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Folk RA, Siniscalchi CM, Soltis DE. Angiosperms at the edge: Extremity, diversity, and phylogeny. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2871-2893. [PMID: 32926444 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of flowering plants is their ability to invade some of the most extreme and dynamic habitats, including cold and dry biomes, to a far greater extent than other land plants. Recent work has provided insight to the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary mechanisms which have enabled this success, yet needed is a synthesis of evolutionary perspectives with plant physiological traits, morphology, and genomic diversity. Linking these disparate components will not only lead to better understand the evolutionary parallelism and diversification of plants with these two strategies, but also to provide the framework needed for directing future research. We summarize the primary physiological and structural traits involved in response to cold- and drought stress, outline the phylogenetic distribution of these adaptations, and describe the recurring association of these changes with rapid diversification events that occurred in multiple lineages over the past 15 million years. Across these threefold facets of dry-cold correlation (traits, phylogeny, and time) we stress the contrast between (a) the amazing diversity of solutions flowering plants have developed in the face of extreme environments and (b) a broad correlation between cold and dry adaptations that in some cases may hint at deep common origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carolina M Siniscalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gavrilović M, Erić S, Marin PD, Garcia-Jacas N, Susanna A, Janaćković P. Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometric Analysis Reveals for the First Time Weddellite and Sylvite Crystals on the Surface of Involucral Bracts and Petals of two Xeranthemum L. (Compositae) Species. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:679-686. [PMID: 28548035 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, weddellite and sylvite crystals are identified for the first time on the involucral bracts and petals of Xeranthemum annuum and Xeranthemum cylindraceum using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometric (SEM-EDS) analysis. Well-developed crystals of weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O) occur in the form of a tetragonal bipyramid (hhl), rarely in combination of a bipyramid and tetragonal prism (h00). Indumentum of involucral bracts of X. cylindraceum consists of nonglandular and glandular trichomes. Sylvite (KCl) crystals are observed only on the petal surface of X. cylindraceum. The crystals of sylvite occur in the form of perfect cubes (hexahedrons), but some crystals are deformed, i.e., partially elongated. Taxonomic significance of investigated microcharacters as well as the use of SEM-EDS analysis in taxonomic studies of plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Gavrilović
- 1Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Studentski trg 16,11000,Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Suzana Erić
- 2Faculty of Mining and Geology,University of Belgrade,Ðušina 7,11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Petar D Marin
- 1Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Studentski trg 16,11000,Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Núria Garcia-Jacas
- 3Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB),Pg. del Migdia s. n.,08038 Barcelona,Spain
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- 3Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB),Pg. del Migdia s. n.,08038 Barcelona,Spain
| | - Pedja Janaćković
- 1Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology,University of Belgrade,Studentski trg 16,11000,Belgrade,Serbia
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Dekić MS, Radulović NS, Ranđelović VN, Stojanović-Radić ZZ, Veljković BP. Essential oils and diethyl ether extracts of Serbian Xeranthemum cylindraceum and X. annum: chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and chemotaxonomic implications. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:1378-97. [PMID: 26363882 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oils and Et2 O extracts of two Xeranthemum species - X. cylindraceum and X. annum - resulted in the identification of 254 components, in total. Terpenoids constituted the major part of both X. cylindraceum and X. annum essential oils and extracts (51.8-65.7%, and 50.7%, resp.). Among the sesquiterpenoids, the extracts of both investigated taxa contained the guaianolide xerantholide, its 11,13-dihydro derivatives, and two additional sesquiterpene lactones: an eudesmanolide, 11,13-dihydroisoalantolactone, and a pseudoguaianolide, confertin. The last two lactones and both isomers of 11,13-dihydroxerantholide have not been previously detected in Xeranthemum species. The isolated extracts of X. cylindraceum and X. annum were tested in a broth microdilution assay against a panel of microorganisms. The tested extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial inhibitory activity, ranging from 30 to 260 μg/ml, being most active against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen, with MIC close in value to those of chloramphenicol. Chemotaxonomic significance of the sesquiterpene lactones' distribution in the taxa investigated in this study and those detected earlier in phylogenetically close species (up to the level of the tribe Cardueae) was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan S Dekić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, RS-18000 Niš (phone:+38118223430; fax: +38118533014).,Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, RS-36300 Novi Pazar
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, RS-18000 Niš (phone:+38118223430; fax: +38118533014).
| | - Vladimir N Ranđelović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, RS-18000 Niš
| | - Zorica Z Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, RS-18000 Niš
| | - Bojana P Veljković
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, RS-36300, Novi Pazar
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Roggero Luque JM, Moreno EMS, Kovalsky IE, Seijo JG, Solís Neffa VG. Evidence of the occurrence of structural chromosome changes at the initial diploid diversification of the autopolyploid Turnera sidoides L. (Passifloraceae) complex. Genome 2016; 59:127-36. [PMID: 26794024 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Turnera sidoides is an autopolyploid complex of obligate outcrossing perennial herbs. It includes five subspecies and five morphotypes in which diploid to octoploid cytotypes were found. Based on phenetic analyses of the complex and karyotype data of polyploid cytotypes, it has been hypothesized that morphological and chromosome differentiation of T. sidoides occurred at the diploid level. To test this hypothesis, we present the first detailed chromosome analysis of diploid populations of three subspecies and four morphotypes. CMA(+)/DAPI(-) bands were restricted to secondary constrictions (except in the andino morphotype) and varied in number and position among taxa. By contrast, DAPI staining was uniform in all the materials investigated. The number and position of 45S rDNA loci were coincident with the CMA(+)/DAPI(-) bands associated with secondary constrictions. Only one pair of 5S rDNA loci was detected in all the taxa (except in subsp. holosericea), but its position was variable. The identified chromosome markers varied among the three subspecies analyzed, but they were more conserved among the morphotypes of subsp. pinnatifida. Cluster analysis of these chromosome markers supports the current taxonomic arrangement of diploids and demonstrates that structural chromosome changes would have led or accompanied the initial differentiation of T. sidoides at the diploid level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Roggero Luque
- a Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). CC 209. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - E M Sara Moreno
- a Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). CC 209. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - I Evelin Kovalsky
- b Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). CC 209. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE)
| | - J Guillermo Seijo
- b Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). CC 209. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE)
| | - Viviana G Solís Neffa
- b Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). CC 209. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE)
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Olanj N, Garnatje T, Sonboli A, Vallès J, Garcia S. The striking and unexpected cytogenetic diversity of genus Tanacetum L. (Asteraceae): a cytometric and fluorescent in situ hybridisation study of Iranian taxa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:174. [PMID: 26152193 PMCID: PMC4494159 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although karyologically well studied, the genus Tanacetum (Asteraceae) is poorly known from the perspective of molecular cytogenetics. The prevalence of polyploidy, including odd ploidy warranted an extensive cytogenetic study. We studied several species native to Iran, one of the most important centres of diversity of the genus. We aimed to characterise Tanacetum genomes through fluorochrome banding, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) of rRNA genes and the assessment of genome size by flow cytometry. We appraise the effect of polyploidy and evaluate the existence of intraspecific variation based on the number and distribution of GC-rich bands and rDNA loci. Finally, we infer ancestral genome size and other cytogenetic traits considering phylogenetic relationships within the genus. RESULTS We report first genome size (2C) estimates ranging from 3.84 to 24.87 pg representing about 11 % of those recognised for the genus. We found striking cytogenetic diversity both in the number of GC-rich bands and rDNA loci. There is variation even at the population level and some species have undergone massive heterochromatic or rDNA amplification. Certain morphometric data, such as pollen size or inflorescence architecture, bear some relationship with genome size. Reconstruction of ancestral genome size, number of CMA+ bands and number of rDNA loci show that ups and downs have occurred during the evolution of these traits, although genome size has mostly increased and the number of CMA+ bands and rDNA loci have decreased in present-day taxa compared with ancestral values. CONCLUSIONS Tanacetum genomes are highly unstable in the number of GC-rich bands and rDNA loci, although some patterns can be established at the diploid and tetraploid levels. In particular, aneuploid taxa and some odd ploidy species show greater cytogenetic instability than the rest of the genus. We have also confirmed a linked rDNA arrangement for all the studied Tanacetum species. The labile scenario found in Tanacetum proves that some cytogenetic features previously regarded as relatively constant, or even diagnostic, can display high variability, which is better interpreted within a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyereh Olanj
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
- Laboratori de Botànica - Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, Parc de Montjuïc, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ali Sonboli
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica - Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Laboratori de Botànica - Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Oliveira VM, Mansanares ME, Semir J, Forni-Martins ER. Karyotype characterization of two populations of Vernonia geminata (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) using banding and FISH techniques. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4204-12. [PMID: 23079987 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.25.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to extend our knowledge concerning karyotypes of the genus Vernonia, we applied various techniques of chromosome banding, including AgNOR and triple staining with the fluorochromes CMA/DA/DAPI (CDD), and of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the 45S rDNA probe to specimens of two populations of Vernonia geminata collected from an open-pasture area, in southern Brazil. B chromosomes were observed in one of the populations. Both populations of V. geminata presented a pair of CMA(3)(+) terminal bands and one pair of chromosomes with terminal AgNOR banding. The FISH evidenced, in one population, two pairs of small sites of 45S rDNA; these being two small terminal sites and two centromeric sites. In the other population, there was only one pair of small terminal sites and two sites in two B chromosomes, one in each chromosome. There was coincidence of localization between CMA(+) and NOR bands with one of the small terminal sites of 45S rDNA of one chromosome of the normal complement, but not in B chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biossistemática e Evolução, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Garnatje T, Hidalgo O, Vitales D, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Robin O, Garcia S, Siljak-Yakovlev S. Swarm of terminal 35S in Cheirolophus (Asteraceae, Centaureinae). Genome 2012; 55:529-35. [PMID: 22794166 DOI: 10.1139/g2012-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Island radiation constitutes a playground for species diversification, which has long fascinated researchers and still does today. Because only a small subset of taxa within the pool of island colonizers is concerned by this process, the question is raised on whether some factors could make a taxon prone to radiate. Cheirolophus is the only genus of Centaureinae subtribe to have experienced a radiation in the Canary Islands. Cytogenetic characterization through FISH of 5S and 35S ribosomal RNA genes in eight Cheirolophus species from continent and Canary Islands revealed an unusually high number of 35S predominantly at terminal position, together with a single interstitial 5S rDNA locus in all the studied taxa. Such an abundance of 35S rDNA signals is unique among Centaureinae and predates Cheirolophus arrival in Canary Islands. The possible link of the rDNA profile with radiation process is discussed through a comparison with two other case studies, the closely related Rhaponticum group and the genus Centaurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Garcia S, Garnatje T, Pellicer J, McArthur ED, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Vallès J. Ribosomal DNA, heterochromatin, and correlation with genome size in diploid and polyploid North American endemic sagebrushes (Artemisia, Asteraceae). Genome 2009; 52:1012-24. [DOI: 10.1139/g09-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Subgenus Tridentatae ( Artemisia , Asteraceae) can be considered a polyploid complex. Both polyploidy and hybridization have been documented in the Tridentatae. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorochrome banding were used to detect and analyze ribosomal DNA changes linked to polyploidization in this group by studying four diploid-polyploid species pairs. In addition, genome sizes and heterochromatin patterns were compared between these populations. The linked 5S and 35S rRNA genes are confirmed as characteristic for Artemisia, and a pattern at the diploid level of three rDNA loci located at telomeric positions proved to be typical. Loss of rDNA loci was observed in some polyploids, whereas others showed additivity with respect to their diploid relatives. Genome downsizing was observed in all polyploids. Banding patterns differed depending on the pair of species analysed, but some polyploid populations showed an increased number of heterochromatic bands. FISH and fluorochrome banding were useful in determining the systematic position of Artemisia bigelovii , for which a differential pattern was found as compared with the rest of the group. Additionally, FISH was used to detect the presence of the Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat for the first time in Artemisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - E. Durant McArthur
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Joan Vallès
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Provo, UT 84606, USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
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Garcia-Jacas N, Font M, Vallès J, Susanna A. Auto- and allopolyploidy in <i>Centaurea</i> sect. <i>Acrocentron s. l.</i> (Asteraceae, Cardueae): karyotype and fluorochrome banding pattern analyses. COLLECTANEA BOTANICA 2008. [DOI: 10.3989/collectbot.2008.v27.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Garcia S, Lim KY, Chester M, Garnatje T, Pellicer J, Vallès J, Leitch AR, Kovarík A. Linkage of 35S and 5S rRNA genes in Artemisia (family Asteraceae): first evidence from angiosperms. Chromosoma 2008; 118:85-97. [PMID: 18779974 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-008-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Typically in plants, the 5S and 35S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) encoding two major ribosomal RNA species occur at separate loci. However, in some algae, bryophytes and ferns, they are at the same locus (linked arranged). Southern blot hybridisation, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), fluorescent in situ hybridisation, cloning and sequencing were used to reveal 5S and 35S rDNA genomic organisation in Artemisia. We observed thousands of rDNA units at two-three loci containing 5S rDNA in an inverted orientation within the inter-genic spacer (IGS) of 35S rDNA. The sequenced clones of 26-18S IGS from Artemisia absinthium appeared to contain a conserved 5S gene insertion proximal to the 26S gene terminus (5S rDNA-1) and a second less conserved 5S insertion (5S rDNA-2) further downstream. Whilst the 5S rDNA-1 showed all the structural features of a functional gene, the 5S-rDNA-2 had a deletion in the internal promoter and probably represents a pseudogene. The linked arrangement probably evolved before the divergence of Artemisia from the rest of Asteraceae (>10 Myrs). This arrangement may have involved retrotransposons and once formed spread via mechanisms of concerted evolution. Heterogeneity in unit structure may reflect ongoing homogenisation of variant unit types without fixation for any particular variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Garcia
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Djordjević I, Vajs V, Bulatović V, Menković N, Tesević V, Macura S, Janaćković P, Milosavljević S. Guaianolides from two subspecies of Amphoricarpos neumayeri from Montenegro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:2337-2345. [PMID: 15381005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative (1)H NMR measurements revealed delta(11(13)) sesquiterpene gamma-lactones as the main constituents ( >or= 1% per weight of dried plant material) in the crude extracts of the aerial parts of Amphoricarpos neumayeri ssp. neumayeri and ssp. murbeckii from mountains Orjen and Visitor (Montenegro), respectively. Preparative silica gel chromatography afforded thirteen guai-11(13)-en-12,6alpha-olides, named amphoricarpolides (1-13), with the same relative (1alphaH,4betaH,5alphaH,7betaH) configuration of the basic skeleton. The common structural feature of lactones 2-13 was 3beta,15-dioxygenation pattern. The only exception was 1 (3-deoxyamphoricarpolide), containing a single oxygen substituent (15-OH). Eight of them exhibited an additional oxygen substituent, 9beta-OH (5 and 6), 2alpha-OH (8-12), or 2alpha-OAc (13). Compound 7 was epoxydated at 10alpha(14)-position, whereas the remaining lactones contained a 10(14) double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Djordjević
- Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar JA 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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