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Laukkanen JA, Khan H, Lavie CJ, Voutilainen A, Kurl S, Jae SY, Kunutsor SK. Inverse Association of Handgrip Strength With Risk of Heart Failure. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:1490-1499. [PMID: 33775422 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the nature, magnitude, and specificity of the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and heart failure (HF) risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS Handgrip strength was assessed at baseline from March 1, 1998, to December 31, 2001, by use of a hand dynamometer in the Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective population-based cohort of 770 men and women aged 61 to 74 years without a history of HF. Relative HGS was obtained by dividing the absolute value by body weight. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated with Cox regression models. We used multiple imputation to account for missing data. RESULTS During a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 17.1 (11.3-18.3) years, 177 HF events were recorded. Handgrip strength was continually associated with risk of HF, consistent with a curvilinear shape. On adjustment for several established risk factors and other potential confounders, the HR (95% CI) for HF was 0.73 (0.59-0.91) per 1 SD increase in relative HGS. Comparing the top vs bottom tertiles of relative HGS, the corresponding adjusted HR was 0.55 (0.38-0.81). The association remained similar across several clinical subgroups. Imputed results were broadly similar to the observed results. CONCLUSION Relative HGS is inversely and continually associated with the future risk of HF in the general population. Studies are warranted to evaluate whether HGS may be a useful prognostic tool for HF in the general population and to determine whether resistance exercise training may lower the risk of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä.
| | - Hassan Khan
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio
| | - Sae Young Jae
- Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Sallam NA, Laher I. Redox Signaling and Regional Heterogeneity of Endothelial Dysfunction in db/db Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176147. [PMID: 32858910 PMCID: PMC7504187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable nature of vascular dysfunction in diabetes is not well understood. We explored the functional adaptation of different arteries in db/db mice in relation to increased severity and duration of diabetes. We compared endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in the aortae, as well as the carotid and femoral arteries, of db/db mice at three ages in parallel with increased body weight, oxidative stress, and deterioration of glycemic control. Vascular responses to in vitro generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms were assessed. There was a progressive impairment of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation in the aortae of db/db mice. The carotid artery was resistant to the effects of in vivo and in vitro induced oxidative stress, and it maintained unaltered vasodilatory responses, likely because the carotid artery relaxed in response to ROS. The femoral artery was more reliant on dilation mediated by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor(s), which was reduced in db/db mice at the earliest age examined and did not deteriorate with age. Substantial heterogeneity exists between the three arteries in signaling pathways and protein expression of SODs under physiological and diabetic conditions. A better understanding of vascular heterogeneity will help develop novel therapeutic approaches for targeted vascular treatments, including blood vessel replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-5882
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3
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Kunutsor SK, Mäkikallio TH, Voutilainen A, Laukkanen JA. Handgrip strength is not associated with risk of venous thromboembolism: a prospective cohort study. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2020; 54:253-257. [PMID: 32281425 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2020.1751267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Consistent evidence suggests an inverse and independent association between handgrip strength and arterial thrombotic disease. However, whether handgrip strength is related to future risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. We sought to assess the prospective association between handgrip strength and VTE risk. Design. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer in a population-based sample of 864 men and women aged 61-74 years without a history of VTE at baseline in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease prospective cohort study. Handgrip strength was allometrically scaled to account for the effect of body weight (handgrip strength/body weight2/3) and to normalize the data. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for VTE. Results. During a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 17.2 (12.1-18.3) years, 58 VTE events were recorded. The risk of VTE did not significantly decrease per 1 standard deviation increase in normalized handgrip strength in age- and sex-adjusted analysis (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.65-1.22). The association remained similar in analyses adjusted for several established and emerging risk factors (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.25). The corresponding adjusted HRs were 1.10 (95% CI: 0.56-2.18) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.57-2.34), respectively, when comparing the extreme tertiles of normalized handgrip strength values. Conclusions. Normalized handgrip strength is not associated with future VTE risk in an older Caucasian population. Large-scale studies in other populations and age-groups are warranted to generalize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building (Level 1), Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Timo H Mäkikallio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Samancı B, Samancı Y, Tüzün E, Altıokka-Uzun G, Ekizoğlu E, İçöz S, Şahin E, Küçükali Cİ, Baykan B. Evidence for potential involvement of pro-inflammatory adipokines in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:525-531. [PMID: 27193133 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416650705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Although specific role players are currently unknown, contribution of inflammatory mediators has been suggested in the pathophysiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), which is a disease more prevalent in obese female individuals of childbearing age. We aimed to investigate the levels of adipokines and cytokines to demonstrate possible markers for inflammation that participate in IIH pathophysiology and their association with clinical features of IIH. Methods IIH patients, diagnosed according to the revised criteria, and age-, gender- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were evaluated for insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, nesfatin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, resistin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex immunoassays. Results IL-1β level was significantly higher ( p = 0.012), and IL-8 and TNF-α levels were significantly lower in the IIH group ( p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively) compared to the control group. There were no correlations between the cytokine/adipokine levels and age, BMI, disease duration, and cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands. There were also no significant differences in cytokine and adipokine levels between IIH patients regarding visual impairment. However, statistically significant differences were found between IIH patients with relapse versus healthy controls regarding IL-1β ( p = 0.007), IL-8 ( p = 0.001) and TNF-α ( p = 0.017) levels. Other investigated cytokines and adipokines showed no significant alterations in IIH patients investigated in the remission period. Conclusion Altered serum levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α seem to be associated with IIH pathogenesis, and these cytokines may be used as prognostic markers in IIH to predict relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Samancı
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Samancı
- 2 Neurosurgery Clinic, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.,3 Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güneş Altıokka-Uzun
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esme Ekizoğlu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema İçöz
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdi Şahin
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem İsmail Küçükali
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Baykan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Góralczyk K, Szymańska J, Szot K, Fisz J, Rość D. Low-level laser irradiation effect on endothelial cells under conditions of hyperglycemia. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:825-31. [PMID: 26861982 PMCID: PMC4908157 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is considered to be a very serious lifestyle disease leading to cardiovascular complications and impaired wound healing observed in the diabetic foot syndrome. Chronic hyperglycemia is the source of the endothelial activation. The inflammatory process in diabetes is associated with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by endothelial cells, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The method of phototherapy using laser beam of low power (LLLT-low-level laser therapy) effectively supports the conventional treatment of diabetic vascular complications such as diabetic foot syndrome. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of low-power laser irradiation at two wavelengths (635 and 830 nm) on the secretion of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) by the endothelial cell culture-HUVEC line (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)-under conditions of hyperglycemia. It is considered that adverse effects of hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial cells may be corrected by the action of LLLT, especially with the wavelength of 830 nm. It leads to the reduction of TNF-α concentration in the supernatant and enhancement of cell proliferation. Endothelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes; however, a small number of studies evaluate an impact of LLLT on these cells under conditions of hyperglycemia. Further work on this subject is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Góralczyk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Szymańska
- Department of Laserotherapy and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szot
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek Fisz
- Department of Laserotherapy and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Danuta Rość
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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6
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Andersen K, Rasmussen F, Held C, Neovius M, Tynelius P, Sundström J. Exercise capacity and muscle strength and risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia in 1.1 million young Swedish men: cohort study. BMJ 2015; 351:h4543. [PMID: 26378015 PMCID: PMC4768156 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of exercise capacity and muscle strength in late adolescence with risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING General population in Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 1.1 million men who participated in mandatory military conscription between 1 August 1972 and 31 December 1995, at a median age of 18.2 years. Participants were followed until 31 December 2010. MAIN OUTCOMES Associations between exercise capacity and muscle strength with risk of vascular disease and subgroups (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and cardiovascular death) and risk of arrhythmia and subgroups (atrial fibrillation or flutter, bradyarrhythmia, supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death). Maximum exercise capacity was estimated by the ergometer bicycle test, and muscle strength was measured as handgrip strength by a hand dynamometer. High exercise capacity or muscle strength was deemed as above the median level. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 26.3 years, 26 088 vascular disease events and 17 312 arrhythmia events were recorded. Exercise capacity was inversely associated with risk of vascular disease and its subgroups. Muscle strength was also inversely associated with vascular disease risk, driven by associations of higher muscle strength with lower risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death. Exercise capacity had a U shaped association with risk of arrhythmia, driven by a direct association with risk of atrial fibrillation and a U shaped association with bradyarrhythmia. Higher muscle strength was associated with lower risk of arrhythmia (specifically, lower risk of bradyarrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmia). The combination of high exercise capacity and high muscle strength was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.70) for vascular events and 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) for arrhythmia compared with the combination of low exercise capacity and low muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS Exercise capacity and muscle strength in late adolescence are independently and jointly associated with long term risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia. The health benefit of lower risk of vascular events with higher exercise capacity was not outweighed by higher risk of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Andersen
- Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Held
- Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
| | - Martin Neovius
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SE-751 85, Sweden
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7
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Krüger K, Mooren FC, Eder K, Ringseis R. Immune and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Exercise and Obesity. Am J Lifestyle Med 2014; 10:268-279. [PMID: 30202282 DOI: 10.1177/1559827614552986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades the combination of both a sedentary lifestyle and excessive food availability has led to a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity, which is increasingly recognized as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Several lines of evidence exist demonstrating that expanded visceral adipose tissue produces several pro-inflammatory mediators that activate signaling pathways that contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Exercise training is an important lifestyle factor that is widely used as a tool for preventing and improving lifestyle-related obesity and insulin resistance. In this regard, exercise training is useful to increase energy expenditure thereby counteracting a positive energy balance. Exercise training is also able to attenuate the activation of several obesity-induced pathways of inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and immune pathways in exercise, obesity, and diabetes can be extremely useful to exploit optimized lifestyle strategies to combat the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine (KK, FCM), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology (KE, RR), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine (KK, FCM), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology (KE, RR), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Department of Sports Medicine (KK, FCM), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology (KE, RR), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Department of Sports Medicine (KK, FCM), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology (KE, RR), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Abstract
The complexity of cell interactions with their microenvironment and their ability to communicate at the autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine levels has gradually but significantly evolved in the last three decades. The musculoskeletal system has been historically recognized to be governed by a relationship of proximity and function, chiefly dictated by mechanical forces and the work of gravity itself. In this review article, we first provide a historical overview of the biomechanical theory of bone- muscle interactions. Next, we expand to detail the significant evolution in our understanding of the function of bones and muscles as secretory organs. Then, we review and discuss new evidence in support of a biochemical interaction between these two tissues. We then propose that these two models of interaction are complementary and intertwined providing for a new frontier for the investigation of how bone-muscle cross talk could be fully explored for the targeting of new therapies for musculoskeletal diseases, particularly the twin conditions of aging, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. In the last section, we explore the bone-muscle cross talk in the context of their interactions with other tissues and the global impact of these multi-tissue interactions on chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janalee Isaacson
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), 2464 Charlotte St, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Nursing Program, Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Muscle Biology Research Group-MUBIG, School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), 2464 Charlotte St, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; School of Medicine, UMKC, Kansas City, MO, USA; School of Pharmacy, UMKC, Kansas City, MO, USA
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9
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Gill J, Lee H, Barr T, Baxter T, Heinzelmann M, Rak H, Mysliwiec V. Lower health related quality of life in U.S. military personnel is associated with service-related disorders and inflammation. Psychiatry Res 2014; 216:116-22. [PMID: 24559851 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel who have combat exposures are at increased risk for the service-related disorders of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, sleep disturbances and decreased health related quality of life (HRQOL). Those with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at even greater risk. Inflammation is associated with these disorders and may underlie the risk for health declines. We evaluated 110 recently deployed, military personnel presenting with sleep disturbances for service-related disorders (TBI, PTSD, and depression) as well as HRQOL. ANOVA models were used to examine differences among military personnel with two or more service-related disorders (high comorbid group), or one or no disorders (low comorbid group). Logistic regression models were used to determine associations among interleukin-6 (IL-6) to HRQOL and service-related disorders. Approximately one-third of the sample had two or more service-related disorders. HRQOL was lower and IL-6 concentrations were higher in military personnel with PTSD or depression, with the most profound differences in those with more service-related disorders, regardless of sleep disorder. Having symptoms of depression and PTSD resulted in a 3.5-fold risk to be in the lower quartile of HRQOL and the highest quartile of IL-6. In a linear regression model, 41% of the relationship between HRQOL and IL-6 concentrations was mediated by PTSD and depression. Military personnel with PTSD and depression are at high risk for lower HRQOL, and higher IL-6 concentrations. Comprehensive treatment is required to address co-occurring service-related disorders in military personnel to promote health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Nursing Research, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hyunhwa Lee
- National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Nursing Research, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taura Barr
- West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Tristin Baxter
- Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040A Fitzsimmons Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA
| | - Morgan Heinzelmann
- National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Nursing Research, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hannah Rak
- National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Nursing Research, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040A Fitzsimmons Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA
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10
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The acute effects of low-dose TNF-α on glucose metabolism and β-cell function in humans. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:295478. [PMID: 24692847 PMCID: PMC3945645 DOI: 10.1155/2014/295478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with low-grade inflammation and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. TNF-α has been shown to impair peripheral insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. However, it is unclear whether TNF-α may also affect endogenous glucose production (EGP) during fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vivo. We hypothesized that low-dose TNF-α would increase EGP and attenuate GSIS. Recombinant human TNF-α or placebo was infused in healthy, nondiabetic young men (n = 10) during a 4-hour basal period followed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). TNF-α lowered insulin levels by 12% during the basal period (P < 0.05). In response to the IVGTT, insulin levels increased markedly in both trials, but there was no difference between trials. Compared to placebo, TNF-α did not affect EGP during the basal period. Our results indicate that TNF-α acutely lowers basal plasma insulin levels but does not impair GSIS. The mechanisms behind this are unknown but we suggest that it may be due to TNF-α increasing clearance of insulin from plasma without impairing beta-cell function or hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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11
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Cooper DC, Ziegler MG, Milic MS, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, von Känel R, Dimsdale JE. Endothelial function and sleep: associations of flow-mediated dilation with perceived sleep quality and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. J Sleep Res 2014; 23:84-93. [PMID: 24033699 PMCID: PMC3947135 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial function typically precedes clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and provides a potential mechanism for the associations observed between cardiovascular disease and sleep quality. This study examined how subjective and objective indicators of sleep quality relate to endothelial function, as measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). In a clinical research centre, 100 non-shift working adults (mean age: 36 years) completed FMD testing and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, along with a polysomnography assessment to obtain the following measures: slow wave sleep, percentage rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, REM sleep latency, total arousal index, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency and apnea-hypopnea index. Bivariate correlations and follow-up multiple regressions examined how FMD related to subjective (i.e., Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores) and objective (i.e., polysomnography-derived) indicators of sleep quality. After FMD showed bivariate correlations with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, percentage REM sleep and REM latency, further examination with separate regression models indicated that these associations remained significant after adjustments for sex, age, race, hypertension, body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index, smoking and income (Ps < 0.05). Specifically, as FMD decreased, scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index increased (indicating decreased subjective sleep quality) and percentage REM sleep decreased, while REM sleep latency increased (Ps < 0.05). Poorer subjective sleep quality and adverse changes in REM sleep were associated with diminished vasodilation, which could link sleep disturbances to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C. Cooper
- Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System
| | - Michael G. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Milos S. Milic
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Paul J. Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - José S. Loredo
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Roland von Känel
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joel E. Dimsdale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Andersen K, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Ärnlöv J, Byberg L, Michaëlsson K, Sundström J. Skeletal muscle morphology and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 22:231-9. [PMID: 24092874 DOI: 10.1177/2047487313506828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well known that physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, there is still a search for the mechanisms by which exercise exerts its positive effect. Skeletal muscle fibre type can be affected to some extent by exercise, and different fibre types possess different anti-inflammatory and glucometabolic properties that may influence cardiovascular disease risk. DESIGN Population-based cohort study. METHODS We investigated relations of skeletal muscle morphology to risk of cardiovascular events in a sample of 466 71-year-old men without cardiovascular disease, of which 295 were physically active (strenuous physical activity at least 3 h/week). RESULTS During a median of 13.1 years of follow up, 173 major cardiovascular events occurred. Among physically active men, 10% higher proportion of type-I (slow-twitch oxidative) fibres was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.74-0.95) for cardiovascular events, and 10% higher proportion of type-IIx (fast-twitch glycolytic) fibres was associated with a HR of 1.24 (1.06-1.45), adjusting for age. Similar results were observed in several sets of multivariable-adjusted models. No association of muscle fibre type with risk of cardiovascular events was observed among physically inactive men. CONCLUSIONS Higher skeletal muscle proportion of type-I fibres was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and a higher proportion of type-IIx fibres was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events. These relations were only observed in physically active men. Skeletal muscle fibre composition may be a mediator of the protective effects of exercise against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Högskolan Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
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Gill JM, Saligan L, Lee H, Rotolo S, Szanton S. Women in recovery from PTSD have similar inflammation and quality of life as non-traumatized controls. J Psychosom Res 2013; 74:301-6. [PMID: 23497831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with greater concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers as well as substantial medical burden; however, it is not clear if these morbidity risks change following recovery from PTSD. In this study we compare women who have recovered from PTSD, to those with current PTSD, and healthy controls on their perceived health and inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. METHODS We studied 3 groups of women: those with current PTSD, those who reported recovery from PTSD, and healthy non-traumatized controls, which were determined using standard diagnostic instruments. We obtained a morning blood sample and examined concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers of: interleukin 6 (IL-6) and c-reactive protein (CRP), and lipid concentrations. Lastly, we evaluated health related quality of life (HRQOL). RESULTS Women who had recovered from PTSD had a similar HRQOL and inflammatory biomarkers as non-traumatized controls. Their concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers were lower than women with current PTSD, and similar to non-traumatized controls. CONCLUSION Health perception as well as biological indicators of health significantly differ in women in recovery from PTSD, compared to those who remain symptomatic. These findings suggest that the psychological recovery is associated with normal levels of inflammatory biomarkers and HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Mwendwa DT, Ali MK, Sims RC, Cole AP, Lipscomb MW, Levy SA, Callender CO, Campbell AL. Dispositional depression and hostility are associated with inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:72-82. [PMID: 23123367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that state depressive symptoms and hostility can modulate inflammatory immune responses and directly contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset and development. Previous studies have not considered the contribution of dispositional depressive symptoms to the inflammatory process. They have also largely excluded African Americans, despite their disproportionate risk for CVD. The first aim of the study was to examine the impact of state and dispositional depression and hostility on CVD-associated inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in an African American sample. The second aim was to examine synergistic influences of hostility and state and dispositional depression on IL-6 and CRP. The final aim was to examine whether the relations between state and dispositional depression, hostility, IL-6, and CRP varied as a function of gender and education. Anthropometric measures, blood serum samples, and psychosocial data were collected from 198 African Americans from the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Hierarchical and stepwise regression analyses indicated that (1) increased levels of hostility were associated with increased levels of CRP; (2) hostility and IL-6 were more strongly associated among participants with lower educational attainment; and (3) dispositional depression and CRP were more strongly associated among participants with greater hostility and lower educational attainment. Findings suggest that enduring personality dispositions, such as dispositional depression and hostility, are critical to a thorough assessment of cardiovascular profiles in African Americans. Future studies should investigate causal pathways that link depressive and hostile personality styles to inflammatory activity for African American men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denee T Mwendwa
- Department of Psychology, Howard University, 525 Bryant Street, NW, Room N-179, CB Powell Building, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Inhalation of carbon monoxide reduces skeletal muscle injury after hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Surg 2012; 203:488-95. [PMID: 22450026 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine if inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) can ameliorate skeletal muscle injury, modulate endogenous heme oxygenase-1 expression, and improve indexes of tissue integrity and inflammation after hind limb ischemia reperfusion. METHODS C57BL6 mice inhaling CO (250 ppm) or room air were subjected to 1.5 hours of ischemia followed by limb reperfusion for either 3 or 6 hours (total treatment time, 4.5 or 7.5 h). After the initial period of reperfusion, all mice breathed only room air until 24 hours after the onset of ischemia. Mice were killed at either the end of CO treatment or at 24 hours' reperfusion. Skeletal muscle was subjected to histologic and biochemical analysis. RESULTS CO treatment for 7.5 hours protected skeletal muscle from histologic and structural evidence of skeletal muscle injury. Serum and tissue cytokines were reduced significantly (P < .05) in mice treated with CO for 7.5 hours. Tubulin, heme oxygenase, and adenosine triphosphate levels were higher in CO-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled CO protected muscle from structural injury and energy depletion after ischemia reperfusion.
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16
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Gill JM, Szanton S. Inflammation and traumatic stress: the society to cells resiliency model to support integrative interventions. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2011; 17:404-16. [PMID: 22142977 DOI: 10.1177/1078390311418652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that develops following a traumatic event and has substantial health implications, including high rates of health morbidity and mortality, as well as significant health-related costs. Medical risks that are associated with PTSD often have an underlying inflammatory pathology, suggesting that inflammation contributes to these health declines. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN In this critical literature review, the authors examine the medical risks associated with PTSD and the inflammatory mechanisms that likely underlie these risks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The authors offer a review of their "Cells to Society Resiliency Model" to motivate the development of integrative interventions that include factors of society, community, family, individual, physiological, and cellular factors to thereby reduce the health risks associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gill
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Adser H, Wojtaszewski JFP, Jakobsen AH, Kiilerich K, Hidalgo J, Pilegaard H. Interleukin-6 modifies mRNA expression in mouse skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:165-73. [PMID: 21352507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that interleukin (IL)-6 plays a role in exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator (PGC)-1α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA responses in skeletal muscle and to examine the potential IL-6-mediated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulation in these responses. METHODS Whole body IL-6 knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) male mice (4 months of age) performed 1 h treadmill exercise. White gastrocnemius (WG) and quadriceps (Quad) muscles were removed immediately (0') or 4 h after exercise and from mice not run acutely. RESULTS Acute exercise reduced only in WT muscle glycogen concentration to 55 and 35% (P < 0.05) of resting level in Quad and WG respectively. While AMPK and Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation increased 1.3-fold (P < 0.05) in WG and twofold in Quad immediately after exercise in WT mice, no change was detected in WG in IL-6 KO mice. The PGC-1α mRNA content was in resting WG 1.8-fold higher (P < 0.05) in WT mice than in IL-6 KO mice. Exercise induced a delayed PGC-1α mRNA increase in Quad in IL-6 KO mice (12-fold at 4 h) relative to WT mice (fivefold at 0'). The TNF-α mRNA content was in resting Quad twofold higher (P < 0.05) in IL-6 KO than in WT, and WG TNF-α mRNA increased twofold (P < 0.05) immediately after exercise only in IL-6 KO. CONCLUSION In conclusion, IL-6 affects exercise-induced glycogen use, AMPK signalling and TNF-α mRNA responses in mouse skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Adser
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Sallam N, Fisher A, Golbidi S, Laher I. Weight and inflammation are the major determinants of vascular dysfunction in the aortae of db/db mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:483-92. [PMID: 21374070 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The key roles that obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress play in the progression of diabetes vascular complications are well recognized; however, the relative contribution and importance of these individual factors remain uncertain. At 6, 10, or 14 weeks old, blood samples and thoracic aortae were collected from db/db mice and their non-diabetic controls. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, 8-isoprostane, CRP, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL as markers of glycemic status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, respectively. The responses of the aortic rings to high KCl, phenylephrine (PE), acetylcholine (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside were examined. Statistical methods were used to estimate the strength of the association between plasma variables and vascular functions. Systemic inflammation occurred in db/db mice at an earlier age than did hyperglycemia or oxidative stress. Aortae of db/db showed augmented contractions to PE which were positively correlated with weight, plasma glucose, 8-isoprostane, and CRP. Also, db/db mice showed impaired endothelium-dependent ACh vasorelaxation which was negatively correlated with weight, plasma glucose, and 8-isoprostane. Multivariate analysis and stepwise modeling show that CRP is the major determinant of the contractile responses, while weight and HDL are the major determinants of ACh-induced relaxation. Among the traditional risk factors of obesity, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, our study reveals that weight and inflammation are the major determinants of vascular dysfunction in the aortae of db/db mice. Our findings partially resolve the complexity of diabetes vasculopathies and suggest targeting weight loss and inflammation for effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Sallam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mendoza-Núñez VM, Rosado-Pérez J, Santiago-Osorio E, Ortiz R, Sánchez-Rodríguez MA, Galván-Duarte RE. Aging linked to type 2 diabetes increases oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:25-31. [PMID: 21204649 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation are physiopathological mechanisms related to diabetes and aging. We evaluated the additive effect of diabetes and aging on OxS and inflammation in a cross-sectional comparative study of 228 subjects: (1) 56 healthy adults (mean age, 47 ± 7 years); (2) 60 diabetic adults (mean age, 52 ± 6 years); (3) 40 healthy elderly adults (mean age, 67 ± 7 years); and (4) 72 diabetic elderly adults (mean age, 68 ± 7 years). We measured levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidants, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The results indicate that diabetes is a risk factor for subjects with high serum levels of TNF-α (odds ratio [OR] = 12.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5.0-28; p < 0.001); this correlation becomes stronger when it is also associated with aging (OR = 14; 95% CI, 3.7-53.7; p < 0.05). Likewise, we observed that diabetes is an independent risk factor for OxS (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8; p < 0.05), and a stronger factor in older patients (OR = 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.5; p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that aging, in concert with diabetes, exerts an additive effect on OxS and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México D.F., México.
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20
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Rizvi AA. Hypertension, obesity, and inflammation: the complex designs of a deadly trio. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:287-94. [PMID: 20367224 DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease and frequently occurs in conjunction with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Recent research into the underlying pathophysiologic processes common to these entities has uncovered the role of a heightened inflammatory state signified by a host of circulating biocytokines. Systemic and local hormonal effectors, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone, interact with inflammatory and oxidative stress to augment endothelial damage in a complex manner. The kidneys play a prominent role in the renin-angiotensin cascade and the abnormal pressor response that ensues. Insulin resistance underlies the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The interplay of hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity vastly enhances the noxious influence of inflammation on the vasculature, promoting deleterious immune adaptations and ultimately increasing atherosclerotic risk. Although certain classes of available pharmacologic agents already address the altered endovascular and humoral dynamics in hypertension, a better understanding of the proinflammatory picture holds promise of targeted treatment modalities in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, University Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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Gill J, Luckenbaugh D, Charney D, Vythilingam M. Sustained elevation of serum interleukin-6 and relative insensitivity to hydrocortisone differentiates posttraumatic stress disorder with and without depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:999-1006. [PMID: 20951370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6), can mediate the greater risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in those with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD). However, IL-6 levels are not consistently elevated in either PTSD or MDD. Although PTSD is associated with supersensitivity to glucocorticoids; prior studies have not evaluated the effect of comorbid MDD. METHODS Serum IL-6 levels were measured hourly between 7:00 pm and 7:00 am in individuals with PTSD with comorbid MDD (PTSD + MDD) (n = 9) and compared with those with PTSD without MDD (PTSD - MDD) (n = 9) and nontraumatized healthy control subjects (n = 14). Group differences in serum IL-6, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and plasma cortisol response to 30 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone were evaluated using linear mixed models. RESULTS Only subjects with PTSD + MDD exhibited higher, overnight serum IL-6 levels compared with individuals with PTSD - MDD (p < .01) and healthy control subjects (p < .001). Peak overnight IL-6 levels positively correlated with severity of PTSD (r = .56, p < .01) and depressive symptoms (r = .54, p < .01). Hydrocortisone administration significantly reduced IL-6 levels in both PTSD groups; however, IL-6 levels in PTSD + MDD were higher than both PTSD - MDD (p < .05) and healthy control subjects (p < .01). Following hydrocortisone administration, there was a greater reduction in levels of ACTH in PTSD - MDD compared with control subjects (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Sustained elevations of overnight IL-6 levels and relatively decreased sensitivity to hydrocortisone distinguish PTSD + MDD from PTSD - MDD. Novel strategies that decrease IL-6 levels offer a new direction in the prevention and treatment of PTSD and associated comorbid medical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Tessari P, Cecchet D, Cosma A, Vettore M, Coracina A, Millioni R, Iori E, Puricelli L, Avogaro A, Vedovato M. Nitric oxide synthesis is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Diabetes 2010; 59:2152-9. [PMID: 20484137 PMCID: PMC2927936 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide (NO) is a key metabolic and vascular regulator. Its production is stimulated by insulin. A reduced urinary excretion of NO products (NOx) is frequently found in type 2 diabetes, particularly in association with nephropathy. However, whether the decreased NOx excretion in type 2 diabetes is caused by a defective NOx production from arginine in response to hyperinsulinemia has never been studied. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured NOx fractional (FSR) and absolute (ASR) synthesis rates in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy and in control subjects, after l-[(15)N(2)-guanidino]-arginine infusion, and use of precursor-product relationships. The study was conducted both before and after an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic ( approximately 1,000-1,200 pmol/l) clamp. RESULTS In type 2 diabetes, NOx FSR was reduced both under basal (19.3 +/- 3.9% per day, vs. 22.9 +/- 4.5% per day in control subjects) and hyperinsulinemic states (24.0 +/- 5.6% per day, vs. 37.9 +/- 6.4% per day in control subjects; P < 0.03 by ANOVA). Similarly, in type 2 diabetes, NOx ASR was lower than in control subjects under both conditions (basal, 0.32 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.89 +/- 0.34 mol per day; hyperinsulinemia, 0.35 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.38 mol per day; P = 0.01 by ANOVA). In type 2 diabetes, the ability of insulin to stimulate both the FSR (4.7 +/- 3.2% per day) and the ASR (0.03 +/- 0.04 mol per day) of NOx was several-fold lower than that in control subjects (15.0 +/- 2.9% per day and 0.25 +/- 0.07 mol per day, P < 0.03 and P < 0.02, respectively). Also the fraction of arginine flux converted to NOx (basal, 0.22 +/- 0.05% vs. 0.65 +/- 0.25%; hyperinsulinemia, 0.32 +/- 0.06% vs. 1.03 +/- 0.33%) was sharply reduced in the patients (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). CONCLUSIONS In type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy, intravascular NOx synthesis from arginine is decreased under both basal and hyperinsulinemic states. This defect extends the concept of insulin resistance to NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Metabolism Division, University of Padova, Italy.
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Li J, Wang Z, Gryczynski I, Mandecki W. Silver nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence in microtransponder-based immuno- and DNA hybridization assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1993-2001. [PMID: 20798932 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to improve assay sensitivity in common solid-phase bioassay configurations as the result of using silver nanoparticles. The solid phase was provided by numerically indexed, silicon-based electronic chips, microtransponders (p-Chips) that have previously been used in multiplexed assays. Assay configurations investigated included an ELISA-type immunoassay and a DNA hybridization assay. The surface of p-Chips was derivatized with the silver island film (SIF) and a polymer, and then characterized with AFM and SEM. Silver nanoparticle sizes were in the range of 100 to 200 nm. Four fluorophores were tested for fluorescence enhancement; namely, green fluorescent protein, phycoerythrin, Cy3 and Alexa Fluor 555. We consistently observed significant fluorescence enhancement and sensitivity improvement in the p-Chip-based assays: the sensitivity in the cytokine IL-6 immunoassay was 4.3 pg/ml, which represented a 25-fold increase over the method not involving a SIF; and 50 pM in the hybridization assay, a 38-fold increase. The greatest enhancement was obtained for p-Chip surfaces derivatized first with the polymer and then coated with SIF. In conclusion, we show that the SIF-p-Chip-based platform is a highly sensitive method to quantify low-abundance biomolecules in nucleic acid-based assays and immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- PharmaSeq, Inc, 11 Deer Park Dr., Suite 104, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA
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Fan J, Liu K, Zhang Z, Luo T, Xi Z, Song J, Liu B. Modified Si-Miao-San extract inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:5-9. [PMID: 20176100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Modified Si-Miao-San (mSMS) is a prescription modified from Si-Miao-San which is an ancient Chinese prescription used to treat various ailments. AIM OF THE STUDY Modified Si-Miao-San (mSMS) has been used for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders in the clinic. This study was aimed to investigate its anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism at cellular and molecular levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We stimulated RAW264.7 cells with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and observed effects of mSMS on the release of inflammatory mediators such as: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), NO, and relative gene expressions. Meanwhile, we also investigated the modulation of mSMS in inflammatory signal transduction mediated through extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that mSMS significantly inhibited the excessive production of NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 and the over expression of relative genes in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, mSMS suppressed LPS-induced ERK1/2-phosphorylation and inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB by attenuation of I kappaB-alpha degradation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of mSMS might result from the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6, via suppression of ERK and NF-kappaB dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Fan
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Stefanyk LE, Dyck DJ. The interaction between adipokines, diet and exercise on muscle insulin sensitivity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:255-9. [PMID: 20216410 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328338236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-fat diets lead to obesity and increase the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle act as endocrine organs, and produce various cytokines that can potentially alter peripheral insulin sensitivity. The purpose of the present review is to briefly summarize the effects of major cytokines (leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6) on muscle metabolism and insulin response, with a focus on the effects of diet and exercise. RECENT FINDINGS Leptin and adiponectin improve insulin sensitivity. However, in obesity there is a diminished response to these adipokines. This resistance can be induced very rapidly and may lead to subsequent impairments in insulin response. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as a mediator of insulin resistance, particularly in obesity. Interleukin-6 was the first identified myokine. There is evidence to implicate interleukin-6 both as a mediator of impaired insulin action in obesity, and also as a facilitator of increased fuel metabolism during exercise. The effect of each of these cytokines on muscle insulin sensitivity can be modulated by diet and exercise. SUMMARY Much of the information summarized in the present review focuses on the effects of various cytokines in isolation, although in vivo there can be considerable interaction with each other. Future research should consider these potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Stefanyk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wood LJ, Nail LM, Winters KA. Does muscle-derived interleukin-6 mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise on cancer treatment-related fatigue? Oncol Nurs Forum 2010; 36:519-24. [PMID: 19726392 DOI: 10.1188/09.onf.519-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review evidence that muscle-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise on cancer treatment-related fatigue (CTRF). DATA SOURCES Electronic nursing, psychology, and medicine databases. DATA SYNTHESIS Fatigue is a common and often debilitating symptom associated with cancer treatment. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying CTRF have yet to be fully elucidated, it may be akin to the fatigue associated with "sickness behavior," which is initiated by the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Physical exercise has been shown to decrease fatigue levels in patients with cancer undergoing treatment. Skeletal muscle selectively produces IL-6 during exercise, and muscle-derived IL-6 can decrease the production and activity of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of muscle-derived IL-6 may be a mechanism underlying the observed beneficial effects of exercise on CTRF. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise underlie its beneficial effects on CTRF. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses have proven to be leaders in the field of cancer symptom management. An understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on CTRF may help to fine-tune exercise interventions to maximize symptom control and to identify new treatment strategies for fatigued patients with cancer who are unable to participate in an exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Wood
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Increment of interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein and apoptosis in dengue. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Gill JM, Saligan L, Woods S, Page G. PTSD is associated with an excess of inflammatory immune activities. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2009; 45:262-77. [PMID: 19780999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with inflammatory-related medical conditions. This review examines studies of immune function in individuals with PTSD to determine if excessive inflammation is associated with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS. Current studies suggest an excess of inflammatory actions of the immune system in individuals with chronic PTSD. High levels of inflammatory cytokines have also been linked to PTSD vulnerability in traumatized individuals. There is also evidence that excessive inflammation is in part due to insufficient regulation by cortisol. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. An excess of inflammatory immune activity may contribute to health declines in individuals with PTSD, and treating PTSD symptoms may reduce these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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