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Geßner S, Meuret S, Fuchs M, Tretbar K. [Needs analysis for self-help training in the context of cochlear implant rehabilitation]. Laryngorhinootologie 2024. [PMID: 39227011 DOI: 10.1055/a-2389-5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite cochlear implantation, CI users experience difficulties in challenging listening situations. In German-speaking countries, there are no interventions to promote specific coping strategies for such situations. The present study examines persistent everyday limitations and the relevance of potential intervention content in order to develop a self-help program for CI rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS 56 CI users from three German CI centers were recruited and completed an online survey on demographic data, hearing biography, hearing handicap and potentially relevant intervention content. The intervention content presented included the following categories: Medical Aspects, Communication Improvement Aspects, Psychosocial Aspects, Technical Aspects, Specific Aspects. RESULTS The hearing handicap was moderate to severe in this sample. The content categories presented for the design of a self-help program were all rated as "important". The duration of CI provision correlated significantly negatively with the assessment of the relevance of psychosocial aspects. Further significant correlations were found between the severity of the hearing handicap and the rating of the relevance of aspects for improving communication, psychosocial and technical aspects. CONCLUSION A self-help program that takes into account the contents examined could provide promising support for the CI rehabilitation process and will be developed and evaluated subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Geßner
- Cochlea-Implantat-Zentrum Leipzig, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Meuret
- Cochlea-Implantat-Zentrum Leipzig, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Sektion Phoniatrie und Audiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Cochlea-Implantat-Zentrum Leipzig, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Sektion Phoniatrie und Audiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathleen Tretbar
- Cochlea-Implantat-Zentrum Leipzig, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Gatto A, Tofanelli M, Valentinuz G, Mascherin A, Costariol L, Rizzo S, Borsetto D, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Tirelli G. Cochlear implant cost analysis in adults: a European narrative review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:4455-4471. [PMID: 38520534 PMCID: PMC11393020 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to provide an updated European narrative review spanning the last decade, focusing on the cost-effectiveness of cochlear implants (CIs) for adults with severe to profound post-lingual hearing loss. METHODS This review encompasses both prospective and retrospective approaches, as well as cross-sectional and longitudinal trials conducted on CIs in adults. All studies related to European countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK and Poland) were conducted in English and were published between 2012 and June 2023. RESULTS Nine studies were included in the analysis. The patients' ages ranged from 18 years to over 67 years, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 100 patients; two of these studies were focused on single-sided deafness in adults. The Markov model was identified as the most commonly utilized analysis method. CONCLUSIONS This review identified a general consensus on CI cost-effectiveness, despite substantial variability among countries in factors such as observation time horizons, cost-effectiveness thresholds, methods of cost collection, discount rates, CI eligibility criteria and country-specific health systems. Generally, CIs yield positive societal benefits for working-age individuals, potentially less for seniors. Early unilateral CI enhances cost-effectiveness, highlighting the importance of prompt candidate identification. A consistent undersupply of CIs relative to the percentage of potential recipients emerged across countries. Therefore, further investigation into subcategories such as single-sided deafness is warranted, along with country-specific cost analyses. Emphasizing the significance of detailed information on health systems and associated costs and benefits is crucial for facilitating comparisons across different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Gatto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Margherita Tofanelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valentinuz
- Department of Economic, Business, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences 'Bruno de 'Finetti', University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Mascherin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Costariol
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Borsetto
- Department of ENT, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34129, Trieste, Italy
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Nijmeijer HGB, Groenewoud HMM, Mylanus EAM, Goedegebure A, Huinck WJ, van der Wilt GJ. Impact of Expanding Eligibility Criteria for Cochlear Implantation - Dynamic Modeling Study. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:924-932. [PMID: 35792007 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eligibility criteria for cochlear implantation (CI) are shifting due to technological and surgical improvements. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of further expanding unilateral CI criteria in those with severe hearing loss (HL) (61-80 dBHL) in terms of number of CI recipients, costs, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. METHODS A dynamic population-based Markov model was constructed mimicking the Dutch population in three age categories over a period of 20 years. Health states included severe HL (61-80 dBHL), profound HL (>81 dBHL), CI recipients, and no-CI recipients. Model parameters were based on published literature, (national) databases, expert opinion, and model calibration. RESULTS If persons with severe HL would qualify and opt for CI similar to those with profound HL now, this would lead to a 6-7 times increase of new CI recipients and an associated increase in costs (€550 million) and QALYs (54.000) over a 20-year period (incremental cost utility ratio: 10.771 euros/QALY [2.5-97.5 percentiles: 1.252-23.171]). One-way-sensitivity analysis indicated that model outcomes were most sensitive to regaining employment, utility associated with having a CI, and costs of surgery and testing. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that expanding eligibility for CI to persons with severe HL could be a cost-effective use of resources. Clearly, however, it would require a significant increase in diagnostic, operative, and rehabilitative capacity. Our quantitative estimates can serve as a basis for a wider societal deliberation on the question whether such an increase can and should be pursued. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:924-932, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G B Nijmeijer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M M Groenewoud
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel A M Mylanus
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - André Goedegebure
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy J Huinck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan van der Wilt
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Borre ED, Kaalund K, Frisco N, Zhang G, Ayer A, Kelly-Hedrick M, Reed SD, Emmett SD, Francis H, Tucci DL, Wilson BS, Kosinski AS, Ogbuoji O, Sanders Schmidler GD. The Impact of Hearing Loss and Its Treatment on Health-Related Quality of Life Utility: a Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:456-479. [PMID: 36385406 PMCID: PMC9905346 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss significantly impacts health-related quality of life (QoL), yet the effects of current treatments on QoL utility remain uncertain. Our objective was to describe the impact of untreated and treated hearing loss on QoL utility to inform hearing healthcare policy. METHODS We searched databases for articles published through 02/01/2021. Two independent reviewers screened for articles that reported elicitation of general QoL utility values for untreated and treated hearing loss health states. We extracted data and quality indicators from 62 studies that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Included studies predominately used observational pre/post designs (61%), evaluated unilateral cochlear implantation (65%), administered the Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3; 71%), and were conducted in Europe and North America (84%). In general, treatment of hearing loss improved post-treatment QoL utility when measured by most methods except the Euro-QoL 5 dimension (EQ-5D). In meta-analysis, hearing aids for adult mild-to-moderate hearing loss compared to no treatment significantly improved HUI3-estimated QoL utility (3 studies; mean change=0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07 to 0.14) but did not impact EQ-5D-estimated QoL (3 studies; mean change=0.0; 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.04). Cochlear implants improved adult QoL utility 1-year post-implantation when measured by the HUI3 (7 studies; mean change=0.17; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.23); however, pediatric VAS-estimated QoL utility was non-significant (4 studies; mean change=0.12; 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.25). The quality of included studies was limited by failure to report missingness of data and low survey response rates. Our study was limited by heterogeneous study populations and designs. FINDINGS Treatment of hearing loss significantly improves QoL utility, and the HUI3 and VAS were most sensitive to improvements in hearing. Improved access to hearing healthcare should be prioritized. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42021253314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D Borre
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kamaria Kaalund
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas Frisco
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gloria Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Austin Ayer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Margot Kelly-Hedrick
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Shelby D Reed
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan D Emmett
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Howard Francis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debara L Tucci
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Blake S Wilson
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrzej S Kosinski
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Osondu Ogbuoji
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gillian D Sanders Schmidler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 100 Fuqua Drive, Box 90120, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Ma C, Fried J, Nguyen SA, Schvartz-Leyzac KC, Camposeo EL, Meyer TA, Dubno JR, McRackan TR. Longitudinal Speech Recognition Changes After Cochlear Implant: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2022; 133:1014-1024. [PMID: 36004817 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine patterns of change and plateau in speech recognition scores in postlingually hearing impaired adult cochlear implant recipients. The study also examines variations in change patterns for different speech materials and testing conditions. STUDY DESIGN Used systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS Articles in English reporting speech recognition scores of adults with postlingual hearing loss at pre-implantation and at least two post-implantation time points were included. Statistically significant changes were determined by meta-analysis and the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS A total of 22 articles representing 1954 patients were included. Meta-analysis of mean difference demonstrated significant improvements in speech recognition score for words in quiet (37.4%; 95% confidence interval [34.7%, 40.7%]), sentences in quiet (49.4%; 95% confidence interval [44.9%, 53.9%]), and sentences in noise (30.8%; 95% confidence interval [25.2%, 36.4%]) from pre-op to 3 months. Scores continued to increase from 3 to 12 months but did not reach significance. Similarly, significant improvements from pre-op to 3 months were observed for consonant nucleus consonant (CNC) words in quiet (37.1%; 95% confidence interval [33.8%, 40.4%]), hearing in noise test (HINT) sentences in quiet (46.5%; 95% confidence interval [37.0%, 56.0%]), AzBio sentences in quiet (45.9%; 95% confidence interval [44.2%, 47.5%]), and AzBio sentences in noise (26.4%; 95% confidence interval [18.6%, 34.2%]). HINT sentences in noise demonstrated improvement from pre-op to 3 months (35.1%; 95% confidence interval [30.0%, 40.3%]) and from 3 to 12 months (15.5%; 95% confidence interval [7.2%, 23.8%]). CONCLUSIONS Mean speech recognition scores demonstrate significant improvement within the first 3 months, with no further statistically significant improvement after 3 months. However, large individual variation should be expected and future research is needed to explain the sources of these individual differences. Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Jacob Fried
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Kara C Schvartz-Leyzac
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth L Camposeo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Ted A Meyer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Judy R Dubno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Theodore R McRackan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
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Calvino M, Sánchez-Cuadrado I, Gavilán J, Gutiérrez-Revilla MA, Polo R, Lassaletta L. Effect of cochlear implantation on cognitive decline and quality of life in younger and older adults with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4745-4759. [PMID: 35044508 PMCID: PMC9474541 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose (a) To measure the change in cognition, the improvement of speech perception, and the subjective benefit in people under and over 60 years following cochlear implantation. (b) To assess the relationship between cognition, demographic, audiometric, and subjective outcomes in both age groups. Methods 28 cochlear implant (CI) users were assigned to the < 60y group and 35 to the ≥ 60y group. Cognition was measured using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status for Hearing impaired individuals (RBANS-H); subjective benefit was measured using the Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire (NCIQ); the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI); the Hearing Implant Sound Quality Index (HISQUI19); Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ12); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results Prior to surgery: the RBANS-H total score positively correlated with the domains “Advanced sound”, “Self-esteem”, and “Social functioning” of NCIQ, and negatively with HADS scores. 12 months post-implantation: the RBANS-H total score increased in the < 60y (p = 0.038) and in the ≥ 60y group (p < 0.001); speech perception and subjective outcomes also improved; RBANS-H total score positively correlated with “Self-esteem” domain in NCIQ. Age and the RBANS-H total score correlated negatively in the ≥ 60y group (p = 0.026). Conclusions After implantation, both age groups demonstrated improved cognition, speech perception and quality of life. Their depression scores decreased. Age was inversely associated with cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Calvino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, U761, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez-Cuadrado
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gavilán
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Polo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Lassaletta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, U761, Madrid, Spain.
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Gumbie M, Olin E, Parkinson B, Bowman R, Cutler H. The cost-effectiveness of Cochlear implants in Swedish adults. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:319. [PMID: 33832467 PMCID: PMC8034197 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown unilateral cochlear implants (CIs) significantly improve clinical outcomes and quality of life in adults. However, only 13% of eligible Swedish adults currently use a unilateral CI. The objective was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of unilateral CIs compared to a hearing aid for Swedish adults with severe to profound hearing loss. METHODS A Markov model with a lifetime horizon and six-month cycle length was developed to estimate the benefits and costs of unilateral CIs from the Swedish health system perspective. A treatment pathway was developed through consultation with clinical experts to estimate resource use and costs. Unit costs were derived from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Health outcomes were reported in terms of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). RESULTS Unilateral CIs for Swedish adults with severe to profound hearing loss are likely to be deemed cost-effective when compared to a hearing aid (SEK 140,474 per QALY gained). The results were most sensitive to the age when patients are implanted with a CI and the proportion of patients eligible for CIs after triage. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the prevalence of Swedish adults with severe to profound hearing loss is expected as the population ages. Earlier implantation of unilateral CIs improves the cost-effectiveness among people eligible for CIs. Unilateral CIs are an efficacious and cost-effective option to improve hearing and quality of life in Swedish adults with severe to profound hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsa Gumbie
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Level 1, 3 Innovation Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Emma Olin
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Level 1, 3 Innovation Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bonny Parkinson
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Level 1, 3 Innovation Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ross Bowman
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Level 1, 3 Innovation Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Henry Cutler
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Level 1, 3 Innovation Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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