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Doornweerd S, IJzerman RG, Weijs PJM, Diamant M, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI. Lower birth weight is associated with alterations in dietary intake in adolescents independent of genetic factors: A twin study. Clin Nutr 2015; 36:179-185. [PMID: 26575849 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lower birth weight is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. These associations may, at least in part, be explained by alterations in dietary intake in later life. The aim of this study is to examine whether lower birth weight is associated with alterations in dietary intake in later life, and whether this association is due to intrauterine environmental or genetic factors. METHODS In this observational study birth weight and dietary intake were investigated in 78 dizygotic (DZ) and 94 monozygotic (MZ) adolescent same-sex twin subjects. Birth weight was obtained from the mothers. Dietary intake was assessed by two-day dietary records. RESULTS In the total group of twins, lower birth weight was associated with higher intake of saturated fat after adjustment for current weight (1.2 per cent of total energy intake (E%) per kg increase in birth weight, P < 0.01). Intra-pair analysis in all twin pairs demonstrated that twins with the lower birth weight had a 115 kcal higher total energy intake and a 0.7 E% higher saturated fat intake compared to their co-twins with the higher birth weight (P < 0.05). Intra-pair differences in birth weight were negatively associated with differences in energy intake and differences in intake of saturated fat after adjustment for differences in current weight (P = 0.07 and P < 0.05, respectively). Intra-pair differences in birth weight were positively associated with intra-pair differences in intake of dietary fibres (P < 0.05). These intra-pair differences and associations were similar for DZ and MZ twins (P for difference > 0.6). CONCLUSIONS Lower birth weight was related with higher intake of energy and saturated fat within twin pairs, and these associations were independent of zygosity, suggesting that the association between birth weight and alterations in dietary intake in later life is explained by intrauterine environmental rather than genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stieneke Doornweerd
- Diabetes Centre/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- Diabetes Centre/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Diamant
- Diabetes Centre/Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Boomsma DI, Snieder H, de Geus EJC, van Doornen LJP. Heritability of blood pressure increases during mental stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.1.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe studied the influence of mental stress on the contributions of genes and environment to individual variation in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure by structural equation modelling in 320 adolescent male and female twins. Blood pressure data were collected during rest and during a reaction time and a mental arithmetic task. Univariate analyses of SBP and DBP showed familial aggregation for blood pressure. A genetic explanation for this resemblance was most likely, although during rest conditions a model that attributed familial resemblance to shared environmental factors, also fitted the data. There was no evidence for sex differences in heritabilities. Multivariate analyses showed significant heterogeneity between sexes for the intercorrelations of the blood pressure data measured under different rest and task conditions. Multivariate genetic analyses were therefore carried out separately in males and females. For SBP and DBP in females and for SBP in males an increase in heritabilities was seen for blood pressure measured during stress, as compared to rest measurements. The influence of shared environ-mental factors decreased during stress. For DBP in males no significant contributions of shared environment were found. The multivariate analyses indicated that the same genetic and environmental influences are expressed during rest and stress conditions.
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Boomsma DI, de Geus EJC, van Baal GCM, Koopmans JR. A religious upbringing reduces the influence of genetic factors on disinhibition: Evidence for interaction between genotype and environment on personality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.2.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInformation on personality, on anxiety and depression and on several aspects of religion was collected in 1974 Dutch families consisting of adolescent and young adult twins and their parents. Analyses of these data showed that differences between individuals in religious upbringing, in religious affiliation and in participation in church activities are not influenced by genetic factors. The familial resemblance for different aspects of religion is high, but can be explained entirely by environmental influences common to family members. Shared genes do not contribute to familial resemblances in religion. The absence of genetic influences on variation in several dimensions of religion is in contrast to findings of genetic influences on a large number of other traits that were studied in these twin families. Differences in religious background are associated with differences in personality, especially in Sensation Seeking. Subjects with a religious upbringing, who are currently religious and who engage in church activities score lower on the scales of the Sensation Seeking Questionnaire. The most pronounced effect is on the Disinhibition scale. The resemblances between twins for the Disinhibition scale differ according to their religious upbringing. Receiving a religious upbringing seems to reduce the influence of genetic factors on Disinhibition, especially in males.
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IJzerman RG, Stehouwer CD, van Weissenbruch MM, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI. Intra-uterine and Genetic Influences on the Relationship Between Size at Birth and Height in Later Life: Analysis in Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.4.5.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEpidemiological studies have consistently shown a positive association between size at birth (i.e. birth weight or birth length) and height in children, adolescents and adults. To examine whether this association is explained by genetic or nongenetic (intra-uterine) factors, we investigated birth weight, birth length and height in 60 dizygotic and 68 monozygotic adolescent twin pairs still living with their parents. Birth weight of the twins was obtained from their mothers. Height was measured in a standardised way. The mean age was 17±1.7 years for the dizygotic twins and 16±1.8 years for the monozygotic twins. Both dizygotic and monozygotic twins with the lowest birth weight from each pair had a height that was lower compared to their co-twins with the highest birth weight (dizygotic twins: 172.2±7.9 vs. 173.8±9.4 cm [p = 0.05]; monozygotic twins: 171.1±9.4 vs. 171.8±9.5 cm [p = 0.01]). Similarly, both dizygotic and monozygotic twins with the shortest birth length from each pair had a height that was lower compared to their co-twins with the longest birth length (dizygotic twins: 172.3±7.9 vs. 174.9±9.7 cm [p < 0.05]; monozygotic twins: 168.9±10.6 vs. 169.9±10.2 cm [p < 0.01]). In addition, intra-pair differences in birth weight and birth length were significantly associated with differences in height in both dizygotic twins (regression coefficient: 4.3 cm/kg [95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 7.5] and 0.96 cm/cm [0.17 to 1.74], respectively) and monozygotic twins (2.8 cm/kg [1.4 to 4.1] and 0.73 cm/cm [0.40 to 1.06], respectively). These associations were stronger in dizygotic than in monozygotic twins, but this difference was not statistically significant (for birth weight p = 0.4; and for birth length p = 0.6). However, genetic model fitting indicated that models incorporating a genetic source of the covariance gave a better description of the observed association of birth weight and length with height in later life than models not incorporating this genetic source. The results were similar for data on adult height after 12 years of follow-up in a subgroup of these twin pairs. These data suggest that the association between size at birth and height in later life is influenced by non-genetic intra-uterine and by genetic factors.
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Ijzerman RG, Stehouwer CDA, de Geus EJ, Kluft C, Boomsma DI. The association between birth weight and plasma fibrinogen is abolished after the elimination of genetic influences. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:239-42. [PMID: 12871495 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of atherothrombosis, which may be related in part to the association between low birth weight and high plasma fibrinogen. The association between birth weight and fibrinogen may be explained by intrauterine, socio-economic or genetic factors. We examined birth weight and fibrinogen in 52 dizygotic and 56 adolescent monozygotic (genetically identical) twin pairs. The dizygotic but not the monozygotic twins with the lowest birth weight from each pair had a fibrinogen level that was higher compared with their co-twins with the highest birth weight [dizygotic twins: 2.62 +/- 0.46 g L(-1) vs. 2.50 +/- 0.41 g L(-1) (P = 0.04); monozygotic twins: 2.42 +/- 0.45 g L(-1) vs. 2.49 +/- 0.39 g L(-1) (P = 0.2)]. These findings suggest that the association between birth weight and plasma fibrinogen is abolished after the elimination of genetic influences and therefore that this association has genetic causes. Improvement of intrauterine nutrition may not lower fibrinogen levels in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Ijzerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research-Vrije Universiteit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Anderson NL, Anderson NG. The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002; 1:845-67. [PMID: 12488461 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r200007-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3146] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human plasma proteome holds the promise of a revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring provided that major challenges in proteomics and related disciplines can be addressed. Plasma is not only the primary clinical specimen but also represents the largest and deepest version of the human proteome present in any sample: in addition to the classical "plasma proteins," it contains all tissue proteins (as leakage markers) plus very numerous distinct immunoglobulin sequences, and it has an extraordinary dynamic range in that more than 10 orders of magnitude in concentration separate albumin and the rarest proteins now measured clinically. Although the restricted dynamic range of conventional proteomic technology (two-dimensional gels and mass spectrometry) has limited its contribution to the list of 289 proteins (tabulated here) that have been reported in plasma to date, very recent advances in multidimensional survey techniques promise at least double this number in the near future. Abundant scientific evidence, from proteomics and other disciplines, suggests that among these are proteins whose abundances and structures change in ways indicative of many, if not most, human diseases. Nevertheless, only a handful of proteins are currently used in routine clinical diagnosis, and the rate of introduction of new protein tests approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has paradoxically declined over the last decade to less than one new protein diagnostic marker per year. We speculate on the reasons behind this large discrepancy between the expectations arising from proteomics and the realities of clinical diagnostics and suggest approaches by which protein-disease associations may be more effectively translated into diagnostic tools in the future.
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IJzerman RG, Stehouwer CD, Boomsma DI. Evidence for genetic factors explaining the birth weight-blood pressure relation. Analysis in twins. Hypertension 2000; 36:1008-12. [PMID: 11116116 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.6.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown an inverse association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure in later life after adjustment for current size. To examine whether this association is explained by intrauterine or genetic factors, we investigated birth weight and blood pressure data in 53 dizygotic and 61 monozygotic adolescent twin pairs. Birth weight was obtained from the mothers. Blood pressure measurements were performed 6 times at rest and during mental stress. The dizygotic but not the monozygotic twins with the lowest birth weight from each pair had a systolic blood pressure measured at rest and during the reaction time experiment that was higher compared with their cotwins with the highest birth weight (dizygotic twins: blood pressure at rest, 119. 4+/-9.7 mm Hg versus 117.3+/-8.5 mm Hg, P=0.07, and during a reaction time task, 126.2+/-10.8 versus 123.6+/-9.5, P=0.09; monozygotic twins: blood pressure at rest, 117.4+/-6.4 versus 118. 4+/-9.0, P=0.4, and during a reaction time task, 122.9+/-8.4 versus 124.2+/-10.8, P=0.2). The differences in blood pressure between the cotwins with the lowest and the cotwins with the highest birth weight were different in dizygotic compared with monozygotic twin pairs (for blood pressure at rest, P=0.05; for blood pressure during reaction time, P=0.03). After adjustment for differences in current weight, intrapair differences in birth weight were negatively and significantly associated with differences in systolic blood pressure at rest and during the reaction time task in dizygotic twins (regression coefficient, -5.7 mm Hg/kg [95% confidence interval, -10.4 to -1.0] and -6.3 [-12.7 to 0], respectively) but not in monozygotic twins (-0.1 [-5.4 to 5.2] and +3.5 [-1.8 to 8.8], respectively). Interaction analysis indicated that the associations were different between dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins (P=0.1 and P<0.05, respectively). These data suggest that genetic factors may play an important role in the association between birth weight and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G IJzerman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research-Vrije Universiteit, Institute for Endocrinology, Reproduction, and Metabolism, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Neale MC, de Knijff P, Havekes LM, Boomsma DI. ApoE polymorphism accounts for only part of the genetic variation in quantitative ApoE levels. Genet Epidemiol 2000; 18:331-40. [PMID: 10797593 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2272(200004)18:4<331::aid-gepi6>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ApoE levels and chromosome 19 ApoE polymorphisms were measured in a sample of 156 Dutch families. Each pedigree consisted of parents aged 35-65 years and their twin offspring aged 14-21 years. A significant effect of the chromosome 19 apoE locus on quantitative plasma levels of apolipoprotein E was observed. The ApoE polymorphism explained 16% of the variance in ApoE levels. Tests of association of ApoE levels with the apoC1 locus, which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the ApoE locus, also showed a significant effect, although the variance explained by ApoC1 was only 1%. Examination of the covariance between twins classified according to allele sharing indicates that the association is not due to population stratification, but to a genuine effect of the ApoE locus on levels. However, the ApoE locus accounts for only one-fourth of the genetic variation in ApoE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
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Emeis J, Verheijen J, Ronday H, de Maat M, Brakman P. Progress in clinical fibrinolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(97)80098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boomsma DI, Kempen HJ, Gevers Leuven JA, Havekes L, de Knijff P, Frants RR. Genetic analysis of sex and generation differences in plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in adolescent twins and their parents. Genet Epidemiol 1996; 13:49-60. [PMID: 8647378 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2272(1996)13:1<49::aid-gepi5>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In a sample of Dutch families consisting of parents aged 35-65 years and their twin offspring aged 14-21 years, a significant difference between generations was observed in phenotypic variances and in genetic heritabilities for plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and apolipoproteins (apo) A1, A2, B, and E. For all traits parents were more variable than their offspring. This increase in phenotypic variance was best explained by a genetic model in which individual specific environmental variance increased with increasing age. Genetic variance was the same across generations for nearly all traits except triglycerides and apoE, for which a decrease in genetic variance was observed. This model led to large intergenerational differences in genetic heritabilities. Heritabilities for children were between 65 and 87%, while heritabilities for their parents were between 10 and 50%. No evidence was found for effects of a shared family environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Boomsma
- Department of Physiological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hennis BC, Van Boheemen PA, Koeleman BP, Boomsma DI, Engesser L, Van Wees AG, Novakova I, Brommer EJ, Kluft C. A specific allele of the histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) locus is linked with elevated plasma levels of HRG in a Dutch family with thrombosis. Br J Haematol 1995; 89:845-52. [PMID: 7772521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies describe families with both elevated plasma HRG levels and thrombosis. In order to study the possibility that allelic variants of the HRG locus are associated with differences in HRG level, we studied linkage between HRG levels and a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in a Dutch family which was selected on the presence of both thrombosis and elevated plasma HRG levels. No other known risk factors from thrombosis were found in this family. Linkage was calculated between the dinucleotide repeat and the HRG level considering the HRG level as a quantitative phenotype assuming a population prevalence of elevated HRG of 5%. Two classes of HRG levels were defined by a mean and a variance: one class with normal HRG levels and a second class with high HRG levels. Using a mean HRG level of 99% for individuals with a normal HRG level and 145% for individuals with high HRG, a maximum lod score of 4.17 (odds in favour of linkage of 22,000:1) was found at a recombination fraction of 0, indicating linkage. Considering the pedigree, an association was found between the presence of a specific allele (no. 6) of the dinucleotide repeat polymorphism and plasma HRG levels. Family members carrying allele 6 were found to have higher HRG plasma levels compared with family members lacking allele 6 (149% v 109% respectively). We conclude that in this family, linkage is found between the HRG locus and the HRG level, and that a HRG gene coupled to allele 6 of the dinucleotide polymorphism is associated with elevated plasma HRG levels. No evidence was found for a causal relationship between elevated plasma HRG levels and thrombosis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hennis
- Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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