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Scarini JF, Egal ESA, de Lima-Souza RA, Crescencio LR, Emerick C, Kowalski LP, Altemani A, Mariano FV. Two sides of the same coin: Insights into the myoepithelial cells in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma development. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103195. [PMID: 33307199 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The myoepithelial cell seems to play an important role as a tumor suppressor in the development of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Nevertheless, interesting aspects concerning the other side of the coin, i.e., the contribution of the myoepithelial cell to cell proliferation, were brought to light. Here we highlighted the studies in which myoepithelial cells were presented as tumor suppressors and promoters in the context of PA malignant transformation. In conclusion, even if in a paracrine way, divergent signals can alter the suppressor role of the myoepithelial cell and induce it to compose a microenvironment propitious to the tumor progression of the malignant cells. This would cause myoepithelial cells to succumb and malignant epithelial cells to initiate progression beyond the basal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Ramalho Crescencio
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Teng WQ, Chen XP, Xue XC, Zhang Y, Tan XJ, Sun G, Wang Y, Wang L. Distribution of 37 human papillomavirus types in parotid gland tumor tissues. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:834-838. [PMID: 24527091 PMCID: PMC3919866 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been shown to be associated with human tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the association between HPV infection and parotid gland tumors. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 59 cases of parotid gland tumors and 20 normal oral mucosa were subjected to DNA extraction and flow-through hybridization and gene chip technology to detect infection of 37 HPV types. The HPV-positive rate was 57.6% in parotid gland tumor paraffin-embedded tissue specimens, whereas, the normal control group was negative for HPV. The HPV-positive rate was 59.6% in parotid gland benign tumor tissues and 42.9% in parotid malignant tissues. HPV infection in parotid gland tumors was dominated by the high-risk subtypes (80.7%), which mainly consisted of HPV 16, 18 and 52 (61.4%). In addition, parotid gland tumor tissues were found to be infected by multiple or single types of HPV, but were predominantly infected by mixed HPV types. In this study, we found that the occurrence of parotid gland tumor is correlated with HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qiang Teng
- Graduate College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Xue
- Graduate College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wanzhou Shanghai Hospital, Chongqing 404100, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
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3
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Hezel MP, Weitzberg E. The oral microbiome and nitric oxide homoeostasis. Oral Dis 2013; 21:7-16. [PMID: 23837897 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tiny radical nitric oxide (NO) participates in a vast number of physiological functions including vasodilation, nerve transmission, host defence and cellular energetics. Classically produced by a family of specific enzymes, NO synthases (NOSs), NO signals via reactions with other radicals or transition metals. An alternative pathway for the generation of NO is the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway in which the inorganic anions nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and nitrite (NO(2)(-)) are reduced to NO and other reactive nitrogen intermediates. Nitrate and nitrite are oxidation products from NOS-dependent NO generation but also constituents in our diet, mainly in leafy green vegetables. Irrespective of origin, active uptake of circulating nitrate in the salivary glands, excretion in saliva and subsequent reduction to nitrite by oral commensal bacteria are all necessary steps for further NO generation. This central role of the oral cavity in regulating NO generation from nitrate presents a new and intriguing aspect of the human microbiome in health and disease. In this review, we present recent advances in our understanding of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway and specifically highlight the importance of the oral cavity as a hub for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hezel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kocaelli H, Keklikoglu N. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity in Denture Induced Fibrous Inflammatory Hyperplasia and Healthy Oral Mucosa: An Immunohistochemical Study. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10817674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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5
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Kocaelli H, Keklikoglu N. Immunohistochemical Comparison of iNOS in Pericoronal Dental Follicles and Periapical Inflammatory Lesions. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10817675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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6
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Vejchapipat P, Poomsawat S, Imvised T, Chongsrisawat V, Chittmittrapap S, Poovorawan Y. Overexpression of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase in biliary atresia. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:1018-25. [PMID: 18564140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare and serious liver disease in infants characterized by progressive inflammatory cholangiopathy. The aims of this study were to investigate hepatic expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BA and to associate the iNOS expression with their early therapeutic outcome. METHODS Hepatic iNOS expression was determined using immunohistochemistry from liver biopsies of 24 BA patients, and 16 non-BA patients whose liver tissues were needed in the treatment process. Six months after surgery, the BA patients were categorized into two groups;good and poor outcome. The iNOS expression of hepatocyte areas was evaluated based on its intensity using ImageJ software. Unpaired t-tests were used for the comparisons of iNOS expression between groups. RESULTS Hepatic iNOS expression of BA patients was significantly stronger than that of non-BA patients (P < 0.0001). The largest area of hepatic iNOS expression was the area of hepatocytes. Subgroup analysis of BA patients at 6 months post-op revealed that there was no difference in iNOS expression between the patients with good outcome and those with poor outcome (P = 0.732). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of hepatic iNOS in BA patients was demonstrated. Within liver tissues, hepatocytes were the major source of hepatic iNOS production. However, the expression was not associated with the early therapeutic outcome. These results suggest that iNOS plays a role in the liver pathology of BA but its expression cannot be used as a predictor for therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paisarn Vejchapipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Keklikoglu N, Koray M, Kocaelli H, Akinci S. iNOS expression in oral and gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:1437-42. [PMID: 17987386 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) occurs during the progression of various inflammatory diseases in intestinal tract. NOS inhibitors or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression inhibitors should be considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents, as NO synthesized by iNOS is related to various pathophysiological processes including inflammation. In order to understand the relationship between iNOS and pathological reactions such as the inflammatory process and malign transformation clearly, the existence and amount of constitutive expression should be determined. It is crucial to comprehend the harmful and protective amounts of iNOS expressions in order to clarify the relationship between iNOS and pathological processes. Evidently, only after this inspection is it possible to utilize iNOS as a marker and treatment instrument during the diagnosis and treatment of malign transformation and the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Keklikoglu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Immunolocalisation of heme oxygenase isoforms in human nasal polyps. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2008; 123:131-5. [PMID: 18177531 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215107001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide is an endogenous vasodilator gas produced by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). HO is expressed in human nasal mucosa, but its pathophysiological role in nasal inflammatory diseases is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the expression of HO-1 and -2 isoforms in nasal polyps with normal nasal mucosa. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies specific for HO-1 and -2 was conducted on nasal polyps from nine patients with allergic nasal polyposis, and on normal nasal mucosa from six controls. RESULTS Intense HO-1 immunoreactivity was observed in nasal polyp epithelium but was absent in normal nasal mucosa. HO-2 staining was observed in respiratory epithelium, vascular endothelium and seromucous glands, with no difference observed between nasal polyps and normal nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS HO-1 expression is up-regulated in nasal polyp epithelium, supporting the theory that respiratory epithelium plays a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis.
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Uğar-Cankal D, Ozmeric N. A multifaceted molecule, nitric oxide in oral and periodontal diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:90-100. [PMID: 16387291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with multiple effects on different tissues. NO takes important roles in vasodilatation, bacterial challenge and cytokine stimulation, regulation of mineralized tissue function, neurotransmission, and platelet aggregation, etc. However, under pathological conditions, NO has damaging effects. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS) and inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS) is closely related to the pathophysiological characteristics of inflammatory diseases such as periodontal diseases. The expression of iNOS has been investigated in salivary gland-related diseases, temporomandibular joint disorders and oral cancer as well. The beneficial and damaging effects of NO in diseases related with periodontal, dental and maxillofacial area are discussed in this review. The biological pathways involved with NO and NO inhibitors may be good drug targets to have a role in the future management of patients with diseases in orofacial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Uğar-Cankal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Biskek caddesi 84.sokak 06510 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Yamaguchi M, Abiko Y, Nishimura M, Saitoh M, Kaku T. An Immunohistochemical Study of the Localization of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Heat Shock Protein (HSP) in Pleomorphic Adenoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.37.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Michiko Nishimura
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Tohru Kaku
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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11
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PyV-mT-induced parotid gland hyperplasia as detected by altered lectin reactivity is not modulated by inducible nitric oxide deficiency. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:415-22. [PMID: 12749913 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The parotid gland was one of the first organs recognised to be sensitive to the transforming effects of polyomavirus. This study examines parotid gland pathology in mice expressing the polyomavirus middle T (PyV-mT) under the control of the mouse mammary tumour virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) to (1) demonstrate the utility of this model for studying premalignant disease; (2) identify early lesions by lectin staining and (3) determine effects of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in modulating tumorigenesis. The middle T oncogene is expressed in the parotid glands in addition to the mammary glands and results in the formation of parotid hyperplasias in 100% of transgenic female mice. These hyperplasias have the features of intraepithelial neoplasia including hypertrophic cells with prominent nucleoli and abnormal mitoses. Focal areas of parotid hyperplasia can be identified using peanut agglutinin (PNA), a lectin that recognises the tumour associated T antigen. In contrast to normal parotid gland, areas of hyperplasia do not bind PNA. Mice deficient in iNOS, an enzyme implicated in the promotion of tumorigenesis, were bred into the PyV-mT model. The loss of iNOS did not impact on the number or size of parotid gland hyperplasias, suggesting that NO produced by this enzyme is not a key regulator of PyV-mT-induced parotid gland hyperplasia. The consistent development of parotid hyperplasias in PyV-mT mice and clear identification of these lesions by loss of PNA lectin reactivity provides a useful model for studying early molecular changes in parotid tumorigenesis.
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12
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Looms D, Tritsaris K, Pedersen AM, Nauntofte B, Dissing S. Nitric oxide signalling in salivary glands. J Oral Pathol Med 2002; 31:569-84. [PMID: 12406302 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays multiple roles in both intracellular and extracellular signalling mechanisms with implications for health and disease. This review focuses on the role of NO signalling in salivary secretion. Attention will be paid primarily to endogenous NO production in acinar cells resulting from specific receptor stimulation and to NO-regulated Ca2+ homeostasis. Due to the fact that NO readily crosses membranes by simple diffusion, endogenous NO may play a physiological role in processes as diverse as modifying the secretory output, controlling blood supply to the gland, modulating transmitter output from nerve endings, participating in the host defence barrier, and affecting growth and differentiation of surrounding tissue. Furthermore, the role of NO in the pathogenesis of human oral diseases will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagnia Looms
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Brennan PA, Umar T, Smith GI, McCauley P, Peters WJ, Langdon JD. Expression of type 2 nitric oxide synthase and p53 in Warthin's tumour of the parotid. J Oral Pathol Med 2002; 31:458-62. [PMID: 12220352 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of Warthin's tumour is not fully understood, it is generally thought that the tumour arises from heterotopic salivary ducts within pre-existing lymphoid tissue. Prolonged nitric oxide (NO) production by the enzyme type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many solid tumours, but not in Warthin's tumour. Since NO and NOS2 are known to be associated with p53, the immunohistochemical expression of both NOS2 and p53 was investigated in 23 cases of Warthin's tumour. Widespread diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining for NOS2 was found in tumour epithelial cells of all 23 cases studied, and it was additionally expressed in normal salivary duct epithelium. p53 staining was localised to the nuclei of tumour epithelium in 16 cases, with a similar pattern of distribution to tumour NOS2 expression. A significant correlation was found between NOS2 and p53 staining in the tumours (P < 0.001). In contrast to NOS2, p53 was not expressed by normal salivary ductal cells in any of the cases studied. NOS2 is widely expressed by the tumour epithelium of Warthin's, and its association with p53 expression is discussed. The role of NO in the pathogenesis of Warthin's tumour remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Brennan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Poole Hospital, Poole, Dorset, BH15 2JB, UK.
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Brennan PA, Umar T, Smith GI, Lo CH, Tant S. Expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40:191-4. [PMID: 12054707 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.2001.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has a pivotal role in angiogenesis. The expression of NO synthase (NOS2) is down-regulated in basal cell skin cancer but we know of no studies that have investigated its expression in the more aggressive squamous cell skin carcinoma. This immunohistochemical study assessed NOS2 expression in 37 cases of head and neck squamous cell skin carcinoma. NOS2 expression was located in cells of the basal cell layer of epidermis, but was significantly increased in tumour epithelium. No correlations were found between NOS2 expression and tumour size or degree of tumour differentiation. The raised NO concentrations in these tumours may provide one explanation for their more aggressive behaviour than that of the slower-growing basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- Specialist Registrar in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Poole General Hospital, Poole, Dorset, UK
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15
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Brennan PA, Palacios-Callender M, Zaki GA, Spedding AV, Langdon JD. Does type II nitric oxide synthase expression correlate with cellular proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia? Head Neck 2001; 23:217-22. [PMID: 11428452 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0347(200103)23:3<217::aid-hed1021>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated both in tumor progression and inhibition. This study investigated whether type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression correlated with cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and dysplasia. METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissue samples of normal oral mucosa, OSCC, and dysplasia were assessed immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies to NOS2 and Ki-67 antigen. We used Western blotting to confirm NOS2 antibody specificity and protein expression in select cases. RESULTS NOS2 staining was increased in OSCC relative to normal oral mucosa, in which no expression was found. Both NOS2 expression and Ki-67 indices independently correlated with grade of dysplasia (p < .001) but not with the degree of tumor differentiation. A positive correlation was found between NOS2 expression and Ki-67 in cases of mild and moderate dysplasia (p < .001), but not in severe dysplasia and OSCC. CONCLUSIONS No correlation exists between Ki-67 and NOS2 expression in severe dysplasia and OSCC. The findings suggest that the level of NO produced by NOS2 is insufficient to affect cellular proliferation in these conditions. The mechanism of NOS2 activation and the consequences of its expression remain to be fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
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Brennan PA, Palacios-Callender M, Umar T, Hughes D, Spedding AV, Zaki GA, Langdon JD. Correlation between type II nitric oxide synthase and p53 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38:627-632. [PMID: 11092782 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.2000.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged nitric oxide (NO) production by the enzyme type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) has been implicated in angiogenesis and metastasis of human cancers. In animal models, wild-type p53 (but not mutant) protein results in down-regulation of NOS2 expression, which reduces both tumour growth and dissemination. In the current study, we aimed to find out whether a correlation was present in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Fifty-six cases of squamous cell carcinoma were assessed immunohistochemically using antibodies to NOS2 and p53 (clone DO-7). We also confirmed NOS2 protein expression in selected cases using immunoblotting. The results were correlated with clinicopathological findings. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between p53 and NOS2 expression (P= 0.001). No relationship was found between size of tumour or histological degree of differentiation, and NOS2 expression in the primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- BUPA Research Fellow, Maxillofacial Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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17
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Brennan PA, Umar T, Bowden J, Hobkirk A, Spedding AV, Conroy B, Zaki G, Macpherson DW. Nitric oxide synthase expression is downregulated in basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38:633-636. [PMID: 11092783 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.2000.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The small molecule nitric oxide (NO) has many actions, most of which are poorly understood. Recently, NO and related compounds have been implicated in skin damage caused by ultraviolet light although their exact role is not clear. We undertook an immuno histochemical study to assess the expression of type II NO synthase (NOS2) and type III (NOS3) in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the head and neck. In all 48 cases studied, NOS2 was found in the basal cell layer of the skin at the tumour margin but it w as significantly reduced in the tumour epithelial cells (P=0.001). NOS3 was localized to the endothelium of the blood vessels in both skin and tumour in all cases, and it was not seen in the tumour epithelial cells. The results suggest that expression of NOS is down-regulated in basal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- BUPA Research Fellow, Maxillofacial Unit, St Richard's Hospital, Chichester, West Sussex, UK
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18
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Brennan PA, Conroy B, Spedding AV. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and p53 in oral epithelial dysplasia. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2000; 90:624-9. [PMID: 11077387 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2000.108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Nitric oxide (NO) has been studied in a variety of human cancers and is implicated in both tumor promotion and inhibition. Downregulation of the enzyme iNOS by wild-type p53 (but not mutant) protein has been shown to occur in normal cells and some tumors, but the relationship has not been reported in oral epithelial dysplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS An immunohistochemical study was conducted with antibodies to iNOS and p53 (clone DO-7) in 36 cases of oral dysplasia of varying severity. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between iNOS staining and grade of dysplasia (P <.001) and between p53 and iNOS staining (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study has shown that iNOS expression correlates with severity of dysplasia, and it is also increased in those cases showing positive staining for p53. Further research is required to fully establish the relationship between iNOS and p53 in both dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Brennan
- Maxillofacial Department, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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Brennan PA, Palacios-Callender M, Sinclair D, Spedding AV, Zaki GA. Does expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase correlate with severity of oral epithelial dysplasia? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28:44-8. [PMID: 10851673 DOI: 10.1054/jcms.2000.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule nitric oxide (NO) has generated an exponential amount of research since its discovery as a biological messenger in 1987. It has a vast number of actions, many of which are poorly understood. It has been studied in a variety of human cancers and has been implicated both in tumour promotion and inhibition. Although NO is produced by three distinct isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), most cancer research is directed towards the calcium-independent form, iNOS which following induction, produces much higher quantities of NO than the other two. In this study the expression of iNOS is assessed by immunohistochemistry in 26 cases of oral epithelial dysplasia ranging in severity from mild to severe. iNOS staining was found in all 26 cases of dysplasia with the degree of staining correlating to the severity of dysplasia (p < 0.001). There was no iNOS staining seen in adjacent normal epithelium. The possible role of iNOS in the complex transformation from dysplasia to invasive oral cancer and the clinical applications are discussed.
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