1
|
Kosiakova H, Berdyshev A, Horid'ko T, Meged O, Klimashevsky V, Matsokha R, Tkachenko O, Asmolkova V, Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova T, Luhovskyi S, Klymenko P, Hula N. N-Stearoylethanolamine Exerts Cardioprotective Effects in Old Rats. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:144-155. [PMID: 38279735 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098275323231226073348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with the slowing down of metabolic processes, diminished physiological processes, changes in hormonal activity and increasing exposure to oxidative stress factors and chronic inflammation. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major signaling network that plays a pro-homeostatic role in the central and peripheral organs of the human body. A class of minor lipids, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which do not activate cannabinoid receptors, except for anandamide, but can potentiate the action of endocannabinoids and have a wide spectrum of biological activity and significant adaptogenic potential, belongs to ECS. The results of different studies over the past decades have established the protective effect of NAE on many pathological conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of C18:0 NAE- N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) in aged rats. In this study, we focused on investigating the effects of C18:0 NAE- N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) on the intensity of oxidative/ nitrosative stress, antioxidant potential, lipoprotein profile and inflammation markers of blood plasma, phospholipid composition and age-related morphological changes of old rat heart tissues. METHODS The study was conducted on Sprague Dawley male laboratory rats. The three groups of rats were involved in the study design. The first group consisted of young rats aged 4 months (n=10). The second (n=10) and third (n=10) groups included old rats aged of 18 months. Rats from the third group were administered a per os aqueous suspension of NSE at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight daily for 10 days. All groups of rats were kept on a standard vivarium diet. The blood plasma, serum, and heart of rats were used for biochemical and histological analysis. RESULTS The cardioprotective effect of N-stearoylethanolamine in old rats was established, which was expressed in the normalization of the antioxidant system condition and the level of proinflammatory cytokines, positive modulation of blood plasma and lipoprotein profile, normalization of heart tissue lipid composition, and significant reduction in age-related myocardium morphological changes. CONCLUSION The revealed effects of N-stearoylethanolamine can become the basis for developing a new drug for use in complex therapy to improve the quality of life of older people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kosiakova
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Berdyshev
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Horid'ko
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Olena Meged
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy Klimashevsky
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Roza Matsokha
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tkachenko
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Asmolkova
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Kvitnitskaya-Ryzhova
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Luhovskyi
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo Klymenko
- DF Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Vyshgorodska Str, 67, Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya Hula
- OV Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovich Str, 9, Kyiv, 03160, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tovar R, de Ceglia M, Ubaldi M, Rodríguez-Pozo M, Soverchia L, Cifani C, Rojo G, Gavito A, Hernandez-Folgado L, Jagerovic N, Ciccocioppo R, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Decara J. Administration of Linoleoylethanolamide Reduced Weight Gain, Dyslipidemia, and Inflammation Associated with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4448. [PMID: 37892524 PMCID: PMC10609991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acylethanolamides (NAEs) are bioactive lipids derived from diet fatty acids that modulate important homeostatic functions, including appetite, fatty acid synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, inflammation, and nociception. Among the naturally circulating NAEs, the pharmacology of those derived from either arachidonic acid (Anandamide), oleic acid (OEA), and palmitic acid (PEA) have been extensively characterized in diet-induced obesity. For the present work, we extended those studies to linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), one of the most abundant NAEs found not only in plasma and body tissues but also in foods such as cereals. In our initial study, circulating concentrations of LEA were found to be elevated in overweight humans (body mass index (BMI, Kg/m2) > 25) recruited from a representative population from the south of Spain, together with AEA and the endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). In this population, LEA concentrations correlated with the circulating levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In order to gain insight into the pharmacology of LEA, we administered it for 14 days (10 mg/kg i.p. daily) to obese male Sprague Dawley rats receiving a cafeteria diet or a standard chow diet for 12 consecutive weeks. LEA treatment resulted in weight loss and a reduction in circulating triglycerides, cholesterol, and inflammatory markers such as Il-6 and Tnf-alpha. In addition, LEA reduced plasma transaminases and enhanced acetyl-CoA-oxidase (Acox) and Uncoupling protein-2 (Ucp2) expression in the liver of the HFD-fed animals. Although the liver steatosis induced by the HFD was not reversed by LEA, the overall data suggest that LEA contributes to the homeostatic signals set in place in response to diet-induced obesity, potentially contributing with OEA to improve lipid metabolism after high fat intake. The anti-inflammatory response associated with its administration suggests its potential for use as a nutrient supplement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tovar
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Pozo
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Gema Rojo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Ana Gavito
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Laura Hernandez-Folgado
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.H.-F.); (N.J.)
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (L.H.-F.); (N.J.)
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (L.S.); (C.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
- Unidad Clínica de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto IBMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Andalusian Network for Clinical and Translational Research in Neurology [NEURO-RECA], 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacología, Instituto IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Avda, Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (R.T.); (M.d.C.); (M.R.-P.); (A.G.); (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shirazi RS, Vyssotski M, Lagutin K, Thompson D, MacDonald C, Luscombe V, Glass M, Parker K, Gowing EK, Williams DBG, Clarkson AN. Neuroprotective activity of new Δ3-N-acylethanolamines in a focal ischemia stroke model. Lipids 2021; 57:17-31. [PMID: 34751447 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAE, also called ethanolamides) are significant lipid signaling molecules with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, cell-protective, and anticancer properties. Here, we present the use of a hitherto unreported group of Δ3-NAE and also some Δ4- and Δ5-NAE, in in vitro and in vivo assays to gain a better understanding of their structure-bioactivity relationships. We have developed an efficient synthetic method to rapidly produce novel unlabeled and 13 C-labeled Δ3-NAE (NAE-18:5n-3, NAE-18:4n-6) and Δ4-NAE (NAE-22:5n-6). The new NAE with shorter carbon backbone structures confers greater neuroprotection than their longer carbon backbone counterparts, including anandamide (Δ5-NAE-20:4n-6) in a focal ischemia mouse model of stroke. This study highlights structure-dependent protective effects of new NAE following focal ischemia, in which some of the new NAE, administered intranasally, lead to significantly reduced infarct volume and improved recovery of limb use. The relative affinity of the new NAE toward cannabinoid receptors was assessed against anandamide, NAE-22:6n-3 and NAE-20:5n-3, which are known cannabinoid receptor ligands with high-binding constants. Among the newly synthesized NAE, Δ4-NAE-22:5n-6 shows the greatest relative affinity to cannabinoid receptors hCB1 and hCB2 , and inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate activity through hCB2 compared to anandamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vincent Luscombe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kim Parker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D Bradley G Williams
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schmid HHO. Discovering a New Metabolic Pathway. Early Work with My Friend, Viswanathan Natarajan. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:423-428. [PMID: 34510384 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes our early work with Viswanathan Natarajan in the 1980s at the University of Minnesota's Hormel Institute, when he was at the beginning of his brilliant academic career. At that time most metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis and degradation of phospholipids were well established and known in considerable detail. Hence, it was exciting to discover a novel sequence of biochemical reactions, first in dog heart and later in various other vertebrate cells and tissues that became known as the transacylation-phosphodiesterase pathway of phospholipid metabolism. Because one of the metabolites, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, produced by this reaction sequence, was later found to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, investigations of this pathway became part of the rapidly growing field of endocannabinoid research. This is briefly summarized here as well.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu H, Keat K. Myeloperoxidase and associated lung disease: Review of the latest developments. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1460-1466. [PMID: 34498802 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are often detected in association with a variety of lung pathologies, the most common being interstitial lung disease (ILD). A growing cohort of patients are being diagnosed with MPO-ANCA in the context of ILD without ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clinically and radiologically, there is little to differentiate this cohort from MPO-ANCA-negative ILD patients; however, the pathophysiology is likely different and different treatments are likely required. We present here a brief summary of the proposed pathophysiology of MPO-ANCA-positive ILD, and a more detailed review of the latest evidence on management, including monitoring for development of ANCA-associated vasculitis, immunosuppression, anti-fibrotics, and novel agents that have yet to be trialled in human experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hu
- Department of Immunology, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karuna Keat
- Department of Immunology, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adelmidrol: A New Promising Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Tool in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070601. [PMID: 32660140 PMCID: PMC7402091 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary diseases are characterized by airway remodeling due to complex multicellular responses and the production of free oxygen radicals. They lead to a progressive decline of pulmonary functions. Adelmidrol is an analogue of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which is a well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant compound. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of adelmidrol (10 mg/Kg) for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. METHODS Bleomycin intratracheal administration was performed on the first day and for the following twenty-one days, mice were treated with adelmidrol (10 mg/Kg). RESULTS The survival rate and body weight gain were recorded daily. At the end of the experiment, adelmidrol-administered animals showed reduced airway infiltration by inflammatory cells, Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine overexpression (IL,6 IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-1β). Moreover, adelmidrol treatment was able to manage the significant incapacity of antioxidants and elevation of the oxidant burden, as shown by the MDA, SOD, and GSH levels and decreased nitric oxide production. It was also able to significantly modulate the JAK2/STAT3 and IκBα/NF-kB pathway. Histologic examination of the lung tissues showed reduced sample injury, mast cell degranulation, chymase activity, and collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our results propose adelmidrol as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lykhmus O, Kalashnyk O, Uspenska K, Horid’ko T, Kosyakova H, Komisarenko S, Skok M. Different Effects of Nicotine and N-Stearoyl-ethanolamine on Episodic Memory and Brain Mitochondria of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Knockout Mice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020226. [PMID: 32028688 PMCID: PMC7072576 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of α7 subtype (α7 nAChRs) are involved in regulating neuroinflammation and cognitive functions. Correspondingly, α7-/- mice demonstrate pro-inflammatory phenotype and impaired episodic memory. In addition, nAChRs expressed in mitochondria regulate the release of pro-apoptotic factors like cytochrome c. Here we studied whether the cognitive deficiency of α7-/- mice can be cured by oral consumption of either nicotine or N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE), a lipid possessing anti-inflammatory, cannabimimetic and membrane-stabilizing activity. Mice were examined in Novel Object Recognition behavioral test, their blood, brains and brain mitochondria were tested for the levels of interleukin-6, various nAChR subtypes and cytochrome c released by ELISA. The data presented demonstrate that both substances stimulated the raise of interleukin-6 in the blood and improved episodic memory of α7-/- mice. However, NSE improved, while nicotine worsened the brain mitochondria sustainability to apoptogenic stimuli, as shown by either decreased or increased amounts of cytochrome c released. Both nicotine and NSE up-regulated α4β2 nAChRs in the brain; NSE up-regulated, while nicotine down-regulated α9-containing nAChRs in the brain mitochondria. It is concluded that the level of alternative nAChR subtypes in the brain is critically important for memory and mitochondria sustainability in the absence of α7 nAChRs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stearoylethanolamide interferes with retrograde endocannabinoid signalling and supports the blood-brain barrier integrity under acute systemic inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113783. [PMID: 31881191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a prominent role in the onset of demyelinating diseases, major depressive disorder and delayed neurodegeneration. An open question remains whether pharmacological suppression of inflammation can effectively reduce the progression of these states. Bioactive lipid mediators such as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) have an anti-inflammatory activity and are of pharmacological interest due to their endogenous on-demand production and the existence of distinct biological targets in humans and animals. Here we demonstrate for the first time, that treatment with stearoylethanolamide (SEA), a prevailing endogenously formed NAE, is neuroprotective against LPS-induced neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 male mice. SEA restricted the spreading of peripheral inflammation to the brain, and averted the activation of resident microglia and leukocyte trafficking to the brain parenchyma. Treatment with SEA per se increased the neuronal expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1/2 and brain levels of the most potent endogenous CB1/2 agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol in vivo. SEA enhanced the amplitude of synaptic vesicle release, supported the balanced signal-to-noise ratio in glutamate- and GABAergic neurotransmission and decreased the excitotoxic risk associated with higher extracellular glutamate levels under neuroinflammation. The interference of SEA with the endocannabinoid system and presynaptic neurotransmitter release may represent an intrinsic neuroprotective mechanism that is triggered by inflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity. Thus, our data allows to consider SEA for the preventive therapy of acute and late-onset neuroinflammation-associated synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
10
|
Metabolomics Studies to Assess Biological Functions of Vitamin E Nicotinate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050127. [PMID: 31083512 PMCID: PMC6562962 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E nicotinate (tocopherol nicotinate, tocopheryl nicotinate; TN) is an ester of two vitamins, tocopherol (vitamin E) and niacin (vitamin B3), in which niacin is linked to the hydroxyl group of active vitamin E. This vitamin E ester can be chemically synthesized and is used for supplementation. However, whether TN is formed in the biological system was unclear. Our laboratory previously detected TN in rat heart tissues, and its level was 30-fold lower in a failing heart (Wang et al., PLoS ONE2017, 12, e0176887). The rat diet used in these experiments contained vitamin E acetate (tocopherol acetate; TA) and niacin separately, but not in the form of TN. Since only TN, but not other forms of vitamin E, was decreased in heart failure, the TN structure may elicit biologic functions independent of serving as a source of active vitamin E antioxidant. To test this hypothesis, the present study performed metabolomics to compare effects of TN on cultured cells to those of TA plus niacin added separately (TA + N). Human vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with TN or with TA + N (100 μM) for 10 min. Metabolite profiles showed that TN and TA + N influenced the cells differentially. TN effectively upregulated various primary fatty acid amides including arachidonoylethanoamine (anandamide/virodhamine) and palmitamide. TN also activated mitogen-activated protein kinases. These results suggest a new biological function of TN to elicit cell signaling.
Collapse
|
11
|
Coccurello R, Maccarrone M. Hedonic Eating and the "Delicious Circle": From Lipid-Derived Mediators to Brain Dopamine and Back. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:271. [PMID: 29740277 PMCID: PMC5928395 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatable food can be seductive and hedonic eating can become irresistible beyond hunger and negative consequences. This is witnessed by the subtle equilibrium between eating to provide energy intake for homeostatic functions, and reward-induced overeating. In recent years, considerable efforts have been devoted to study neural circuits, and to identify potential factors responsible for the derangement of homeostatic eating toward hedonic eating and addiction-like feeding behavior. Here, we examined recent literature on “old” and “new” players accountable for reward-induced overeating and possible liability to eating addiction. Thus, the role of midbrain dopamine is positioned at the intersection between selected hormonal signals involved in food reward information processing (namely, leptin, ghrelin, and insulin), and lipid-derived neural mediators such as endocannabinoids. The impact of high fat palatable food and dietary lipids on endocannabinoid formation is reviewed in its pathogenetic potential for the derangement of feeding homeostasis. Next, endocannabinoid signaling that regulates synaptic plasticity is discussed as a key mechanism acting both at hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits, and affecting both dopamine function and interplay between leptin and ghrelin signaling. Outside the canonical hypothalamic feeding circuits involved in energy homeostasis and the notion of “feeding center,” we focused on lateral hypothalamus as neural substrate able to confront food-associated homeostatic information with food salience, motivation to eat, reward-seeking, and development of compulsive eating. Thus, the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens neural circuitry is reexamined in order to interrogate the functional interplay between ghrelin, dopamine, orexin, and endocannabinoid signaling. We suggested a pivotal role for endocannabinoids in food reward processing within the lateral hypothalamus, and for orexin neurons to integrate endocrine signals with food reinforcement and hedonic eating. In addition, the role played by different stressors in the reinstatement of preference for palatable food and food-seeking behavior is also considered in the light of endocannabinoid production, activation of orexin receptors and disinhibition of dopamine neurons. Finally, type-1 cannabinoid receptor-dependent inhibition of GABA-ergic release and relapse to reward-associated stimuli is linked to ghrelin and orexin signaling in the lateral hypothalamus-ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens network to highlight its pathological potential for food addiction-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry of Lipids, European Center for Brain Research (CERC), IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alarcón-Yaquetto DE, Caballero L, Gonzales GF. Association Between Plasma N-Acylethanolamides and High Hemoglobin Concentration in Southern Peruvian Highlanders. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:322-329. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dulce E. Alarcón-Yaquetto
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lidia Caballero
- Research Circle of Plants with Effects on Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Peru
| | - Gustavo F. Gonzales
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Research Circle of Plants with Effects on Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Betacaryophyllene - A phytocannabinoid as potential therapeutic modality for human sepsis? Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:68-70. [PMID: 29317072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical condition resulting from a dysregulated immune response to an infection that leads to organ dysfunction. Despite numerous efforts to optimize treatment, sepsis remains to be the main cause of death in most intensive care units. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in inflammation. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) activation is immunosuppressive, which might be beneficial during the hyper-inflammatory phase of sepsis. Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a non-psychoactive natural cannabinoid (phytocannabinoid) found in Cannabis sativa and in essential oils of spices and food plants, that acts as a selective agonist of CB2R. We propose BCP administration as novel treatment to reduce hyper-inflammation in human sepsis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lykhmus O, Uspenska K, Koval L, Lytovchenko D, Voytenko L, Horid'ko T, Kosiakova H, Gula N, Komisarenko S, Skok M. N-Stearoylethanolamine protects the brain and improves memory of mice treated with lipopolysaccharide or immunized with the extracellular domain of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:290-296. [PMID: 28963942 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of α7 subtype (α7 nAChRs) regulate inflammatory processes in various tissues, including the brain. N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) is a biologically active cell membrane component with anti-inflammatory and membrane-protective properties. Previously we found that mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or immunized with recombinant extracellular domain (1-208) of α7 nAChR subunit possessed decreased α7 nAChR levels, accumulated pathogenic amyloid-beta peptide Aβ(1-42) in the brain and demonstrated impaired episodic memory compared to non-treated mice. Here we studied the effect of NSE on behavior and brain components of LPS- treated or α7(1-208)-immunized mice. NSE, given per os, non-significantly decreased LPS-stimulated interleukin-6 elevation in the brain, slowed down the α7(1-208)-specific IgG antibody production and prevented the antibody penetration into the brain of mice. NSE prevented the loss of α7 nAChRs and accumulation of α7-bound Aβ(1-42) in the brain and brain mitochondria of LPS-treated or α7(1-208)-immunized mice and supported mitochondria resistance to apoptosis by attenuating Ca2+-stimulated cytochrome c release. Finally, NSE significantly improved episodic memory of mice impaired by either LPS treatment or immunization with α7(1-208). The results of our study demonstrate a therapeutic potential of NSE for prevention of cognitive disfunction caused by neuroinflammation or autoimmune reaction that allows suggesting this drug as a candidate for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Lykhmus
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Uspenska
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Koval
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Daria Lytovchenko
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Voytenko
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Horid'ko
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Halyna Kosiakova
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya Gula
- Department of Lipid Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhiy Komisarenko
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Skok
- Laboratory of Cell Receptors Immunology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mammalian enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1546-1561. [PMID: 28843504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are ethanolamides of long-chain fatty acids, including palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide and anandamide. In animal tissues, NAEs are biosynthesized from membrane phospholipids. The classical "transacylation-phosphodiesterase" pathway proceeds via N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), which involves the actions of two enzymes, NAPE-generating Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase (Ca-NAT) and NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Recent identification of Ca-NAT as Ɛ isoform of cytosolic phospholipase A2 enabled the further molecular biological approaches toward this enzyme. In addition, Ca2+-independent NAPE formation was shown to occur by N-acyltransferase activity of a group of proteins named phospholipase A/acyltransferases (PLAAT)-1-5. The analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice confirmed that NAEs can be produced through multi-step pathways bypassing NAPE-PLD. The NAPE-PLD-independent pathways involved three members of the glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) family (GDE1, GDE4 and GDE7) as well as α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein (ABHD)4. In this review article, we will focus on recent progress made and latest insights in the enzymes involved in NAE synthesis and their further characterization.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cordaro M, Impellizzeri D, Gugliandolo E, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Adelmidrol, a Palmitoylethanolamide Analogue, as a New Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:549-561. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
|
17
|
Abstract
The lipid landscapes of cellular membranes are complex and dynamic, are tissue dependent, and can change with the age and the development of a variety of diseases. Researchers are now gaining new appreciation for the regulation of ion channel proteins by the membrane lipids in which they are embedded. Thus, as membrane lipids change, for example, during the development of disease, it is likely that the ionic currents that conduct through the ion channels embedded in these membranes will also be altered. This chapter provides an overview of the complex regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels by fatty acids, sterols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cannabinoids. The impact of lipid regulation on channel gating kinetics, voltage-dependence, trafficking, toxin binding, and structure are explored for Nav channels that have been examined in heterologous expression systems, native tissue, and reconstituted into artificial membranes. Putative mechanisms for Nav regulation by lipids are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D'Avanzo
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonists. Chem Rev 2016; 116:519-60. [PMID: 26741146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mardian EB, Bradley RM, Duncan RE. The HRASLS (PLA/AT) subfamily of enzymes. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:99. [PMID: 26503625 PMCID: PMC4624172 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The H-RAS-like suppressor (HRASLS) subfamily consists of five enzymes (1–5) in humans and three (1, 3, and 5) in mice and rats that share sequence homology with lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). All HRASLS family members possess in vitro phospholipid metabolizing abilities including phospholipase A1/2 (PLA1/2) activities and O-acyltransferase activities for the remodeling of glycerophospholipid acyl chains, as well as N-acyltransferase activities for the production of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. The in vivo biological activities of the HRASLS enzymes have not yet been fully investigated. Research to date indicates involvement of this subfamily in a wide array of biological processes and, as a consequence, these five enzymes have undergone extensive rediscovery and renaming within different fields of research. This review briefly describes the discovery of each of the HRASLS enzymes and their role in cancer, and discusses the biochemical function of each enzyme, as well as the biological role, if known. Gaps in current understanding are highlighted and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Mardian
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 2415, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 2415, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, BMH 1110, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Al Kury LT, Voitychuk OI, Yang KHS, Thayyullathil FT, Doroshenko P, Ramez AM, Shuba YM, Galadari S, Howarth FC, Oz M. Effects of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels in rat ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3485-98. [PMID: 24758718 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA) exerts negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects in ventricular myocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell patch-clamp technique and radioligand-binding methods were used to analyse the effects of anandamide in rat ventricular myocytes. KEY RESULTS In the presence of 1-10 μM AEA, suppression of both Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) channels was observed. Inhibition of Na(+) channels was voltage and Pertussis toxin (PTX) - independent. Radioligand-binding studies indicated that specific binding of [(3) H] batrachotoxin (BTX) to ventricular muscle membranes was also inhibited significantly by 10 μM metAEA, a non-metabolized AEA analogue, with a marked decrease in Bmax values but no change in Kd . Further studies on L-type Ca(2+) channels indicated that AEA potently inhibited these channels (IC50 0.1 μM) in a voltage- and PTX-independent manner. AEA inhibited maximal amplitudes without affecting the kinetics of Ba(2+) currents. MetAEA also inhibited Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) currents. Radioligand studies indicated that specific binding of [(3) H]isradipine, was inhibited significantly by metAEA. (10 μM), changing Bmax but not Kd . CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Results indicate that AEA inhibited the function of voltage-dependent Na(+) and L-type Ca(2+) channels in rat ventricular myocytes, independent of CB1 and CB2 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Application of a novel metabolomic approach based on atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry using flow injection analysis for the study of Alzheimer׳s disease. Talanta 2015; 131:480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
22
|
Malfitano AM, Basu S, Maresz K, Bifulco M, Dittel BN. What we know and do not know about the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Semin Immunol 2014; 26:369-79. [PMID: 24877594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been well appreciated that the endocannabinoid system can regulate immune responses via the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), which is primarily expressed by cells of the hematopoietic system. The endocannabinoid system is composed of receptors, ligands and enzymes controlling the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. Along with endocannabinoids, both plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids have been shown to bind to and signal through CB2 via G proteins leading to both inhibitory and stimulatory signals depending on the biological process. Because no cannabinoid ligand has been identified that only binds to CB2, the generation of mice deficient in CB2 has greatly expanded our knowledge of how CB2 contributes to immune cell development and function in health and disease. In regards to humans, genetic studies have associated CB2 with a variety of human diseases. Here, we review the endocannabinoid system with an emphasis on CB2 and its role in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno Facoltà di Medicina, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, (SA), Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Fisciano 84084, (SA), Italy
| | - Sreemanti Basu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katarzyna Maresz
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno Facoltà di Medicina, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, (SA), Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Fisciano 84084, (SA), Italy
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Coppola M, Mondola R. Is there a role for palmitoylethanolamide in the treatment of depression? Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:507-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
24
|
Al Kury LT, Yang KHS, Thayyullathil FT, Rajesh M, Ali RM, Shuba YM, Howarth FC, Galadari S, Oz M. Effects of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on cardiac Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:231-7. [PMID: 24674601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA) has been shown to cause negative inotropic and antiarrhythmic effects in ventricular myocytes. In this study, using whole-cell patch clamp technique, we have investigated the effects of AEA on cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1)-mediated currents. AEA suppressed NCX1 with an IC50 value of 4.7 μM. Both inward and outward components of exchanger currents were suppressed by AEA equally. AEA inhibition was mimicked by the metabolically stable analogue, methanandamide (metAEA, 10 μM) while it was not influenced by inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase with 1 μM URB597 incubation. The effect of AEA, was not altered in the presence of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 antagonists AM251 (1 μM) and AM630 (1 μM), respectively. In addition, inhibition by AEA remained unchanged after pertussis toxin (PTX, 2 μg/ml) treatment or following the inclusion of GDP-β-S (1 mM) in pipette solution. Currents mediated by NCX1 expressed in HEK-293 cells were also inhibited by 10 μM AEA a partially reversible manner. Confocal microscopy images indicated that the intensity of YFP-NCX1 expression on cell surface was not altered by AEA. Collectively, the results indicate that AEA directly inhibits the function of NCX1 in rat ventricular myocytes and in HEK-293 cells expressing NCX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Faisal T Thayyullathil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanraj Rajesh
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramez M Ali
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav M Shuba
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 24, Ukraine
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Al Kury LT, Voitychuk OI, Ali RM, Galadari S, Yang KHS, Howarth FC, Shuba YM, Oz M. Effects of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide on excitation-contraction coupling in rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:104-18. [PMID: 24472666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A role for anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide; AEA), a major endocannabinoid, in the cardiovascular system in various pathological conditions has been reported in earlier reports. In the present study, the effects of AEA on contractility, Ca2+ signaling, and action potential (AP) characteristics were investigated in rat ventricular myocytes. Video edge detection was used to measure myocyte shortening. Intracellular Ca2+ was measured in cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator fura-2 AM. AEA (1 μM) caused a significant decrease in the amplitudes of electrically evoked myocyte shortening and Ca2+ transients. However, the amplitudes of caffeine-evoked Ca2+ transients and the rate of recovery of electrically evoked Ca2+ transients following caffeine application were not altered. Biochemical studies in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles from rat ventricles indicated that AEA affected Ca2+ -uptake and Ca2+ -ATPase activity in a biphasic manner. [3H]-ryanodine binding and passive Ca2+ release from SR vesicles were not altered by 10 μM AEA. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was employed to investigate the effect of AEA on the characteristics of APs. AEA (1 μM) significantly decreased the duration of AP. The effect of AEA on myocyte shortening and AP characteristics was not altered in the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX, 2 μg/ml for 4 h), AM251 and SR141716 (cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists; 0.3 μM) or AM630 and SR 144528 (cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonists; 0.3 μM). The results suggest that AEA depresses ventricular myocyte contractility by decreasing the action potential duration (APD) in a manner independent of CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Calcium/analysis
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Endocannabinoids/pharmacology
- Fura-2/chemistry
- Heart Ventricles/cytology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Pertussis Toxin/toxicity
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Transport Vesicles/drug effects
- Transport Vesicles/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina T Al Kury
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oleg I Voitychuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Ramiz M Ali
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sehamuddin Galadari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav M Shuba
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Murat Oz
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pavón FJ, Araos P, Pastor A, Calado M, Pedraz M, Campos-Cloute R, Ruiz JJ, Serrano A, Blanco E, Rivera P, Suárez J, Romero-Cuevas M, Pujadas M, Vergara-Moragues E, Gornemann I, Torrens M, de la Torre R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Evaluation of plasma-free endocannabinoids and their congeners in abstinent cocaine addicts seeking outpatient treatment: impact of psychiatric co-morbidity. Addict Biol 2013; 18:955-69. [PMID: 24283982 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is associated with serious health problems including psychiatric co-morbidity. There is a need for the identification of biomarkers for the stratification of cocaine-addicted subjects. Several studies have evaluated circulating endocannabinoid-related lipids as biomarkers of inflammatory, metabolic and mental disorders. However, little is known in substance use disorders. This study characterizes both free N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-acyl-glycerols in abstinent cocaine addicts from outpatient treatment programs who were diagnosed with cocaine use disorder (CUD; n = 88), and age-/gender-/body mass-matched healthy control volunteers (n = 46). Substance and mental disorders that commonly occur with substance abuse were assessed by the semi-structured interview 'Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Diseases' according to the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision' (DSM-IV-TR) and plasma-free acyl derivatives were quantified by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The results indicate that plasma acyl derivatives are altered in abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects with CUD (CUD subjects). While NAEs were found to be increased, 2-acyl-glycerols were decreased in CUD subjects compared with controls. Multivariate predictive models based on these lipids as explanatory variables were developed to distinguish CUD subjects from controls providing high discriminatory power. However, these alterations were not influenced by the DSM-IV-TR criteria for cocaine abuse and dependence as cocaine trait severity measure. In contrast, we observed that some free acyl derivatives in CUD subjects were found to be affected by the diagnosis of some co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Thus, we found that the monounsaturated NAEs were significantly elevated in CUD subjects diagnosed with mood [N-oleoyl-ethanolamine and N-palmitoleoyl-ethanolamine (POEA)] and anxiety (POEA) disorders compared with non-co-morbid CUD subjects. Interestingly, the coexistence of alcohol use disorders did not influence the circulating levels of these free acyl derivatives. In summary, we have identified plasma-free acyl derivatives that might serve as reliable biomarkers for CUD. Furthermore, we found that monounsaturated NAE levels are also enhanced by co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders in cocaine addicts. These findings open the way for the development of new strategies for cocaine addiction diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Pavón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Neurosciences Programme; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Spain
- Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Spain
| | - Montserrat Calado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - María Pedraz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | | | | | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento; Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Miguel Romero-Cuevas
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Mitona Pujadas
- Neurosciences Programme; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03); CIBEROBN; Spain
| | - Esperanza Vergara-Moragues
- Grupo de Investigación de Neuropsicología y Psiconeuroinmunología Clínica; Universidad de Granada; Spain
| | - Isolde Gornemann
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Neurosciences Programme; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Spain
- Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Spain
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD) del Parc de Salut MAR; Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Neurosciences Programme; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM); Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03); CIBEROBN; Spain
- Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF); Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03); CIBEROBN; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gudz EA. Antitoxic and antioxidant effects of N-stearoylethanolamin in the content of nanocomposite complex with doxorubicin in organs of mice with Lewis carcinoma. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
28
|
Palmitoylethanolamide: From endogenous cannabimimetic substance to innovative medicine for the treatment of cannabis dependence. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:619-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
29
|
Abstract
Following on from the discovery of cannabinoid receptors, of their endogenous agonists (endocannabinoids) and of the biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes of the endocannabinoids, significant progress has been made towards the understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system in both physiological and pathological conditions. Endocannabinoids are mainly n-6 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) derivatives that are synthesised by neuronal cells and inactivated via a two-step process that begins with their transport from the extracellular to the intracellular space and culminates in their intracellular degradation by hydrolysis or oxidation. Although the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids have been well characterised, the processes involved in their cellular uptake are still a subject of debate. Moreover, little is yet known about the roles of endocannabinoids derived from n-3 LCPUFA such as EPA and DHA. Here, I provide an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms for the biosynthesis and inactivation of endocannabinoids, together with a brief analysis of the involvement of the endocannabinoids in both food intake and obesity. Owing to limited space, recent reviews will be often cited instead of original papers.
Collapse
|
30
|
Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
31
|
Ahmad A, Genovese T, Impellizzeri D, Crupi R, Velardi E, Marino A, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Reduction of ischemic brain injury by administration of palmitoylethanolamide after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1477:45-58. [PMID: 23046519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in adults. Current therapeutic strategies for stroke, including thrombolytic drugs, such as tissue plasminogen activator offer great promise for the treatment, but complimentary neuroprotective treatments are likely to provide a better outcome. To counteract the ischemic brain injury in mice, a new therapeutic approach has been employed by using palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA is one of the members of N-acyl-ethanolamine family maintain not only redox balance but also inhibit the mechanisms of secondary injury on ischemic brain injury. Treatment of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)-induced animals with PEA reduced edema and brain infractions as evidenced by decreased 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining across brain sections. PEA-mediated improvements in tissues histology shown by reduction of lesion size and improvement in apoptosis level (assayed by Bax and Bcl-2) further support the efficacy of PEA therapy. We demonstrated that PEA treatment blocked infiltration of astrocytes and restored MCAo-mediated reduced expression of PAR, nitrotyrosine, iNOS, chymase, tryptase, growth factors (BDNF and GDNF) and GFAP. PEA also inhibited the MCAo-mediated increased expression of pJNK, NF-κB, and degradation of IκB-α. PEA-treated injured animals improved neurobehavioral functions as evaluated by motor deficits. Based on these findings we propose that PEA would be useful in lowering the risk of damage or improving function in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Voitychuk OI, Asmolkova VS, Gula NM, Sotkis GV, Galadari S, Howarth FC, Oz M, Shuba YM. Modulation of excitability, membrane currents and survival of cardiac myocytes by N-acylethanolamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
33
|
Garg P, Duncan RS, Kaja S, Zabaneh A, Chapman KD, Koulen P. Lauroylethanolamide and linoleoylethanolamide improve functional outcome in a rodent model for stroke. Neurosci Lett 2011; 492:134-8. [PMID: 21296126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a significant health problem affecting over 6 million people in the United States alone. In addition to surgical and thrombolytic therapeutic strategies for stroke, neuroprotective therapies may offer additional benefit. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are signaling lipids whose synthesis is upregulated in response to ischemia, suggesting that they may be neuroprotective. To date only three NAEs, arachidonylethanolamide (NAE 20:4), palmitoylethanolamide (NAE 16:0) and oleoylethanolamide (NAE 18:1) have shown to exert neuroprotective effect in animal models for stroke. Here, we describe neuroprotective effects of the hitherto uncharacterized NAEs, lauroylethanolamide (NAE 12:0) and linoleoylethanolamide (NAE 18:2) in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Pretreatment with NAE 18:2 prior to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury resulted in both significantly reduced cortical infarct volume and improved functional outcome as determined using the neurological deficit score. NAE 12:0 improved neurological deficits without a significant reduction lesion size. Our results suggest that NAEs, as a whole, provide neuroprotection during I/R injury and may have therapeutic benefit when used as complementary treatment with other therapies to improve stroke outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Garg
- Vision Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ciborowski M, Martin-Ventura JL, Meilhac O, Michel JB, Ruperez FJ, Tuñon J, Egido J, Barbas C. Metabolites Secreted by Human Atherothrombotic Aneurysms Revealed through a Metabolomic Approach. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1374-82. [DOI: 10.1021/pr101138m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ciborowski
- Centro de Excelencia en Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jose L. Martin-Ventura
- IIS-Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM U698, Paris, F-75018, France; Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- INSERM U698, Paris, F-75018, France; Université Denis Diderot, UMR-S698, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - F. Javier Ruperez
- Centro de Excelencia en Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Tuñon
- IIS-Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- IIS-Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Excelencia en Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ivkovic M, Dempsey DR, Handa S, Hilton JH, Lowe EW, Merkler DJ. N-acylethanolamines as novel alcohol dehydrogenase 3 substrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 506:157-64. [PMID: 21144815 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are members of the fatty acid amide family. The NAEs have been proposed to serve as metabolic precursors to N-acylglycines (NAGs). The sequential oxidation of the NAEs by an alcohol dehydrogenase and an aldehyde dehydrogenase would yield the N-acylglycinals and/or the NAGs. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) is one enzyme that might catalyze this reaction. To define a potential role for ADH3 in NAE catabolism, we synthesized a set of NAEs and evaluated these as ADH3 substrates. NAEs were oxidized by ADH3, yielding the N-acylglycinals as the product. The (V/K)(app) values for the NAEs included here were low relative to cinnamyl alcohol. Our data show that the NAEs can serve as alcohol dehydrogenase substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ivkovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., CHE 205, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kilaru A, Isaac G, Tamura P, Baxter D, Duncan SR, Venables BJ, Welti R, Koulen P, Chapman KD. Lipid profiling reveals tissue-specific differences for ethanolamide lipids in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Lipids 2010; 45:863-75. [PMID: 20714818 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAE) are fatty acid derivatives, some of which function as endocannabinoids in mammals. NAE metabolism involves common (phosphatidylethanolamines, PEs) and uncommon (N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, NAPEs) membrane phospholipids. Here we have identified and quantified more than a hundred metabolites in the NAE/endocannabinoid pathway in mouse brain and heart tissues, including many previously unreported molecular species of NAPE. We found that brain tissue of mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH (-/-)) had elevated PE and NAPE molecular species in addition to elevated NAEs, suggesting that FAAH activity participates in the overall regulation of this pathway. This perturbation of the NAE pathway in brain was not observed in heart tissue of FAAH (-/-) mice, indicating that metabolic regulation of the NAE pathway differs in these two organs and the metabolic enzymes that catabolize NAEs are most likely differentially distributed and/or regulated. Targeted lipidomics analysis, like that presented here, will continue to provide important insights into cellular lipid signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lakomek K, Dickmanns A, Kettwig M, Urlaub H, Ficner R, Lübke T. Initial insight into the function of the lysosomal 66.3 kDa protein from mouse by means of X-ray crystallography. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:56. [PMID: 19706171 PMCID: PMC2739207 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Background The lysosomal 66.3 kDa protein from mouse is a soluble, mannose 6-phosphate containing protein of so far unknown function. It is synthesized as a glycosylated 75 kDa precursor that undergoes limited proteolysis leading to a 28 kDa N- and a 40 kDa C-terminal fragment. Results In order to gain insight into the function and the post-translational maturation process of the glycosylated 66.3 kDa protein, three crystal structures were determined that represent different maturation states. These structures demonstrate that the 28 kDa and 40 kDa fragment which have been derived by a proteolytic cleavage remain associated. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the subsequent trimming of the C-terminus of the 28 kDa fragment making a large pocket accessible, at the bottom of which the putative active site is located. The crystal structures reveal a significant similarity of the 66.3 kDa protein to several bacterial hydrolases. The core αββα sandwich fold and a cysteine residue at the N-terminus of the 40 kDa fragment (C249) classify the 66.3 kDa protein as a member of the structurally defined N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily. Conclusion Due to the close resemblance of the 66.3 kDa protein to members of the Ntn hydrolase superfamily a hydrolytic activity on substrates containing a non-peptide amide bond seems reasonable. The structural homology which comprises both the overall fold and essential active site residues also implies an autocatalytic maturation process of the lysosomal 66.3 kDa protein. Upon the proteolytic cleavage between S248 and C249, a deep pocket becomes solvent accessible, which harbors the putative active site of the 66.3 kDa protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lakomek
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August University Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hansen HS, Diep TA. N-acylethanolamines, anandamide and food intake. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:553-60. [PMID: 19413995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anandamide and the other N-acylethanolamines, e.g. oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), may be formed by several enzymatic pathways from their precursors, which are the N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids. The exact enzymatic pathways involved in their biosynthesis in specific tissues are not clarified. It has been suggested that endogenous anandamide could stimulate food intake by activation of cannabinoid receptors in the brain and/or in the intestinal tissue. On the other hand, endogenous OEA and PEA have been suggested to inhibit food intake by acting on receptors in the intestine. At present, there is no clear role for endogenous anandamide in controlling food intake via cannabinoid receptors, neither centrally nor in the gastrointestinal tract. However, OEA, PEA and perhaps also LEA may be involved in regulation of food intake by selective prolongation of feeding latency and post-meal interval. These N-acylethanolamines seem to be formed locally in the intestine, where they can activate PPARalpha located in close proximity to their site of synthesis. The rapid onset of OEA response and its reliance on an intact vagus nerve suggests that activation of PPARalpha does not result in formation of a transcription-dependent signal but must rely on an unidentified non-genomic signal that translates to activation of vagal afferents. Whether GPR119, TRPV1 and/or intestinal ceramide levels also contribute to the anorectic and weight-reducing effect of exogenous OEA is less clear. Prolonged intake of dietary fat (45 energy%) may promote over-consumption of food by decreasing the endogenous levels of OEA, PEA and LEA in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald S Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Malcher-Lopes R, Buzzi M. Glucocorticoid-regulated crosstalk between arachidonic acid and endocannabinoid biochemical pathways coordinates cognitive-, neuroimmune-, and energy homeostasis-related adaptations to stress. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:263-313. [PMID: 19647116 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its derivatives constitute the major group of signaling molecules involved in the innate immune response and its communication with all cellular and systemic aspects involved on homeostasis maintenance. Glucocorticoids spread throughout the organism their influences over key enzymatic steps of the arachidonic acid biochemical pathways, leading, in the central nervous system, to a shift favoring the synthesis of anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids over proinflammatory metabolites, such as prostaglandins. This shift modifies local immune-inflammatory response and neuronal activity to ultimately coordinate cognitive, behavioral, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, physiological, and metabolic adjustments to basal and stress conditions. In the hypothalamus, a reciprocal feedback between glucocorticoids and arachidonate-containing molecules provides a mechanism for homeostatic control. This neurochemical switch is susceptible to fine-tuning by neuropeptides, cytokines, and hormones, such as leptin and interleukin-1beta, assuring functional integration between energy homeostasis control and the immune/stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Malcher-Lopes
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, EMBRAPA-Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shiratsuchi A, Ichiki M, Okamoto Y, Ueda N, Sugimoto N, Takuwa Y, Nakanishi Y. Inhibitory effect of N-palmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine on macrophage phagocytosis through inhibition of Rac1 and Cdc42. J Biochem 2008; 145:43-50. [PMID: 18974159 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) is enhanced during inflammation. NAE is synthesized from phosphatidylethanolamine with N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) as a precursor. The amount of NAPE at the site of inflammation exceeds that of NAE. This evokes the possibility that NAPE possesses a biological function, as does NAE. We here examined if N-palmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NPPE), a precursor of N-palmitoylethanolamine, modulates the state of inflammation. We found that the level of the phagocytosis of latex beads, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or apoptotic cells by mouse peritoneal macrophages or J774A.1 macrophages was reduced in the presence of liposomes containing NPPE, while that of dextran remained unaffected. This action of NPPE seemed to be due to the inhibition of the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 in macrophages. These results suggested that NAPE is bioactive lipid acting toward the termination of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shiratsuchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jin XH, Uyama T, Wang J, Okamoto Y, Tonai T, Ueda N. cDNA cloning and characterization of human and mouse Ca(2+)-independent phosphatidylethanolamine N-acyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:32-8. [PMID: 19000777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the initial step in the biosynthetic pathway of bioactive N-acylethanolamines, including the endocannabinoid anandamide and the anti-inflammatory substance N-palmitoylethanolamine. We recently cloned a rat enzyme capable of catalyzing this reaction, and referred to the enzyme as Ca(2+)-independent N-acyltransferase (iNAT). Here we report cDNA cloning and characterization of human and mouse iNATs. We cloned iNAT-homologous cDNAs from human and mouse testes, and overexpressed them in COS-7 cells. The purified recombinant proteins abstracted an acyl group from both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phosphatidylcholine, and catalyzed N-acylation of PE as well as phospholipase A(1)/A(2)-like hydrolysis. The iNAT activity was mainly detected in soluble rather than particulate fractions, and was only slightly increased by Ca(2+). These results demonstrated that the human and mouse homologues function as iNAT. As for the organ distribution of iNAT, human testis and pancreas and mouse testis exhibited by far the highest expression level, suggesting its physiological importance in the specific organs. Moreover, mutagenesis studies showed crucial roles of His-154 and Cys-241 of rat iNAT in the catalysis and a possible role of the N-terminal domain in membrane association or protein-protein interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Han L, Gao JR, Li ZM. Synthesis and fungicidal activity of O-alkyl O-aryl O-2-(stearamido)ethyl phosphates. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
43
|
Costa B, Comelli F, Bettoni I, Colleoni M, Giagnoni G. The endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitoylethanolamide, has anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects in a murine model of neuropathic pain: involvement of CB(1), TRPV1 and PPARgamma receptors and neurotrophic factors. Pain 2008; 139:541-550. [PMID: 18602217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid that is thought to be involved in endogenous protective mechanisms activated as a result of stimulation of inflammatory response. In spite of the well demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties of PEA, its involvement in controlling pain pathways still remains poorly characterized. On this basis, we tested the efficacy of PEA in vivo against a peculiar persistent pain, such as neuropathic one. PEA was administered i.p. to mice with chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve (CCI) once a day for one week starting the day after the lesion. This therapeutic regimen evoked a relief of both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in neuropathic mice. Various selective receptor antagonists were used in order to clarify the relative contribution of cannabinoid, vanilloid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor to PEA-induced effects. The results indicated that CB(1), PPARgamma and TRPV1 receptors mediated the antinociception induced by PEA, suggesting that the most likely mechanism might be the so-called "entourage effect" due to the PEA-induced inhibition of the enzyme catalyzing the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) degradation that leads to an enhancement of its tissue levels thus increasing its analgesic action. In addition, the hypothesis that PEA might act through the modulation of local mast cells degranulation is sustained by our findings showing that PEA significantly reduced the production of many mediators such as TNFalpha and neurotrophic factors, like NGF. The findings presented here, in addition to prove the beneficial effects of PEA in chronic pain, identify new potential targets for analgesic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy Department of Pharmacology, University of Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dalle Carbonare M, Del Giudice E, Stecca A, Colavito D, Fabris M, D'Arrigo A, Bernardini D, Dam M, Leon A. A saturated N-acylethanolamine other than N-palmitoyl ethanolamine with anti-inflammatory properties: a neglected story.. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20 Suppl 1:26-34. [PMID: 18426496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines, which include the endocannabinoid anandamide and the cannabinoid receptor-inactive saturated compounds N-palmitoyl ethanolamine and N-stearoyl ethanolamine, are ethanolamines of long-chain fatty acids degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) known to accumulate in degenerating tissues and cells. Whilst much evidence supports a protective anti-inflammatory role of both anandamide and N-palmitoyl ethanolamine, very little information is available with regard to the bioactivity of N-stearoyl ethanolamine. Employing a murine model of passive IgE-induced cutaneous anaphylaxis, we have found that N-stearoyl ethanolamine is endowed with marked anti-inflammatory properties in vivo, supporting the hypothesis that endogenous N-stearoyl ethanolamine is, in analogy to N-palmitoyl ethanolamine, a bioactive signalling lipid capable of downregulating allergic inflammation in the skin. This effect, although mimicked by synthetic, non-selective, CB(1)/CB(2) receptor agonists, such as WIN55, 212-2, was not sensitive to CB(1) or CB(2) receptor antagonists, but rather was fully reversed by capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor. Moreover, CB(1) receptor antagonists, although effective in antagonising the WIN55,212-2-induced hypothermia, did not reduce the anti-inflammatory effect of WIN55,212-2, whilst CB(2) receptor antagonists, per se inactive, potentiated the WIN55,212-2 effect, suggesting an involvement of non-CB(1)/CB(2) receptors in the anti-inflammatory action of WIN55,212-2. All this, together with demonstration of FAAH as a major regulator of the in vivo concentrations of saturated N-stearoyl ethanolamine, in addition to N-palmitoyl ethanolamine, raise the speculation that pharmacological treatments with saturated N-acylethanolamines such as N-stearoyl ethanolamine, or alternatively FAAH inhibitors able to increase their local concentration, rather than selective CB receptor agonists, might be of promising therapeutic benefit in reducing allergic inflammation in the skin.
Collapse
|
45
|
De Filippis D, D'Amico A, Cinelli MP, Esposito G, Di Marzo V, Iuvone T. Adelmidrol, a palmitoylethanolamide analogue, reduces chronic inflammation in a carrageenin-granuloma model in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:1086-95. [PMID: 18429935 PMCID: PMC4496105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and some of its analogues have shown great efficacy in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Adelmidrol – the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of the di-amide derivative of azelaic acid – is one of these analogues. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of PEA and adelmidrol are hypothesized to be mediated, at least in part, by mast cell down-modulation. Mast cell mediators released at early stage of the inflammatory process drive the inflammatory reaction to chronicity as it happens in X-carrageenin-induced granulomatous tissue formation. In the present study, the choice of testing adelmidrol depends upon the physicochemical properties of the compound, i.e. the amphipatic feature, that make it more easily soluble than PEA. In this study, we investigated the effect of adelmidrol on granuloma formation induced by λ-carrageenin-soaked sponge implant in rats. Our results show that the local administration of the compound under study significantly decreases weight and neo-angiogenesis in granulomatous tissue. The anti-inflammatory effect was due to the modulation of mast cells degranulation, as shown by histological analysis and by the inhibition of the release of several pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic enzymes (e.g. iNOS, chymase and metalloproteinase MMP-9), and mediators (e.g. nitric oxide and TNF-α). The results indicate that adelmidrol, given locally, may represent a potential therapeutic tool in controlling chronic inflammation.
Collapse
|
46
|
Farrell EK, Merkler DJ. Biosynthesis, degradation and pharmacological importance of the fatty acid amides. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:558-68. [PMID: 18598910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of two biologically active fatty acid amides, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and oleamide, has generated a great deal of excitement and stimulated considerable research. However, anandamide and oleamide are merely the best-known and best-understood members of a much larger family of biologically occurring fatty acid amides. In this review, we will outline which fatty acid amides have been isolated from mammalian sources, detail what is known about how these molecules are made and degraded in vivo, and highlight their potential for the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Malcher-Lopes R, Franco A, Tasker JG. Glucocorticoids shift arachidonic acid metabolism toward endocannabinoid synthesis: a non-genomic anti-inflammatory switch. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583:322-39. [PMID: 18295199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are capable of exerting both genomic and non-genomic actions in target cells of multiple tissues, including the brain, which trigger an array of electrophysiological, metabolic, secretory and inflammatory regulatory responses. Here, we have attempted to show how glucocorticoids may generate a rapid anti-inflammatory response by promoting arachidonic acid-containing endocannabinoids biosynthesis. According to our hypothesized model, non-genomic action of glucocorticoids results in the global shift of membrane lipid metabolism, subverting metabolic pathways toward the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), and away from arachidonic acid production. Post-transcriptional inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX(2)) synthesis by glucocorticoids assists this mechanism by suppressing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins as well as endocannabinoid-derived prostanoids. In the central nervous system (CNS) this may represent a major neuroprotective system, which may cross-talk with leptin signaling in the hypothalamus allowing for the coordination between energy homeostasis and the inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
48
|
Astarita G, Ahmed F, Piomelli D. Identification of biosynthetic precursors for the endocannabinoid anandamide in the rat brain. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:48-57. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700354-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
49
|
Zhao LY, Tsuboi K, Okamoto Y, Nagahata S, Ueda N. Proteolytic activation and glycosylation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the endocannabinoid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
50
|
Kilaru A, Blancaflor EB, Venables BJ, Tripathy S, Mysore KS, Chapman KD. TheN-Acylethanolamine-Mediated Regulatory Pathway in Plants. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1933-55. [PMID: 17712835 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
While cannabinoids are secondary metabolites synthesized by just a few plant species, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are distributed widely in the plant kingdom, and are recovered in measurable, bioactive quantities in many plant-derived products. NAEs in higher plants are ethanolamides of fatty acids with acyl-chain lenghts of C12-C(18) and zero to three C=C bonds. Generally, the most-abundant NAEs found in plants and vertebrates are similar, including NAE 16 : 0, 18 : 1, 18 : 2, and 18 : 3. Like in animal systems, NAEs are formed in plants from N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), and they are hydrolyzed by an amidase to yield ethanolamine and free fatty acids (FFA). Recently, a homologue of the mammalian fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH-1) was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and several other plant species. Overexpression of Arabidopsis FAAH (AtFAAH) resulted in plants that grew faster, but were more sensitive to biotic and abiotic insults, suggesting that the metabolism of NAEs in plants resides at the balance between growth and responses to environmental stresses. Similar to animal systems, exogenously applied NAEs have potent and varied effects on plant cells. Recent pharmacological approaches combined with molecular-genetic experiments revealed that NAEs may act in certain plant tissues via specific membrane-associated proteins or by interacting with phospholipase D-alpha, although other, direct targets for NAE action in plants are likely to be discovered. Polyunsaturated NAEs can be oxidized via the lipoxygenase pathway in plants, producing an array of oxylipin products that have received little attention so far. Overall, the conservation of NAE occurrence and metabolic machinery in plants, coupled with the profound physiological effects of elevating NAE content or perturbing endogenous NAE metabolism, suggest that an NAE-mediated regulatory pathway, sharing similarities with the mammalian endocannabinoid pathway, indeed exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, P.O. Box 305220, Denton, TX 76203-5220, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|