine the role of intracellular movement of chelatable iron in oxidative stress-induced killing to cultured hepatocytes from C3Heb mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Mitochondrial polarization and chelatable iron were visualized by confocal microscopy of tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM) and quenching of calcein, respectively. Cell viability and hydroperoxide formation (a measure of lipid peroxidation) were measured fluorometrically using propidium iodide and chloromethyl dihydrodichlorofluorescein, respectively. After collapse of lysosomal/endosomal acidic pH gradients with bafilomycin (50 nM), an inhibitor of the vacuolar proton-pumping adenosine triphosphatase, cytosolic calcein fluorescence became quenched. Deferoxamine mesylate and starch-deferoxamine (1 mM) prevented bafilomycin-induced calcein quenching, indicating that bafilomycin induced release of chelatable iron from lysosomes/endosomes. Bafilomycin also quenched calcein fluorescence in mitochondria, which was blocked by 20 microM Ru360, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, consistent with mitochondrial iron uptake by the uniporter. Bafilomycin alone was not sufficient to induce mitochondrial depolarization and cell killing, but in the presence of low-dose tert-butylhydroperoxide (25 microM), bafilomycin enhanced hydroperoxide generation, leading to mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent cell death. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results are consistent with the conclusion that bafilomycin induces release of chelatable iron from lysosomes/endosomes, which is taken up by mitochondria. Oxidative stress and chelatable iron thus act as two "hits" synergistically promoting toxic radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. This pathway of intracellular iron translocation is a potential therapeutic target against oxidative stress-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Uchiyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Kon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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46
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Jain S, Lee SH, Korneszczuk K, Culberson CR, Southard JH, Berthiaume F, Zhang JX, Clemens MG, Lee CY. Improved preservation of warm ischemic livers by hypothermic machine perfusion with supplemented University of Wisconsin solution. J INVEST SURG 2008; 21:83-91. [PMID: 18340625 DOI: 10.1080/08941930701883657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) has the potential to improve recovery and preservation of Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD) livers, including uncontrolled DCD livers. However, current perfusion solutions lack the needed substrates to improve energy recovery and minimize hepatic injury, if warm ischemic time (WIT) is extended. This proof-of-concept study tested the hypothesis that the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution supplemented with anaplerotic substrates, calcium chloride, thromboxane A2 inhibitor, and antioxidants could improve HMP preservation and minimize reperfusion injury of warm ischemic livers. Preflushed rat livers subjected to 60 min WIT were preserved for 5 h with standard UW or supplemented UW (SUW) solution. Post preservation hepatic functions and viability were assessed during isolated perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Livers preserved with SUW showed significantly (p < .001) improved recovery of tissue ATP levels (micromol/g liver), 2.06 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SE), as compared to the UW group, 0.70 +/- 0.10, and the level was 80% of that of fresh control livers (2.60 +/- 0.13). At the end of 1 h of rewarming, lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) in the perfusate was significantly (p < .05) lower in the SUW group (429 +/- 58) as compared to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) (781 +/- 12) and the UW group (1151 +/- 83). Bile production (microg/min/g liver) was significantly (p < .05) higher in the SUW group (280 +/- 13) as compared to the IR (224 +/- 24) and the UW group (114 +/- 14). The tissue edema formation assessed by tissue wet-dry ratio was significantly (p < .05) higher in UW group. Histology showed well-preserved hepatic structure in the SUW group. In conclusion, this study suggests that HMP with SUW solution has the potential to restore and preserve livers with extended WIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Jain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
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47
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Little evidence for a major role of Ca2+ in cold-induced injury of liver cells. Cryobiology 2008; 56:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Arthur PG, Niu X, Rigby P, Steer JH, Jeffrey GP. Oxidative stress causes a decline in lysosomal integrity during hypothermic incubation of rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:24-33. [PMID: 18045544 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress during cold preservation has been identified as a significant cause of cell injury but the process by which injury occurs is poorly understood. We examined loss of lysosomal integrity as a possible cause of cell injury during extended cold storage of isolated rat hepatocytes. After 21 h of hypothermia, there was a marked decline in lysosomal integrity, which was correlated with an increase in lipid peroxidation. When lipid peroxidation was prevented with the antioxidant Trolox (a vitamin E analog) or the iron chelator desferrioxamine, lysosomal integrity was preserved. In contrast, increasing lysosomal iron with ferric chloride caused an increase in lipid peroxidation and decreased lysosomal integrity. Loss of lysosomal integrity during cold preservation in this experimental model was consistent with iron-initiated oxidative stress. The progressive loss of lysosomal integrity during hypothermic incubation has the potential to affect liver function after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Arthur
- School of Biochemical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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49
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Yi SX, Moore CW, Lee RE. Rapid cold-hardening protects Drosophila melanogaster from cold-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1183-93. [PMID: 17245639 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid cold-hardening (RCH) response increases the cold tolerance of insects by protecting against non-freezing, cold-shock injury. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays important roles in development and the elimination of sub-lethally damaged cells. Our objectives were to determine whether apoptosis plays a role in cold-shock injury and, if so, whether the RCH response protects against cold-induced apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. The present study confirmed that RCH increased the cold tolerance of the adults at the organismal level. No flies in the cold-shocked group survived direct exposure to 7 degrees C for 2 h, whereas significantly more flies in the RCH group survived exposure to 7 degrees C for 2 h after a 2-h exposure to 5 degrees C. We used a TUNEL assay to detect and quantify apoptotic cell death in five groups of flies including control, cold-shocked, RCH, heat-shocked (37.5 degrees C, 30 min), and frozen (20 degrees C, 24 h) and found that apoptosis was induced by cold shock, heat shock, and freezing. The RCH treatment significantly improved cell viability by 38% compared to the cold-shocked group. Cold shock-induced DNA fragmentation shown by electrophoresis provided further evidence for apoptosis. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed an RCH-specific protein band with molecular mass of approximately 150 kDa. Western-blotting revealed three proteins that play key roles in the apoptotic pathway: caspase-9-like (apoptotic initiator), caspase-3-like (apoptotic executioner) and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein). Consequently, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the RCH response protects against cold-shock-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xia Yi
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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50
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Moussavian MR, Slotta JE, Kollmar O, Menger MD, Schilling MK, Gronow G. Hemoglobin induces cytotoxic damage of glycine-preserved renal tubules. Transpl Int 2007; 20:884-94. [PMID: 17854446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In isolated tubular segments (ITS) of rat kidney cortex, we studied the effect of hemoglobin (Hb) on reoxygenation damage. All tubules were suspended in Ringer's solution containing 5-mm glycine and oxygenated for 30 min with 95% O(2):5% CO(2), followed by a 30-min period with 95% N(2):5% CO(2), and final reoxygenation for 60 min. Untreated tubules served as controls. Different concentrations of free Hb and equivalent amounts of intact erythrocytes were added to the incubation medium. Secondly, we added deferoxamine (DFO) to Hb and erythrocytes. Membrane leakage and lipid peroxidation were measured by lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase and the development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Cell function was quantified by gluconeogenesis and intracellular potassium accumulation. Hb exerted concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects indicated by significantly increased enzyme leakage rates, lipid peroxidation and a significantly decreased cell function (P < 0.05), in ITS during hypoxia, and subsequent reoxygenation. Moreover, we found that toxicity of both Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions increased with rising concentration. However, Fe(2+) showed a higher tissue toxicity than Fe(3+). DFO reduced significantly the reoxygenation damage of free Hb and iron ions. Our data clearly demonstrate a pronounced cytotoxic effect of free Hb in ITS, which critically depended on the reduction state of the iron ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Moussavian
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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