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Renzetti S, van Thriel C, Lucchini RG, Smith DR, Peli M, Borgese L, Cirelli P, Bilo F, Patrono A, Cagna G, Rechtman E, Idili S, Ongaro E, Calza S, Rota M, Wright RO, Claus Henn B, Horton MK, Placidi D. A multi-environmental source approach to explore associations between metals exposure and olfactory identification among school-age children residing in northern Italy. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00687-6. [PMID: 38802534 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal exposures can adversely impact olfactory function. Few studies have examined this association in children. Further, metal exposure occurs as a mixture, yet previous studies of metal-associated olfactory dysfunction only examined individual metals. Preventing olfactory dysfunctions can improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases with long-term health implications. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the association between exposure to a mixture of 12 metals measured in environmental sources and olfactory function among children and adolescents residing in the industrialized province of Brescia, Italy. METHODS We enrolled 130 children between 6 and 13 years old (51.5% females) and used the "Sniffin' Sticks" test to measure olfactory performance in identifying smells. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument to determine concentrations of metals (arsenic (As), calcium, cadmium (Cd), chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead (Pb), antimony, titanium, vanadium and zinc) in outdoor and indoor deposited dust and soil samples collected from participants' households. We used an extension of weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to test the association between exposure to metal mixtures in multiple environmental media and olfactory function adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, intelligence quotient and parents' smoking status. RESULTS A higher multi-source mixture was significantly associated with a reduced Sniffin' Sticks identification score (β = -0.228; 95% CI -0.433, -0.020). Indoor dust concentrations of Pb, Cd and As provided the strongest contributions to this association (13.8%, 13.3% and 10.1%, respectively). The metal mixture in indoor dust contributed more (for 8 metals out of 12) to the association between metals and olfactory function compared to soil or outdoor dust. IMPACT STATEMENT Among a mixture of 12 metals measured in three different environmental sources (soil, outdoor and indoor dust), we identified Pb, Cd and As measured in indoor dust as the main contributors to reduced olfactory function in children and adolescents residing in an industrialized area. Exposure to indoor pollution can be effectively reduced through individual and public health interventions allowing to prevent the deterioration of olfactory functions. Moreover, the identification of the factors that can deteriorate olfactory functions can be a helpful instrument to improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases as long-term health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Neurotoxicology and Chemosensation, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Biochemical, Biomedical and Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Marco Peli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Cirelli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabjola Bilo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Patrono
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Cagna
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Rechtman
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefania Idili
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Ongaro
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rota
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Kovalová M, Gottfriedová N, Mrázková E, Janout V, Janoutová J. Cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and olfactory impairment: A literature review. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2024; 78:1-17. [PMID: 38623856 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
<br><b>Introduction:</b> The early detection and diagnosis of dementia are of key importance in treatment, slowing disease progression, or suppressing symptoms. The possible role of changes in the sense of smell is considered with regard to potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between May 30, 2022 and August 2, 2022. The term "dementia" was searched with keyword combinations related to olfaction.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> A total of 1,288 records were identified through the database search. Of these articles, 49 were ultimately included in the analysis. The results showed the potential role of changes in the sense of smell as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. Multiple studies have shown that olfactory impairment may be observed in patients with AD, PD, MCI, or other types of dementia. Even though smell tests are able to detect olfactory loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot reliably distinguish between certain diseases.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> In individuals with cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory assessment has repeatedly been reported to be used for early diagnosis, but not for differential diagnosis.</br>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovalová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Gottfriedová
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mrázková
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Visualization of ex vivo rabbit olfactory mucosa and foramina with three-dimensional optical coherence tomography. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3203-3211. [PMID: 35779115 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in developing a minimally invasive imaging modality to safely evaluate dynamic microscopic changes of the olfactory mucosa and cribriform foramina. Herein, we utilized three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize the ex vivo stratified substructure of olfactory mucosa in rabbits and create 3D reconstructed images of olfactory foramina. Olfactory mucosa and cribriform plates from four New Zealand White rabbits were dissected and imaged using two swept-source OCT systems: (1) 1.3-µm (μm) center wavelength, 100-nm bandwidth, 200-kHz sweep rate, and (2) 1.7-μm center wavelength, 120-nm bandwidth, 90-kHz sweep rate. Volumetric OCT images were compiled to create a 3D reconstruction of the cribriform plate. The ability of OCT to distinguish the olfactory mucosa substructure and foramina was compared to histology. To estimate imaging penetration depth of each system, the first-order exponential decays of depth-resolved intensity were calculated and compared using a paired t-test. Three-dimensional OCT depicted the stratified layered structures within the olfactory mucosa correlating with histology. The epithelium and lamina propria were measured to be 32 μm and 107 μm in 1.3-μm OCT compared to 30 μm and 105 μm in histology. Olfactory foramina were visualized via 3D reconstruction. The 1.7-μm system provided greater depth penetration compared to the 1.3-μm system, allowing for improved foramina visualization. We have shown that OCT can be used to image non-pathologic olfactory mucosa and foramina. Implications for this work include diagnostic and therapeutic potentials for neurorhinological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Pang NYL, Song HJJMD, Tan BKJ, Tan JX, Chen ASR, See A, Xu S, Charn TC, Teo NWY. Association of Olfactory Impairment With All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:436-445. [PMID: 35389456 PMCID: PMC8990356 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Importance Olfactory impairment is highly prevalent and associated with multiple comorbidities, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, nutritional, and immune disorders. However, epidemiologic associations between olfactory impairment and mortality are discordant. Objective To systematically clarify the epidemiologic associations between olfactory impairment and mortality. Data Sources The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 13, 2021. Study Selection Two blinded reviewers selected observational studies published as full-length, English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals that reported the presence or severity of chronic olfactory impairment, whether objectively measured or self-reported, in association with any mortality estimate, among adults aged 18 years or older. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two reviewers independently extracted data, evaluated study bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and appraised the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines and a PROSPERO-registered protocol. Maximally adjusted estimates were pooled using mixed-effects models, heterogeneity was measured using I2 statistics, sources of heterogeneity were investigated using meta-regression and subgroup meta-analyses, and publication bias was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality. Results One retrospective cohort study and 10 prospective cohort studies (with a total of 21 601 participants) from 1088 nonduplicated records were included. Ten studies had a low risk of bias, whereas 1 study had a moderate risk; exclusion of the latter did not alter conclusions. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Olfactory loss was associated with a significantly higher pooled hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.80; I2 = 82%). Meta-regression sufficiently explained heterogeneity, with longer mean follow-up duration weakening the pooled association, accounting for 91.3% of heterogeneity. Self-reported and objective effect sizes were similar. Associations were robust to trim-and-fill adjustment and the Egger test for publication bias. The overall quality of evidence was moderate. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that olfactory impairment is associated with all-cause mortality and may be a marker of general health and biological aging. Further research is required to establish the underlying mechanisms and the scope for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun Xiang Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley Si Ru Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna See
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore.,Surgery Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Shuhui Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Surgery Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Tze Choong Charn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore.,Surgery Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Neville Wei Yang Teo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Surgery Academic Clinical Program, SingHealth, Singapore
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Lin MS, Chiu IH, Lin CC. Ultrarapid Inflammation of the Olfactory Bulb After Spinal Cord Injury: Protective Effects of the Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Early Neurodegeneration in the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:701702. [PMID: 34248610 PMCID: PMC8267925 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.701702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The correlation among olfactory dysfunction, spinal cord injury (SCI), subjective cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative dementia has been established. Impaired olfaction is considered a marker for neurodegeneration. Hence, there is a need to examine if SCI leads to olfactory dysfunction. In this study, the brain tissue of mice with spinal cord hemisection injury was subjected to microarray analysis. The mRNA expression levels of olfactory receptors in the brain began to decline at 8 h post-SCI. SCI promoted neuroinflammation, downregulated the expression of olfactory receptors, decreased the number of neural stem cells (NSCs), and inhibited the production of neurotrophic factors in the olfactory bulbs at 8 h post-SCI. In particular, the SCI group had upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of astrocyte reactivation) and pro-inflammatory mediators [IL-1β, IL-6, and Nestin (marker of NSCs)] in the olfactory bulb compared to levels in the sham control group. The mRNA expression levels of olfactory receptors (Olfr1494, Olfr1324, Olfr1241, and Olfr979) and neurotrophic factors [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF)] were downregulated in the olfactory bulb of the SCI group mice at 8 h post-SCI. The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mitigated these SCI-induced pathological changes in the olfactory bulb at 8 h post-SCI. These results indicate that the olfactory bulb is vulnerable to environmental damage even if the lesion is located at sites distant from the brain, such as the spinal cord. Additionally, SCI initiated pathological processes, including inflammatory response, and impaired neurogenesis, at an early stage. The findings of this study will provide a basis for future studies on pathological mechanisms of early neurodegenerative diseases involving the olfactory bulb and enable early clinical drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chai-Ching Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan
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Mitrano DA, Houle SE, Pearce P, Quintanilla RM, Lockhart BK, Genovese BC, Schendzielos RA, Croushore EE, Dymond EM, Bogenpohl JW, Grau HJ, Webb LS. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:51-61. [PMID: 33842910 PMCID: PMC8019944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in which the risk of development increases with age. People with AD are plagued with deficits in their cognition, memory, and basic social skills. Many of these deficits are believed to be caused by the formation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in regions of the brain associated with memory, such as the hippocampus. However, one of the early, preclinical symptoms of AD is the loss of olfactory detection and discrimination. To determine if a mouse model of AD expresses the same olfactory dysfunction seen in human AD, 3xTg-AD mice were given a buried food test and, unlike previous studies, compared to their background and parental strains. Results showed that over 52 weeks, the 3xTg-AD mice took significantly longer to find the buried food than the control strains. The olfactory bulbs of the 3xTg-AD mice were removed, sliced, and stained using Congo red for histological analysis. Amyloid deposits were observed predominantly in the granule layer of the olfactory bulb beginning at 13 weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in the control strains of mice. Further examination of the buried food test data revealed that 3xTg-AD females had a significantly longer latency to detect the buried food than males beginning at 26 weeks of age. Overall, this study provides further validation of the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD and supports the idea that simple olfactory testing could be part of the diagnostic process for human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene A. Mitrano
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Sam E. Houle
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Patrick Pearce
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Quintanilla
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Blakely K. Lockhart
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Genovese
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Rachel A. Schendzielos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Emma E. Croushore
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Ethan M. Dymond
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - James W. Bogenpohl
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Harold J. Grau
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Lisa Smith Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology & Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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The Intersection of Parkinson's Disease, Viral Infections, and COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4477-4486. [PMID: 34033061 PMCID: PMC8143990 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of human COVID-19, not only causes flu-like symptoms and gut microbiome complications but a large number of infected individuals also experience a host of neurological symptoms including loss of smell and taste, seizures, difficulty concentrating, decreased alertness, and brain inflammation. Although SARS-CoV-2 infections are not more prevalent in Parkinson’s disease patients, a higher mortality rate has been reported not only associated with older age and longer disease duration, but also through several mechanisms, such as interactions with the brain dopaminergic system and through systemic inflammatory responses. Indeed, a number of the neurological symptoms seen in COVID-19 patients, as well as the alterations in the gut microbiome, are also prevalent in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, biochemical pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein aggregation have shared commonalities between Parkinson’s disease and COVID-19 disease progression. In this review, we describe and compare the numerous similarities and intersections between neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease and RNA viral infections, emphasizing the current SARS-CoV-2 global health crisis.
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Stanojlović O. The importance of smell and taste in everyday life: Dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/mp72-33020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) - is characterized by a pandemic exponential rate and the patients with mild to moderate infection have odor and taste problems that represent a new atypical disease. A new viral syndrome of acute anosmia or "new loss of taste or smell" without rhinitis and nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea has been placed on the list of symptoms that may occur 2 to 14 days after exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Two months after declaring the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized changes in the perception of smell and taste as symptoms of this disease. The described cardinal symptoms are more common in the population of young patients and able-bodied people which facilitates the spread of disease. Significantly higher prevalence of patients with COVID-19 who have lost their taste and smell is treated at home (rare hospitalization), lung damage is rare, as well as oxygen therapy with mild lymphopenia. Different scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection can be assumed: it is probable that the virus does not enter directly into olfactory sensory neurons (they do not have ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors), but it is localized to vascular pericytes and causes inflammatory processes and vasculopathies. On the other hand, direct infection of non-neuronal cells which contain said receptors is possible. Those are specific cell types in the olfactory epithelium such as sustentacular, horizontal basal cells, as well as Bowman's glands, which leads to massive degeneration and loss of olfactory neurons. The sense of taste is a complex sensation that is the result of the interaction of smell, taste, temperature and texture of food. The virus damages cranial nerves, epithelial receptors and blood vessels leading to taste damage (ageusia or dysgeusia). A multidisciplinary approach with epidemiological, clinical and basic research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of sensorineural odor and taste loss caused by coronavirus.
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Patino J, Karagas NE, Chandra S, Thakur N, Stimming EF. Olfactory Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:413-422. [PMID: 34719504 PMCID: PMC8673514 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-210497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). Understanding its pathophysiology is important in establishing a preventive and therapeutic plan. In this literature review, we cover the physiology of olfaction, its role in neurodegeneration, and its characteristics in patients with HD. In the general population, olfactory dysfunction is present in 3.8-5.8%and the prevalence increases significantly in those older than 80 years. For HD, data regarding prevalence rates are lacking and the scales used have been inconsistent or have been restructured due to concerns about cross-cultural understanding. Pathogenic huntingtin deposits have been found in the olfactory bulb of individuals with HD, although no studies have correlated this with the grade of olfactory impairment. Olfactory dysfunction is present in both premanifest and manifest patients with HD, showing a progressive decline over time with more severe deficits at advanced stages. No specific treatment for olfactory impairment in HD has been proposed; identifying and avoiding potential medications that cause olfactory dysfunction, as well as general safety recommendations remain the basis of the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Patino
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas E. Karagas
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivika Chandra
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nivedita Thakur
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Furr Stimming
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- HDSA Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,, Houston, TX, USA
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Thomas DC, Baddireddy SM, Kohli D. Anosmia: A review in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 and orofacial pain. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 151:696-702. [PMID: 32854871 PMCID: PMC7328601 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Terral G, Marsicano G, Grandes P, Soria-Gómez E. Cannabinoid Control of Olfactory Processes: The Where Matters. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E431. [PMID: 32316252 PMCID: PMC7230191 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction has a direct influence on behavior and cognitive processes. There are different neuromodulatory systems in olfactory circuits that control the sensory information flowing through the rest of the brain. The presence of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, (the main cannabinoid receptor in the brain), has been shown for more than 20 years in different brain olfactory areas. However, only over the last decade have we started to know the specific cellular mechanisms that link cannabinoid signaling to olfactory processing and the control of behavior. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss our current knowledge about the presence of CB1 receptors, and the function of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of different olfactory brain circuits and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Terral
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (G.T.); (G.M.)
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (G.T.); (G.M.)
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Lane G, Zhou G, Noto T, Zelano C. Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113304. [PMID: 32278646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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13
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Oppo V, Melis M, Melis M, Tomassini Barbarossa I, Cossu G. "Smelling and Tasting" Parkinson's Disease: Using Senses to Improve the Knowledge of the Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:43. [PMID: 32161534 PMCID: PMC7052524 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (PD), peripheral, sensory symptoms are particularly relevant. Smell dysfunction starts very early and frequently precedes the PD motor symptoms by years (being often a cue to the diagnosis). Moreover, olfactory system could be, together with gut, one of those peripheral sites where PD pathology first develops. Unlike smell loss, the relationship between PD and taste impairment is far less established. It can start early in the course of the disease but more frequently appears in advanced stages, in parallel with the advent of MCI, likely reflecting cortical involvement. Among PD patients has been demonstrated an increase in the frequency of the non-tasters for PROP (prototypical gustatory stimulus, 6- n-propylthiouracil), a genetically determined bitter taste which is mediated by TAS2RS38 receptor, and a significant increase of the recessive non-testing variant of this receptor. TAS2R38 receptors are expressed also in other tissues, such as in the epithelia of the gut and nasal cavities, where they can influence epithelial immunity ad its interaction with microbiota. Those pieces of evidence suggest that not only systematic assessment of taste and smell can be of a remarkable help for clinicians in the early diagnosis, but also that understanding the mechanisms of sensory involvement in PD could increase the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oppo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Melis
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cossu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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14
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The Association of Olfactory Dysfunction, Frailty, and Mortality Is Mediated by Inflammation: Results from the InCHIANTI Study. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3128231. [PMID: 30915369 PMCID: PMC6402210 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3128231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction might unveil the association between ageing and frailty, as it is associated with declining cognitive function, depression, reduced physical performance, reduced dietary intake, and mortality; all these conditions are characterized by increased levels of inflammatory parameters. The present study is aimed at evaluating the association between olfactory dysfunction, frailty, and mortality and whether such association might be mediated by inflammation. Methods We analysed data of 1035 participants aged 65+ enrolled in the “InCHIANTI” study. Olfactory function was tested by the recognition of the smells of coffee, mint, and air. Olfactory dysfunction was defined as lack of recognition of at least two smells. Considering the items “shrinking,” “exhaustion,” “sedentariness,” “slowness,” and “weakness” included in the Fried definition, frailty was defined as the presence of at least three criteria, prefrailty of one or two, and robustness of none. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured in duplicate by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression was adopted to assess the association of frailty with olfactory function, as well as with the increasing number of olfactory deficits. Cox regression was used to test the association between olfactory dysfunction and 9-year survival. Results Olfactory dysfunction was associated with frailty, after adjusting (OR 1.94, 95% CI = 1.07-3.51; P = .028); analysis of the interaction term indicated that the association varied according to interleukin-6 levels (P for interaction = .005). Increasing levels of olfactory dysfunction were associated with increasing probability of being frail. Also, olfactory dysfunction was associated with reduced survival (HR 1.52, 95% CI = 1.16-1.98; P = .002); this association varied according to the presence of frailty (P for interaction = .017) and prefrailty status (P for interaction = .046), as well as increased interleukin-6 levels (P for interaction = .011). Conclusions Impairment of olfactory function might represent a marker of frailty, prefrailty, and consequently reduced survival in an advanced age. Inflammation might represent the possible link between these conditions.
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15
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Seo Y, Kim HS, Kang KS. Microglial involvement in the development of olfactory dysfunction. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:319-330. [PMID: 29032655 PMCID: PMC5974513 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment is the most common clinical manifestation among the elderly, and its prevalence increases sharply with age. Notably, growing evidence has shown that olfactory dysfunction is the first sign of neurodegeneration, indicating the importance of olfactory assessment as an early marker in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the nature of olfactory dysfunction and the advantage of using animal models in olfaction study, and we include a brief introduction to olfactory behavior tests widely used in this field. The contribution of microglia in the neurodegenerative processes including olfactory impairment is then discussed to provide a comprehensive description of the physiopathological role of interactions between neurons and microglia within the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The sense of smell is today one of the focuses of interest in aging and neurodegenerative disease research. In several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the olfactory dysfunction is one of the initial symptoms appearing years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline, being considered a clinical marker of these diseases' early stages and a marker of disease progression and cognitive decline. Overall and under the umbrella of precision medicine, attention to olfactory function may help to improve chances of success for neuroprotective and disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS The use of olfaction, as clinical marker for neurodegenerative diseases is helpful in the characterization of prodromal stages of these diseases, early diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, and potentially prediction of treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction is central to determine its association with neurodegenerative disorders. Several anatomical systems and environmental factors may underlie or contribute to olfactory loss associated with neurological diseases, although the direct biological link to each disorder remains unclear and, thus, requires further investigation. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function measurements in neurodegenerative diseases. We also highlight the evidence for the presence of olfactory dysfunction in several neurodegenerative diseases, its value as a clinical marker for early stages of the diseases when combined with other clinical, biological, and neuroimage markers, and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of disease. The neuropathological correlations and the changes in neurotransmitter systems related with olfactory dysfunction in the neurodegenerative diseases are also described.
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17
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Hadar A, Milanesi E, Walczak M, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M, Kuźnicki J, Squassina A, Niola P, Chillotti C, Attems J, Gozes I, Gurwitz D. SIRT1, miR-132 and miR-212 link human longevity to Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8465. [PMID: 29855513 PMCID: PMC5981646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Centenarians - reaching the age of >100 years while maintaining good cognitive skills - seemingly have unique biological features allowing healthy aging and protection from dementia. Here, we studied the expression of SIRT1 along with miR-132 and miR-212, two microRNAs known to regulate SIRT1, in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 45 healthy donors aged 21 to 105 years and 24 AD patients, and in postmortem olfactory bulb and hippocampus tissues from 14 AD patients and 20 age-matched non-demented individuals. We observed 4.0-fold (P = 0.001) lower expression of SIRT1, and correspondingly higher expression of miR-132 (1.7-fold; P = 0.014) and miR-212 (2.1-fold; P = 0.036), in LCLs from AD patients compared with age-matched healthy controls. Additionally, SIRT1 expression was 2.2-fold (P = 0.001) higher in centenarian LCLs compared with LCLs from individuals aged 56-82 years; while centenarian LCLs miR-132 and miR-212 indicated 7.6-fold and 4.1-fold lower expression, respectively. Correlations of SIRT1, miR-132 and miR-212 expression with cognitive scores were observed for AD patient-derived LCLs and postmortem AD olfactory bulb and hippocampus tissues, suggesting that higher SIRT1 expression, possibly mediated by lower miR-132 and miR-212, may protect aged individuals from dementia and is reflected in their peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hadar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - E Milanesi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Walczak
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Puzianowska-Kuźnicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Kuźnicki
- The International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Niola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - J Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - D Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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18
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Maharjan A, Wang E, Peng M, Cakmak YO. Improvement of Olfactory Function With High Frequency Non-invasive Auricular Electrostimulation in Healthy Humans. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:225. [PMID: 29740266 PMCID: PMC5928377 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In past literature on animal models, invasive vagal nerve stimulation using high frequencies has shown to be effective at modulating the activity of the olfactory bulb (OB). Recent advances in invasive vagal nerve stimulation in humans, despite previous findings in animal models, used low frequency stimulation and found no effect on the olfactory functioning. The present article aimed to test potential effects of non-invasive, high and low frequency vagal nerve stimulation in humans, with supplementary exploration of the orbitofrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Healthy, male adult participants (n = 18) performed two olfactory tests [odor threshold test (OTT) and supra-threshold test (STT)] before and after receiving high-, low frequency vagal nerve stimulation and placebo (no stimulation). Participant's olfactory functioning was monitored using NIRS, and assessed with two behavioral olfactory tests. NIRS data of separate stimulation parameters were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA across different stages. Data from olfactory tests were analyzed using paired parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. Only high frequency, non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation was able to positively modulate the performance of the healthy participants in the STT (p = 0.021, Wilcoxon sign-ranked test), with significant differences in NIRS (p = 0.014, post-hoc with Bonferroni correction) recordings of the right hemispheric, orbitofrontal cortex. The results from the current article implore further exploration of the neurocircuitry involved under vagal nerve stimulation and the effects of non-invasive, high frequency, vagal nerve stimulation toward olfactory dysfunction which showcase in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Despite the sufficient effect size (moderate effect, correlation coefficient (r): 0.39 for the STT) of the current study, future research should replicate the current findings with a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Maharjan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eunice Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Hemopexin is required for adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:268. [PMID: 29449593 PMCID: PMC5833796 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) of the subventricular zone (SVZ) reside within a specialized niche critical for neurogenesis. Hemopexin, a plasma glycoprotein, has been extensively studied as a heme scavenger at the systemic level. However, little is known about its function in the central nervous system, especially in neurogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that deletion of hemopexin leads to neurogenic abnormalities in the SVZ/olfactory bulb (OB) pathway. The lateral ventricle is enlarged in hemopexin-deficient mice, and more apoptosis was observed in Dcx+ cells. Lineage differentiation of NSCs was also inhibited in the SVZ of hemopexin-deficient mice, with more stem cells stayed in an undifferentiated, GFAP+ radial glia-like cell stage. Moreover, hemopexin deletion resulted in impaired neuroblast migration in the rostral migratory stream. Furthermore, exogenous hemopexin protein inhibited apoptosis and promoted the migration and differentiation of cultured NSCs. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that deletion of hemopexin reduced the number of interneurons in the OB. Together, these results suggest a new molecular mechanism for the NSC niche that regulates adult neurogenesis in the SVZ/OB pathway. Our findings may benefit the understanding for olfactory system development.
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20
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Mariano FC, Hamerschmidt R, Soares CMC, Moreira AT. The Middle Turbinate Resection and Its Repercussion in Olfaction with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 22:280-283. [PMID: 29983769 PMCID: PMC6033601 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Nasal obstruction is a common complaint, and, for some, the middle turbinate resection is still a controversial issue among the surgical options due to the possibility of deleterious effects on olfaction. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) is considered the gold standard of smell identification tests, but data about it is still incipient in Brazil.
Objective
To evaluate if the middle turbinectomy has any repercussion on the sense of olfaction by using the UPSIT as an assessment tool.
Methods
A prospective study performed between 2013 and 2015 with 27 patients who were treated with middle turbinectomy by the same surgeon and tested with the UPSIT pre- and post-surgery, with a minimum interval of 3 months.
Results
Twenty-five patients completed the study. The mean age was 27.9 years. There was no statistical correlation between middle turbinectomy and the UPSIT score, or between gender and the UPSIT score.
Conclusion
There was no clinical repercussion on olfaction from partial middle turbinectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cesar Mariano
- Surgery Department, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia (IPO), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Hamerschmidt
- Department of ENT, Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia (IPO), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Correa Soares
- Education and Research Center, Hospital Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Setor de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Moreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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21
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Van de Bittner GC, Riley MM, Cao L, Ehses J, Herrick SP, Ricq EL, Wey HY, O’Neill MJ, Ahmed Z, Murray TK, Smith JE, Wang C, Schroeder FA, Albers MW, Hooker JM. Nasal neuron PET imaging quantifies neuron generation and degeneration. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:681-694. [PMID: 28112682 PMCID: PMC5272198 DOI: 10.1172/jci89162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is broadly associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases and predicts increased mortality rates in healthy individuals. Conventional measurements of olfactory health assess odor processing pathways within the brain and provide a limited understanding of primary odor detection. Quantification of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which detect odors within the nasal cavity, would provide insight into the etiology of olfactory dysfunction associated with disease and mortality. Notably, OSNs are continually replenished by adult neurogenesis in mammals, including humans, so OSN measurements are primed to provide specialized insights into neurological disease. Here, we have evaluated a PET radiotracer, [11C]GV1-57, that specifically binds mature OSNs and quantifies the mature OSN population in vivo. [11C]GV1-57 monitored native OSN population dynamics in rodents, detecting OSN generation during postnatal development and aging-associated neurodegeneration. [11C]GV1-57 additionally measured rates of neuron regeneration after acute injury and early-stage OSN deficits in a rodent tauopathy model of neurodegenerative disease. Preliminary assessment in nonhuman primates suggested maintained uptake and saturable binding of [18F]GV1-57 in primate nasal epithelium, supporting its translational potential. Future applications for GV1-57 include monitoring additional diseases or conditions associated with olfactory dysregulation, including cognitive decline, as well as monitoring effects of neuroregenerative or neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha M. Riley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Luxiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janina Ehses
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Scott P. Herrick
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily L. Ricq
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Michael J. O’Neill
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Zeshan Ahmed
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey K. Murray
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn E. Smith
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | | | - Mark W. Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
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22
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Lawton M, Hu MTM, Baig F, Ruffmann C, Barron E, Swallow DMA, Malek N, Grosset KA, Bajaj N, Barker RA, Williams N, Burn DJ, Foltynie T, Morris HR, Wood NW, May MT, Grosset DG, Ben-Shlomo Y. Equating scores of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and Sniffin' Sticks test in patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 33:96-101. [PMID: 27729202 PMCID: PMC5159993 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired olfaction is an important feature in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurological diseases. A variety of smell identification tests exist such as "Sniffin' Sticks" and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). An important part of research is being able to replicate findings or combining studies in a meta-analysis. This is difficult if olfaction has been measured using different metrics. We present conversion methods between the: UPSIT, Sniffin' 16, and Brief-SIT (B-SIT); and Sniffin' 12 and Sniffin' 16 odour identification tests. METHODS We used two incident cohorts of patients with PD who were tested with either the Sniffin' 16 (n = 1131) or UPSIT (n = 980) and a validation dataset of 128 individuals who took both tests. We used the equipercentile and Item Response Theory (IRT) methods to equate the olfaction scales. RESULTS The equipercentile conversion suggested some bias between UPSIT and Sniffin' 16 tests across the two groups. The IRT method shows very good characteristics between the true and converted Sniffin' 16 (delta mean = 0.14, median = 0) based on UPSIT. The equipercentile conversion between the Sniffin' 12 and 16 item worked well (delta mean = 0.01, median = 0). The UPSIT to B-SIT conversion showed evidence of bias but amongst PD cases worked well (mean delta = -0.08, median = 0). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that one can convert UPSIT to B-SIT or Sniffin' 16, and Sniffin' 12 to 16 scores in a valid way. This can facilitate direct comparison between tests aiding future collaborative analyses and evidence synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lawton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Michele T M Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fahd Baig
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Ruffmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh Barron
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane M A Swallow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Malek
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nin Bajaj
- Department of Neurology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - David J Burn
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret T May
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Donald G Grosset
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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23
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Markopoulou K, Chase BA, Robowski P, Strongosky A, Narożańska E, Sitek EJ, Berdynski M, Barcikowska M, Baker MC, Rademakers R, Sławek J, Klein C, Hückelheim K, Kasten M, Wszolek ZK. Assessment of Olfactory Function in MAPT-Associated Neurodegenerative Disease Reveals Odor-Identification Irreproducibility as a Non-Disease-Specific, General Characteristic of Olfactory Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165112. [PMID: 27855167 PMCID: PMC5113898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is associated with normal aging, multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases such as diabetes, sleep apnea and the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis. The wide spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders associated with olfactory dysfunction suggests different, potentially overlapping, underlying pathophysiologies. Studying olfactory dysfunction in presymptomatic carriers of mutations known to cause familial parkinsonism provides unique opportunities to understand the role of genetic factors, delineate the salient characteristics of the onset of olfactory dysfunction, and understand when it starts relative to motor and cognitive symptoms. We evaluated olfactory dysfunction in 28 carriers of two MAPT mutations (p.N279K, p.P301L), which cause frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Olfactory dysfunction in carriers does not appear to be allele specific, but is strongly age-dependent and precedes symptomatic onset. Severe olfactory dysfunction, however, is not a fully penetrant trait at the time of symptom onset. Principal component analysis revealed that olfactory dysfunction is not odor-class specific, even though individual odor responses cluster kindred members according to genetic and disease status. Strikingly, carriers with incipient olfactory dysfunction show poor inter-test consistency among the sets of odors identified incorrectly in successive replicate tests, even before severe olfactory dysfunction appears. Furthermore, when 78 individuals without neurodegenerative disease and 14 individuals with sporadic Parkinson's disease were evaluated twice at a one-year interval using the Brief Smell Identification Test, the majority also showed inconsistency in the sets of odors they identified incorrectly, independent of age and cognitive status. While these findings may reflect the limitations of these tests used and the sample sizes, olfactory dysfunction appears to be associated with the inability to identify odors reliably and consistently, not with the loss of an ability to identify specific odors. Irreproducibility in odor identification appears to be a non-disease-specific, general feature of olfactory dysfunction that is accelerated or accentuated in neurodegenerative disease. It may reflect a fundamental organizational principle of the olfactory system, which is more "error-prone" than other sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Markopoulou
- NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Piotr Robowski
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Audrey Strongosky
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ewa Narożańska
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia J. Sitek
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Berdynski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Barcikowska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matt C. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Sp. z o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Hückelheim
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zbigniew K. Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
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Caminiti F, De Salvo S, Nunnari D, Bramanti P, Ciurleo R, Granata F, Marino S. Effect of the antiepileptic therapy on olfactory disorders associated with mesial temporal sclerosis. Neurocase 2016; 22:357-61. [PMID: 27347726 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1176203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parosmia has been described in neurological disorders, including temporal epilepsy. We reported a case of parosmia associated with unilateral hyposmia and mesial temporal sclerosis. We assessed the olfactory function by using Sniffin' sticks test and olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs). The findings of unilateral deficit of identification associated with parosmia only in the side ipsilateral to mesial temporal sclerosis area, that involves temporal olfactory regions responsible for higher level of smell processing, suggest a central genesis of olfactory disorders. The administration of levetiracetam restored olfactory function, OERP N1-P2 amplitude, and mesial temporal sclerosis-related electroencephalographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Granata
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- a IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" , Messina , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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25
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with the earliest clinical symptom of olfactory dysfunction, which is a potential clinical marker for AD severity and progression. However, many questions remain unanswered. This article reviews relevant research on olfactory dysfunction in AD and evaluates the predictive value of olfactory dysfunction for the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features of AD, as well as for the conversion of cognitive impairment to AD. We summarize problems of existing studies and provide a useful reference for further studies in AD olfactory dysfunction and for clinical applications of olfactory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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