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Wellford SA, Chen CW, Vukovic M, Batich KA, Lin E, Shalek AK, Ordovas-Montanes J, Park Moseman A, Ashley Moseman E. Distinct olfactory mucosal macrophage populations mediate neuronal maintenance and pathogen defense. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00075-8. [PMID: 39074615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is important for both the sense of smell and as a mucosal immune barrier to the upper airway and brain. However, little is known about how the immune system mediates the conflicting goals of neuronal maintenance and inflammation in this tissue. A number of immune cell populations reside within the olfactory mucosa and yet we have little understanding of how these resident olfactory immune cells functionally interact with the chemosensory environment. Identifying these interactions will allow therapeutic manipulations that treat disorders such as post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Macrophages are the most prevalent immune cell type in the uninflamed olfactory mucosa and here, we identify two distinct tissue macrophage populations in murine olfactory mucosa. P2ry12hi macrophages are transcriptionally specialized for neuron interactions, closely associated with olfactory neuron cell bodies, long-term tissue residents, and functionally specialized to phagocytose cells and debris, including olfactory neurons. Conversely, MHC Class IIhi macrophages are transcriptionally dedicated to cytokine production and antigen presentation, localized primarily within the olfactory lamina propria, more rapidly replaced by blood monocytes, and rapidly produce chemokines in response to viral infection. We further show that these macrophage signatures are present in human olfactory biopsies, and P2ry12-like olfactory macrophages are reduced in patients with long-term smell loss following COVID-19. Together, these data show that two olfactory macrophage populations regulate neurons and initiate the immune response, contributing to our understanding of both olfactory immunity and tissue-resident macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marko Vukovic
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristen A Batich
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elliot Lin
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Annie Park Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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2
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Ghosh A, Majie A, Karmakar V, Chatterjee K, Chakraborty S, Pandey M, Jain N, Roy Sarkar S, Nair AB, Gorain B. In-depth Mechanism, Challenges, and Opportunities of Delivering Therapeutics in Brain Using Intranasal Route. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:96. [PMID: 38710855 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system-related disorders have become a continuing threat to human life and the current statistic indicates an increasing trend of such disorders worldwide. The primary therapeutic challenge, despite the availability of therapies for these disorders, is to sustain the drug's effective concentration in the brain while limiting its accumulation in non-targeted areas. This is attributed to the presence of the blood-brain barrier and first-pass metabolism which limits the transportation of drugs to the brain irrespective of popular and conventional routes of drug administration. Therefore, there is a demand to practice alternative routes for predictable drug delivery using advanced drug delivery carriers to overcome the said obstacles. Recent research attracted attention to intranasal-to-brain drug delivery for promising targeting therapeutics in the brain. This review emphasizes the mechanisms to deliver therapeutics via different pathways for nose-to-brain drug delivery with recent advancements in delivery and formulation aspects. Concurrently, for the benefit of future studies, the difficulties in administering medications by intranasal pathway have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Ankit Majie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Varnita Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Kaberi Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Swarup Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, U.P., India
| | - Suparna Roy Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
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3
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:134-143. [PMID: 38143247 PMCID: PMC10806031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in the nasal passages, the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain. As a result, olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences, including dysfunction of the olfactory system, CNS invasion, dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, and transmission between individuals. Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue. A better understanding of innate, adaptive, and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa, review the subsequent immune response, and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Mussalo L, Avesani S, Shahbaz MA, Závodná T, Saveleva L, Järvinen A, Lampinen R, Belaya I, Krejčík Z, Ivanova M, Hakkarainen H, Kalapudas J, Penttilä E, Löppönen H, Koivisto AM, Malm T, Topinka J, Giugno R, Aakko-Saksa P, Chew S, Rönkkö T, Jalava P, Kanninen KM. Emissions from modern engines induce distinct effects in human olfactory mucosa cells, depending on fuel and aftertreatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167038. [PMID: 37709087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP) with a diameter of ≤0.1 μm, are contributors to ambient air pollution and derived mainly from traffic emissions, yet their health effects remain poorly characterized. The olfactory mucosa (OM) is located at the rooftop of the nasal cavity and directly exposed to both the environment and the brain. Mounting evidence suggests that pollutant particles affect the brain through the olfactory tract, however, the exact cellular mechanisms of how the OM responds to air pollutants remain poorly known. Here we show that the responses of primary human OM cells are altered upon exposure to UFPs and that different fuels and engines elicit different adverse effects. We used UFPs collected from exhausts of a heavy-duty-engine run with renewable diesel (A0) and fossil diesel (A20), and from a modern diesel vehicle run with renewable diesel (Euro6) and compared their health effects on the OM cells by assessing cellular processes on the functional and transcriptomic levels. Quantification revealed all samples as UFPs with the majority of particles being ≤0.1 μm by an aerodynamic diameter. Exposure to A0 and A20 induced substantial alterations in processes associated with inflammatory response, xenobiotic metabolism, olfactory signaling, and epithelial integrity. Euro6 caused only negligible changes, demonstrating the efficacy of aftertreatment devices. Furthermore, when compared to A20, A0 elicited less pronounced effects on OM cells, suggesting renewable diesel induces less adverse effects in OM cells. Prior studies and these results suggest that PAHs may disturb the inflammatory process and xenobiotic metabolism in the OM and that UFPs might mediate harmful effects on the brain through the olfactory route. This study provides important information on the adverse effects of UFPs in a human-based in vitro model, therefore providing new insight to form the basis for mitigation and preventive actions against the possible toxicological impairments caused by UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mussalo
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simone Avesani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Táňa Závodná
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Järvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Riikka Lampinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zdeněk Krejčík
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Ivanova
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Kalapudas
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Penttilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Löppönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Koivisto
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Brain Research Unit, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sweelin Chew
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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5
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Humbert M, Bastit V, Perreard M, Roussel LM, Senol MK, Hitier M, Patron V. Review of olfactory cleft roof anatomy. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2023; 140:289-295. [PMID: 37926654 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in skull-base endoscopic surgery has improved our knowledge of olfactory cleft (OC) anatomy. This article presents a review of current knowledge concerning the OC roof: descriptive anatomy, radiological exploration, and endoscopic observation. The OC is a narrow area in the most superior part of the nasal cavity. Its roof is the thinnest structure separating the nasal cavities from the brain; it comprises three superimposed tissues: nasal mucosa, ethmoid cribriform plate (ECP), and dura mater. The ECP comprises the anterior ECP containing the ethmoidal slit (ES) medially and the cribroethmoidal foramen (CEF) laterally; and the posterior ECP, comprising the olfactory foramina. The OC roof is bordered anteriorly by the nasal bone roof, laterally by the lateral ethmoid masses, and posteriorly by the jugum and anterior wall of the sphenoid sinuses. Imaging is crucial for analyzing this wall, providing precise detailed information on conformation and anatomic relations with adjacent structures such as the anterior ethmoidal artery. Understanding OC roof anatomy and correct interpretation of imaging are essential for safety in present-day functional endoscopic sinus surgery and anterior skull-base oncologic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Inserm 1086 ANTICIPE, université de Normandie, Normand, Caen, France.
| | - V Bastit
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Inserm 1086 ANTICIPE, université de Normandie, Normand, Caen, France
| | - M Perreard
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Inserm 1086 ANTICIPE, université de Normandie, Normand, Caen, France
| | - L M Roussel
- Service d'ORL, CLCC Henri-Becquerel, 76038 Rouen, France
| | - M K Senol
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - M Hitier
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; Inserm COMETE, Université de Normandie, Caen, France
| | - V Patron
- Service d'ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; EA 7451 BioConnecT, Université de Normandie, UNICAEN, Caen, France
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6
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Ojo AS, Odipe OG, Owoseni O. Improving the Emergency Department Management of Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Pain Crisis: The Role and Options of Sublingual and Intranasally Administered Analgesia. J Clin Med Res 2023; 15:10-22. [PMID: 36755761 PMCID: PMC9881494 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), characterized by periods of excruciating pain is the most common clinical manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD), often resulting in emergency room presentation. These patients often experience long wait times in the emergency department before receiving their first dose of analgesia. This delay results from the complexities of the emergency care system. Using the intranasal or sublingual approach to administering analgesia to SCD patients with VOC offers a fast, safe, noninvasive, atraumatic, and easily accessible route of administration which could reduce the time to first dose of analgesia. With the evolving advances in the development and delivery of analgesic medications, providers should be conversant with the nuances of intranasal and sublingual analgesia in the management of acute vaso-occlusive pain crisis. This review explores the pharmacokinetic profiles, dosages, and administration of intranasal and sublingual analgesics with relevance to the SCD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola S. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, USA,Corresponding Author: Ademola S. Ojo, Department of Internal Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Olumayowa G. Odipe
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Queen’s Medical Center, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oluwanifemi Owoseni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University College of Pharmacy, Washington DC, USA
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7
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Denaro S, D’Aprile S, Alberghina C, Pavone AM, Torrisi F, Giallongo S, Longhitano L, Mannino G, Lo Furno D, Zappalà A, Giuffrida R, Tibullo D, Li Volti G, Vicario N, Parenti R. Neurotrophic and immunomodulatory effects of olfactory ensheathing cells as a strategy for neuroprotection and regeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1098212. [PMID: 36601122 PMCID: PMC9806219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1098212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence sustains glial cells as critical players during central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis and disease. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a type of specialized glia cells sharing properties with both Schwann cells and astrocytes, are of critical importance in physiological condition during olfactory system development, supporting its regenerative potential throughout the adult life. These characteristics prompted research in the field of cell-based therapy to test OEC grafts in damaged CNS. Neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by OEC grafts are not limited to axonal regeneration and cell differentiation. Indeed, OEC immunomodulatory properties and their phagocytic potential encourage OEC-based approaches for tissue regeneration in case of CNS injury. Herein we reviewed recent advances on the immune role of OECs, their ability to modulate CNS microenvironment via bystander effects and the potential of OECs as a cell-based strategy for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Denaro
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona D’Aprile
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Alberghina
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pavone
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Torrisi
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Nunzio Vicario, ; Rosalba Parenti,
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8
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Wellford SA, Moseman AP, Dao K, Wright KE, Chen A, Plevin JE, Liao TC, Mehta N, Moseman EA. Mucosal plasma cells are required to protect the upper airway and brain from infection. Immunity 2022; 55:2118-2134.e6. [PMID: 36137543 PMCID: PMC9649878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection models in mice, we found that blood-borne antibodies could not defend the olfactory epithelium. Despite high serum antibody titers, pathogens infected nasal turbinates, and neurotropic microbes invaded the brain. Using passive antibody transfers and parabiosis, we identified a restrictive blood-endothelial barrier that excluded circulating antibodies from the olfactory mucosa. Plasma cell depletions demonstrated that plasma cells must reside within olfactory tissue to achieve sterilizing immunity. Antibody blockade and genetically deficient models revealed that this local immunity required CD4+ T cells and CXCR3. Many vaccine adjuvants failed to generate olfactory plasma cells, but mucosal immunizations established humoral protection of the olfactory surface. Our identification of a blood-olfactory barrier and the requirement for tissue-derived antibody has implications for vaccinology, respiratory and CNS pathogen transmission, and B cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Park Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kianna Dao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jona E Plevin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Liao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Naren Mehta
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Di Stadio A, Severini C, Colizza A, De Vincentiis M, La Mantia I. Investigational drugs for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:945-955. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ignazio La Mantia
- G.F. Department, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Park JW, Wang X, Xu RH. Revealing the mystery of persistent smell loss in Long COVID patients. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4795-4808. [PMID: 35874953 PMCID: PMC9305264 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is hopefully approaching its end in many countries as herd immunity develops and weaker strains of SARS-CoV-2 dominate. However, a new concern occurs over the long-term effects of COVID-19, collectively called "Long COVID", as some symptoms of the nervous system last even after patients recover from COVID-19. This review focuses on studies of anosmia, i.e., impairment of smell, which is the most common sensory defect during the disease course and is caused by olfactory dysfunctions. It remains mysterious how the olfactory functions are affected since the virus can't invade olfactory receptor neurons. We describe several leading hypotheses about the mystery in hope to provide insights into the pathophysiology and treatment strategies for anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Park
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Center of Reproduction, Development & Aging, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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11
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Bolger WE, Lockett E, Bolger IM. Anosmia following middle nasal concha resection: an anatomic and developmental review with clinical correlation. Clin Anat 2022; 35:873-882. [PMID: 35417061 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Losing the sense of smell can be associated with a significant decrease in quality of life. Fortunately, this occurs infrequently with modern paranasal sinus surgery that has stressed minimally invasive, tissue-sparing principles. However, over time, more extensive surgical applications have emerged that incorporate increased tissue removal. Post-operative period sequelae can occur, including anosmia. Understanding the potential implications of expanded tissue removal, such as middle nasal concha (turbinate) resection, is clinically important and is facilitated by an understanding of anatomy. Our understanding of anatomic nuances is enhanced through an appreciation of embryonic and fetal development. We herein review the developmental anatomy of the middle nasal concha of the ethmoid sinus and olfactory nerve area as it relates to middle nasal concha removal during endoscopic sinus surgery. We present images from our analysis of twelve embryonic and fetal specimens that highlight the important relationship between the middle nasal concha and olfactory nerves. We also review the clinical issues surrounding turbinate preservation versus resection and present a clinical correlation to underscore the uncommon but significant complication of anosmia following sinus surgery with middle nasal concha resection. We highlight knowledge gaps, discuss case selection and review surgical technique modifications for middle nasal concha surgery to reduce the chance of this complication in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bolger
- Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Florida, School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Elizabeth Lockett
- Collections Manager Human Developmental Anatomy Center, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Ian M Bolger
- Neuroscience Program, College of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology
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12
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Ziuzia-Januszewska L, Januszewski M. Pathogenesis of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040449. [PMID: 35447981 PMCID: PMC9029941 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, olfactory disorders have been reported as a frequent symptom of COVID-19; however, its pathogenesis is still debated. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of smell impairment in the course of COVID-19 and to highlight potential avenues for future research on this issue. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related anosmia, including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea, oedema of the olfactory cleft mucosa, olfactory epithelial damage either within the olfactory receptor cells or the supporting non-neural cells (either direct or immune-mediated), damage to the olfactory bulb, and impairment of the central olfactory pathways. Although the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related anosmia is still not fully elucidated, it appears to be mainly due to sensorineural damage, with infection of the olfactory epithelium support cells via the ACE1 receptor and disruption of the OE caused by immense inflammatory reaction, and possibly with direct olfactory sensory neurons infection mediated by the NRP-1 receptor. Involvement of the higher olfactory pathways and a conductive component of olfactory disorders, as well as genetic factors, may also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ziuzia-Januszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-477221182
| | - Marcin Januszewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
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13
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Miah M, Ferretti P, Choi D. Considering the Cellular Composition of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review of the Literature. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781489. [PMID: 34867207 PMCID: PMC8635789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glia cells of the olfactory system that support the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons throughout adulthood. Owing to their pro-regenerative properties, OECs have been transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and trialed in clinical studies on SCI patients. Although these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the continued development of OEC transplantation as a treatment option for the repair of SCI, discrepancies in the reported outcome has shown that OEC transplantation requires further improvement. Much of the variability in the reparative potential of OEC transplants is due to the variations in the cell composition of transplants between studies. As a result, the optimal cell preparation is currently a subject of debate. Here we review, the characterization as well as the effect of the cell composition of olfactory cell transplantation on therapeutic outcome in SCI. Firstly, we summarize and review the cell composition of olfactory cell preparations across the different species studied prior to transplantation. Since the purity of cells in olfactory transplants might affect the study outcome we also examine the effect of the proportions of OECs and the different cell types identified in the transplant on neuroregeneration. Finally, we consider the effect of the yield of cells on neuroregeneration by assessing the cell dose of transplants on therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Miah
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Lee D, Minko T. Nanotherapeutics for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery: An Approach to Bypass the Blood Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122049. [PMID: 34959331 PMCID: PMC8704573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or parenteral administration, which, in combination with hepatic metabolism and drug elimination and inactivation during its journey in the systemic circulation, decreases the efficacy of the treatment, requires high drug doses and often induces adverse side effects. Nose-to-brain drug delivery allows the direct transport of therapeutic molecules by bypassing the BBB and increases drug concentration in the brain. The present review describes mechanisms of nose-to-brain drug delivery and discusses recent advances in this area with especial emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-6348
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15
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Cha H, Kim S, Kim H, Kim G, Kwon KY. Effect of intensive olfactory training for cognitive function in patients with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 22:5-11. [PMID: 34749425 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent evidence has revealed an association between neurodegenerative disorders and olfactory dysfunction. However, whether olfactory training can improve cognitive impairment in patients with dementia requires further study. The present study aimed to resolve this by developing an intensive olfactory training (IOT) protocol and assessing its impact on each of the cognitive domains in patients with dementia. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited between June 2020 and September 2020. Baseline evaluations included demographic data, olfactory function test, depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests. Thirty-four patients in the experimental group underwent IOT twice a day with a 40-odor set for 15 days, while 31 individuals in the control group received conservative management. Follow-up evaluations using the depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests were performed after IOT. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups. The IOT group showed significant improvements in depression, attention, memory and language functions, but not global cognition, frontal executive, or visuospatial functions compared with the control group. CONCLUSION This study shows the ability of IOT to alleviate depression and improve some cognitive functions in patients with dementia. These results suggest that IOT may be an effective non-pharmacological approach for improving the symptoms of dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••-•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyeong Cha
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sisook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansong Kim
- Namgung Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeyoung Kim
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyum-Yil Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ray S, Singhvi A. Charging Up the Periphery: Glial Ionic Regulation in Sensory Perception. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687732. [PMID: 34458255 PMCID: PMC8385785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) receives diverse sensory stimuli from the environment and transmits this information to the central nervous system (CNS) for subsequent processing. Thus, proper functions of cells in peripheral sense organs are a critical gate-keeper to generating appropriate animal sensory behaviors, and indeed their dysfunction tracks sensory deficits, sensorineural disorders, and aging. Like the CNS, the PNS comprises two major cell types, neurons (or sensory cells) and glia (or glia-like supporting neuroepithelial cells). One classic function of PNS glia is to modulate the ionic concentration around associated sensory cells. Here, we review current knowledge of how non-myelinating support cell glia of the PNS regulate the ionic milieu around sensory cell endings across species and systems. Molecular studies reviewed here suggest that, rather than being a passive homeostatic response, glial ionic regulation may in fact actively modulate sensory perception, implying that PNS glia may be active contributors to sensorineural information processing. This is reminiscent of emerging studies suggesting analogous roles for CNS glia in modulating neural circuit processing. We therefore suggest that deeper molecular mechanistic investigations into critical PNS glial functions like ionic regulation are essential to comprehensively understand sensorineural health, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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17
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Cha H, Kim S, Seo MS, Kim HS. Effects of olfactory stimulation on cognitive function and behavior problems in older adults with dementia: A systematic literature review. Geriatr Nurs 2021; 42:1210-1217. [PMID: 34425423 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of olfactory stimulation on both cognitive and behavioral symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. The criteria for selection of participants in the study included neurodegenerative disease, interventions using olfactory stimulation, and measured cognitive or psychological symptoms. 5301 articles were identified, excluding duplicate papers. Seven original articles were selected according to the full article review and eligibility criteria. The final selected studies were all quasi-experimental studies and were published between 2002 and 2015. To assess the risk of bias, we used Cochrane Collaboration's tool, Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Although olfactory stimulation reported various effects on behavioral and psychological symptoms, it is still in its infancy. We propose standardization of olfactory stimulation and olfactory training. In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, it is necessary to consider the symptoms and severity of olfactory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyeong Cha
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sisook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Sook Seo
- Department of Nursing, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Song Kim
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea.
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18
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The Microvillar and Solitary Chemosensory Cells as the Novel Targets of Infection of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian Golden Hamsters. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081653. [PMID: 34452517 PMCID: PMC8402700 DOI: 10.3390/v13081653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, suffer from respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms. Among these symptoms, the loss of smell has attracted considerable attention. The objectives of this study were to determine which cells are infected, what happens in the olfactory system after viral infection, and how these pathologic changes contribute to olfactory loss. For this purpose, Syrian golden hamsters were used. First, we verified the olfactory structures in the nasal cavity of Syrian golden hamsters, namely the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and their cellular components. Second, we found angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, a receptor protein of SARS-CoV-2, in both structures and infections of supporting, microvillar, and solitary chemosensory cells. Third, we observed pathological changes in the infected epithelium, including reduced thickness of the mucus layer, detached epithelia, indistinct layers of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and apoptotic cells in the overall layers. We concluded that a structurally and functionally altered microenvironment influences olfactory function. We observed the regeneration of the damaged epithelium, and found multilayers of basal cells, indicating that they were activated and proliferating to reconstitute the injured epithelium.
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19
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Johansson A, Mohamed MS, Moulin TC, Schiöth HB. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: A comprehensive literature review and discussion of mechanisms. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577658. [PMID: 34304141 PMCID: PMC8272134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several neurological symptoms and complications have been described in association with COVID-19, such as anosmia, ageusia, encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Here, we review the literature describing SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological manifestations and provide a comprehensive discussion of proposed mechanisms underlying the neurological pathophysiology. First, we analyse the neuroinvasiveness potential of the coronavirus family based on previous SARS-CoV-1 studies. Then, we describe the current evidence on COVID-19-induced nervous tissue damage, including processes behind brain vasculopathy and cytokine storm. We also discuss in detail anosmia and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Finally, we provide a summarised timeline of the main findings in the field. Future perspectives are presented, and suggestions of further investigations to clarify how SARS-COV-2 can affect the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Johansson
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed S Mohamed
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago C Moulin
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Zugaj M, van Ditzhuijzen NS, Golebski K, Fokkens WJ. The effect of coronaviruses on olfaction: systematic review. Rhinology 2021; 59:226-235. [PMID: 34091654 DOI: 10.4193/rhin20.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 causes anosmia without sinonasal inflammation. Here we systematically review the effects of the 7 known human coronaviruses on olfaction to determine if SARS-CoV-2 distinctly affects the olfactory system. METHOD PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv and DOAJ were searched for studies describing pathophysiological, immunohistochemical, cytological and clinical data. RESULTS 49 studies were included. Common cold coronaviruses lead to sinonasal inflammation which can cause transient and chronic loss of smell. MERS-CoV entry receptors were not found in the nasal mucosa and it did not impair olfaction. SARS-CoV-1 had low affinity for its receptor ACE2, limiting olfactory effects. Anosmia is frequent in SARS-CoV-2 infections. SARS-CoV-2’s entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the nasal respiratory epithelium and olfactory supporting cells. SARS-CoV-2 appeared to target the olfactory cleft while diffuse nasal inflammation was not observed. Damage of the olfactory epithelium was observed in animal models. Alternative receptors such as furin and neuropilin-1 and the similarity of viral proteins to odourant receptors could amplify olfactory impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinct from other coronaviruses due to preferentially targeting olfactory supporting cells. However, SARS-CoV-2 does not cause sinonasal inflammation in spite of preferred entry factor expression in the nasal respiratory epithelium. This raises doubts about the attention given to ACE2. Alternative receptors, odourant receptor mimicry and other as yet unknown mechanisms may be crucial in the pathogenesis of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are warranted to investigate infection mechanisms beyond ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zugaj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N S van Ditzhuijzen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Golebski
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Jean EE, Good O, Rico JMI, Rossi HL, Herbert DR. Neuroimmune regulatory networks of the airway mucosa in allergic inflammatory disease. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:209-221. [PMID: 33857344 PMCID: PMC8674821 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0121-023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the nervous and immune systems serves a key role in host‐protective immunity at mucosal barrier sites including the respiratory tract. In these tissues, neuroimmune interactions operate in bidirectional circuits that can sense and respond to mechanical, chemical, and biologic stimuli. Allergen‐ or helminth‐induced products can produce airway inflammation by direct action on nociceptive afferents and adjacent tissues. The activity of nociceptive afferents can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses via neuropeptides and neurotransmitter signaling. This review will summarize recent work investigating the role of neuropeptides CGRP, VIP, neuromedins, substance P, and neurotransmitters dopamine and the B2‐adrenoceptor agonists epinepherine/norepinepherine, each of which influence type 2 immunity by instructing mast cell, innate lymphoid cell type 2, dendritic cell, and T cell responses, both in the airway and the draining lymph node. Afferents in the airway also contain receptors for alarmins and cytokines, allowing their activity to be modulated by immune cell secreted products, particularly those secreted by mast cells. Taken together, we propose that further investigation of how immunoregulatory neuropeptides shape respiratory inflammation in experimental systems may reveal novel therapeutic targets for addressing the increasing prevalence of chronic airway disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Evonne Jean
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olivia Good
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan M Inclan Rico
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather L Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Abo-Ahmed AI, Eshrah EA, Latifi F. Unique nasal septal island in dromedary camels may play a role in pain perception: microscopic studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3806-3815. [PMID: 34220235 PMCID: PMC8241622 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The septal island in dromedaries is a distinctive anatomical structure. It has a curiously rostral location and innervated by the trigeminal nerve. It has an unusual ultrastructure and may be specialized for nociception.
The septal organs are islands or patches of sensory epithelium, located in the ventral parts of the nasal septum and innervated by the olfactory nerve. The septal island in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) was unusually located in the rostro-dorsal part of the nasal septum, where the ethmoidal branch of the trigeminal nerve provides innervation to the island mucosa. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to reveal the microscopic and ultrastructure of this island and to explain the probable functions. Twelve septal islands from 12 healthy male camels were used. Unlike the olfactory epithelium, which has a pseudostratified structure, the island neuroepithelium had a true neural lamination. Furthermore, in electron micrographs, the receptor, bipolar, and basal cells were connected with an orderly, organized network of cell–cell communication, which had some spine synapses. This network substituted the absence of supporting cells, maintained the shape of the tissue, and held the cells together. Moreover, the receptor cells were not similar to any of the different types of olfactory sensory neurons. Instead, they possessed the apical domain that might be specialized for the detection of chemical stimuli. Interestingly, a resident population of immune cells, namely mast cells and macrophages, was observed. The probable functions were discussed based on the cellular context and architecture. The nasal septal island in dromedaries may have a role in pain perception. The receptor cells most probably work as nociceptive cells that interact with the resident immune cells to coordinate pain signaling with immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abo-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Eman A Eshrah
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Fatgzim Latifi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo
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23
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Gupta K, Mohanty SK, Mittal A, Kalra S, Kumar S, Mishra T, Ahuja J, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. The Cellular basis of loss of smell in 2019-nCoV-infected individuals. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:873-881. [PMID: 32810867 PMCID: PMC7462334 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent clinical symptom of 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is hyposmia/anosmia (decrease or loss of sense of smell), along with general symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, fever and cough. The identity of the cell lineages that underpin the infection-associated loss of olfaction could be critical for the clinical management of 2019-nCoV-infected individuals. Recent research has confirmed the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as key host-specific cellular moieties responsible for the cellular entry of the virus. Accordingly, the ongoing medical examinations and the autopsy reports of the deceased individuals indicate that organs/tissues with high expression levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and other putative viral entry-associated genes are most vulnerable to the infection. We studied if anosmia in 2019-nCoV-infected individuals can be explained by the expression patterns associated with these host-specific moieties across the known olfactory epithelial cell types, identified from a recently published single-cell expression study. Our findings underscore selective expression of these viral entry-associated genes in a subset of sustentacular cells (SUSs), Bowman's gland cells (BGCs) and stem cells of the olfactory epithelium. Co-expression analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and protein-protein interaction among the host and viral proteins elected regulatory cytoskeleton protein-enriched SUSs as the most vulnerable cell type of the olfactory epithelium. Furthermore, expression, structural and docking analyses of ACE2 revealed the potential risk of olfactory dysfunction in four additional mammalian species, revealing an evolutionarily conserved infection susceptibility. In summary, our findings provide a plausible cellular basis for the loss of smell in 2019-nCoV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Gupta
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
| | | | | | | | - Suvendu Kumar
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
| | - Jatin Ahuja
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
| | | | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
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24
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Weiss L, Manzini I, Hassenklöver T. Olfaction across the water-air interface in anuran amphibians. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:301-325. [PMID: 33496878 PMCID: PMC7873119 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extant anuran amphibians originate from an evolutionary intersection eventually leading to fully terrestrial tetrapods. In many ways, they have to deal with exposure to both terrestrial and aquatic environments: (i) phylogenetically, as derivatives of the first tetrapod group that conquered the terrestrial environment in evolution; (ii) ontogenetically, with a development that includes aquatic and terrestrial stages connected via metamorphic remodeling; and (iii) individually, with common changes in habitat during the life cycle. Our knowledge about the structural organization and function of the amphibian olfactory system and its relevance still lags behind findings on mammals. It is a formidable challenge to reveal underlying general principles of circuity-related, cellular, and molecular properties that are beneficial for an optimized sense of smell in water and air. Recent findings in structural organization coupled with behavioral observations could help to understand the importance of the sense of smell in this evolutionarily important animal group. We describe the structure of the peripheral olfactory organ, the olfactory bulb, and higher olfactory centers on a tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Differences and similarities between the olfactory systems of anurans and other vertebrates are reviewed. Special emphasis lies on adaptations that are connected to the distinct demands of olfaction in water and air environment. These particular adaptations are discussed in light of evolutionary trends, ontogenetic development, and ecological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Weiss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Valinhas A, Santiago-Toledo G, Wall IB. Microcarrier expansion of c-MycER TAM -modified human olfactory mucosa cells for neural regeneration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:329-344. [PMID: 32955111 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human olfactory mucosa cells (hOMCs) have potential as a regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury. In our earlier work, we derived PA5 cells, a polyclonal population that retains functional attributes of primary human OMCs. Microcarrier suspension culture is an alternative to planar two-dimensinal culture to produce cells in quantities that can meet the needs of clinical development. This study aimed to screen the effects of 10 microcarriers on PA5 hOMCs yield and phenotype. Studies performed in well plates led to a 2.9-fold higher cell yield on plastic compared to plastic plus microcarriers with upregulation of neural markers β-III tubulin and nestin for both conditions. Microcarrier suspension culture resulted in concentrations of 1.4 × 105 cells/ml and 4.9 × 104 cells/ml for plastic and plastic plus, respectively, after 7 days. p75NTR transcript was significantly upregulated for PA5 hOMCs grown on Plastic Plus compared to Plastic. Furthermore, coculture of PA5 hOMCs grown on Plastic Plus with a neuronal cell line (NG108-15) led to increased neurite outgrowth. This study shows successful expansion of PA5 cells using suspension culture on microcarriers, and it reveals competing effects of microcarriers on cell expansion versus functional attributes, showing that designing scalable bioprocesses should not only be driven by cell yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valinhas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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26
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Bartlett RD, Phillips JB, Choi D. Improved cell-purification techniques and safety monitoring needed for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation. CMAJ 2020; 191:E1199. [PMID: 31659064 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.73255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Bartlett
- MB/PhD researcher, University College London Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Reader in regenerative medicine, University College London Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK
| | - David Choi
- Professor of neurosurgery, University College London Centre for Nerve Engineering and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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27
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Wood R, Durali P, Wall I. Impact of Dual Cell Co-culture and Cell-conditioned Media on Yield and Function of a Human Olfactory Cell Line for Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020037. [PMID: 32290611 PMCID: PMC7355638 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a promising candidate therapy for neuronal tissue repair. However, appropriate priming conditions to drive a regenerative phenotype are yet to be determined. We first assessed the effect of using a human fibroblast feeder layer and fibroblast conditioned media on primary rat olfactory mucosal cells (OMCs). We found that OMCs cultured on fibroblast feeders had greater expression of the key OEC marker p75NTR (25.1 ± 10.7 cells/mm2) compared with OMCs cultured on laminin (4.0 ± 0.8 cells/mm2, p = 0.001). However, the addition of fibroblast-conditioned media (CM) resulted in a significant increase in Thy1.1 (45.9 ± 9.0 cells/mm2 versus 12.5 ± 2.5 cells/mm2 on laminin, p = 0.006), an undesirable cell marker as it is regarded to be a marker of contaminating fibroblasts. A direct comparison between human feeders and GMP cell line Ms3T3 was then undertaken. Ms3T3 cells supported similar p75NTR levels (10.7 ± 5.3 cells/mm2) with significantly reduced Thy1.1 expression (4.8 ± 2.1 cells/mm2). Ms3T3 cells were used as feeder layers for human OECs to determine whether observations made in the rat model were conserved. Examination of the OEC phenotype (S100β expression and neurite outgrowth from NG108-15 cells) revealed that co-culture with fibroblast feeders had a negative effect on human OECs, contrary to observations of rat OECs. CM negatively affected rat and human OECs equally. When the best and worst conditions in terms of supporting S100β expression were used in NG108-15 neuron co-cultures, those with the highest S100β expression resulted in longer and more numerous neurites (22.8 ± 2.4 μm neurite length/neuron for laminin) compared with the lowest S100β expression (17.9 ± 1.1 μm for Ms3T3 feeders with CM). In conclusion, this work revealed that neither dual co-culture nor fibroblast-conditioned media support the regenerative OEC phenotype. In our case, a preliminary rat model was not predictive of human cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Pelin Durali
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (R.W.); (P.D.)
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence:
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28
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Demirler MC, Sakizli U, Bali B, Kocagöz Y, Eski SE, Ergönen A, Alkiraz AS, Bayramli X, Hassenklöver T, Manzini I, Fuss SH. Purinergic signalling selectively modulates maintenance but not repair neurogenesis in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium. FEBS J 2019; 287:2699-2722. [PMID: 31821713 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the vertebrate olfactory epithelium (OE) undergo continuous turnover but also regenerate efficiently when the OE is acutely damaged by traumatic injury. Two distinct pools of neuronal stem/progenitor cells, the globose (GBCs), and horizontal basal cells (HBCs) have been shown to selectively contribute to intrinsic OSN turnover and damage-induced OE regeneration, respectively. For both types of progenitors, their rate of cell divisions and OSN production must match the actual loss of cells to maintain or to re-establish sensory function. However, signals that communicate between neurons or glia cells of the OE and resident neurogenic progenitors remain largely elusive. Here, we investigate the effect of purinergic signaling on cell proliferation and OSN neurogenesis in the zebrafish OE. Purine stimulation elicits transient Ca2+ signals in OSNs and distinct non-neuronal cell populations, which are located exclusively in the basal OE and stain positive for the neuronal stem cell marker Sox2. The more apical population of Sox2-positive cells comprises evenly distributed glia-like sustentacular cells (SCs) and spatially restricted GBC-like cells, whereas the more basal population expresses the HBC markers keratin 5 and tumor protein 63 and lines the entire sensory OE. Importantly, exogenous purine stimulation promotes P2 receptor-dependent mitotic activity and OSN generation from sites where GBCs are located but not from HBCs. We hypothesize that purine compounds released from dying OSNs modulate GBC progenitor cell cycling in a dose-dependent manner that is proportional to the number of dying OSNs and, thereby, ensures a constant pool of sensory neurons over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Demirler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğurcan Sakizli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Bali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Kocagöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Elif Eski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arda Ergönen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysu Sevval Alkiraz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Xalid Bayramli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan H Fuss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Smith KE, Whitcroft K, Law S, Andrews P, Choi D, Jagger DJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb have distinct membrane properties. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:888-901. [PMID: 31797433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a potential therapy for the regeneration of damaged neurons. While they maintain tissue homeostasis in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB), their regenerative properties also support the normal sense of smell by enabling continual turnover and axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the molecular physiology of OECs is not fully understood, especially that of OECs from the mucosa. Here, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from individual OECs cultured from the OM and OB of the adult rat, and from the human OM. A subset of OECs from the rat OM cultured 1-3 days in vitro had large weakly rectifying K+ currents, which were sensitive to Ba2+ and desipramine, blockers of Kir4-family channels. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was detectable in cultured OM cells colabeled for the OEC marker S100, and in S100-labeled cells found adjacent to OSN axons in mucosal sections. OECs cultured from rat OB had distinct properties though, displaying strongly rectifying inward currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials and strongly rectifying outward currents at depolarized potentials. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was not evident in OECs adjacent to axons of OSNs in the OB. A subset of human OECs cultured from the OM of adults had membrane properties comparable to those of the rat OM that is dominated by Ba2+ -sensitive weak inwardly rectifying currents. The membrane properties of peripheral OECs are different to those of central OECs, suggesting they may play distinct roles during olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Smith
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Whitcroft
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart Law
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Andrews
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Choi
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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30
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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31
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Amini SE, Gouyer V, Portal C, Gottrand F, Desseyn JL. Muc5b is mainly expressed and sialylated in the nasal olfactory epithelium whereas Muc5ac is exclusively expressed and fucosylated in the nasal respiratory epithelium. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:167-174. [PMID: 31030254 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nose is a complex organ that filters and warms breathing airflow. The nasal epithelium is the first barrier between the host and the external environment and is covered by a mucus gel that is poorly documented. Mucins are large, heavily O-glycosylated polymeric molecules secreted in the nose lumen by specialized cells, and they are responsible for the biochemical properties of the mucus gel. The mucus traps particles and clears them, and it also bathes microbiota, host molecules, and receptors that are all essential for odor perception in the olfactory epithelium. We used histology and immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the two main airway polymeric mucins, Muc5ac and Muc5b, in wild-type, green fluorescent protein-reporter Muc5b, and in genetically Muc5b-deficient mice. We report that Muc5ac is produced by goblet cells at the cell surface in the respiratory epithelium but is not expressed in the olfactory epithelium, whereas Muc5b is secreted by Bowman's glands situated in the lamina propria beneath the olfactory epithelium and also by goblet cells in the distal part of the respiratory epithelium. We also observed that Muc5b-deficient mice exhibited depletion of Bowman's glands. Using lectins, we found that terminally O-glycosylated chains of Muc5b were sialylated but not fucosylated, whereas Muc5ac was fucosylated but not sialylated. Specific localization and specific terminal glycosylation of the two mucins suggest different functions of the mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah-Eddine Amini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Gouyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Portal
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, LIRIC UMR 995, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France.
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32
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Bertero L, Joseph SB, Trunfio M, Allice T, Catera S, Imperiale D, Cassoni P, Kincer LP, Pirriatore V, Ghisetti V, Amasio E, Zanusso G, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. HIV-1 detection in the olfactory mucosa of HIV-1-infected participants. AIDS 2019; 33:665-674. [PMID: 30608272 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infection chronically affects the central nervous system (CNS). Olfactory mucosa is a unique site in the respiratory tract that is directly connected to the CNS; thus we wanted to evaluate olfactory mucosa as a surrogate of CNS sampling. DESIGN We conducted a preliminary study examining HIV populations and susceptible cells in the olfactory mucosa. METHODS Olfactory mucosa was sampled by minimally invasive brushing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were performed as per routine clinical procedures. Olfactory marker protein, CD4+, CD8+, and trans-activator of transcription (TAT) expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Plasma, CSF, and olfactory mucosa HIV-RNA were quantified using the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan assay, whereas HIV proviral DNA was evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cell and olfactory mucosa. HIV-1 env deep sequencing was performed for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Among ART-naive participants, 88.2% (15/17), and among ART-treated participants, 21.4% (6/28) had detectable HIV-RNA in samples from their olfactory mucosa; CSF escape was more common in patients with olfactory mucosa escape (50 vs. 7.9%; P = 0.010). Olfactory mucosa samples contained few cells positive for CD4, CD8, or HIV-DNA, and no HIV TAT-positive cells, indicating that this approach efficiently samples virions in the olfactory mucosa, but not HIV-infected cells. Yet, using a deep sequencing approach to phylogenetically compare partial HIV env genes in five untreated participants, we identified distinct viral lineages in the OM. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that nasal brushing is a well tolerated and useful technique for sampling the olfactory mucosa. HIV-RNA was detected in most naïve and in some treated patients, warranting larger longitudinal studies.
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33
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of the human olfactory system. In this system, function does not require full neuroanatomical maturity. Thus, discrimination of odorous molecules, including a number within the mother's diet, occurs in amniotic fluid after 28-30 weeks of gestation, at which time the olfactory bulbs are identifiable by MRI. Hypoplasia/aplasia of the bulbs is documented in the third trimester and postnatally. Interestingly, olfactory axons project from the nasal epithelium to the telencephalon before formation of the olfactory bulbs and lack a peripheral ganglion, but the synaptic glomeruli of the future olfactory bulb serves this function. Histologic lamination of the olfactory bulb is present by 14 weeks, but maturation remains incomplete at term for neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, and persistence of the normal transitory fetal ventricular recess. Myelination occurs postnatally. Although olfaction is the only sensory system without direct thalamic projections, the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus are, in effect, thalamic surrogates. For example, many dendro-dendritic synapses occur within the bulb between GABAergic granular neurons and periglomerular neurons. Moreover, bulbar synaptic glomeruli are analogous to peripheral ganglia of other sensory cranial nerves. The olfactory tract contains much gray as well as white matter. The olfactory epithelium and bulb both incorporate progenitor cells at all ages. Diverse malformations of the olfactory bulb can be detected by clinical examination, imaging, and neuropathology; indeed, olfactory reflexes of the neonate can be reliably tested. We recommend that such testing be routine in the neonatal neurologic examination, especially in children with brain malformations, endocrinopathies, chromosomopathies, genetic/metabolic disorders, and perinatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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35
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Georgiou M, Reis JND, Wood R, Esteban PP, Roberton V, Mason C, Li D, Li Y, Choi D, Wall I. Bioprocessing strategies to enhance the challenging isolation of neuro-regenerative cells from olfactory mucosa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14440. [PMID: 30262897 PMCID: PMC6160430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a promising potential cell therapy to aid regeneration. However, there are significant challenges in isolating and characterizing them. In the current study, we have explored methods to enhance the recovery of cells expressing OEC marker p75NTR from rat mucosa. With the addition of a 24-hour differential adhesion step, the expression of p75NTR was significantly increased to 73 ± 5% and 46 ± 18% on PDL and laminin matrices respectively. Additionally, the introduction of neurotrophic factor NT-3 and the decrease in serum concentration to 2% FBS resulted in enrichment of OECs, with p75NTR at nearly 100% (100 ± 0% and 98 ± 2% on PDL and laminin respectively), and candidate fibroblast marker Thy1.1 decreased to zero. Culturing OECs at physiologically relevant oxygen tension (2-8%) had a negative impact on p75NTR expression and overall cell survival. Regarding cell potency, co-culture of OECs with NG108-15 neurons resulted in more neuronal growth and potential migration at atmospheric oxygen. Moreover, OECs behaved similarly to a Schwann cell line positive control. In conclusion, this work identified key bioprocessing fundamentals that will underpin future development of OEC-based cell therapies for potential use in spinal cord injury repair. However, there is still much work to do to create optimized isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Georgiou
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joana Neves Dos Reis
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Rachael Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Patricia Perez Esteban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Victoria Roberton
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Daqing Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK. .,Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. .,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Golimbet VE, Kryukov AI, Kostyuk GP, Arzamasov SG, Tsarapkin GY. [Olfactory neuroepithelium as a model for the studies of molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:111-114. [PMID: 30040811 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811861111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory neuroepithelium (OE) is shown to be a suitable experimental model to study neuronal biomarkers of psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia. Olfactory neuronal precursors can be useful for studying neurodevelopmental stages, neuronal markers, pharmacological screening. However, a limited number of research groups have used this cell model in a small number of patients and healthy people that can be explained by several factors. Based on literature reports and own research, the authors analyze the advantages and limitations of OE-derived cell/tissue models. The main limitations of these models are decreased rate of harvesting and culturing OE-derived cell and low percentage of patients who agreed to participate in the study. Our results showed that only 10% of patients with schizophrenia signed informed consent for nasal biopsy, 80% of them underwent biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A I Kryukov
- Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - G P Kostyuk
- Alekseev Psychiatric Clinical Hospital #1, Moscow, Russia
| | - S G Arzamasov
- Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Yu Tsarapkin
- Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
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Ueha R, Shichino S, Ueha S, Kondo K, Kikuta S, Nishijima H, Matsushima K, Yamasoba T. Reduction of Proliferating Olfactory Cells and Low Expression of Extracellular Matrix Genes Are Hallmarks of the Aged Olfactory Mucosa. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:86. [PMID: 29636678 PMCID: PMC5880952 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of olfactory impairment increases with age; however, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this increase are yet to be determined. Methods: We examined the influence of aging on olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), which are maintained by a unique stem cell system, from olfactory progenitor cells to mature ORNs, by histological comparisons of the physiological status of the olfactory epithelium between young adult and aged mice. Furthermore, we clarified the expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophins, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory impairment caused by aging. Results: The numbers of mature and immature ORNs, but not olfactory progenitors, decreased in the aged olfactory epithelium, with a concurrent reduction in Ki-67-positive proliferating cells. Transcriptome analyses revealed an increase in Il6, encoding a component of senescence-associated secretary phenotypes (SASP), and a decrease in Igf1, encoding a growth factor for ORNs, in the aged nasal mucosa. Interestingly, expression levels of several extracellular matrix genes, including Col1a2, decreased in the aged nasal mucosa. Consistent with the transcriptional changes, the number of Col1a2-GFP-positive cells decreased in the aged lamina propria. Conclusions: Our data suggest that reduction in ORN number and cell proliferation, reduced extracellular matrix gene expression, and increased SASP contribute to olfactory impairment during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sokpor G, Abbas E, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Control of Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium Development. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29532253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) represents a major aspect of the peripheral olfactory system. It is a pseudostratified tissue that originates from the olfactory placode and is composed of diverse cells, some of which are specialized receptor neurons capable of transducing odorant stimuli to afford the perception of smell (olfaction). The OE is known to offer a tractable miniature model for studying the systematic generation of neurons and glia that typify neural tissue development. During OE development, stem/progenitor cells that will become olfactory sensory neurons and/or non-neuronal cell types display fine spatiotemporal expression of neuronal and non-neuronal genes that ensures their proper proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. Many factors, including transcription and epigenetic factors, have been identified as key regulators of the expression of such requisite genes to permit normal OE morphogenesis. Typically, specific interactive regulatory networks established between transcription and epigenetic factors/cofactors orchestrate histogenesis in the embryonic and adult OE. Hence, investigation of these regulatory networks critical for OE development promises to disclose strategies that may be employed in manipulating the stepwise transition of olfactory precursor cells to become fully differentiated and functional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Such strategies potentially offer formidable means of replacing injured or degenerated neural cells as therapeutics for nervous system perturbations. This review recapitulates the developmental cellular diversity of the olfactory neuroepithelium and discusses findings on how the precise and cooperative molecular control by transcriptional and epigenetic machinery is indispensable for OE ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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Omais S, Jaafar C, Ghanem N. "Till Death Do Us Part": A Potential Irreversible Link Between Aberrant Cell Cycle Control and Neurodegeneration in the Adult Olfactory Bulb. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:144. [PMID: 29593485 PMCID: PMC5854681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis (AN) is an ongoing developmental process that generates newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and the hippocampus (Hi) throughout life and significantly contributes to brain plasticity. Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (aNSPCs) are relatively limited in number and fate and are spatially restricted to the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ). During AN, the distinct roles played by cell cycle proteins extend beyond cell cycle control and constitute key regulatory mechanisms involved in neuronal maturation and survival. Importantly, aberrant cell cycle re-entry (CCE) in post-mitotic neurons has been strongly linked to the abnormal pathophysiology in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases with potential implications on the etiology and progression of such diseases in humans. Here, we present an overview of AN in the SVZ-OB and olfactory epithelium (OE) in mice and humans followed by a comprehensive update of the distinct roles played by cell cycle proteins including major tumors suppressor genes in various steps during neurogenesis. We also discuss accumulating evidence underlining a strong link between abnormal cell cycle control, olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the adult and aging brain. We emphasize that: (1) CCE in post-mitotic neurons due to loss of cell cycle suppression and/or age-related insults as well as DNA damage can anticipate the development of neurodegenerative lesions and protein aggregates, (2) the age-related decline in SVZ and OE neurogenesis is associated with compensatory pro-survival mechanisms in the aging OB which are interestingly similar to those detected in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in humans, and (3) the OB represents a well suitable model to study the early manifestation of age-related defects that may eventually progress into the formation of neurodegenerative lesions and, possibly, spread to the rest of the brain. Such findings may provide a novel approach to the modeling of neurodegenerative diseases in humans from early detection to progression and treatment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carine Jaafar
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review article is to introduce olfactory epithelium-derived cell/tissue models as a promising surrogate system to study the molecular mechanisms implicated in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we particularly focus on the utility of their neural progenitors. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia using olfactory epithelium-derived tissue/cell models have provided insights about schizophrenia-associated alterations in neurodevelopment, stress response, and gene/protein expression regulatory pathways. SUMMARY The olfactory epithelium retains the capacity for lifelong neurogenesis and regeneration, because of the presence of neural stem cells and progenitors. Thus, both mature neurons and neural progenitors can be obtained from the olfactory epithelium without the need for genetic reprogramming and related confounds. Furthermore, the olfactory epithelium is highly scalable resource in translational settings. Here, we also demonstrate recent findings from research using olfactory epithelium-derived tissue/cell models in schizophrenia and other brain disorders. In summary, we propose that the olfactory epithelium is a promising resource to study neural molecular and cellular signatures relevant to the pathology of schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
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Bohoun CA, Terakawa Y, Goto T, Tanaka S, Kuwae Y, Ohsawa M, Morisako H, Nakajo K, Sato H, Ohata K, Yokoo H. Schwannoma-like tumor in the anterior cranial fossa immunonegative for Leu7 but immunopositive for Schwann/2E. Neuropathology 2016; 37:265-271. [PMID: 27925298 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schwannoma arising from the olfactory system, often called olfactory groove schwannoma (OGS), is rare, as the olfactory bulb and tract, belonging to the central nervous system, should lack Schwann cells. Another rare entity called olfactory ensheathing cell tumor (OECT) has been reported, which mimics clinical and radiological characteristics of OGS. Here, we report two rare cases of schwannoma-like tumor in the anterior cranial fossa that showed negative staining for Leu7, but positive staining for Schwann/2E, and discuss their origin. Two cases of mass lesions in the anterior cranial fossa in a 26-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman were successfully removed. Morphological examination of these tumors was compatible with a diagnosis of schwannoma. Immunohistochemically, both cases were negative for Leu7, yielding a diagnosis of OECT, but were positive for the schwannoma-specific marker, Schwann/2E. Immunohistochemical staining results in our two cases question the current assumption that OGS and OECT can be distinguished only by Leu7 staining pattern. In conclusion, the origins of OGS and OECT remain to be determined, and further studies in larger numbers of cases are needed to characterize these rare tumors in the anterior cranial fossa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aïssè Bohoun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzo Terakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Ohno Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeo Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Kuwae
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ohsawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Morisako
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakajo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
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Sarnat HB, Yu W. Maturation and Dysgenesis of the Human Olfactory Bulb. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:301-18. [PMID: 26096058 PMCID: PMC8028954 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb with its unique architecture was studied for neuronal maturation in human fetuses. Neuroblasts stream into the olfactory bulb from the rostral telencephalon and secondarily migrate radially. The transitory olfactory ventricular recess regresses postnatally. Olfactory is the only sensory system without thalamic projections but incorporates intrinsic thalamic equivalents. The bulb is a repository of progenitor cells. Maturation of the bulb and tract was studied in 18 normal human fetuses of 16-41 weeks gestation; mid-gestational twins with hydrocephalus; 7 arrhinencephaly/holoprosencephaly; 2 olfactory dysgeneses. Multiple immunoreactivities were performed. Synaptophysin around mitral neurons, in a few synaptic glomeruli and concentric lamination of the outer granular layer, was seen at 16 weeks. Outer granular neurons exhibited NeuN at 16 weeks, only 2/3 were reactive at term. Concentric alternating sheets of granular neurons and their dendrodendritic synapses are seen during maturation. Calretinin reactivity is seen in neurons and neurites, primary olfactory nerve axons, periglomerular cells and neuroepithelial cells surrounding the ventricular recess; reactivity occurs later in synaptic glomeruli than with synaptophysin; not all glomeruli are strongly reactive even at term. Nestin- and vimentin-reactive bipolar progenitor cells were demonstrated at all ages and extend into the olfactory tract. Myelin is demonstrated by Luxol fast blue (LFB) only postnatally. In hydrocephalus, the olfactory recess is dilated. Mitral cell dispersion, disrupted glomeruli, heterotopia and maturational delay are seen in some dysgeneses. Malformations exhibit unique findings. Fusion of hypoplastic bulbs can occur. Abnormal architecture is seen in hemimegalencephaly. More documentation of olfactory dysgenesis is needed in other major brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B. Sarnat
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Neuropathology)University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Paediatric Pathology)University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryABCanada
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Ge L, Liu K, Liu Z, Lu M. Co-transplantation of autologous OM-MSCs and OM-OECs: a novel approach for spinal cord injury. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:259-70. [PMID: 26574889 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a disastrous injury that leads to motor and sensory dysfunctions in patients. In recent years, co-transplantation has become an increasingly used therapeutic treatment for patients with SCI. Both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and olfactory-ensheathing cells (OECs) have been adopted to ameliorate SCI, with promising outcomes. Remarkable effects on the rehabilitation of patients with SCI have been achieved using MSCs. Olfactory mucosa (OM) MSCs from human OM are one of the most ideal cell resources for auto-transplantation in clinical application owing to their a high proliferation rate and multipotent capability. In addition, OECs derived from OM have been used to improve functional recovery of SCI and resulted in promising functional recovery in years. Accordingly, co-transplantation of OM-MSCs coupled with OM-OECs has been adopted to improve the recovery of SCI. Here we reviewed the reported applications of OM-MSCs and OM-OECs for SCI treatment and proposed that a novel combined strategy using both autologous OM-MSCs and OM-OECs would achieve a better approach for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhonghua Liu
- 2College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University (163 Hospital of PLA), Changsha 410003, P.R. China
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