Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Menstrual pattern in polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis immaturity in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To analyze differences in the menstrual pattern, age at menarche, and body mass index (BMI) in adolescents with Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) axis immaturity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, Scopus databases were searched using combinations of descriptors. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. For data analysis, the results were grouped into PCOS group and NPCOS group (HPO axis immaturity). We performed a meta-analysis of raw data and the inverse variance method, employing the standardized mean difference, of the age at menarche and BMI of adolescents.

RESULTS

Participants totaled 1,718 from nine selected studies. The meta-analysis showed that the PCOS group had a higher BMI than the NPCOS group (SMD 0.334; CI95% 0.073 - 0.595; p = .012). The degree of heterogeneity of the studies was approximately 40%. No significant difference in age at menarche (SMD - 0.027; CI95% -0.227 - 0.172; p = 0.790) and menstrual patterns was found, but amenorrhea was described only in adolescents with PCOS.

CONCLUSIONS

The main characteristic in menstrual pattern that differentiated PCOS patients from girls with HPO axis immaturity was amenorrhea. Also, the BMI of PCOS patients was nearly one third higher than that of adolescents with HPO axis immaturity.

Effect of norethisterone dose and duration in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding: a narrative review and case report

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is an acute/chronic variation in the normal menstrual cycle that affects adolescents, women of reproductive age and perimenopausal women. AUB affects approximately 3-30% of reproductive-aged women worldwide, and reduces their quality of life and productivity whilst increasing the overall healthcare burden. Its management requires thorough medical evaluation and individualized treatment. Depending on the severity and cause of AUB, its treatment ranges from lifestyle modifications and hormonal therapies to more invasive procedures or surgery. Although hormonal therapy is the preferred first-line measure in AUB, the available pharmacological options have various adverse effects. There exists a need for safer and more efficient treatment regimens with high patient compliance to effectively treat AUB. Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone, is a widely used synthetic analogue of progestogen. Controlled release formulations of norethisterone/ norethisterone acetate help maintain constant drug levels in the blood and exert minimal side-effects; therefore, they are promising therapeutic agents for effective AUB management. The present review summarizes the epidemiology and diagnosis of AUB, with a focus on the safety, efficacy and tolerability of norethisterone/ norethisterone acetate in AUB management. We also report a case of AUB in a 40-year-old woman, who was treated with NETA tablets. The treatment resulted in favourable outcomes, and patient satisfaction.

Prolapse of a Large Degenerating Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case Report

Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are common benign tumors seen in a large percent of women that can be classified based on their location within the uterus. They can cause a number of pelvic complications and can be managed medically, but more often surgically. Uterine pyomyomas often occur postpartum, possibly from infarction, and can lead to degeneration and sepsis. Our patient presents with a two-month development of a potential pyomyoma, found initially on computed tomography (CT). Office exam reveals a protruding mass from the cervical os, and removal was attempted but ultimately postponed for general anesthesia exam due to pain. The leiomyoma was removed and shown to be necrosing. Pyomyomas are often insidious and can often mimic other concerning pathologies. Modern imaging can show lesions within the pelvis but struggle to determine between fluid collection and possible infarcted masses. The importance of quality care measures in cases like this deserve to be emphasized to prevent serious complications.

Diagnostic and therapeutic use of oral micronized progesterone in endocrinology

Progesterone is a natural steroid hormone, while progestins are synthetic molecules. In the female reproductive system, progesterone contributes to the control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion and their pulsatility, via its receptors on the kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin neurons in the hypothalamus. Progesterone together with estradiol controls the cyclic changes of proliferation and decidualization of the endometrium; exerts anti-mitogenic actions on endometrial epithelial cells; regulates normal menstrual bleeding; contributes to fertilization and pregnancy maintenance; participates in the onset of labor. In addition, it exerts numerous effects on other endocrine systems. Micronized progesterone (MP) is natural progesterone with increased bioavailability, due to its pharmacotechnical micronized structure, which makes it an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic tool. This critical literature review aims to summarize and put forward the potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses of MP in the field of endocrinology. During reproductive life, MP is used for diagnostic purposes in the evaluation of primary or secondary amenorrhea as a challenge test. Moreover, it can be prescribed to women presenting with amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea for induction of withdrawal bleeding, in order to time blood-sampling for diagnostic purposes in early follicular phase. Therapeutically, MP, alone or combined with estrogens, is a useful tool in various endocrine disorders including primary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding due to disordered ovulation, luteal phase deficiency, premenstrual syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, secondary amenorrhea [functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, premature ovarian insufficiency], perimenopause and menopause. When administrated per os, acting as a neurosteroid directly or through its metabolites, it exerts beneficial effects on brain function such as alleviation of symptoms of anxiety and depression, asw well as of sleep problems, while it improves working memory in peri- and menopausal women. Micronized progesterone preserves full potential of progesterone activity, without presenting many of the side-effects of progestins. Although it has been associated with more frequent drowsiness and dizziness, it can be well tolerated with nocturnal administration. Because of its better safety profile, especially with regard to metabolic ailments, breast cancer risk and veno-thromboembolism risk, MP is the preferred option for individuals with an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and of all-cause mortality.

A comparison of the effects of oral dydrogesterone and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on quality of life and sexual function in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of cyclic oral dydrogesterone treatment and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG_IUD) on quality of life (QoL) and sexual function in patients diagnosed with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

STUDY DESIGN

The study was conducted at the University of Health Sciences Turkey Health Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, on 171 sexually active patients, aged 18-45, who were under a minimum of 6 months of treatment for AUB. 85 patients were treated with oral cyclic dydrogesterone, and 86 patients received LNG-IUD. Following a minimum of 6 months of treatment, these patients were recruited to the study and were asked to complete a 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

RESULTS

When the FSFI scores of the patients were compared, it was observed that the total FSFI score was significantly higher in the cyclic dydrogesterone group (p < 0.05). Likewise, it was observed that sexual desire, arousal, and lubrication domains were significantly higher in the cyclic dydrogesterone group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the treatment groups in 7 out of the 8 dimensions of SF-36. The energy/vitality dimension was found to be significantly higher in the cyclic dydrogesterone group.

CONCLUSION

Total FSFI score, as well as sexual desire, arousal, and lubrication scores, were significantly higher in the cyclic dydrogesterone group compared to the LNG-IUD group indicating that cyclic dydrogesterone has a more positive impact on sexual function when compared to LNG-IUD.

[Body mass index and triponderal index in abnormal uterine bleed]

Background

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common cause of blood loss. Obesity and overweight are risk factors for AUB.

Objective

To compare the association between body mass index (BMI) and tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) with the presence of acute AUB and chronic AUB.

Material and methods

Observational, cross-sectional and analytical study. Women between 18 and 45 years of age with an alteration in the regular uterine bleeding pattern were included. Postmenopausal women, carriers of an intrauterine device as a method of family planning who have developed alterations in the menstrual rhythm after it, those who suffered from chronic diseases (chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled hypothyroidism) and those with medication consumption that alter coagulation were not included. Pregnant patients were excluded.

Results

A total of 292 women with AUB were analyzed, with a median age of 38.5 (IQR 33-41), with bleeding of 205.4 mL (±142.9) and 116 (39.86%) of them with overweight. When analyzing the BMI with SUA, we found no significant difference in the presence of acute or chronic bleeding in the overweight (p = 0.46) and obese (p = 0.41) groups. When analyzing the IMT with the presence of acute or chronic AUB, it was not possible to find a significant difference in the overweight (p = 0.98) and obesity (p = 0.93) groups.

Conclusions

The BMI was compared with the TMI for the presence of AUB, without finding a significant association.

Abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive age: a comparative analysis between the five Brazilian geographic regions

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the presence of abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors among women from the five official Brazilian geographic regions.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional, population-based, multicenter study of reproductive-age women from the five regions of Brazil. All participants answered questionnaires containing personal and socioeconomic data and information on uterine bleeding (self-perception and objective data).

RESULTS

A total of 1,761 Brazilian women were included, 724 from the Southeast, 408 from the Northeast, 221 from the South, 213 from the North, and 195 from the Central-West. Considering women's self-perception, the prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding was 37.56% in the North region, 39.46% in the Northeast, 21.54% in the Central-West, 29.56% in the Southeast, and 25.34% in the South (p<0.001). Abnormal uterine bleeding was more prevalent in the North and Northeast, where women had lower purchasing power, became pregnant more often, and were the only ones financially responsible for supporting the family more often (p<0.001). The menstrual cycle lasted <24 days in less than 20% of the women in all regions (p=NS). Among these, approximately 8 out of 10 women had never undergone treatment in four out of the five regions evaluated. More than half of the evaluated women reported a worsening of their quality of life during bleeding.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding in Brazilian women was higher in the North and Northeast, followed by the Southeast, South, and Central-West regions. There was a worsening of quality of life during menstruation regardless of the woman's self-perception of abnormal uterine bleeding. Such results can direct the actions of health managers toward a better approach to abnormal bleeding.

Assessing a cut-off point for the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding using the Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire (MBQ): a validation and cultural translation study with Brazilian women

BACKGROUND

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common condition, and the Menstrual Bleeding Questionnaire (MBQ) is used for its assessment.

OBJECTIVES

To translate, assess the cut-off point for diagnosis, and explore psychometric properties of the MBQ for use in Brazilian Portuguese.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective cohort study including 200 women (100 with and 100 without AUB) at a tertiary referral center.

METHODS

MBQ translation involved a pilot-testing phase, instrument adjustment, data collection, and back-translation. Cut-off point was obtained using receiver operating curve analysis. Menstrual patterns, impact on quality of life due to AUB, internal consistency, test-retest, responsiveness, and discriminant validity were assessed. For construct validity, the Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart (PBAC) and World Health Organization Quality of Life - abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF) were applied.

RESULTS

Women with AUB were older, had higher body mass indices, and had a worse quality of life during menstruation. Regarding the MBQ's psychometric variables, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was > 0.70 in all analyses, high intraclass correlation coefficient was found in both groups; no ceiling and floor effects were observed, and construct validity was demonstrated (correlation between MBQ score, PBAC score, and clinical menstrual cycle data). No difference between MBQ and PBAC scores were perceived after the test-retest. Significant differences were found between MBQ and PBAC scores before and after treatment. An MBQ score ≥ 24 was associated with a high probability of AUB; accuracy of 98%.

CONCLUSION

The MBQ is a reliable questionnaire for Brazilian women. The cut-off ≥ 24 shows high accuracy to discriminate AUB.

Reporting of uterine fibroids on ultrasound examinations: an illustrated report template focused on surgical planning

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age, and ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for their diagnosis and characterization. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics developed a system for describing and classifying uterine fibroids uniformly and consistently. An accurate description of fibroids in the ultrasound report is essential for planning surgical treatment and preventing complications. In this article, we review the ultrasound findings of fibroids, detailing the main points to be reported for preoperative evaluation. In addition, we propose a structured, illustrated report template to describe fibroids, based on the critical points for surgical planning.

Genetic screening of PLA1/PLA2 polymorphous marker of integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) GP IIIA gene in adolescent girls with puberty menorrhagia

Puberty menorrhagia is one of the urgent problems of modern reproductive medicine. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between polymorphism of the GP IIIa (PLA1/PLA2) gene and improve the diagnosis of puberty menorrhagia in girls with thyroid gland pathology. Ninety-seven girls at puberty age were divided into three groups: group 1 (main) - girls with puberty menorrhagia and thyroid gland pathology (30 individuals), group 2 (comparison) - 40 girls with puberty menorrhagia, group 3 (control) - 27 practically healthy girls. Polymorphism of the GP IIIa (PLA1/PLA2) gene was studied by isolating genomic DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes, followed by amplification with a polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that mutation in the 17^th chromosome of q21.32 of the GP IIIa gene occurred in 8.6% of cases among adolescents with menorrhagia, in contrast to the control group, where it was not observed at all. The A1A1-genotype occurred by 11.7% (X²=4.01, p=0.041) more often in adolescents with menorrhagia than in girls with concomitant thyroid gland pathology and by 15.0% (X²=4.54, p=0.033) more often than in the control group. It was also found that the presence of the A1A2-genotype unreliably reduced the chances of uterine bleeding in adolescent girls by 1.45 times (OR=2.12) and was a protective factor in the puberty menorrhagia occurrence (OR=0.47). It may be concluded that the identification of a hereditary factor of the reproductive system diseases of adolescent girls fundamentally changes the point of view on the tactics of disease management and subsequent therapy.

Hysteroscopic Endometrial Ablation: From Indications to Instrumentation and Techniques-A Call to Action

The development of minimally invasive techniques has led to the creation of innovative alternatives in cases where traditional methods are not applicable. In modern gynecology, hysteroscopy has become the gold standard for the evaluation and treatment of intrauterine pathology. Endometrial ablation (EA) is a procedure that uses different types of energy to destroy the endometrium and is currently used as an alternative technique in cases of heavy menstrual bleeding when medical treatment has failed and uterine preservation is desired. The aim of this review was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of hysteroscopic EA as an alternative in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. A detailed computerized search of the literature was performed in the main electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library), from 1994 to June 2022, to evaluate the outcomes in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) undergoing EA using hysteroscopic and non-hysteroscopic techniques. Only scientific publications in English were included. Twelve articles on the current use of endometrial ablation were included. Data on patient symptoms, tools used for EA, primary outcomes, and adverse events were recorded. EA should be considered an effective and safe approach in the management of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding caused by benign pathology, in whom medical treatment has failed or is contraindicated. Due to the lack of evidence, it would be interesting to determine whether EA would also have a role in the treatment of women with premalignant lesions, avoiding invasive surgical procedures or medical treatment in those patients for whom hysterectomy or the use of hormonal treatment is contraindicated.

Prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding in Brazilian women: Association between self-perception and objective parameters

INTRODUCTION

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the main cause of demand for gynecological care during the reproductive period, with negative consequences on women's lives. In Brazil, data on the prevalence of AUB is scarce and does not reflect the national reality.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence of AUB and associated factors in Brazil.

METHODS

Multicenter cross-sectional study, including 8 centers representing the 5 official geographic regions of Brazil. It included postmenarchal women who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, with socioeconomic stratum and data related to uterine bleeding (self-perception of AUB and objective data).

RESULTS

1928 women were included, with 35.5±12.5 years of age, 167 postmenopausal. The 1761 women in their reproductive period, had a menstrual cycle duration of 29.2±20.6 days, with bleeding for 5.6±4.0 days. In these, the prevalence of AUB, considering self-perception by the women, was 31.4%. Only among women who considered their bleeding abnormal, the menstrual cycle lasted less than 24 days in 28.4%, bleeding lasted longer than 8 days in 21.8%, 34.1% reported intermenstrual bleeding and 12.8% reported postcoital bleeding. Also, regarding these women, 47% reported a previous diagnosis of anemia, with 6% requiring intravenous treatment (iron or blood transfusion). Half of the women mentioned that the menstrual period had a negative impact on quality of life, while this worsening occurs in about 80% of those with self-perception of AUB.

CONCLUSION

In Brazil, the prevalence of AUB is 31.4%, assessed by self-perception, in agreement with objective AUB parameters. The menstrual period has a negative impact on the quality of life of 8 out of 10 women with AUB.

Investigation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women: a descriptive review of national and international recommendations

PURPOSE

To review and compare the most recently published recommendations on the investigation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A descriptive review of recommendations from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG), the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) on AUB in reproductive-aged women was carried out.

RESULTS

There is a consensus that detailed personal and family history along with physical examination are essential in the investigation of menstrual, intermenstrual or postcoital AUB. All the medical societies recommend transvaginal ultrasound as the first-line imaging modality to determine the AUB cause. Moreover, they agree (except for RANZCOG) that, in women with AUB, endometrial biopsy should only be performed if additional risk factors for endometrial cancer are present. Laboratory tests may be helpful in the AUB investigation; however, there are several discrepancies among the recommendations. Regarding AUB management, NICE, ACOG and SOGC agree that the administration of hormonal or non-hormonal medications should be the first-line treatment modality in bleeding disorders and absent or minor structural pelvic pathology. Surgical management should be preferred in cases of identified polyps, large fibroids or unsuccessful pharmacological treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Since AUB affects a significant proportion of reproductive-aged women, the main objective is to improve the quality of life of these patients without missing cases of malignancy.

Prediction of Factors Associated with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding by Transvaginal Ultrasound Combined with Bleeding Pattern

In order to explore the ability of vaginal ultrasound combined with bleeding pattern to predict factors related to abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), a total of 205 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were selected as experimental subjects. According to the corresponding diagnostic criteria, patients were divided into the endometrial polyp group (56 cases), endometrial hyperplasia and canceration group (84 cases), and normal cycle endometrial group (65 cases). The efficiency of the method was determined by comparing the prediction efficiency of the single/joint model. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the body mass index, dysmenorrhea, endometrial thickness, diabetes, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome among the three groups, P < 0.05. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Youden index of endometrial polyp diagnosis were 86.89%, 88.12%, 83.54%, 90.11%, and 0.74, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and JordAn index in diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia and canceration were 96.71%, 98.40%, 96.54%, 98.24%, and 0.96, respectively. In summary, the body mass index, dysmenorrhea, endometrial thickness, diabetes, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome were related factors, and the combination of vaginal ultrasound and bleeding pattern had a stronger predictive power for abnormal uterine bleeding.

Excess Heme Promotes the Migration and Infiltration of Macrophages in Endometrial Hyperplasia Complicated with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

In patients, endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is often accompanied by abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), which is prone to release large amounts of heme. However, the role of excess heme in the migration and infiltration of immune cells in EH complicated by AUB remains unknown. In this study, 45 patients with AUB were divided into three groups: a proliferative phase group (n = 15), a secretory phase group (n = 15) and EH (n = 15). We observed that immune cell subpopulations were significantly different among the three groups, as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. Of note, there was a higher infiltration of total immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of patients with EH. Heme up-regulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) in vitro, as well as chemokine (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8) levels. Additionally, stimulation with heme led to the increased recruitment of THP-1 cells in an indirect EEC-THP-1 co-culture unit. These data suggest that sustained and excessive heme in patients with AUB may recruit macrophages by increasing the levels of several chemokines, contributing to the accumulation and infiltration of macrophages in the endometrium of EH patients, and the key molecules of heme metabolism, HO-1 and Nrf2, are also involved in this regulatory process.

Diagnostic Value of Vaginal Ultrasound under Improved Clustering Algorithm Combined with Hysteroscopy in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

In order to explore the diagnostic value of the improved clustering algorithm of vaginal ultrasound combined with hysteroscopy in abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), 128 patients diagnosed with AUB in the hospital were selected as the research objects. A K-means improved clustering color image segmentation algorithm was designed and applied to AUB vaginal ultrasound image processing. The running time, mean square error (MSE), and peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR) were calculated to evaluate the algorithm, and the sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio, and positive likelihood ratio were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the detection method. In addition, combined with hysteroscopy, a comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic value of abnormal uterine bleeding diseases was implemented. The results showed that compared with the traditional K-means clustering algorithm, the running time of the improved K-means clustering color image segmentation algorithm in the training set was significantly shortened, the MSE was significantly decreased, and the PSNR was significantly increased ( $P<0.05$ ). The sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio, and positive likelihood ratio (90.5%, 93.2%, 84.3, and 96.3%) of AUB diagnosis were significantly improved in the algorithm of vaginal ultrasound combined with hysteroscopy ( $P<0.05$ ). In summary, the combination of vaginal ultrasound and hysteroscopy based on K-means improved clustering color image segmentation algorithm can significantly improve the clinical diagnostic accuracy of AUB patients.

Hemoglobin Levels and Platelet Counts after Hysteroscopy Due to Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a condition defined as all uterine bleeding that differs from physiological menstruation. The etiology of AUB has been classified by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). It includes structural categories, such as endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, leiomyomas, hyperplasia, and malignant neoplasms, and non-structural categories, i.e., hemorrhages due to congenital and acquired coagulopathies, ovarian dysfunction, disorders of the local endometrial hemostasis mechanism with normal organ structure, iatrogenic causes, and due to other poorly defined causes. This is a retrospective study based on the medical data of a group of 543 women aged 21−88 years (52.81 ± 11.79) (p < 0.01) hospitalized at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department in Biała Podlaska, Poland. These patients underwent an hysteroscopy procedure due to excessive uterine bleeding of varied, FIGO-divided etiology. The results show the dependence of postoperative hemoglobin and platelet count on the etiology of bleeding and the age of the women. The majority of patients had normal hemoglobin and platelet counts after the procedure, while moderate anemia was the most common disorder. It occurred most frequently in patients undergoing hysteroscopy due to heavy menstrual bleeding.

A Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Endometrial Hyperplasia via Regulating the HPO Axis in Rats

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, accompanied by endometrial hyperplasia (EH), is a common gynecological disease that seriously affects female physical and mental health. Some drugs have been prompted to cure the disease, but most medications have certain side effects and limitations. In the present study, we demonstrated an unexploited Chinese traditional medicine, a combination of Saururus chinensis, Celosia cristata, and Spatholobus suberectus (SCS), which could be used for the treatment of EH and associated complications in rats. We identified the active components from the three Chinese herbs via thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. In addition, serum biochemical indexes and histologic section results found that acute high-dose SCS exerted no adverse impacts on the rats. We then showed that SCS shortened coagulation time (p=0.018) and degree of swelling (p=0.021) on rats at 30 min compared to blank control. Further studies proved that recovered endometrial thickness was associated with the modulation of four hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone). Specifically, follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone contents increased gradually with time, and estrogen was decreased, whereas luteinizing hormone content was returned to normal after a short-term elevation (p < 0.05). Besides, SCS increased uterine endometrium's mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (p < 0.001) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (p < 0.001), promoting the repair of proliferating endometrium in the rats. Collectively, our study indicates that SCS harbors a profoundly curative effect on the treatment of EH and relative complications and uncovers the mechanism at molecular and gene expression levels.

Abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors among reproductive age women in Jimma town, Oromia Region, Southwest Ethiopia

Introduction:

Abnormal uterine bleeding is any bleeding that deviates from normal menstruations. It differs in terms of frequency of bleeding, duration, and the pattern of bleeding during menstrual cycle or menopause. It is a major gynecological problem for medical visits among women in the reproductive aged group. However, data on abnormal uterine bleeding in Ethiopia are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors among reproductive age women in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia.

Methods:

Community-based cross-sectional study was employed from 1 January to 30 April 2020. Six hundred sixty women were selected by using systematic random sampling. Data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were entered into EPI data version 3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 25 software. All predictor’s variables with p value <0.25 in bivariable analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. Variables with a p value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were taken as statistically significant predictors of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Results:

Out of 660 participants, 225 (34.1%) had abnormal uterine bleeding. From women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the prevalence of metrorrhagia, heavy periods, oligomenorrhea, inter-menstrual bleeding, polymenorrhea, and amenorrhea was 59 (26.2%), 54 (24%), 53 (23.5%), 46 (20.4%), 35 (15.5%), and 25 (11.1%), respectively. History of abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–2.41), history of uterine fibroids (adjusted odds ratio = 3.83, 95% confidence interval: 1.85–7.94), history of sexually transmitted infection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.33–3.66), and the history of intrauterine device (adjusted odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.39–2.97) were significantly associated with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding was higher in Jimma town.

Associations of MCM8 rs3761873 and rs16991617 variants with abnormal uterine bleeding induced by copper intrauterine device

AIM

Intrauterine device (IUD) is a commonly used contraceptive method worldwide. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common side effects of Cu-IUDs. Since AUB varies among Cu-IUD users, changes in the bleeding-related genetic factors may contribute to AUB. This study aimed to determine the genetic risk factors of AUB after Cu-IUD insertion.

METHODS

We conducted a case-control study on women who experienced AUB after Cu-IUD insertion (case:control = 62:59). Six candidate variants were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY. Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed using SHEsisPlus. We performed Pearson's Chi-squared test to analyze categorical data, and ESEfinder to predict the impact on splicing regulation.

RESULTS

MCM8 coding sequence variants: rs3761873-A>C was in Exon 7 and rs16991617 A>G was in Exon 12 of all 19 exons, both of which were significantly different between cases and controls (p_allele  = 0.039 and p_genotype  = 0.092). rs6022 and rs6029 in F5 gene and rs3761873 and rs16991617 in the MCM8 gene showed strong linkage disequilibrium (R²  > 0.8). ESEfinder indicated that the variants of MCM8 may affect the splicing regulation.

CONCLUSIONS

MCM8 rs376187 and rs16991617 were associated with AUB in Cu-IUDs users. MCM8 may play a role in AUB by regulating functions of reproductive organs and primary ovarian insufficiency. Our findings may improve the understanding of the genetic basis of AUB caused by Cu-IUDs.

Importance of active and passive smoking as one of the risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in Chinese women

OBJECTIVE

To assess possible risk factors for female sexual dysfunction (FSD), aiming especially at smoking in China.

METHODS

Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for assessing FSD; 621 women (24-75 years) divided into 'group FSD' (FSFI≤ 26.55) and 'group No FSD' (FSFI > 26.55). Univariate and multivariate analysis to detect potential risk factors for FSD.

RESULTS

Active smoking was the strongest risk factor after multiple adjustments (OR= 6.226, 95%CI = 1.561 ∼ 24.822), but passive smoking also was significantly associated with a risk of FSD (OR = 1.887, 95%CI = 1.092 ∼ 3.260) (p < .05). Other risk factors included age (OR = 1.040, 95%CI = 1.005 ∼ 1.076), medical comorbidities (OR= 1.688, 95%CI =1.044 ∼ 2.729), postmenopausal stage (OR= 2.021, 95%CI = 1.073 ∼ 5.717), and dissatisfied marital relations (OR= 3.771, 95%CI = 1.768 ∼ 8.045). The prevalence of FSD for smokers regarding disorders of sexual arousal, orgasm and sexual satisfaction increased in active smokers; sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder and pain in secondhand smokers (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

The risk of FSD was closely related to depletion of ovarian function. Active smokers had the highest risk, but passive smoking also had a significant relationship to FSD. Although female smokers are rare in China, 'husband smoking' is frequent. Thus, our results should have significant healthcare consequences.

Sexual dysfunction in Chinese women at different reproductive stages and the positive effect of hormone replacement therapy in the early postmenopause

OBJECTIVES

The aims of the study were to investigate female sexual dysfunction (FSD) at different reproductive stages and the effect on FSD of hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

METHODS

Participants (N = 524) were divided into six groups according to the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW + 10): reproductive age (R), early (ET)/late (LT) menopausal transition, early (EP)/late (LP) postmenopause and early postmenopause in women using HRT (EP-HRT; oestradiol sequentially combined with dydrogesterone). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to assess FSD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to predict FSD risk factors.

RESULTS

There was an increase in FSD in groups EP and LP, but not in groups R, ET and LT; most FSFI scores were lower in groups EP and LP than in groups R, ET and LT (p < .05). There was no difference in FSD between groups EP and LP, but lubrication and pain scores were higher in group EP (p < .05). The prevalence of FSD was lower in group EP-HRT; most FSFI scores were higher in group EP-HRT compared with group EP as control (p < .05). Further risk factors for FSD were identified as neutral and dissatisfied marital relations, lower educational level and smoking (p < .05).

CONCLUSION

We report a clear association between deteriorating sexual function and increasing STRAW + 10 classification, suggesting the consequence of decreasing ovarian function. HRT containing 'natural hormones' was shown to have a beneficial effect on FSD. The results are reported here for the first time in Chinese women.

[Safety and acceptability of the 52 mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with abnormal uterine bleeding in an ambulatory care center in Bogotá, Colombia, 2012-2016]

OBJECTIVE

To describe safety and acceptability with the use of the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.

METHODS

Retrospective cohort of women 18 years of age and older diagnosed with abnormal uterine bleeding, ultrasound-reported uterine length between 6 and 10 cm and uniform endometrial cavity in its entire length, regardless of structural abnormality, who received treatment with 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system between 2012 and 2016. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was carried out. Sociodemographic and clinical baseline variables were measured, as well as patient perception of bleeding and the frequency of failure, amenorrhea, need for hysterectomy and adverse events, over a 12-month follow-up period. Descriptive statistics were applied.

RESULTS

Overall, 200 patients were assessed. A subjective perception of improvement in terms of bleeding volume and frequency of leave of absence or visits to the emergency department was found; 90 % of the patients had amenorrhea, and 6 % experienced adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

The 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is a safe option for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding in women with normal uterine size and no submucosal endometrial abnormalities. Local randomized studies are required to assess effectiveness and efficiency in comparison with other management options.