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Yang MC, Nakamura M, Kageyama Y, Igari Y, Sasano Y. Age-Related Gene and Protein Expression in Mouse Mandibular Condyle Analyzed by Cap Analysis of Gene Expression and Immunohistochemistry. Gerontology 2023; 69:1295-1306. [PMID: 37769633 DOI: 10.1159/000533921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging, an inevitable physiological process, leads to morphological and histological degenerative changes in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC); however, the molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated, and little information is available on age-related factors. Therefore, this study was designed to identify age-related factors by investigating the age-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and localization of their translated protein expression in the mandibular condyle. METHODS Mandibular condyles were collected from 10- and 50-week-old mice. Total RNA was extracted from the samples and then analyzed using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) to identify age-related DEGs. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed to determine which biological processes were most affected by aging in terms of gene expression using Metascape. The mandibular condyle samples were processed for histology to investigate morphological changes caused by aging and for immunohistochemistry to localize the protein expression encoded by age-related genes identified with CAGE. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed to assess age-related extracellular matrix (ECM) protein levels in the MCC. The histological sections were also used for Alcian blue histochemistry to detect glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). RESULTS GO enrichment analysis revealed that the genes related to "extracellular matrix organization," including Acan, Col1a1, Col1a2, Col2a1, Mmp3, Mmp9, and Mmp13, were most differentially expressed in the aged mandibular condyle. Among these seven genes, Mmp3 was upregulated, and the others were downregulated with aging. Histological examination showed the age-related morphological and histological changes in the MCC. Immunohistochemical investigation showed the localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3, -9, and -13 and their substrate proteins, aggrecan, type I collagen, and type II collagen, in the mandibular condyle at 10 and 50 weeks, indicating different localizations between the young and the aged. In the aged MCC, semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry showed a significant decrease in the aggrecan protein level, and Alcian blue histochemistry showed a decrease in GAGs. CONCLUSION MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 contribute to the remodeling of the ECM of the MCC and subchondral bone during aging by degrading ECM proteins at specific times and sites under the regulation of their production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Chen Yang
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Kageyama
- Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohei Igari
- Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Pulik Ł, Łęgosz P, Motyl G. Matrix metalloproteinases in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a state of the art review. Reumatologia 2023; 61:191-201. [PMID: 37522140 PMCID: PMC10373173 DOI: 10.5114/reum/168503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pathological mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are different, the onset and progression of both diseases are associated with several analogous clinical manifestations, inflammation, and immune mechanisms. In both diseases, cartilage destruction is mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) synthesized by chondrocytes and synovium fibroblasts. This review aims to summarize recent articles regarding the role of MMPs in OA and RA, as well as the possible methods of targeting MMPs to alleviate the degradation processes taking part in OA and RA. The novel experimental MMP-targeted treatments in OA and RA are MMP inhibitors eg. 3-B2, taraxasterol, and naringin, while other treatments aim to silence miRNAs, lncRNAs, or transcription factors. Additionally, other recent MMP-related developments include gene polymorphism of MMPs, which have been linked to OA susceptibility, and the MMP-generated neoepitope of CRP, which could serve as a biomarker of OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pulik
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Łęgosz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Motyl
- Scientific Association of Reconstructive and Oncological Orthopedics of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Kruppel-like factor 4 upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in chondrocytes via mRNA stabilization. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:307-319. [PMID: 32556726 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is indispensable for normal skeletal development and is also a principal proteinase responsible for articular joint pathologies. MMP13 mRNA level needs to be tightly regulated in both positive and negative manners to achieve normal development and also to prevent joint destruction. We showed previously that Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) strongly induces the expression of members of the MMP family of genes including that for MMP13 in cultured chondrocytes. Through expression-based screening of approximately 400 compounds, we identified several that efficiently downregulated MMP13 gene expression induced by KLF4. Compounds grouped as topoisomerase inhibitors (transcriptional inhibitors) downregulated MMP13 expression levels, which proved the validity of our screening method. In this screening, trichostatin A (TSA) was identified as one of the most potent repressors. Mechanistically, increased MMP13 mRNA levels induced by KLF4 were not mainly caused by increased rates of RNA polymerase II-mediated MMP13 transcription, but arose from escaping mRNA decay. TSA treatment almost completely blunted the effect of KLF4. Importantly, KLF4 was detected in chondrocytes at the joint destruction sites in a rodent model of osteoarthritis. Our results partially explain how KLF4 regulates numerous proteinase gene expressions simultaneously in chondrocytes. Also, these observations suggest that modulation of KLF4 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.
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Gu R, Shi Y, Huang W, Lao C, Zou Z, Pan S, Huang Z. Theobromine mitigates IL-1β-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and degradation of type II collagen in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106226. [PMID: 32146317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the major causes of disability in elderly adults. Chondrocytes are responsible for the formation and remodeling of articular cartilage in joint tissue. The dysfunction of chondrocytes is a significant factor in the development of osteoarthritis. In the current study, we found that theobromine, a constituent of the cacao plant, possesses a preventive effect against interleukin (IL)-1β-induced chondrocyte dysfunction. Theobromine ameliorates IL-1β-induced production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The presence of theobromine suppresses IL-1β-induced inducible nitro oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cellular nitro oxide (NO) production. Theobromine also suppresses IL-1β-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 and MMP-13. Additionally, theobromine mitigates IL-1β-induced type II collagen degradation. Mechanistically, we show that theobromine inhibits IL-1β-induced IκBα activation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein p65 accumulation, and transfected NF-κB promoter activity, indicating that theobromine suppresses the NF-κB pathway in chondrocytes. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the natural molecule theobromine has a protective effect to counter cytokine-induced chondrocyte dysfunction, implying its beneficial effect in the prevention of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghe Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Chendeng Lao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Zhuan Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Songmu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Zonggui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China.
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Onitsuka K, Murata K, Kokubun T, Fujiwara S, Nakajima A, Morishita Y, Kanemura N. Effects of Controlling Abnormal Joint Movement on Expression of MMP13 and TIMP-1 in Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2020; 11:98-107. [PMID: 29938527 PMCID: PMC6921957 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518783449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal joint movement is associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Previous studies using the controlling abnormal joint movement (CAJM) model of OA reported delayed cartilage degeneration; however, none of them focused on gait performance and the localization of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in chondrocytes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of controlling abnormal joint movement on gait performance and the localization of MMP13 and TIMP-1, using kinematic and histological analyses. DESIGN Rats were assigned to 2 groups: anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACL-T) group and CAJM group (n = 5/group); contralateral hind limbs of ACL-T rats were designated as intact. After 1, 2, and 4 weeks, step length was analyzed, and after 2, 4, and 8 weeks, Safranin O-Fast Green staining and immunohistochemical staining for MMP13 and TIMP-1 were performed. RESULTS Step length did not differ significantly between the groups. However, degeneration of articular cartilage was higher in the ACL-T group than in the intact group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the CAJM group at all time points. Immunohistochemical analysis of the MMP13/TIMP-1 relationship revealed a significant increase in the expression ratio of MMP13 after 4 weeks in the ACL-T group compared to the CAJM group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Controlling abnormal joint movement may reduce mechanical stress owing to kinematic elements of small articulation including joint instability and delayed cartilage degeneration, despite the lack of kinematic change in step length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Onitsuka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo
Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Department of Physical Therapy, School
of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takanori Kokubun
- Department of Physical Therapy, School
of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Fujiwara
- Graduate Course of Health and Social
Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aya Nakajima
- Graduate Course of Health and Social
Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Morishita
- Graduate Course of Health and Social
Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kanemura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School
of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan,Naohiko Kanemura, Department of Physical
Therapy, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University,
820 Sannomiya, Saitama 343-8540, Japan.
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Nakagawa R, Akagi R, Yamaguchi S, Enomoto T, Sato Y, Kimura S, Ogawa Y, Sadamasu A, Ohtori S, Sasho T. Single vs. repeated matrix metalloproteinase-13 knockdown with intra-articular short interfering RNA administration in a murine osteoarthritis model. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:335-343. [PMID: 30345823 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1539082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Our aims were 1) to estimate the duration of short interfering RNA (siRNA) effect on matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp-13) levels by a single intra-articular injection using a mouse knee osteoarthritis (OA) model and 2) to test whether repeated injections results in any additional suppressive effect on cartilage degradation compared to a single injection. Materials and Methods: OA was induced in 9 weeks old male C57BL/6 mice by destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM). Chemically modified siRNA targeted for Mmp-13 was injected into the knee joint at 1 week post-DMM surgery. Control group of knees received that for non-targeted genes. Synovial tissue was collected to measure Mmp-13 expression levels by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at 2, 3, and 6 weeks after surgery in each group. To test the effect of multiple injections, we created four experiment groups according to the number of injections. Histological assessment of articular cartilage was performed at 8 weeks post-DMM surgery. Results: In the Mmp-13 siRNA-treated group, expression levels of Mmp-13 mRNA were decreased by 40% compared to the control group at 2 weeks after surgery (p = 0.04), before returning to baseline at 3 weeks after surgery. A significant improvement in the histological score was observed in all Mmp-13 siRNA-treated groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were seen between the single and multiple injection group. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the duration of siRNA effect in the knee joint lasts for at least 1 week, and that no further benefit is achieved by multiple injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakagawa
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Takahiro Enomoto
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yuya Ogawa
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Aya Sadamasu
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Takahisa Sasho
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medical and Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan.,b Musculoskeletal Disease and Pain , Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
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7
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Qiu X, Zhuang M, Lu Z, Liu Z, Cheng D, Zhu C, Liu J. RIPK1 suppresses apoptosis mediated by TNF and caspase-3 in intervertebral discs. J Transl Med 2019; 17:135. [PMID: 31029152 PMCID: PMC6487042 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain has become a serious social and economic burden and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Among a variety of pathophysiological triggers, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration plays a primary underlying role in causing such pain. Specifically, multiple independent endplate changes have been implicated in the initiation and progression of IVD degeneration. METHODS In this study, we built a signaling network comprising both well-characterized IVD pathology-associated proteins as well as some potentially correlated proteins that have been associated with one or more of the currently known pathology-associated proteins. We then screened for the potential IVD degeneration-associated proteins using patients' normal and degenerative endplate specimens. Short hairpin RNAs for receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) were constructed to examine the effects of RIPK1 knockdown in primary chondrocyte cells and in animal models of caudal vertebra intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. RESULTS RIPK1 was identified as a potential IVD degeneration-associated protein based on IVD pathology-associated signaling networks and the patients' degenerated endplate specimens. Construction of the short hairpin RNAs was successful, with short-term RIPK1 knockdown triggering inflammation in the primary chondrocytes, while long-term knockdown triggered apoptosis through cleavage of the caspase 3 pathway, down-regulated NF-κB and mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK)s cascades, and decreased cell survival and inflammation. Animal models of caudal vertebra intervertebral disc degeneration further demonstrated that apoptosis was induced by up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) accompanied by down-regulation of NF-κB and MAPKs cascades that are dependent on caspase and RIPK1. CONCLUSIONS These results provide proof-of-concept for developing novel therapies to combat IVD degeneration through interfering with RIPK1-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways especially in patients with RIPK1 abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Qiu
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Ming Zhuang
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Ziwen Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Chenlei Zhu
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Spine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
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8
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Kanakis I, Liu K, Poulet B, Javaheri B, van 't Hof RJ, Pitsillides AA, Bou-Gharios G. Targeted Inhibition of Aggrecanases Prevents Articular Cartilage Degradation and Augments Bone Mass in the STR/Ort Mouse Model of Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:571-582. [PMID: 30379418 DOI: 10.1002/art.40765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA) is mediated mainly by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ADAMTS. The therapeutic candidature of targeting aggrecanases has not yet been defined in joints in which spontaneous OA arises from genetic susceptibility, as in the case of the STR/Ort mouse, without a traumatic or load-induced etiology. In addition, we do not know the long-term effect of aggrecanase inhibition on bone. We undertook this study to assess the potential aggrecanase selectivity of a variant of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3), called [-1A]TIMP-3, on spontaneous OA development and bone formation in STR/Ort mice. METHODS Using the background of STR/Ort mice, which develop spontaneous OA, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress [-1A]TIMP-3, either ubiquitously or conditionally in chondrocytes. [-1A]TIMP-3 has an extra alanine at the N-terminus that selectively inhibits ADAMTS but not MMPs. We analyzed a range of OA-related measures in all mice at age 40 weeks. RESULTS Mice expressing high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 were protected against development of OA, while those expressing low levels were not. Interestingly, we also found that high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 transgene overexpression resulted in increased bone mass, particularly in females. This regulation of bone mass was at least partly direct, as adult mouse primary osteoblasts infected with [-1A]TIMP-3 in vitro showed elevated rates of mineralization. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that [-1A]TIMP-3-mediated inhibition of aggrecanases can protect against cartilage degradation in a naturally occurring mouse model of OA, and they highlight a novel role that aggrecanase inhibition may play in increased bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Liu
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Sebastian A, Chang JC, Mendez ME, Murugesh DK, Hatsell S, Economides AN, Christiansen BA, Loots GG. Comparative Transcriptomics Identifies Novel Genes and Pathways Involved in Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Development and Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092657. [PMID: 30205482 PMCID: PMC6163882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often result in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). To better understand the molecular mechanisms behind PTOA development following ACL injury, we profiled ACL injury-induced transcriptional changes in knee joints of three mouse strains with varying susceptibility to OA: STR/ort (highly susceptible), C57BL/6J (moderately susceptible) and super-healer MRL/MpJ (not susceptible). Right knee joints of the mice were injured using a non-invasive tibial compression injury model and global gene expression was quantified before and at 1-day, 1-week, and 2-weeks post-injury using RNA-seq. Following injury, injured and uninjured joints of STR/ort and injured C57BL/6J joints displayed significant cartilage degeneration while MRL/MpJ had little cartilage damage. Gene expression analysis suggested that prolonged inflammation and elevated catabolic activity in STR/ort injured joints, compared to the other two strains may be responsible for the severe PTOA phenotype observed in this strain. MRL/MpJ had the lowest expression values for several inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes activated in response to ACL injury. Furthermore, we identified several genes highly expressed in MRL/MpJ compared to the other two strains including B4galnt2 and Tpsab1 which may contribute to enhanced healing in the MRL/MpJ. Overall, this study has increased our knowledge of early molecular changes associated with PTOA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimy Sebastian
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 95101, USA.
| | - Jiun C Chang
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 95101, USA.
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, CA 95101, USA.
| | - Melanie E Mendez
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 95101, USA.
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, CA 95101, USA.
| | - Deepa K Murugesh
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 95101, USA.
| | - Sarah Hatsell
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10020, USA.
| | | | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95101, USA.
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 95101, USA.
- School of Natural Sciences, UC Merced, Merced, CA 95101, USA.
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10
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Staines K, Poulet B, Wentworth D, Pitsillides A. The STR/ort mouse model of spontaneous osteoarthritis - an update. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:802-808. [PMID: 27965138 PMCID: PMC5446355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and a world-wide healthcare burden. Characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone thickening and osteophyte formation, osteoarthritis inflicts much pain and suffering, for which there are currently no disease-modifying treatments available. Mouse models of osteoarthritis are proving critical in advancing our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms. The STR/ort mouse is a well-recognized model which develops a natural form of osteoarthritis very similar to the human disease. In this Review we discuss the use of the STR/ort mouse in understanding this multifactorial disease with an emphasis on recent advances in its genetics and its bone, endochondral and immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.A. Staines
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: K.A. Staines, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK.Edinburgh Napier UniversitySchool of Applied SciencesSighthill CampusEdinburghEH11 4BNUK
| | - B. Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Musculoskeletal Biology 1, University of Liverpool, Room 286, Second Floor, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - D.N. Wentworth
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - A.A. Pitsillides
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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11
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Liang W, Li X, Chen H, Shao X, Lin X, Shen J, Ding S, Kang J, Li C. Expressing human SHOX in Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice leads to congenital osteoarthritis‑like disease of the temporomandibular joint in postnatal mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3676-82. [PMID: 27601064 PMCID: PMC5042736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a unique synovial joint whose development differs from that of other synovial joints, develops from two distinct mesenchymal condensations that grow toward each other and ossify through different mechanisms. The short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2) gene serves an important role in TMJ development and previous studies have demonstrated that Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice display a TMJ defective phenotype, congenital dysplasia and premature eroding of the articular disc, which is clinically defined as a TMJ disorder. In the present study, Shox2SHOX KI/KI mouse models were used to investigate the mechanisms of congenital osteoarthritis (OA)-like disease during postnatal TMJ growth. Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice were observed to develop a severe muscle wasting syndrome from day 7 postnatal. Histological examination indicated that the condyle and glenoid fossa of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice was reduced in size in the second week after birth. The condyles of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice exhibited reduced expression levels of collagen type II and Indian hedgehog, and increased expression of collagen type I. A marked increase in matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP13 in the condyles was also observed. These cellular and molecular defects may contribute to the observed (OA)-like phenotype of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mouse TMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Houhuang Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Lin
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Shen
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Ding
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jie Kang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Candong Li
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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12
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Staines KA, Madi K, Mirczuk SM, Parker S, Burleigh A, Poulet B, Hopkinson M, Bodey AJ, Fowkes RC, Farquharson C, Lee PD, Pitsillides AA. Endochondral Growth Defect and Deployment of Transient Chondrocyte Behaviors Underlie Osteoarthritis Onset in a Natural Murine Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:880-91. [PMID: 26605758 PMCID: PMC4832379 DOI: 10.1002/art.39508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether aberrant transient chondrocyte behaviors occur in the joints of STR/Ort mice (which spontaneously develop osteoarthritis [OA]) and whether they are attributable to an endochondral growth defect. METHODS Knee joints from STR/Ort mice with advanced OA and age-matched CBA (control) mice were examined by Affymetrix microarray profiling, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemical labeling of endochondral markers, including sclerostin and MEPE. The endochondral phenotype of STR/Ort mice was analyzed by histologic examination, micro-computed tomography, and ex vivo organ culture. A novel protocol for quantifying bony bridges across the murine epiphysis (growth plate fusion) using synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography was developed and applied. RESULTS Meta-analysis of transcription profiles showed significant elevation in functions linked with endochondral ossification in STR/Ort mice (compared to CBA mice; P < 0.05). Consistent with this, immunolabeling revealed increased matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and type X collagen expression in STR/Ort mouse joints, and multiplex quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR showed differential expression of known mineralization regulators, suggesting an inherent chondrocyte defect. Support for the notion of an endochondral defect included accelerated growth, increased zone of growth plate proliferative chondrocytes (P < 0.05), and widespread type X collagen/MMP-13 labeling beyond the expected hypertrophic zone distribution. OA development involved concomitant focal suppression of sclerostin/MEPE in STR/Ort mice. Our novel synchrotron radiation microtomography method showed increased numbers (P < 0.001) and mean areal growth plate bridge densities (P < 0.01) in young and aged STR/Ort mice compared to age-matched CBA mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data support the notion of an inherent endochondral defect that is linked to growth dynamics and subject to regulation by the MEPE/sclerostin axis and may represent an underlying mechanism of pathologic ossification in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Staines
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK, and Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - K. Madi
- Manchester X‐Ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S. M. Mirczuk
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK;
| | - S. Parker
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK;
| | - A. Burleigh
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK;
| | - B. Poulet
- University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - M. Hopkinson
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK;
| | - A. J. Bodey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - R. C. Fowkes
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK;
| | - C. Farquharson
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - P. D. Lee
- Manchester X‐Ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Näkki A, Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Gonzalez A, Harilainen A, Leino-Arjas P, Heliövaara M, Eriksson JG, Tallroth K, Videman T, Kaprio J, Saarela J, Kujala UM. Association study of MMP8 gene in osteoarthritis. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 57:44-52. [PMID: 26577236 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1099636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease common in the elderly. There is a prior functional evidence for different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP8 and MMP9, having a role in the breakdown of cartilage extracellular matrix in OA. Thus, we analyzed whether the common genetic variants of MMP8 and MMP9 contribute to the risk of OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 13 common tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were studied in a discovery knee OA cohort of 185 cases and 895 controls. For validation, two knee OA replication cohorts and two hand OA replication cohorts were studied (altogether 1369 OA cases, 4445 controls in the five cohorts). The χ(2) test for individual study cohorts and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for combined meta-analysis were calculated using Plink. RESULTS The rs1940475 SNP in MMP8 showed suggestive association in the discovery cohort (OR = 0.721, 95% CI 0.575-0.906; p = 0.005). Other knee and hand OA replication study cohorts showed similar trend for the predisposing allele without reaching statistical significance in independent replication cohorts nor in their meta-analysis (p > 0.05). Meta-analysis of all five hand and knee OA study cohorts yielded a p-value of 0.027 (OR = 0.904, 95% CI 0.826-0.989). CONCLUSIONS Initial analysis of the MMP8 gene showed suggestive association between rs1940475 and knee OA, but the finding did not replicate in other study cohorts, even though the trend for predisposing allele was similar in all five cohorts. MMP-8 is a good biological candidate for OA, but our study did not find common variants with significant association in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Näkki
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Medical Genetics , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,d Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Fontenla
- e Laboratorio Investigacion 10 , Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- e Laboratorio Investigacion 10 , Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Arsi Harilainen
- f ORTON Orthopedic Hospital , Invalid Foundation , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Päivi Leino-Arjas
- g Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- h National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,i Department of Chronic Disease Prevention , The National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.,j Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,k Unit of General Practice , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,l Folkhälsan Research Center , Helsinki , Finland.,m Vasa Central Hospital , Vasa , Finland
| | - Kaj Tallroth
- f ORTON Orthopedic Hospital , Invalid Foundation , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tapio Videman
- n Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,b Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,o Department of Mental Health , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- a Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- p Department of Health Sciences , University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä , Finland
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14
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Hu Z, Lin D, Qi J, Qiu M, Lv Q, Li Q, Lin Z, Liao Z, Pan Y, Jin O, Wu Y, Gu J. Serum from patients with ankylosing spondylitis can increase PPARD, fra-1, MMP7, OPG and RANKL expression in MG63 cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:738-42. [PMID: 26602520 PMCID: PMC4642487 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(11)04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of serum from patients with ankylosing spondylitis on the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and to assess whether the serum has an osteogenic effect in MG63 cells. METHODS MG63 cells were cultured with serum from 45 ankylosing spondylitis patients, 30 healthy controls, or 45 rheumatoid arthritis patients. The relative PPARD, fra-1, MMP7, OPG and RANKL mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between gene expression and patient demographics and clinical assessments were then analyzed. RESULTS MG63 cells treated with serum from ankylosing spondylitis patients had higher PPARD, fra-1, MMP7 and OPG gene expression than did cells treated with serum from controls or rheumatoid arthritis patients (all p<0.05). RANKL expression was higher in MG63 cells treated with serum from patients with ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis than in those treated with serum from controls (both p<0.05). The OPG/RANKL ratio was also higher in MG63 cells treated with serum from ankylosing spondylitis patients than in those treated with serum from controls (p<0.05). No associations were found between the expression of the five genes and the patient demographics and clinical assessments (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum from ankylosing spondylitis patients increases PPARD, fra-1, MMP7, OPG and RANKL expression and the OPG/RANKL ratio in MG63 cells; these effects may be due to the stimulatory effect of the serum on the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiying Hu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfang Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minli Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Lv
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zetao Liao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Pan
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Jin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieruo Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Rheumatology, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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15
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Wang X, Zhao X, Tang S. Inhibitory effects of EGb761 on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cartilage matrix destruction. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:781-6. [PMID: 26045200 PMCID: PMC4529858 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) play a pivotal role in the destruction of articular cartilage in patients who are suffering from osteoarthritis (OA). Collagen type II, the basis for articular cartilage, can be degraded by MMP-1, MMP-3, and 13. EGb761, the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba produced by Dr. Willar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, has shown its anti-inflammatory capacity. This study aimed to determine a mechanism whereby EGb761 may inhibit cartilage degradation. Our results indicated that pretreatment with EGb761 abolishes MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 gene expression and protein expression induced by TNF-α in human chondrocyte monolayer. In addition, the reduction of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1) and metalloproteinase-2 gene expression induced by TNF-α was rescued by pretreatment with EGb761. Importantly, TNF-α-induced degradation of collagen type II was ameliorated by EGb761 in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, our results indicated that EGb761 treatment attenuated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. These actions of EGb761 suggest a mechanism by which EGb761 may act to prevent cartilage breakdown in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- />Department of Joint Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xingshen Zhao
- />Imaging Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, China
| | - Shusen Tang
- />Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, No. 2428, Yuhe Road, Weifang City, 261031 Shandong Province China
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16
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Kumagai K, Suzuki S, Kanri Y, Matsubara R, Fujii K, Wake M, Suzuki R, Hamada Y. Spontaneously developed osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joint in STR/ort mice. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:453-456. [PMID: 26171147 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis is typically a slowly progressive asymmetric disease. Little is known regarding the natural destruction of TMJ articular tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate morphological changes in the TMJ of STR/ort mice, known to be the model for spontaneous osteoarthritis in the knee joint, and to evaluate STR/ort mice as a suitable animal model for TMJ osteoarthritis. TMJs from 32 STR/ort mice euthanized at 30, 40, 50 or 60 weeks of age, and from 6 CBA mice euthanized at 30, 40 or 60 weeks of age were examined. Toluidine blue and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining were used to assess histological changes in the articular cartilage. Morphological changes in the articular cartilage of the TMJ were evaluated using microcomputed tomography. At the age of 40-50 weeks, 17 (68%) of the 25 STR/ort mice had loss of articular cartilage on histology, with cavitation and erosion of the exposed bone and gradual changes in condylar shape. Furthermore, osteoarthritic morphological changes, and structural alterations were observed by microcomputed tomography. The STR/ort mouse strain appears to develop spontaneous osteoarthritis-like lesions in the TMJ with age, and would be a useful model to study the pathogenesis of TMJ osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kumagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan ; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-0815, Japan
| | - Satsuki Suzuki
- Section of Biological Science Research Center for Odontology, School of Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Kanri
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsubara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan ; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-0815, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0143, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sendai Tokushukai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3131, Japan
| | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-0815, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
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17
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Liu F, Li Y, Chandra A, Levin LS, Beier F, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Qin L. Reduced EGFR signaling enhances cartilage destruction in a mouse osteoarthritis model. Bone Res 2014; 2:14015. [PMID: 26120493 PMCID: PMC4472123 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease
and a major cause of pain and disability in older
adults. We have previously identified epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) signaling as an
important regulator of cartilage matrix degradation
during epiphyseal cartilage development. To study its
function in OA progression, we performed surgical
destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)
to induce OA in two mouse models with reduced EGFR
activity, one with genetic modification
(EgfrWa5/+
mice) and the other one with pharmacological
inhibition (gefitinib treatment).
Histological analyses and scoring at 3 months
post-surgery revealed increased cartilage destruction
and accelerated OA progression in both mouse models.
TUNEL staining demonstrated that EGFR signaling
protects chondrocytes from OA-induced apoptosis, which
was further confirmed in primary chondrocyte culture.
Immunohistochemistry showed increased aggrecan
degradation in these mouse models, which coincides with
elevated amounts of ADAMTS5 and matrix
metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), the principle
proteinases responsible for aggrecan degradation, in
the articular cartilage after DMM surgery. Furthermore,
hypoxia-inducible factor 2α
(HIF2α), a critical catabolic
transcription factor stimulating MMP13 expression
during OA, was also upregulated in mice with reduced
EGFR signaling. Taken together, our findings
demonstrate a primarily protective role of EGFR during
OA progression by regulating chondrocyte survival and
cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital , Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Scott Levin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Wang ST, Gao YJ, Duan CC, Li DD, Tian XC, Zhang QL, Guo B, Yue ZP. Effects of PTHrP on expression of MMP9 and MMP13 in sika deer antler chondrocytes. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:1300-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Tang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Jie Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Duan
- Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Dang-Dang Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Chao Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- Department of Histology and Embryology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University; Changchun 130062 P. R. China
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19
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Ricks ML, Farrell JT, Falk DJ, Holt DW, Rees M, Carr J, Williams T, Nichols BA, Bridgewater LC, Reynolds PR, Kooyman DL, Seegmiller RE. Osteoarthritis in temporomandibular joint of Col2a1 mutant mice. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1092-9. [PMID: 23518238 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Col2a1 gene mutations cause premature degeneration of knee articular cartilage in disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) and spondyloepiphesial dysplasia congenita (sedc) mice. The present study analyses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in Col2a1 mutant mice in order to provide an animal model of TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) that may offer better understanding of the progression of this disease in humans. DESIGN Dmm/+ mice and controls were compared at two, six, nine and 12 months. Craniums were fixed, processed to paraffin sections, stained with Safranin-O/Fast Green, and analysed with light microscopy. OA was quantified using a Mankin scoring procedure. Unfolded protein response (UPR) assay was performed and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assay for known OA biomarkers. RESULTS Dmm/+ TMJs showed fissuring of condylar cartilage as early as 6 months of age. Chondrocytes were clustered, leaving acellular regions in the matrix. Significant staining of HtrA1, Ddr2 and Mmp-13 was observed in Dmm/+ mice (p<0.01). We detected upregulation of the UPR in knee but not TMJ. CONCLUSIONS Dmm/+ mice are subject to early-onset OA in the TMJ. We observed upregulation of biomarkers and condylar cartilage degradation concomitant with OA. An upregulated UPR may exacerbate the onset of OA. The Dmm/+ mouse TMJ is a viable model for the study of the progression of OA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ricks
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Poulet B, Ulici V, Stone TC, Pead M, Gburcik V, Constantinou E, Palmer DB, Beier F, Timmons JA, Pitsillides AA. Time-series transcriptional profiling yields new perspectives on susceptibility to murine osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3256-66. [PMID: 22833266 DOI: 10.1002/art.34572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronological age is a powerful epidemiologic risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), a multifactorial disease that is characterized by articular cartilage (AC) degradation. It is unclear from a molecular perspective how aging interacts with OA to produce this risk to AC integrity. To address this key question, we used in vivo time-course analysis of OA development and murine interstrain variability in natural susceptibility to OA to examine changes in non-OA-prone CBA mice versus OA-prone STR/Ort mice, which develop disease that bears significant histologic resemblance to human OA. Through global transcriptome profiling, we attempted to discover the molecular signature linked with both OA vulnerability and progression. METHODS Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array profiles were generated from AC samples derived from CBA and STR/Ort mice at 3 different ages, corresponding to the stages prior to, at, and late after the natural onset of OA in the STR/Ort mice. RESULTS We found that the OA in STR/Ort mice exhibited a molecular phenotype resembling human OA, and we pinpointed a central role of NF-κB signaling and the emergence of an immune-related signature in OA cartilage over time. We discovered that, strikingly, young healthy AC has a highly expressed skeletal muscle gene expression program, which is switched off during maturation, but is intriguingly retained in AC during OA development in STR/Ort mice. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that AC chondrocytes share a high-abundance gene-expression program with skeletal muscle. We show that failure to switch this program off, as well as the restoration of this program, is associated with inappropriate expression of NF-κB signaling pathways, skeletal muscle-related genes, and induction and/or progression of OA.
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Greco KV, Iqbal AJ, Rattazzi L, Nalesso G, Moradi-Bidhendi N, Moore AR, Goldring MB, Dell'Accio F, Perretti M. High density micromass cultures of a human chondrocyte cell line: a reliable assay system to reveal the modulatory functions of pharmacological agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1919-29. [PMID: 21946086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent and disabling disease for which we do not have a cure. The identification of suitable molecular targets is hindered by the lack of standardized, reproducible and convenient screening assays. Following extensive comparisons of a number of chondrocytic cell lines, culture conditions, and readouts, we have optimized an assay utilizing C-28/I2, a chondrocytic cell line cultured in high-density micromasses. Utilizing molecules with known effects on cartilage (e.g. IL-1β, TGFβ1, BMP-2), we have exploited this improved protocol to (i) evoke responses characteristic of primary chondrocytes; (ii) assess the pharmacodynamics of gene over-expression using non-viral expression vectors; (iii) establish the response profiles of known pharmacological treatments; and (iv) investigate their mechanisms of action. These data indicate that we have established a medium-throughput methodology for studying chondrocyte-specific cellular and molecular responses (from gene expression to rapid quantitative measurement of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by Alcian blue staining) that may enable the discovery of novel therapeutics for pharmacological modulation of chondrocyte activation in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Greco
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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Laenoi W, Rangkasenee N, Uddin MJ, Cinar MU, Phatsara C, Tesfaye D, Scholz AM, Tholen E, Looft C, Mielenz M, Sauerwein H, Wimmers K, Schellander K. Association and expression study of MMP3, TGFβ1 and COL10A1 as candidate genes for leg weakness-related traits in pigs. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3893-901. [PMID: 21739142 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to determine the association between metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and collagen type X alpha I (COL10A1) gene polymorphisms with traits related to leg weakness in pigs. Three hundred Duroc × Pietrain cross breds (DuPi) and 299 pigs of a commercial population (CP) were used for the experiment. DuPi animals were examined for 10 different traits describing leg and feet structure, osteochondrosis (OC) scores and bone density status. Data of OC score at condylus medialis humeri, condylus medialis femoris and distal epiphysis ulna regions of CP were used for association analysis. Significant association (P < 0.05) was found for MMP3 SNP (g.158 C>T) with OC at head of femur and bone mineral density in the DuPi population. Association (P < 0.05) was found between SNP of TGFβ1 (g.180 G>A) with rear leg score and the principle component denoting both OC and feet and leg scores in the DuPi population. No association was found between COL10A1 (g.72 C>T) and leg weakness related traits. The associations of SNPs with OC traits could not be confirmed in the commercial population. Expression analysis of the three candidate genes was performed to compare between healthy and OC. TGFβ1 was found to be highly expressed (P < 0.05) in the OC compared to healthy cartilages, but no significant different expressions were observed for MMP3 and COL10A1 genes. The present finding suggested that TGFβ1 and MMP3 genes variants have an effect on some of the leg weakness related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watchara Laenoi
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, Endenicher allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Animal models of osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Chia WT, Pan RY, Tseng FJ, Chen YW, Feng CK, Lee HS, Chang DM, Sytwu HK. Experimental osteoarthritis induced by surgical realignment of the patella in BALB/c mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 92:1710-6. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b12.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The patellofemoral joint is an important source of symptoms in osteoarthritis of the knee. We have used a newly designed surgical model of patellar strengthening to induce osteoarthritis in BALB/c mice and to establish markers by investigating the relationship between osteoarthritis and synovial levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Osteoarthritis was induced by using this microsurgical technique under direct vision without involving the cavity of the knee. Degeneration of cartilage was assessed by the Mankin score and synovial tissue was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of MMPs. Irrigation fluid from the knee was used to measure the concentrations of MMP-3 and MMP-9. Analysis of cartilage degeneration was correlated with the levels of expression of MMP. After operation the patellofemoral joint showed evidence of mild osteoarthritis at eight weeks and further degenerative changes by 12 weeks. The level of synovial MMP-9 mRNA correlated with the Mankin score at eight weeks, but not at 12 weeks. The levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-14 mRNA correlated with the Mankin score at 12 weeks. An increase in MMP-3 was observed from four weeks up to 16 weeks. MMP-9 was notably increased at eight weeks, but the concentration at 16 weeks had decreased to the level observed at four weeks. Our observations suggest that MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-14 could be used as markers of the progression of osteoarthritic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.-T. Chia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 No. 161, Sec 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | | | - F.-J. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 No. 161, Sec 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - Y.-W. Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - C.-K. Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, National Yang Ming University, No. 325 Sec 2, Chenggong Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - H.-S. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, No. 325 Sec 2, Chenggong Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - D.-M. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 No. 161, Sec 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
| | - H.-K. Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 No. 161, Sec 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan (R.O.C)
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Schelter F, Halbgewachs B, Bäumler P, Neu C, Görlach A, Schrötzlmair F, Krüger A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1-induced scattered liver metastasis is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 28:91-9. [PMID: 21053058 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The "protease web", representing the network of proteases, their inhibitors, and effector molecules, arises as a pivotal determinant of tissue homeostasis. Imbalances of this network, for instance caused by elevated host levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), have been shown to increase the susceptibility of target organs to scattered metastasis by inducing the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) pathway. Increased expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-subunit (HIF-1α) is also associated with tumour progression and is also known to induce HGF-signaling via up-regulation of the HGF-receptor Met, namely under canonical stress conditions like lack of oxygen. Here, we aimed to identify a possible metastasis-promoting connection between TIMP-1, HIF-1α, and HGF-signaling. We found that HIF-1α and HIF-1-signaling were increased during liver metastasis of L-CI.5s T-lymphoma cells in TIMP-1 overexpressing syngeneic DBA/2 mice. In vitro, exposure of L-CI.5s cells to recombinant TIMP-1 revealed that TIMP-1 itself was able to induce HIF-1α and HIF-1-signaling. Knock-down of HIF-1α identified tumour cell-derived HIF-1α as mediator of this TIMP-1-induced invasiveness in vitro. In vivo, HIF-1α knock-down significantly impaired Met expression as well as Met phosphorylation and inhibited scattered liver metastasis. Furthermore, HGF-dependent TIMP-1-promoted Met phosphorylation and HGF-dependent TIMP-1-induced invasiveness in vitro was mediated by HIF-1α. We conclude that elevated levels of TIMP-1 in the microenvironment of tumour cells can promote metastasis by inducing HIF-1α-dependent HGF-signaling. This connection between a protease inhibitor (TIMP-1) and a classically stress-related factor (HIF-1α) is a so far undiscovered impact of the "protease web" on tissue homeostasis with important implications for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schelter
- Institut für Experimentelle Onkologie und Therapieforschung des Klinikums rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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Gosset M, Pigenet A, Salvat C, Berenbaum F, Jacques C. Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and -13 Synthesis Induced by IL-1β in Chondrocytes from Mice Lacking Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6244-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Weng LH, Wang CJ, Ko JY, Sun YC, Wang FS. Control of Dkk-1 ameliorates chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone deterioration in osteoarthritic knees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1393-402. [PMID: 20131282 DOI: 10.1002/art.27357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perturbation of Wnt signaling components reportedly regulates chondrocyte fate and joint disorders. The Wnt inhibitor Dkk-1 mediates remodeling of various tissue types. We undertook this study to examine whether control of Dkk-1 expression prevents joint deterioration in osteoarthritic (OA) knees. METHODS Anterior cruciate ligament transection-and collagenase-induced OA in rat knees was treated with end-capped phosphorothioate Dkk-1 antisense oligonucleotide (Dkk-1-AS). Articular cartilage destruction, cartilage degradation markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and subchondral trabecular bone volume of injured knee joints were measured using Mankin scoring, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and histomorphometry. Dkk-1-responsive molecule expression and apoptotic cells in knee tissue were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Up-regulated Dkk-1 expression was associated with increased Mankin score and with increased serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) during OA development. Dkk-1-AS treatment alleviated OA-associated increases in Dkk-1 expression, Mankin score, cartilage fibrillation, and serum cartilage degradation markers. Dkk-1-AS also alleviated epiphyseal BMD loss and subchondral bone exposure associated with altered serum levels of osteocalcin and CTX-I. The treatment abrogated chondrocyte/osteoblast apoptosis and subchondral trabecular bone remodeling in OA. Dkk-1 knockdown increased levels of nuclear beta-catenin and phosphorylated Ser(473)-Akt but attenuated expression of inflammatory factors (Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR-4], TLR-9, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), the apoptosis regulator Bax, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and RANKL in OA knee joints. CONCLUSION Interference with the cartilage- and bone-deleterious actions of Dkk-1 provides therapeutic potential for alleviating cartilage destruction and subchondral bone damage in OA knee joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hsiu Weng
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Little CB, Barai A, Burkhardt D, Smith SM, Fosang AJ, Werb Z, Shah M, Thompson EW. Matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice are resistant to osteoarthritic cartilage erosion but not chondrocyte hypertrophy or osteophyte development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:3723-33. [PMID: 19950295 DOI: 10.1002/art.25002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13; collagenase 3) in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS OA was surgically induced in the knees of MMP-13-knockout mice and wild-type mice, and mice were compared. Histologic scoring of femoral and tibial cartilage aggrecan loss (0-3 scale), erosion (0-7 scale), and chondrocyte hypertrophy (0-1 scale), as well as osteophyte size (0-3 scale) and maturity (0-3 scale) was performed. Serial sections were stained for type X collagen and the MMP-generated aggrecan neoepitope DIPEN. RESULTS Following surgery, aggrecan loss and cartilage erosion were more severe in the tibia than femur (P<0.01) and tibial cartilage erosion increased with time (P<0.05) in wild-type mice. Cartilaginous osteophytes were present at 4 weeks and underwent ossification, with size and maturity increasing by 8 weeks (P<0.01). There was no difference between genotypes in aggrecan loss or cartilage erosion at 4 weeks. There was less tibial cartilage erosion in knockout mice than in wild-type mice at 8 weeks (P<0.02). Cartilaginous osteophytes were larger in knockout mice at 4 weeks (P<0.01), but by 8 weeks osteophyte maturity and size were no different from those in wild-type mice. Articular chondrocyte hypertrophy with positive type X collagen and DIPEN staining occurred in both wild-type and knockout mouse joints. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that structural cartilage damage in a mouse model of OA is dependent on MMP-13 activity. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is not regulated by MMP-13 activity in this model and does not in itself lead to cartilage erosion. MMP-13 deficiency can inhibit cartilage erosion in the presence of aggrecan depletion, supporting the potential for therapeutic intervention in established OA with MMP-13 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Little
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard's, New South Wales, Australia.
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Khan IM, Palmer EA, Archer CW. Fibroblast growth factor-2 induced chondrocyte cluster formation in experimentally wounded articular cartilage is blocked by soluble Jagged-1. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:208-19. [PMID: 19748609 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is a mitogen for articular chondrocytes. Cell death frequently occurs upon cartilage wounding and is evident during the progression of osteoarthritis. We hypothesised that incubation of wounded articular cartilage with exogenously added FGF2 would enhance cartilage repair, replacing dead cells through increased cell proliferation. METHODS Articular cartilage from the metacarapalphalangeal joint of immature bovine steers was wounded in situ, then incubated in vitro in the continual presence or absence of FGF2. Cellular proliferation was expressed as a ratio of cell density of a fixed area between wounded and adjacent cartilage. Immunolabelling revealed the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and localisation of collagen type VI and Notch1 epitopes. gamma-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester and soluble Jagged1 ligand (sJ1) were used to analyse the function of Notch signalling in this wound model. RESULTS FGF2 induced cellular proliferation at the margins of wounded articular cartilage, where proliferative chondrocytes adopted a cluster configuration. Collagen type VI protein was expressed by chondrocytes in clusters, as was Notch1. Cellular proliferation was not affected by inhibition of gamma-secretase dependent Notch1 signalling. Binding of sJ1 to Notch1 receptors in FGF2 treated cartilage inhibited proliferation. CONCLUSION Addition of FGF2 induces rapid chondrocyte proliferation in wounded cartilage, chondrocytes adopt a cluster morphology and also express Notch1. Binding of sJ1 to Notch1 causes apoptosis overriding a proliferative response. This study may shed some light on the significance of increased Notch1 expression and its localisation in chondrocyte clusters in osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Khan
- Connective Tissue Laboratories, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Sofat N. Analysing the role of endogenous matrix molecules in the development of osteoarthritis. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:463-79. [PMID: 19765101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis worldwide. In this condition, damage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage occurs, resulting in joint destruction. Factors mediating cartilage damage include mechanical injury, cytokine and superoxide release on a background of genetic susceptibility and obesity. Studies of arthritic cartilage show increased production of ECM molecules including type II collagen, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, fibronectin (FN) and fibromodulin. Recent reports suggest that ECM proteins may become endogenous catabolic factors during joint damage. Activation of pro-inflammatory pathways by ECM proteins has led to their description as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The ECM proteins involved include fibromodulin, which activates the complement pathway and may promote the persistence of joint inflammation. Fragmentation of type II collagen, FN and hyaluronan reveals cryptic epitopes that stimulate proteolytic enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases (ADAMTSs - a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs). Proteolytic fragments also stimulate the release of nitric oxide, chemokines and cytokines and activation of the MAP kinases. Reports are emerging that the receptors for the fragments described involve interaction with integrins and toll-like receptors. In this review the contribution of endogenous ECM molecules to joint destruction will be discussed. A deeper understanding of the pathways stimulated by endogenous ligands could offer potential avenues for novel therapies in the future.
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Stok KS, Pelled G, Zilberman Y, Kallai I, Goldhahn J, Gazit D, Müller R. Revealing the interplay of bone and cartilage in osteoarthritis through multimodal imaging of murine joints. Bone 2009; 45:414-22. [PMID: 19481620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects both cartilage and bone tissues, and the subsequent breakdown of the two tissues appears to be interrelated. The interest in the role of subchondral bone changes with OA is growing, and one suggestion is that a simple inverse correlation exists between the cartilage loss and increased bone mineral density. In this work the STR/ort mouse is used as a model for human OA, in order to investigate disease progression. The aim of the work is to elucidate the tempero-spatial relationships between bone and cartilage architecture and determine whether a simple inverse correlation is satisfactory. We employ 3D whole joint quantitative imaging techniques for assessment of subchondral bone and articular cartilage. The knee joints of mice aged 3, 4, 7 and 10 months are scanned with muCT and then the tibial plateaus are scanned with CLSM. The results show that depending on site (medial and lateral), compartment (epiphyseal, metaphyseal, cortical), and age (3, 4, 7, 10 months), the subchondral bone undergoes changes that lead to an altered architecture. This is primarily seen as densification of the cortex and epiphysis in the STR/ort mice, with a significant change occurring between 7 and 10 months, while the medial cartilage thickness is significantly reduced after 7 months. Using a novel multimodal imaging approach, morphometric changes in the murine osteoarthritic knee joint are elucidated. It is seen that a complex interplay of events - both spatially and temporally - is involved in OA onset and progression. The initial measured differences between the two strains suggest a possible morphological phenotype involved in OA resistance/vulnerability. Temporally the changes have a strong strain:age dependence, although no separate timeline of events between the two tissues could be discerned. Spatially, the changes to medial and lateral morphometry across the cartilage and bone, indicate a relationship to altered joint mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Stok
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Nielsen RH, Stoop R, Leeming DJ, Stolina M, Qvist P, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA. Evaluation of cartilage damage by measuring collagen degradation products in joint extracts in a traumatic model of osteoarthritis. Biomarkers 2008; 13:79-87. [PMID: 17852072 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701615108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate whether collagen degradation products in protein extract from joints could provide quantitative information on cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis (OA) was surgically induced in rat knee joints. Joints were isolated 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery for protein extraction and histology. C-terminal telopeptide of type III collagen (CTX-II), CTX-I and hydroxyproline were measured in protein extracts. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity was evaluated by gelatinase zymography and joint pathology was visualized by histology and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that levels of CTX-II were significantly increased in anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-operated compared with sham-operated knee joints on days 7 and 28, whereas the levels of hydroxyproline and CTX-I epitopes showed no difference. MMP activity was slightly increased in ACLT-operated joints. The CTX-II epitope was highly expressed and co-localized to damaged articular cartilage in ACLT-operated joints. We have therefore demonstrated an increased type II collagen degradation in knees after surgical induction of OA, and propose assessment of collagen degradation epitopes as a quantitative measure of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus H Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Barlas IÖ, Sezgin M, Erdal ME, Sahin G, Ankarali HC, Altintas ZM, Türkmen E. Association of (−1,607) 1G/2G polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene with knee osteoarthritis in the Turkish population (knee osteoarthritis and MMPs gene polymorphisms). Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:383-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li RW, Freeman C, Yu D, Hindmarsh EJ, Tymms KE, Parish CR, Smith PN. Dramatic regulation of heparanase activity and angiogenesis gene expression in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1590-600. [PMID: 18512775 DOI: 10.1002/art.23489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although heparanase is recognized as a proangiogenic factor, the involvement of heparanase in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unclear. In this study, we assessed heparanase activity in synovial fluid (SF) and synovial tissue (ST) from patients with RA or osteoarthritis (OA), and analyzed the expression of angiogenic pathway-focused genes in ST from RA and OA patients. METHODS SF and ST were obtained from the knees of patients with either RA or OA and from asymptomatic donors with no documented history of degenerative or inflammatory joint diseases. Heparanase activity was determined by an enzymatic assay using a radiolabeled substrate, and the presence of heparanase in ST was demonstrated by Western blotting. The expression of angiogenesis genes, including heparanase, in ST was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Heparanase activity was dramatically higher (>100-fold) in SF and ST from RA patients than in SF and ST from OA patients and asymptomatic donors. Active heparanase enzyme was detected and heparanase messenger RNA was up-regulated in ST from RA patients. We also found that angiogenesis gene expression was significantly regulated in RA synovium, and was correlated with heparanase activity. CONCLUSION These findings are novel and contribute to our understanding of joint destruction in RA, suggesting that heparanase may be a reliable prognostic factor for RA progression and an attractive target for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Li
- Australian National University, and Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Leone G, Torricelli P, Chiumiento A, Facchini A, Barbucci R. Amidic alginate hydrogel for nucleus pulposus replacement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 84:391-401. [PMID: 17618483 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of intervertebral discs is the most common cause of back pain. The first phase of this degenerative process involves the nucleus pulposus (NP). A rapid recovery of this structure can prevent further degradation of the annulus fibrosus. A new amidic derivative of alginate (AAA) was developed to obtain a polysaccharide possessing some of the physical-chemical properties of Hyal (i.e. viscosity) without losing the rigidity of the native alginate structure. The modified polysaccharide was crosslinked using 1.3 diaminopropane as crosslinking agent. The hydrogel obtained was characterized in terms of water uptake and rheological behavior. In particular, the viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogel was determined in shear stress under dynamic conditions and compared with the behavior of nondegenerated human lumbar NP. We then assessed the effect of the AAA hydrogel on NHC (Normal Human Chondrocyte) cell viability and on the production of important extracellular matrix factors, such as glycosaminoglycans and Type II collagen. In conclusion, the results achieved in this study demonstrated that the amidic alginate-based scaffold is a promising material to be utilized in the replacement of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Leone
- CRISMA, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Abstract
Two methods for the assessment of the expression of gelatinases A and B, MMP-2 and MMP-9, in articular cartilage are described. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections provides information about the precise localization of the enzymes within the tissue, pinpointing the cells that synthesize the proteinases, and zymography of cell/ tissue conditioned culture media allows a semi-quantitative assessment of the gelatinases and their activation status.
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Djouad F, Delorme B, Maurice M, Bony C, Apparailly F, Louis-Plence P, Canovas F, Charbord P, Noël D, Jorgensen C. Microenvironmental changes during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R33. [PMID: 17391539 PMCID: PMC1906811 DOI: 10.1186/ar2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a process involving stem-cell differentiation through the coordinated effects of growth/differentiation factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found within the cartilage, which constitutes a specific niche composed of ECM proteins with unique features. Therefore, we hypothesized that the induction of MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes might be induced and/or influenced by molecules from the microenvironment. Using microarray analysis, we previously identified genes that are regulated during MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes. In this study, we wanted to precisely assess the differential expression of genes associated with the microenvironment using a large-scale real-time PCR assay, according to the simultaneous detection of up to 384 mRNAs in one sample. Chondrogenesis of bone-marrow-derived human MSCs was induced by culture in micropellet for various periods of time. Total RNA was extracted and submitted to quantitative RT-PCR. We identified molecules already known to be involved in attachment and cell migration, including syndecans, glypicans, gelsolin, decorin, fibronectin, and type II, IX and XI collagens. Importantly, we detected the expression of molecules that were not previously associated with MSCs or chondrocytes, namely metalloproteases (MMP-7 and MMP-28), molecules of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); cef10/cyr61 and nov (CCN) family (CCN3 and CCN4), chemokines and their receptors chemokine CXC motif ligand (CXCL1), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FlT3L), chemokine CC motif receptor (CCR3 and CCR4), molecules with A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase domain (ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM19, ADAM23, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), cadherins (4 and 13) and integrins (alpha4, alpha7 and beta5). Our data suggest that crosstalk between ECM components of the microenvironment and MSCs within the cartilage is responsible for the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Djouad
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Bruno Delorme
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | | | - Claire Bony
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Pascale Louis-Plence
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - François Canovas
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | - Danièle Noël
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
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Cartilage gene expression correlates with radiographic severity of canine elbow osteoarthritis. Vet J 2007; 179:211-8. [PMID: 17938000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between radiographic measures of severity of osteoarthritis (OA) and changes in gene expression in joints are not well characterised. In this study, the expression of 11 candidate genes was characterised by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in normal and OA cartilage and bone from the elbows of dogs with fragmented coronoid disease. The levels of expression of type I collagen alpha2 chain (COL1A2), type III collagen alpha1 chain (COL3A1), lumican (LUM), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), -9 (MMP9) and -13 (MMP13) genes were increased and the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) and cathepsin D (CTSD) genes were decreased in OA cartilage relative to normal cartilage. All differences correlated with radiographic measures of severity of OA. Levels of expression of COL1A2, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13 and TIMP1 were increased, whereas expression of TIMP2 was decreased in OA bone relative to normal bone. Cartilage gene expression may be correlated with the radiographic severity of OA.
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Blom AB, van Lent PL, Libregts S, Holthuysen AE, van der Kraan PM, van Rooijen N, van den Berg WB. Crucial role of macrophages in matrix metalloproteinase-mediated cartilage destruction during experimental osteoarthritis: involvement of matrix metalloproteinase 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:147-57. [PMID: 17195217 DOI: 10.1002/art.22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the involvement of synovial macrophages in early cartilage damage in osteoarthritis (OA), and to identify the role of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) in the pathology of early and late OA. METHODS The role of synovial macrophages in MMP-mediated damage in OA was studied by depleting synovial macrophages prior to elicitation of a collagenase-induced instability model of OA. The expression of MMP in synovium and cartilage was monitored using TaqMan analysis. In spontaneous and induced OA, cartilage pathology was scored in MMP-3-knockout mice and control mice, by histologic assessment and VDIPEN staining. RESULTS On day 14 following induction of OA, MMP-mediated neoepitopes were detected in cartilage from mice with mild experimental OA (mean +/- SD positively stained surface area 20 +/- 3.2%). Remarkably, by depleting synovial macrophages prior to induction of OA, the generation of MMP-induced neoepitopes was largely prevented (mean +/- SD positively stained surface area 5 +/- 1%; P< 0.001), indicating an important role for synovial macrophages in the occurrence of MMP-mediated cartilage damage. We observed a strong decrease in MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression in synovial but not cartilage tissue in macrophage-depleted joints. Among 2-year-old mice, spontaneous OA-like changes in the lining layer were significantly decreased in MMP-3-knockout mice compared with control mice. Even more striking was the 67% reduction in the occurrence of severe cartilage damage in MMP-3-knockout mice. In addition, MMP-mediated VDIPEN expression was significantly decreased, indicating reduced MMP-mediated cartilage breakdown. CONCLUSION The results of this study prove that MMP-3 is involved in the generation of severe cartilage damage in murine OA. Synovial macrophages are crucial in early MMP activity and appear to mediate MMP production in synovium rather than cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen B Blom
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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41
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Dell'Accio F, De Bari C, El Tawil NMF, Barone F, Mitsiadis TA, O'Dowd J, Pitzalis C. Activation of WNT and BMP signaling in adult human articular cartilage following mechanical injury. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R139. [PMID: 16893455 PMCID: PMC1779445 DOI: 10.1186/ar2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute full thickness joint surface defects can undergo repair, which involves tissue patterning and endochondral bone formation. Molecular signals regulating this process may contribute to the repair outcome, chronic evolution and, eventually, the onset of osteoarthritis. We tested the hypothesis that mechanical injury modulates morphogenetic pathways in adult human articular cartilage explants. Adjacent articular cartilage explants were obtained from preserved areas of the femoral condyles of patients undergoing arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, or from a normal joint of a patient undergoing lower limb amputation. Paired explants were individually maintained in explant culture. From each pair, one explant was mechanically injured and the other left uninjured as a control. Cultures were terminated at different time points for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis by reverse transcription real time PCR. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) mRNA was upregulated in the injured explants. We detected phosphorylation of SMAD-1 and SMAD-5, consistent with activation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. FRZB-1 mRNA was downregulated in the injured explants, suggesting de-repression of WNT signaling. Accordingly, expression of the canonical WNT target genes Axin-2 and c-JUN was upregulated in the injured explants. Activation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway by LiCl treatment induced upregulation of COL2A1 and Aggrecan mRNA, suggesting an anabolic effect. Phosphorylation of SMAD-1/-5 and downregulation of FRZB were confirmed in vivo in a mouse model of joint surface injury. Taken together, these data show modulation of the BMP and WNT pathways following mechanical injury in vitro and in vivo, which may play a role in the reparative response of the joint surface. These pathways may, therefore, represent potential targets in protocols of biological joint surface defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London, UK
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42
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Kaneshiro N, Sato M, Ishihara M, Mitani G, Sakai H, Mochida J. Bioengineered chondrocyte sheets may be potentially useful for the treatment of partial thickness defects of articular cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:723-31. [PMID: 16949051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Some treatments for full thickness defects of articular cartilage, such as cultured chondrocyte transplantation, have already been done. However, to overcome osteoarthritis, we must further study the partial thickness defect of articular cartilage. It is much more difficult to repair a partial thickness defect because few repairing cells can address such injured sites. We herein show that bioengineered layered chondrocyte sheets using temperature-responsive culture dishes may be a potentially useful treatment for partial thickness defects. We evaluated the property of these sheets using real-time PCR and histological findings, and allografted these sheets to evaluate the effect of treatment using a rabbit partial model. In conclusion, layered chondrocyte sheets were able to maintain the cartilageous phenotype, and could be attached to the sites of cartilage damage which acted as a barrier to prevent a loss of proteoglycan from these sites and to protect them from catabolic factors in the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoshi Kaneshiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Jones SW, Brockbank SMV, Mobbs ML, Le Good NJ, Soma-Haddrick S, Heuze AJ, Langham CJ, Timms D, Newham P, Needham MRC. The orphan G-protein coupled receptor RDC1: evidence for a role in chondrocyte hypertrophy and articular cartilage matrix turnover. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:597-608. [PMID: 16647866 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RDC1 is a class A orphan G-protein coupled receptor of unknown function. The purpose of this study was to identify compound RDC1 agonists and use these as tools to determine the effect of RDC1 activation in human chondrocytes and cartilage explant tissue. METHODS Computational chemistry was employed to build a homology model of the RDC1 receptor. A virtual screen of in-house compounds was then performed and positive hits screened for their ability to invoke a Ca2+ response in a recombinant RDC1 HEK293 cell line, as measured by FLIPR. The effect of RDC1 activation on human chondrocytes and cartilage explant gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and these effects validated as being mediated by RDC1 using siRNA antisense. RESULTS Tissue expression profiling demonstrated that RDC1 expression was predominant in cartilage tissue. Treatment of human primary chondrocytes with RDC1 agonist induced a Ca2+ response, suggesting the receptor is active in this tissue type. Treatment for 24h with RDC1 agonist led to altered expression of a number of genes associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and increased matrix degradation in human primary chondrocytes, and elevated total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in cartilage explant. Transfection with RDC1 siRNA caused a >90% reduction in human primary chondrocyte RDC1 expression and significantly reduced the impact of RDC1 agonist on the previously identified RDC1-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS RDC1 activation in human chondrocytes and cartilage explant leads to changes in gene expression and activity associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy, angiogenesis and increased matrix degradation, suggesting signalling via the RDC1 receptor may play an important role in the early development of osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jones
- Respiratory and Inflammation Research Area, Alderley Park, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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Tsoi AYK, Ng TB, Fong WP. Immunomodulatory activity of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from Momordica cochinchinensis
seeds. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:605-11. [PMID: 16733830 DOI: 10.1002/psc.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Many of them have been purified and characterized from different species. While the physicochemical properties of these protease inhibitors have been extensively investigated, their biological effects, e.g. immunomodulatory effect, remain relatively unexplored. Recently, we isolated a chymotrypsin-specific inhibitor (MCoCI) from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Family Cucurbitaceae), the traditional Chinese medicine known as Mubiezhi, which has been used as an antiinflammatory agent. In the present study, the effects of MCoCI on different types of cells of the immune system, including splenocytes, splenic lymphocytes, neutrophils, bone marrow cells and macrophages, were investigated. MCoCI was shown to possess immuno-enhancing and antiinflammatory effects. MCoCI could stimulate the proliferation of different cells of the immune system, e.g. splenocytes, splenic lymphocytes and bone marrow cells, in a manner comparable to that of Concanavalin A. Moreover, MCoCI could also suppress the formation of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophils and macrophages. These immunomodulatory effects may explain some of the therapeutic actions of Mubiezhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yuen-Kam Tsoi
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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45
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Bomsta BD, Bridgewater LC, Seegmiller RE. Premature osteoarthritis in the Disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) mouse. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:477-85. [PMID: 16431140 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Degeneration of articular cartilage leads to the development of osteoarthritis (OA), but the molecular pathology of the disease is poorly understood. The Disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) mouse has a deletion mutation in the C-propeptide encoding region of Col2a1, which leads to a defective cartilage matrix. The objective of this study was to determine whether heterozygous (Dmm/+) mice develop premature OA, and could therefore serve as an animal model for studying the molecular pathways leading to OA. DESIGN Histological analysis was utilized to determine the state of articular cartilage degeneration in Dmm/+ mice at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 22 months of age. Severity of OA was quantified with a modified Mankin scoring system. In addition, articular cartilage thickness, cell density, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) fraction of articular cartilage were quantified. RESULTS Articular cartilage erosion was significantly more severe in Dmm/+ than in wild-type (+/+) mice beginning at 9 months, and modified Mankin scoring revealed Dmm/+ articular cartilage to be in a more severe osteoarthritic state as early as 3 months. In addition, Dmm/+ articular cartilage was thinner than +/+ cartilage and showed increased cell density and decreased matrix fraction compared with +/+ from the earliest time points measured. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that Dmm/+ mice develop premature OA. The observed degenerative changes of Dmm/+ articular cartilage closely resemble those of human OA patients, with or without Col2a1 mutations, suggesting that Dmm/+ mice are a useful model for investigating mechanisms involved in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Bomsta
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Blaney Davidson EN, Vitters EL, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and the TGFbeta signalling molecule SMAD-2P in spontaneous and instability-induced osteoarthritis: role in cartilage degradation, chondrogenesis and osteophyte formation. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1414-21. [PMID: 16439443 PMCID: PMC1798346 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.045971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary feature of osteoarthritis is cartilage loss. In addition, osteophytes can frequently be observed. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) has been suggested to be associated with protection against cartilage damage and new cartilage formation as seen in osteophytes. OBJECTIVE To study TGFbeta and TGFbeta signalling in experimental osteoarthritis to gain insight into the role of TGFbeta in cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation during osteoarthritis progression. METHODS Histological sections of murine knee joints were stained immunohistochemically for TGFbeta3 and phosphorylated SMAD-2 (SMAD-2P). Expression patterns were studied in two murine osteoarthritis models, representing spontaneous (STR/ort model) and instability-associated osteoarthritis (collagenase-induced instability model). RESULTS TGFbeta3 and SMAD-2P staining was increasingly reduced in cartilage during osteoarthritis progression in both models. Severely damaged cartilage was negative for TGFbeta3. In contrast, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression was increased. In chondrocyte clusters, preceding osteophyte formation, TGFbeta3 and SMAD-2P were strongly expressed. In early osteophytes, TGFbeta3 was found in the outer fibrous layer, in the peripheral chondroblasts and in the core. Late osteophytes expressed TGFbeta3 only in the fibrous layer. SMAD-2P was found throughout the osteophyte at all stages. In the late-stage osteophytes, BMP-2 was strongly expressed. CONCLUSION Data show that lack of TGFbeta3 is associated with cartilage damage, suggesting loss of the protective effect of TGFbeta3 during osteoarthritis progression. Additionally, our results indicate that TGFbeta3 is involved in early osteophyte development, whereas BMP might be involved in late osteophyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Blaney Davidson
- Experimental Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Varoga D, Pufe T, Mentlein R, Kohrs S, Grohmann S, Tillmann B, Hassenpflug J, Paulsen F. Expression and regulation of antimicrobial peptides in articular joints. Ann Anat 2005; 187:499-508. [PMID: 16320829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Articular joint infection is a surprisingly rare event considering the frequency of joint arthrocentesis and other invasive procedures applied to limb joints. This observation led us to the hypothesis that a local "chemical shield" in the form of antimicrobial proteins provides synovial membrane and articular cartilage with resistance to infection. We subsequently began a systematic analysis of in vitro and in vivo antimicrobially active proteins in healthy articular joints and in disease states such as pyogenic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. An anatomical approach with systematic characterization combined with antimicrobial testing revealed expression and production of human antibiotic peptides and proteins. In this review, we focus on the most prominent antimicrobial proteins in articular joints, which we have identified as lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory phospholipase A2, RNase 7, CAP37, the cathelicidin LL37, and especially the human beta-defensin-2 and -3 (HBD-2/-3). Activation pathways and possible antimicrobial functions are discussed and the involvement in non-antimicrobial processes such as tissue remodelling is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deike Varoga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 1, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Varoga D, Pufe T, Harder J, Schröder JM, Mentlein R, Meyer-Hoffert U, Goldring MB, Tillmann B, Hassenpflug J, Paulsen F. Human beta-defensin 3 mediates tissue remodeling processes in articular cartilage by increasing levels of metalloproteinases and reducing levels of their endogenous inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1736-45. [PMID: 15934078 DOI: 10.1002/art.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beta-defensins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (APs) that are components of innate immunity. Recent investigations showed the induction of beta-defensins in synovial membranes of osteoarthritic (OA) joints and suggested that they have functions other than the ability to kill microbes. As a result of these findings, we undertook this study to investigate the production of human beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3) in OA cartilage and to determine its influence on chondrocyte function. METHODS Healthy and OA cartilage were assessed for HBD-3 expression by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. HBD-3 expression in C28/I2 chondrocytes after administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) was determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunodot blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments were used to study the effects of HBD-3 in cultured articular chondrocytes and in healthy and OA cartilage discs. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to study the expression of mouse beta-defensins (MBDs) in OA cartilage of STR/Ort mice. RESULTS HBD-3 was induced in OA cartilage without bacterial challenge. Cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of OA, namely, TNFalpha and IL-1, were strong inducers of HBD-3 in cultured chondrocytes. Application of the recombinant HBD-3 protein to cultured chondrocytes and cartilage discs resulted in increased production of cartilage-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and in down-regulation of their endogenous regulators, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2. Furthermore, STR/Ort mice, which are genetically predisposed to develop OA-like lesions in the knee joint, demonstrated an increased expression of MBDs 3 and 4 in cartilage compared with that in healthy animals. CONCLUSION These findings widen our knowledge of the functional spectrum of APs and demonstrate that HBD-3 is a multifunctional AP with the ability to link host defense mechanisms and inflammation with tissue-remodeling processes in articular cartilage. Moreover, our data suggest that HBD-3 is an additional factor in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deike Varoga
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.
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Simonaro CM, D'Angelo M, Haskins ME, Schuchman EH. Joint and bone disease in mucopolysaccharidoses VI and VII: identification of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers using animal models. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:701-7. [PMID: 15746260 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000156510.96253.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are inherited metabolic disorders resulting from the defective catabolism of glycosaminoglycans. In this report, we find that the stimulation of MPS connective tissue cells by the inflammatory cytokines causes enhanced secretion of several matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 was elevated, consistent with the enhanced MMP activity. These findings were not restricted to one particular MPS disorder or species, and are consistent with previous observations in animal models with chemically induced arthritis. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation studies also revealed that MPS chondrocytes proliferated up to 5-fold faster than normal chondrocytes, and released elevated levels of transforming growth factor-beta, presumably to counteract the marked chondrocyte apoptosis and matrix degradation associated with MMP expression. Despite this compensatory mechanism, studies of endochondral ossification revealed a reduction in chondro-differentiation in the growth plates. Thus, although MPS chondrocytes grew faster, most of the newly formed cells were immature and could not mineralize into bone. Our studies suggest that altered MMP expression, most likely stimulated by inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, is an important feature of the MPS disorders. These data also identify several proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and MMPs as novel therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers of MPS joint and bone disease. This information should aid in the evaluation of existing therapies for these disorders, such as enzyme replacement therapy and bone marrow transplantation, and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogera M Simonaro
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sainai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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50
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Yamagiwa H, Yamada Y, Bolander ME, Sarkar G. Oligonucleotide decoy mimicking alphaA-crystallin-binding protein 1 binding site on mouse Col2a1 enhancer stimulates transcription from the adjacent Col2a1 promoter in chondrogenic ATDC5 cell. Mol Biotechnol 2005; 28:1-8. [PMID: 15456958 DOI: 10.1385/mb:28:1:01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 48-bp sequence element in intron 1 of the alpha1(II) collagen gene (Col2a1) acts as an enhancer of Col2a1 transcription and contains binding sites for the transcription activator SOX9 and repressor alphaA-crystallin-binding protein 1 (CRYBP1). We hypothesized that abrogating CRYBP1 binding should increase transcription from a promoter associated with the Col2a1 enhancer. We tested this hypothesis by cotransfecting an oligonucleotide (ODN) decoy for CRYBP1 and a luciferase-based reporter vector under the transcriptional control of the Col2a1 promoter linked to the 100-bp enhancer in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. As a control, we used decoy ODN corresponding to the SOX9 binding site. Transfection with CRYBP1 decoy increased luciferase activity by >2.5-fold in the absence or presence of insulin, whereas SOX9 decoy ODN decreased luciferase activity to about 50% under similar conditions. In addition, the repressive effect of interleukin-1 on Col2a1 transcription through decreasing SOX9 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and increasing CRYBP1 mRNA expression, was counteracted by CRYBP1 decoy ODN. These results provide a rationale for gene therapy in degenerative joint diseases by elevating Col2a1 expression in chondrocytes through oligomimetics of repressor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamagiwa
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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