1
|
Canko A, Athanassopoulou GD, Psycharis V, Raptopoulou CP, Herniman JM, Mouchtouris V, Foscolos AS, Couladouros EA, Vidali VP. First total synthesis of type II abyssomicins: (±)-abyssomicin 2 and (±)-neoabyssomicin B. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3761-3765. [PMID: 37083981 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (IMDA) of a butenolide derivative, as an entry to the type II abyssomicin scaffold, and the total synthesis of (±)-abyssomicin 2 and (±)-neoabyssomicin B are reported for the first time. A facile route to the IMDA precursor, the formation of a type I intermediate and two paths to (±)-neoabyssomicin B are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Canko
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Psycharis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Catherine P Raptopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Julie M Herniman
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Vasileios Mouchtouris
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angeliki Sofia Foscolos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Elias A Couladouros
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Veroniki P Vidali
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jadimurthy R, Mayegowda SB, Nayak S, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS. Escaping mechanisms of ESKAPE pathogens from antibiotics and their targeting by natural compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 34:e00728. [PMID: 35686013 PMCID: PMC9171455 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms that have developed resistance to available therapeutic agents are threatening the globe and multidrug resistance among the bacterial pathogens is becoming a major concern of public health worldwide. Bacteria develop protective mechanisms to counteract the deleterious effects of antibiotics, which may eventually result in loss of growth-inhibitory potential of antibiotics. ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens display multidrug resistance and virulence through various mechanisms and it is the need of the hour to discover or design new antibiotics against ESKAPE pathogens. In this article, we have discussed the mechanisms acquired by ESKAPE pathogens to counteract the effect of antibiotics and elaborated on recently discovered secondary metabolites derived from bacteria and plant sources that are endowed with good antibacterial activity towards pathogenic bacteria in general, ESKAPE organisms in particular. Abyssomicin C, allicin, anthracimycin, berberine, biochanin A, caffeic acid, daptomycin, kibdelomycin, piperine, platensimycin, plazomicin, taxifolin, teixobactin, and thymol are the major metabolites whose antibacterial potential have been discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragi Jadimurthy
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shilpa Borehalli Mayegowda
- Dayananda Sagar University, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shavige Malleswara Hills, Kumaraswamy layout, Bengaluru 560111, India
| | - S.Chandra Nayak
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vidali VP, Canko A, Peroulias AD, Georgas ET, Bouzas E, Herniman JM, Couladouros EA. An Improved Biomimetic Formal Synthesis of Abyssomicin C and atrop
-Abyssomicin C. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veroniki P. Vidali
- NCSR "Demokritos"; Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Patr. Grigoriou & Neapoleos 25 153 41 Athens Greece
| | - Aleksander Canko
- NCSR "Demokritos"; Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Patr. Grigoriou & Neapoleos 25 153 41 Athens Greece
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Angelos D. Peroulias
- School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; 17 1BJ Southampton SO United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos T. Georgas
- NCSR "Demokritos"; Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Patr. Grigoriou & Neapoleos 25 153 41 Athens Greece
- Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Emmanuel Bouzas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Julie M. Herniman
- School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; 17 1BJ Southampton SO United Kingdom
| | - Elias A. Couladouros
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Braddock AA, Theodorakis EA. Marine Spirotetronates: Biosynthetic Edifices That Inspire Drug Discovery. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040232. [PMID: 31010150 PMCID: PMC6521127 DOI: 10.3390/md17040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirotetronates are actinomyces-derived polyketides that possess complex structures and exhibit potent and unexplored bioactivities. Due to their anticancer and antimicrobial properties, they have potential as drug hits and deserve further study. In particular, abyssomicin C and tetrocarcin A have shown significant promise against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus and tuberculosis, as well as for the treatment of various lymphomas and solid tumors. Improved synthetic routes to these compounds, particularly the class II spirotetronates, are needed to access sufficient quantities for structure optimization and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Braddock
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicolaou KC, Rigol S, Yu R. Total Synthesis Endeavors and Their Contributions to Science and Society:A Personal Account. CCS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.019.20190006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis in the 19th century, serendipitous as it was, set in motion a revolution in science that continues to evolve into increasing levels of sophistication and to expand into new domains of science and technology for the benefits of science and society. Its evolution was always driven by the challenges posed by natural products, whose structures were becoming increasingly complex and diverse. In response to these challenges, synthetic organic chemists were prompted to sharpen their art to reach their target molecules, whose structures were often confirmed only after their synthesis in the laboratory through the art and science of total synthesis. The latter became the “locomotive” and the “flagship” of organic synthesis, for through this practice novel synthetic methods were discovered and invented, and also tested for their generality, applicability, and scope with regard to molecular complexity and diversity. The purpose of total synthesis has also evolved over the years to include aspects beyond the synthesis of the molecule and confirmation of its structure. In this article, we briefly review the evolution of total synthesis in terms of its power and reach and demonstrate its current state of the art that combines fundamentals with translational aspects through examples from our laboratories. The highlighted examples reflect the newly emerged paradigm of the discipline that includes—in addition to the total synthesis of the target molecule—structural elucidations, method discovery and development, design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of analogues for biology and medicine, and training of young students, preparing them for academic and industrial careers in the various disciplines that require knowledge and skills to practice the central science of chemical synthesis. Such disciplines include chemical biology, drug discovery and development, materials science and nanotechnology, and other endeavors whose fundamentals depend and rely on the structure of the molecule and its synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston,TX 77005 (United States of America)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Review on Abyssomicins: Inhibitors of the Chorismate Pathway and Folate Biosynthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061371. [PMID: 29882815 PMCID: PMC6100094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifolates targeting folate biosynthesis within the shikimate-chorismate-folate metabolic pathway are ideal and selective antimicrobials, since higher eukaryotes lack this pathway and rely on an exogenous source of folate. Resistance to the available antifolates, inhibiting the folate pathway, underlines the need for novel antibiotic scaffolds and molecular targets. While para-aminobenzoic acid synthesis within the chorismate pathway constitutes a novel molecular target for antifolates, abyssomicins are its first known natural inhibitors. This review describes the abyssomicin family, a novel spirotetronate polyketide Class I antimicrobial. It summarizes synthetic and biological studies, structural, biosynthetic, and biological properties of the abyssomicin family members. This paper aims to explain their molecular target, mechanism of action, structure⁻activity relationship, and to explore their biological and pharmacological potential. Thirty-two natural abyssomicins and numerous synthetic analogues have been reported. The biological activity of abyssomicins includes their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, antitumor properties, latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reactivator, anti-HIV and HIV replication inducer properties. Their antimalarial properties have not been explored yet. Future analoging programs using the structure⁻activity relationship data and synthetic approaches may provide a novel abyssomicin structure that is active and devoid of cytotoxicity. Abyssomicin J and atrop-o-benzyl-desmethylabyssomicin C constitute promising candidates for such programs.
Collapse
|
8
|
A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:153-184. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Wang X, Elshahawi SI, Cai W, Zhang Y, Ponomareva LV, Chen X, Copley GC, Hower JC, Zhan CG, Parkin S, Rohr J, Van Lanen SG, Shaaban KA, Thorson JS. Bi- and Tetracyclic Spirotetronates from the Coal Mine Fire Isolate Streptomyces sp. LC-6-2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1141-1149. [PMID: 28358212 PMCID: PMC5558431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The structures of 12 new "enantiomeric"-like abyssomicin metabolites (abyssomicins M-X) from Streptomyces sp. LC-6-2 are reported. Of this set, the abyssomicin W (11) contains an unprecedented 8/6/6/6 tetracyclic core, while the bicyclic abyssomicin X (12) represents the first reported naturally occurring linear spirotetronate. Metabolite structures were determined based on spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography, and Streptomyces sp. LC-6-2 genome sequencing also revealed the corresponding putative biosynthetic gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiachang Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I. Elshahawi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Larissa V. Ponomareva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Xiabin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Gregory C. Copley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - James C. Hower
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Bedell TA, West JG, Sorensen EJ. Design and Synthesis of Molecular Scaffolds with Anti-infective Activity. Tetrahedron 2016; 72:3579-3592. [PMID: 27284210 PMCID: PMC4894353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Aaron Bedell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Chemical Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Chemical Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Erik J. Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Chemical Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lacoske M, Theodorakis EA. Spirotetronate polyketides as leads in drug discovery. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:562-75. [PMID: 25434976 PMCID: PMC4380204 DOI: 10.1021/np500757w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chlorothricin (1) defined a new family of microbial metabolites with potent antitumor antibiotic properties collectively referred to as spirotetronate polyketides. These microbial metabolites are structurally distinguished by the presence of a spirotetronate motif embedded within a macrocyclic core. Glycosylation at the periphery of this core contributes to the structural complexity and bioactivity of this motif. The spirotetronate family displays impressive chemical structures, potent bioactivities, and significant pharmacological potential. This review groups the family members based on structural and biosynthetic considerations and summarizes synthetic and biological studies that aim to elucidate their mode of action and explore their pharmacological potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle
H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California,
San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
León B, Navarro G, Dickey BJ, Stepan G, Tsai A, Jones GS, Morales ME, Barnes T, Ahmadyar S, Tsiang M, Geleziunas R, Cihlar T, Pagratis N, Tian Y, Yu H, Linington RG. Abyssomicin 2 reactivates latent HIV-1 by a PKC- and HDAC-independent mechanism. Org Lett 2015; 17:262-5. [PMID: 25560385 DOI: 10.1021/ol503349y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Screening of a marine natural products library afforded three new analogues of the tetronic acid containing polyketide abyssomicin family and identified abyssomicin 2 as a selective reactivator of latent HIV virus. Examination of the mode of action of this new latent HIV reactivating agent demonstrated that it functions via a distinct mechanism compared to that of existing reactivating agents and is effective at reactivating latent virus in a subset of primary patient cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian León
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz , 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matovic R, Bihelovic F, Gruden-Pavlovic M, Saicic RN. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of atrop-O-benzyl-desmethylabyssomicin C. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7682-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01436g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
14
|
Majumdar KC, Sinha B. Coinage metals (Cu, Ag and Au) in the synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
15
|
Bihelovic F, Karadzic I, Matovic R, Saicic RN. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of (−)-atrop–abyssomicin C. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5413-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40692j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bihelovic F, Saicic RN. Total Synthesis of (−)-atrop-Abyssomicin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5687-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2009. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
20
|
Bartoli A, Rodier F, Commeiras L, Parrain JL, Chouraqui G. Construction of spirolactones with concomitant formation of the fused quaternary centre – application to the synthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:763-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Organocatalyzed Tsuji–Trost reaction: a new method for the closure of five- and six-membered rings. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|