1
|
Kou Y, Zhao H, Cui D, Han H, Tong Z. Formaldehyde toxicity in age-related neurological dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101512. [PMID: 34798299 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The primordial small gaseous molecules, such as: NO, CO, H2S and formaldehyde (FA) are present in the brains. Whether FA as well as the other molecules participates in brain functions is unclear. Recently, its pathophysiological functions have been investigated. Notably, under physiological conditions, learning activity induces a transient generation of hippocampal FA, which promotes memory formation by enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-currents. However, ageing leads to FA accumulation in brain for the dysregulation of FA metabolism; and excessive FA directly impairs memory by inhibiting NMDA-receptor. Especially, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) accelerates FA accumulation by inactivating alcohol dehydrogenase-5; in turn, FA promotes Aβ oligomerization, fibrillation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Hence, there is a vicious circle encompassing Aβ assembly and FA generation. Even worse, FA induces Aβ deposition in the extracellular space (ECS), which blocks the medicines (dissolved in the interstitial fluid) flowing into the damaged neurons in the deep cortex. However, phototherapy destroys Aβ deposits in the ECS and restores ISF flow. Coenzyme Q10, which scavenges FA, was shown to ameliorate Aβ-induced AD pathological phenotypes, thus suggesting a causative relation between FA toxicity and AD. These findings suggest that the combination of these two methods is a promising strategy for treating AD.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nadalutti CA, Prasad R, Wilson SH. Perspectives on formaldehyde dysregulation: Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in mammalian cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103134. [PMID: 34116475 PMCID: PMC9014805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genome stability involves coordination between different subcellular compartments providing cells with DNA repair systems that safeguard against environmental and endogenous stresses. Organisms produce the chemically reactive molecule formaldehyde as a component of one-carbon metabolism, and cells maintain systems to regulate endogenous levels of formaldehyde under physiological conditions, preventing genotoxicity, among other adverse effects. Dysregulation of formaldehyde is associated with several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we discuss the complex topic of endogenous formaldehyde metabolism and summarize advances in research on fo dysregulation, along with future research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Nadalutti
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Samuel H Wilson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li T, Wei Y, Qu M, Mou L, Miao J, Xi M, Liu Y, He R. Formaldehyde and De/Methylation in Age-Related Cognitive Impairment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060913. [PMID: 34199279 PMCID: PMC8231798 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a highly reactive substance that is ubiquitous in the environment and is usually considered as a pollutant. In the human body, FA is a product of various metabolic pathways and participates in one-carbon cycle, which provides carbon for the synthesis and modification of bio-compounds, such as DNA, RNA, and amino acids. Endogenous FA plays a role in epigenetic regulation, especially in the methylation and demethylation of DNA, histones, and RNA. Recently, epigenetic alterations associated with FA dysmetabolism have been considered as one of the important features in age-related cognitive impairment (ARCI), suggesting the potential of using FA as a diagnostic biomarker of ARCI. Notably, FA plays multifaceted roles, and, at certain concentrations, it promotes cell proliferation, enhances memory formation, and elongates life span, effects that could also be involved in the aetiology of ARCI. Further investigation of and the regulation of the epigenetics landscape may provide new insights about the aetiology of ARCI and provide novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur 015000, China;
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (L.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Meihua Qu
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261041, China;
| | - Lixian Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (L.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Junye Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (L.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Mengqi Xi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (M.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; (Y.W.); (L.M.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unzeta M, Hernàndez-Guillamon M, Sun P, Solé M. SSAO/VAP-1 in Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073365. [PMID: 33805974 PMCID: PMC8036996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) or primary amine oxidase (PrAO), is a deaminating enzyme highly expressed in vessels that generates harmful products as a result of its enzymatic activity. As a multifunctional enzyme, it is also involved in inflammation through its ability to bind and promote the transmigration of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammation is present in different systemic and cerebral diseases, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These pathologies show important affectations on cerebral vessels, together with increased SSAO levels. This review summarizes the main roles of SSAO/VAP-1 in human physiology and pathophysiology and discusses the mechanisms by which it can affect the onset and progression of both stroke and AD. As there is an evident interrelationship between stroke and AD, basically through the vascular system dysfunction, the possibility that SSAO/VAP-1 could be involved in the transition between these two pathologies is suggested. Hence, its inhibition is proposed to be an interesting therapeutical approach to the brain damage induced in these both cerebral pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Unzeta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Auònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mar Hernàndez-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-896-766
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Montse Solé
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheng J, Ren Y, Huang Y, Li X, Huang M, Han F, Liang X, Li X. Sequentially Activated Probe Design Strategy for Analyzing Metabolite Crosstalk in a Biochemical Cascade. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1409-1415. [PMID: 31829003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation Technology of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Feng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xingguang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang F, Chen D, Wu P, Klein C, Jin C. Formaldehyde, Epigenetics, and Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:820-830. [PMID: 30964647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are two hallmarks of AD. The β-amyloid and tau proteins have been at the center of AD research and drug development for decades. However, most of the clinical trials targeting β-amyloid have failed. Whereas the safety and efficacy of most tau-targeting drugs have not yet been completely assessed, the first tau aggregation inhibitor, LMTX, failed in a late-stage trial, leading to further recognition of the complexities of AD and reconsideration of the amyloid hypothesis and perhaps the tau hypothesis as well. Multilevel complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contribute to the occurrence and progression of AD. Formaldehyde (FA) is a widespread environmental organic pollutant. It is also an endogenous metabolite in the human body. Recent studies suggest that elevation of FA in the body by endogenous and/or exogenous exposure may play important roles in AD development. We have demonstrated that FA reduces lysine acetylation of cytosolic histones, thereby compromising chromatin assembly and resulting in the loss of histone content in chromatin, a conserved feature of aging from yeast to humans. Aging is an important factor for AD progression. Therefore, FA-induced inhibition of chromatin assembly and the loss of histones may contribute to AD initiation and/or development. This review will briefly summarize current knowledge on mechanistic insights into AD, focusing on epigenetic alterations and the involvement of FA in AD development. The exploration of chemical exposures as contributing factors to AD may provide new insights into AD mechanisms and could identify potential novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Public Health , China Medical University , Shenyang 110122 , China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Zhou CF, Xiao F, Huang HL, Zhang P, Gu HF, Tang XQ. Inhibition of ALDH2 protects PC12 cells against formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity: involving the protection of hydrogen sulphide. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:595-601. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Medical College; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Cheng-Fang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience; Medical College; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience; Medical College; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Hong-Lin Huang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology; Nanhua Affiliated Hospital; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience; Medical College; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Medical College; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MacKenzie EM, Song MS, Dursun SM, Tomlinson S, Todd KG, Baker GB. Phenelzine: An Old Drug That May Hold Clues to The Development of New Neuroprotective Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10177833.2010.11790656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. MacKenzie
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mee-Sook Song
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serdar M. Dursun
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sara Tomlinson
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn G. Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Glen B. Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matveychuk D, Dursun SM, Wood PL, Baker GB. Reactive Aldehydes and Neurodegenerative Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.19691231040000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Matveychuk
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Serdar M. Dursun
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul L. Wood
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Glen B. Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamaki S, Suzuki D, Fujiyasu J, Neya M, Nagashima A, Kondo M, Akabane T, Kadono K, Moritomo A, Yoshihara K. Synthesis and structure activity relationships of glycine amide derivatives as novel Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:187-201. [PMID: 27810440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of several inflammatory-related diseases including diabetic microvascular complication. We identified glycine amide derivative 3 as a novel structure with moderate VAP-1 inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationship studies of glycine amide derivatives revealed that the tertiary amide moiety is important for stability in rat blood and that the position of substituents on the left phenyl ring plays an important role in VAP-1 inhibitory activity. We also found that low TPSA values and weak basicity are both important for high PAMPA values for glycine amide derivatives. These findings led to the identification of a series of orally active compounds with enhanced VAP-1 inhibitory activity. Of these compounds, 4g exhibited the most potent ex vivo efficacy, with plasma VAP-1 inhibitory activity of 60% after oral administration at 1mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yamaki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujiyasu
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Neya
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Nagashima
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kondo
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takafumi Akabane
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kadono
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Ayako Moritomo
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Yoshihara
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pannecoeck R, Serruys D, Benmeridja L, Delanghe JR, van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Speeckaert MM. Vascular adhesion protein-1: Role in human pathology and application as a biomarker. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:284-300. [PMID: 26287391 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a member of the copper-containing amine oxidase/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (AOC/SSAO) enzyme family. SSAO enzymes catalyze oxidative deamination of primary amines, which results in the production of the corresponding aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium. VAP-1 is continuously expressed as a transmembrane glycoprotein in the vascular wall during development and facilitates the accumulation of inflammatory cells into the inflamed environment in concert with other leukocyte adhesion molecules. The soluble form of VAP-1 is released into the circulation mainly from vascular endothelial cells. Over- and under-expression of sVAP-1 result in alterations of the reported reaction product levels, which are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases. The combination of enzymatic and adhesion capacities as well as its strong association with inflammatory pathologies makes VAP-1 an interesting therapeutic target for drug discovery. In this article, we will review the general characteristics and biological functions of VAP-1, focusing on its important role as a prognostic biomarker in human pathologies. In addition, the potential therapeutic application of VAP-1 inhibitors will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nanja van Geel
- c Department of Dermatology , Ghent University Hospital , Gent , Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dorokhov YL, Shindyapina AV, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Metabolic methanol: molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:603-44. [PMID: 25834233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol has been historically considered an exogenous product that leads only to pathological changes in the human body when consumed. However, in normal, healthy individuals, methanol and its short-lived oxidized product, formaldehyde, are naturally occurring compounds whose functions and origins have received limited attention. There are several sources of human physiological methanol. Fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages are likely the main sources of exogenous methanol in the healthy human body. Metabolic methanol may occur as a result of fermentation by gut bacteria and metabolic processes involving S-adenosyl methionine. Regardless of its source, low levels of methanol in the body are maintained by physiological and metabolic clearance mechanisms. Although human blood contains small amounts of methanol and formaldehyde, the content of these molecules increases sharply after receiving even methanol-free ethanol, indicating an endogenous source of the metabolic methanol present at low levels in the blood regulated by a cluster of genes. Recent studies of the pathogenesis of neurological disorders indicate metabolic formaldehyde as a putative causative agent. The detection of increased formaldehyde content in the blood of both neurological patients and the elderly indicates the important role of genetic and biochemical mechanisms of maintaining low levels of methanol and formaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Sheshukova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Drochioiu G, Tudorachi L, Murariu M. NOSH aspirin may have a protective role in Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:262-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
14
|
Solé M, Miñano-Molina AJ, Unzeta M. A cross-talk between Aβ and endothelial SSAO/VAP-1 accelerates vascular damage and Aβ aggregation related to CAA-AD. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:762-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Wei HJ, Li X, Tang XQ. Therapeutic benefits of H₂S in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1665-9. [PMID: 24882562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenously generated gaseous mediator, has been discovered to regulate a series of physiological and pathological processes in mammalian systems. In recent decades scientific interest has grown in the physiological and pathological implications of H2S, specifically its role in the central nervous system (CNS). H2S can work in the CNS as a neuromodulator to promote long-term potentiation and regulate intracellular calcium concentration and pH level in brain cells. H2S may protect the nervous system from oxidative stress, apoptosis, or degeneration. The aim of this review is to present the current understanding of H2S as a potential agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysregulation of H2S homeostasis is implicated in the pathological processes of AD. Substantial evidence from both in vivo and in vitro studies shows that H2S prevents neuronal impairment and attenuates cognitive dysfunction in the experimental model of AD. The mechanisms underlying the protective role of H2S in AD involve its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. We conclude that H2S has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Zhang KY, Zhang P, Chen LX, Wang L, Xie M, Wang CY, Tang XQ. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits formaldehyde-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells by upregulation of SIRT-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89856. [PMID: 24587076 PMCID: PMC3938548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde (FA), a well-known environmental pollutant, has been classified as a neurotoxic molecule. Our recent data demonstrate that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gaseous transmitter, has a protective effect on the neurotoxicity of FA. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this protection remain largely unknown. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of FA. Silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1), a histone deacetylases, has various biological activities, including the extension of lifespan, the modulation of ER stress, and the neuroprotective action. Objective We hypothesize that the protection of H2S against FA-induced neurotoxicity involves in inhibiting ER stress by upregulation of SIRT-1. The present study attempted to investigate the protective effect of H2S on FA-induced ER stress in PC12 cells and the contribution of SIRT-1 to the protection of H2S against FA-induced injuries, including ER stress, cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Principal Findings We found that exogenous application of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; an H2S donor) significantly attenuated FA-induced ER stress responses, including the upregulated levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, and cleaved caspase-12 expression. We showed that NaHS upregulates the expression of SIRT-1 in PC12 cells. Moreover, the protective effects of H2S on FA-elicited ER stress, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were reversed by Sirtinol, a specific inhibitor of SIRT-1. Conclusion/Significance These data indicate that H2S exerts its protection against the neurotoxicity of FA through overcoming ER stress via upregulation of SIRT-1. Our findings provide novel insights into the protective mechanisms of H2S against FA-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xun Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anthropotomy, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (MX)
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (MX)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tulpule K, Dringen R. Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2013; 127:7-21. [PMID: 23800365 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in substantial amounts in the human body during normal metabolism. This aldehyde is a well-established neurotoxin that affects memory, learning, and behavior. In addition, in several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, an increase in the expression of formaldehyde-generating enzymes and elevated levels of formaldehyde in brain have been reported. This article gives an overview on the current knowledge on the generation and metabolism of formaldehyde in brain cells as well as on formaldehyde-induced alterations in metabolic processes. Brain cells have the potential to generate and to dispose formaldehyde. In culture, both astrocytes and neurons efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate which can be exported or further oxidized. Although moderate concentrations of formaldehyde are not acutely toxic for brain cells, exposure to formaldehyde severely affects their metabolism as demonstrated by the formaldehyde-induced acceleration of glycolytic flux and by the rapid multidrug resistance protein 1-mediated export of glutathione from both astrocytes and neurons. These formaldehyde-induced alterations in the metabolism of brain cells may contribute to the impaired cognitive performance observed after formaldehyde exposure and to the neurodegeneration in diseases that are associated with increased formaldehyde levels in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The protective effect of geniposide on human neuroblastoma cells in the presence of formaldehyde. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:152. [PMID: 23815892 PMCID: PMC3702466 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde can induce misfolding and aggregation of Tau protein and β amyloid protein, which are characteristic pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An increase in endogenous formaldehyde concentration in the brain is closely related to dementia in aging people. Therefore, the discovery of effective drugs to counteract the adverse impact of formaldehyde on neuronal cells is beneficial for the development of appropriate treatments for age-associated cognitive decline. Methods In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective properties of TongLuoJiuNao (TLJN), a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, against formaldehyde stress in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cell line). The effect of TLJN and its main ingredients (geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1) on cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular antioxidant activity and the expression of apoptotic-related genes in the presence of formaldehyde were monitored. Results Cell counting studies showed that in the presence of TLJN, the viability of formaldehyde-treated SH-SY5Y cells significantly recovered. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that the morphology of formaldehyde-injured cells was rescued by TLJN and geniposide, an effective ingredient of TLJN. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of geniposide on formaldehyde-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent. The activity of intracellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) increased, as did mRNA and protein levels of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 after the addition of geniposide. In contrast, the expression of the apoptotic-related gene - P53, apoptotic executer - caspase 3 and apoptotic initiator - caspase 9 were downregulated after geniposide treatment. Conclusions Our results indicate that geniposide can protect SH-SY5Y cells against formaldehyde stress through modulating the expression of Bcl-2, P53, caspase 3 and caspase 9, and by increasing the activity of intracellular superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been available for more than 50 years, initially developed as antidepressants but currently used in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions. There has been a recent surge of interest in monoamine oxidase inhibitors because of their reported neuroprotective and/or neurorescue properties. Interestingly, it seems that often these properties are independent of their ability to inhibit monoamine oxidase. This review article presents an overview of the neuroprotective/neurorescue properties of these multifaceted drugs and focuses on phenelzine, (-)-deprenyl, rasagiline, ladostigil, tranylcypromine, moclobemide, and clorgyline and their possible neuroprotective mechanisms.
Collapse
|
20
|
Inoue T, Morita M, Tojo T, Yoshihara K, Nagashima A, Moritomo A, Ohkubo M, Miyake H. Synthesis and SAR study of new thiazole derivatives as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) inhibitors for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1219-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Tang XQ, Fang HR, Zhou CF, Zhuang YY, Zhang P, Gu HF, Hu B. A novel mechanism of formaldehyde neurotoxicity: inhibition of hydrogen sulfide generation by promoting overproduction of nitric oxide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54829. [PMID: 23359814 PMCID: PMC3554621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde (FA) induces neurotoxicity by overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increasing studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gastransmitter, protects nerve cells against oxidative stress by its antioxidant effect. It has been shown that overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the activity of cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS), the predominant H2S-generating enzyme in the central nervous system. Objective We hypothesize that FA-caused neurotoxicity involves the deficiency of this endogenous protective antioxidant gas, which results from excessive generation of NO. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether FA disturbs H2S synthesis in PC12 cells, and whether this disturbance is associated with overproduction of NO. Principal Findings We showed that exposure of PC12 cells to FA causes reduction of viability, inhibition of CBS expression, decrease of endogenous H2S production, and NO production. CBS silencing deteriorates FA-induced decreases in endogenous H2S generation, neurotoxicity, and intracellular ROS accumulation in PC12 cells; while ADMA, a specific inhibitor of NOS significantly attenuates FA-induced decreases in endogenous H2S generation, neurotoxicity, and intracellular ROS accumulation in PC12 cells. Conclusion/Significance Our data indicate that FA induces neurotoxicity by inhibiting the generation of H2S through excess of NO and suggest that strategies to manipulate endogenous H2S could open a suitable novel therapeutic avenue for FA-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (PZ)
| | - Heng-Rong Fang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Fang Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (X-QT); (PZ)
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bi Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Valente T, Gella A, Solé M, Durany N, Unzeta M. Immunohistochemical study of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 in the hippocampal vasculature: Pathological synergy of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1989-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
23
|
Hydrogen sulfide prevents formaldehyde-induced neurotoxicity to PC12 cells by attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-apoptotic potential. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:16-24. [PMID: 22542418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been shown to act as a neuroprotectant and antioxidant. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exposure to formaldehyde (FA) causes neuronal damage and that oxidative stress is one of the most critical effects of FA exposure. Accumulation of FA is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of present study is to explore the inhibitory effects of H(2)S on FA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms underlying in PC12 cells. We show that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H(2)S donor, protects PC12 cells against FA-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis and that NaHS preserves the function of mitochondria by preventing FA-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c in PC12 cells. Furthermore, NaHS blocks FA-exerted accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, and up-regulation of Bax expression. These results indicate that H(2)S protects neuronal cells against neurotoxicity of FA by preserving mitochondrial function through attenuation of ROS accumulation, up-regulation of Bcl-2 level, and down-regulation of Bax expression. Our study suggests a promising future of H(2)S-based preventions and therapies for neuronal damage after FA exposure.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tang XQ, Ren YK, Chen RQ, Zhuang YY, Fang HR, Xu JH, Wang CY, Hu B. Formaldehyde induces neurotoxicity to PC12 cells involving inhibition of paraoxonase-1 expression and activity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:208-14. [PMID: 21261675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Formaldehyde (FA) has been found to cause toxicity to neurons. However, its neurotoxic mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Increasing evidence has shown that oxidative damage is one of the most critical effects of formaldehyde exposure. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a pivotal endogenous anti-oxidant. Thus, we hypothesized that FA-mediated downregulation of PON1 is associated with its neurotoxicity. 2. In the present work, we used PC12 cells to study the neurotoxicity of FA and explore whether PON-1 is implicated in FA-induced neurotoxicity. 3. We found that FA has potent cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on PC12 cells. FA induces an accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species along with downregulation of Bcl-2 expression, as well as increased cytochrome c release. FA significantly suppressed the expression and activity of PON-1 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, H(2)S, an endogenous anti-oxidant gas, antagonizes FA-induced cytotoxicity as well as 2-hydroxyquinoline, a specific inhibitor of PON-1, which also induces cytotoxicity to PC12 cells. 4. The results of the present study provide, for the first time, evidence that the inhibitory effect on PON-1 expression and activity is involved in the neurotoxicity of FA, and suggest a promising role of PON-1 as a novel therapeutic strategy for FA-mediated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu Y, Li H, Luo H, Lin Z, Luo W. LC–MS–MS Method for Quantification of Hydralazine in BALB/C Mouse Plasma and Brain: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Desai KM, Chang T, Wang H, Banigesh A, Dhar A, Liu J, Untereiner A, Wu L. Oxidative stress and aging: is methylglyoxal the hidden enemy? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:273-84. [PMID: 20393592 DOI: 10.1139/y10-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial process that involves changes at the cellular, tissue, organ and the whole body levels resulting in decreased functioning, development of diseases, and ultimately death. Oxidative stress is believed to be a very important factor in causing aging and age-related diseases. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. ROS are produced from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and many oxidative reactions. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite formed during glucose, protein and fatty acid metabolism. MG levels are elevated in hyperglycemia and other conditions. An excess of MG formation can increase ROS production and cause oxidative stress. MG reacts with proteins, DNA and other biomolecules, and is a major precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are also associated with the aging process and age-related diseases such as cardiovascular complications of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and connective tissue disorders. AGEs also increase oxidative stress. In this review we discuss the potential role of MG in the aging process through increasing oxidative stress besides causing AGEs formation. Specific and effective scavengers and crosslink breakers of MG and AGEs are being developed and can become potential treatments to slow the aging process and prevent many diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik M Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Largeron M. Amine oxidases of the quinoproteins family: Their implication in the metabolic oxidation of xenobiotics. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2011; 69:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
28
|
Song MS, Baker GB, Dursun SM, Todd KG. The antidepressant phenelzine protects neurons and astrocytes against formaldehyde-induced toxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1405-13. [PMID: 20557421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive aldehydes have been implicated in the etiology of several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and there is considerable interest in drugs to counteract the actions of these aldehydes. Increased formaldehyde (FA) and up-regulation of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, which forms FA from methylamine, have been implicated in disorders such as cerebrovascular disorders, alcohol abuse, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Phenelzine (PLZ), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, is an antidepressant that has recently received attention for its neuroprotective/neurorescue properties. We investigated FA-induced toxicity and the effects of PLZ using rat primary cortical neurons and astrocytes and found that FA induced toxicity in neurons and astrocytes by multiple means. In astrocytes, FA decreased glutamate transporter expression, inhibiting glutamate uptake. PLZ reversed the decrease of glutamate uptake and the alteration of the second messengers, AKT and p38, induced by FA. PLZ alone affected the GLT-1 glutamate transporter in opposite directions in astrocytes and neurons. Thus, PLZ has multiple actions in neurons and astrocytes that may contribute to its neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sook Song
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Largeron M, Fleury MB, Strolin Benedetti M. A small molecule that mimics the metabolic activity of copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) toward physiological mono- and polyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3796-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c004501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
30
|
Kalapos MP. Methylglyoxal and glucose metabolism: a historical perspective and future avenues for research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:69-91. [PMID: 18533365 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2008.23.1-2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal, an alpha-oxoaldehyde discovered in the 1880s, has had a hectic scientific career, at times being considered of fundamental importance and at other times viewed as playing a very subordinate role. Much has been learned about methylglyoxal, but the function of its production in the metabolic machinery is still unknown. This paper gives an overview of the changing role of methylglyoxal from a historical aspect and arrives at the conclusion that methylglyoxal is tightly bound to glycolysis from an evolutionary perspective, its production therefore being inevitable. It is not situated in the main stream of the glycolytic sequence, but a role can be assigned to its production in the phosphate supply of operating glycolysis in some prokaryotes and yeast under conditions of phosphate deficiency. This function is presumed to be performed by the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase, which is specialized for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate to methylglyoxal. However, it is still unknown whether this enzyme and this kind of regulation also exist in animals.
Collapse
|
31
|
Jiang ZJ, Richardson JS, Yu PH. The contribution of cerebral vascular semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:194-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Solé M, Hernandez-Guillamon M, Boada M, Unzeta M. p53 phosphorylation is involved in vascular cell death induced by the catalytic activity of membrane-bound SSAO/VAP-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1085-94. [PMID: 18348872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is a multifunctional enzyme present mainly in adipocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. It metabolizes primary aliphatic and aromatic amines generating products able to contribute to cellular oxidative stress. SSAO is expressed in a membrane-bound form and is also present as a soluble enzyme in plasma. Both isoforms are increased in several pathologies, and the catalytic products generated by the soluble enzymatic activity can induce cytotoxicity of vascular cells in culture. We have analyzed whether the transmembrane form of the enzyme is able to produce a cytotoxic effect through methylamine oxidation. Since cells in culture lose the expression of this enzyme, we used an SSAO stably transfected smooth muscle cell line. Herein we report that cell treatment with the substrate methylamine induced a dose and time dependent cytotoxic effect. The tumor suppressor protein p53 played an important role in the molecular pathway involved in this cell death. Moreover, we also observed the induction of PUMA-alpha expression with mitochondrial Bcl-2 family proteins being affected, and final effector caspases being activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montse Solé
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, (08193) Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The tandem of free radicals and methylglyoxal. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 171:251-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
34
|
Nie CL, Wei Y, Chen X, Liu YY, Dui W, Liu Y, Davies MC, Tendler SJ, He RG. Formaldehyde at low concentration induces protein tau into globular amyloid-like aggregates in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2007; 2:e629. [PMID: 17637844 PMCID: PMC1913207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that neurodegeneration is closely related to misfolding and aggregation of neuronal tau. Our previous results show that neuronal tau aggregates in formaldehyde solution and that aggregated tau induces apoptosis of SH-SY5Y and hippocampal cells. In the present study, based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation, we have found that formaldehyde at low concentrations induces tau polymerization whilst acetaldehyde does not. Neuronal tau misfolds and aggregates into globular-like polymers in 0.01–0.1% formaldehyde solutions. Apart from globular-like aggregation, no fibril-like polymerization was observed when the protein was incubated with formaldehyde for 15 days. SDS-PAGE results also exhibit tau polymerizing in the presence of formaldehyde. Under the same experimental conditions, polymerization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or α-synuclein was not markedly detected. Kinetic study shows that tau significantly misfolds and polymerizes in 60 minutes in 0.1% formaldehyde solution. However, presence of 10% methanol prevents protein tau from polymerization. This suggests that formaldehyde polymerization is involved in tau aggregation. Such aggregation process is probably linked to the tau's special “worm-like” structure, which leaves the ε-amino groups of Lys and thiol groups of Cys exposed to the exterior. Such a structure can easily bond to formaldehyde molecules in vitro and in vivo. Polymerizing of formaldehyde itself results in aggregation of protein tau. Immunocytochemistry and thioflavin S staining of both endogenous and exogenous tau in the presence of formaldehyde at low concentrations in the cell culture have shown that formaldehyde can induce tau into amyloid-like aggregates in vivo during apoptosis. The significant protein tau aggregation induced by formaldehyde and the severe toxicity of the aggregated tau to neural cells may suggest that toxicity of methanol and formaldehyde ingestion is related to tau misfolding and aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lai Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyong Chen
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Dui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Martyn C. Davies
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saul J.B. Tendler
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Giao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Unzeta M, Solé M, Boada M, Hernández M. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and its possible contribution to vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:857-62. [PMID: 17393059 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the key pathological features of the progressive neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) is cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is present in most cases of AD, and it is characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in brain vessels, inducing the degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Herein we report that semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is overexpressed in cerebrovascular tissue of patients with AD-CAA, and that it colocalizes with beta-amyloid deposits. This over-expression correlates with high SSAO activity in plasma of severe AD patients. In addition, we have observed that the catalytic activity of SSAO is able to induce apoptosis in smooth muscle cells in vitro. Taken together, these results allow us to postulate that SSAO may contribute to the vascular damage associated to AD.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alzheimer Disease/enzymology
- Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
- Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)/blood
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/blood
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/enzymology
- Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/physiopathology
- Cerebral Arteries/enzymology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Unzeta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Raimondi L, Alfarano C, Pacini A, Livi S, Ghelardini C, DeSiena G, Pirisino R. Methylamine-dependent release of nitric oxide and dopamine in the CNS modulates food intake in fasting rats. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:1003-10. [PMID: 17339841 PMCID: PMC2013916 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Methylamine is an endogenous aliphatic amine exhibiting anorexigenic properties in mice. The aim of this work was to show whether methylamine also modifies feeding behaviour in rats and, if so, to identify the mediator(s) responsible for such effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Microdialysis experiments with the probe inserted in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus were carried out in 12 h starved, freely moving rats. Collected perfusate samples following methylamine injection (i.c.v.) were analysed for nitric oxide by chemiluminescence and for dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine content by HPLC. Kv1.6 potassium channel expression was reduced by antisense strategy and this decrease quantified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. KEY RESULTS Methylamine showed biphasic dose-related effects on rat feeding. At doses of 15-30 microg per rat, it was hyperphagic whereas higher doses (60-80 microg) were hypophagic. Methylamine stimulated central nitric oxide (+115% vs. basal) following hyperphagic and dopamine release (60% over basal values) at hypophagic doses, respectively. Treatment with L-N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (i.c.v. 2 microg 10 microl(-1)) or with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (i.p. 100 mg kg(-1)) before methylamine injection, reduced nitric oxide output and hyperphagia, or dopamine release and hypophagia respectively. Moreover, hypophagia and hyperphagia, as well as nitric oxide and dopamine release were significantly reduced by down-regulating brain Kv1.6 potassium channel expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The effects of methylamine on feeding depend on the hypothalamic release of nitric oxide and dopamine as a result of interaction at the Kv1.6 channels. The study of methylamine levels in the CNS may provide new perspectives on the physiopathology of alimentary behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Raimondi
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - C Alfarano
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - A Pacini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - S Livi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy
| | - C Ghelardini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - G DeSiena
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - R Pirisino
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence Florence, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Amyloid-like aggregates of neuronal tau induced by formaldehyde promote apoptosis of neuronal cells. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17241479 PMCID: PMC1790706 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microtubule associated protein tau is the principle component of neurofibrillar tangles, which are a characteristic marker in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease; similar lesions are also observed after chronic alcohol abuse. Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant and also a metabolite of methanol. Although many studies have been done on methanol and formaldehyde intoxication, none of these address the contribution of protein misfolding to the pathological mechanism, in particular the effect of formaldehyde on protein conformation and polymerization. Results We found that unlike the typical globular protein BSA, the natively-unfolded structure of human neuronal tau was induced to misfold and aggregate in the presence of ~0.01% formaldehyde, leading to formation of amyloid-like deposits that appeared as densely staining granules by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and bound the amyloid-specific dyes thioflavin T and Congo Red. The amyloid-like aggregates of tau were found to induce apoptosis in the neurotypic cell line SH-SY5Y and in rat hippocampal cells, as observed by Hoechst 33258 staining, assay of caspase-3 activity, and flow cytometry using Annexin V and Propidium Iodide staining. Further experiments showed that Congo Red specifically attenuated the caspase-3 activity induced by amyloid-like deposits of tau. Conclusion The results suggest that low concentrations of formaldehyde can induce human tau protein to form neurotoxic aggregates, which could play a role in the induction of tauopathies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen K, Maley J, Yu PH. Potential implications of endogenous aldehydes in ?-amyloid misfolding, oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. J Neurochem 2006; 99:1413-24. [PMID: 17074066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes are capable of inducing protein cross-linkage. An increase in aldehydes has been found in Alzheimer's disease. Formaldehyde and methylglyoxal are produced via deamination of, respectively, methylamine and aminoacetone catalyzed by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, EC 1.4.3.6. The enzyme is located on the outer surface of the vasculature, where amyloidosis is often initiated. A high SSAO level has been identified as a risk factor for vascular disorders. Serum SSAO activity has been found to be increased in Alzheimer's patients. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal are derived from lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress, which is also associated with Alzheimer's disease. Aldehydes may potentially play roles in beta-amyloid aggregation related to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, thioflavin-T fluorometry, dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were employed to reveal the effect of endogenous aldehydes on beta-amyloid at different stages, i.e. beta-sheet formation, oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Formaldehyde, methylglyoxal and malondialdehyde and, to a lesser extent, 4-hydroxynonenal are not only capable of enhancing the rate of formation of beta-amyloid beta-sheets, oligomers and protofibrils but also of increasing the size of the aggregates. The possible relevance to Alzheimer's disease of the effects of these aldehydes on beta-amyloid deposition is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, tranylcypromine, is a potent antidepressant, but its use is limited to special indications due to side effects and dietary restrictions. The antidepressant action of tranylcypromine is not completely explainable by its effects on monoamine oxidase. Tranylcypromine also leads to an increase in brain trace amines, which are believed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of depression. It also affects other pathophysiological pathways associated with depression. Tranylcypromine treatment leads to an up-regulation of GABA(B)-receptors and modulates the phospholipid metabolism, which is essential for normal brain function. These findings implicate that the efficacy of tranylcypromine as an antidepressant may be due to its multiple actions within the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Somfai GM, Knippel B, Ruzicska E, Stadler K, Tóth M, Salacz G, Magyar K, Somogyi A. Soluble semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity is related to oxidative stress and subchronic inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:746-52. [PMID: 16524643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is known to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia via oxidative stress and inflammation. There are speculations that SSAO activity might be related to the development of AD. Our aim was to investigate whether changes of soluble SSAO activity, oxidative stress and inflammation markers are related to each other in diabetes. Soluble and tissue-bound SSAO activities (from serum and aorta, respectively) were determined in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats without insulin treatment, receiving insulin once, or twice daily compared to control animals. After three weeks of treatment soluble and tissue-bound SSAO activities (seSSAO and aoSSAO, respectively), serum total antioxidant status (TAS), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fructose amine levels and routine laboratory parameters were determined. SeSSAO activity significantly increased in the diabetic groups without treatment and receiving insulin once daily, and a marked decrease in aoSSAO activity was seen in all diabetic groups. Increased oxidative stress was correlated with hsCRP elevation, while hsCRP and seSSAO activity were also significantly correlated. In all groups seSSAO and aoSSAO activities were in negative correlation with each other. Our results support the view that poor metabolic control leads to increased oxidative stress, which in turn may cause the elevation of hsCRP levels. Soluble SSAO on the one hand acts as an adhesion molecule--thus possibly being a factor responsible for the late complications of diabetes--and on the other hand, it may contribute to oxidative stress. Our parsimonious conclusion is that there is a relation between the risk factors of AD and vascular dementia (diabetes, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation) and SSAO activity, which may originate from the vessel wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Márk Somfai
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Mária str. 39, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Salter-Cid LM, Wang E, O'Rourke AM, Miller A, Gao H, Huang L, Garcia A, Linnik MD. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Inhibiting the Amine Oxidase Activity of Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:553-62. [PMID: 16081681 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.089649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) or vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a copper-containing amine oxidase (AOC3, EC 1.4.3.6) that has both enzymatic and adhesive function. SSAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines, resulting in the formation of the corresponding aldehyde and release of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Membrane-bound SSAO is an inflammation-inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecule that mediates the interaction between leukocytes and activated endothelial cells in inflamed vessels. Both the direct adhesive and enzymatic functions seem to be involved in the adhesion cascade. LJP 1207 [N'-(2-phenyl-allyl)-hydrazine hydrochloride] is a potent (human SSAO IC(50) = 17 nM), selective, and orally available SSAO inhibitor that blocks both the enzymatic and adhesion functions of SSAO/VAP-1. In a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, LJP 1207 significantly reduces mortality, loss of body weight, and colonic cytokine levels. Quantitative histopathological assessment of colitis activity in this model showed a highly significant suppression of inflammation, injury, and ulceration scores in the animals treated with the SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitor. LJP 1207 also reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice and prolonged survival post-LPS-induced endotoxemia. Therapeutic and prophylactic administration of LJP 1207 in the rat carrageenan footpad model also markedly inhibited swelling and inflammation. Overall, the data suggest that small molecule SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors may provide clinical benefit in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
42
|
Gubisne-Haberle D, Hill W, Kazachkov M, Richardson JS, Yu PH. Protein Cross-Linkage Induced by Formaldehyde Derived from Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase-Mediated Deamination of Methylamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:1125-32. [PMID: 15128865 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.068601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyzes the conversion of methylamine to formaldehyde. This enzyme is located on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and in the cytosol of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and adipocytes. Increased SSAO activity has been found in patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic heart failure, and multiple types of cerebral infarcts and is associated with obesity. Increased SSAO-mediated deamination may contribute to protein deposition, the formation of plaques, and inflammation, and thus may be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic vascular and neurological disorders, such as diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we demonstrate the induction of cross-linkage of formaldehyde with the lysine moiety of peptides and proteins. Formaldehyde-protein adducts were reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride, hydrolyzed in hydrochloric acid, and the amino acids in the hydrolysates were derivatized with fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and then identified with high-performance liquid chromatography. We further demonstrate that incubation of methylamine in the presence of SSAO-rich tissues, e.g., human brain meninges, results in formaldehyde-protein cross-linkage of particulate bound proteins as well as of soluble proteins. This cross-linkage can be completely blocked by a selective inhibitor of SSAO. Our data support the hypothesis that the SSAO-induced production of formaldehyde may be involved in the alteration of protein structure, which may subsequently cause protein deposition associated with chronic pathological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gubisne-Haberle
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yu PH, Wang M, Fan H, Deng Y, Gubisne-Haberle D. Involvement of SSAO-mediated deamination in adipose glucose transport and weight gain in obese diabetic KKAy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E634-41. [PMID: 14656718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is located on outer surfaces of adipocytes and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. This enzyme catalyzes deamination of methylamine and aminoacetone, leading to production of toxic formaldehyde and methylglyoxal, respectively, as well as hydrogen peroxide and ammonium. Several lines of evidence suggest that increased SSAO activity is related to chronic inflammation and vascular disorders related to diabetic complications. We found that a highly potent and selective SSAO inhibitor, (E)-2-(4-fluorophenethyl)-3-fluoroallylamine (FPFA), was capable of reducing numbers of atherosclerotic lesions as well as weight gain in obese KKAy mice fed an atherogenic diet. SSAO inhibitors cause a moderate and long-lasting hyperglycemia. Such an increase in serum glucose is a result of reduction of glucose uptake by adipocytes. SSAO-mediated deamination of endogenous methylamine substrates induces adipocyte glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Highly selective SSAO inhibitors can effectively block induced glucose uptake. The results suggest that increased SSAO-mediated deamination may be concomitantly related to obesity and vascular disorders associated with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Yu
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E4
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|