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Blonder BW, Brodrick PG, Chadwick KD, Carroll E, Cruz-de Hoyos RM, Expósito-Alonso M, Hateley S, Moon M, Ray CA, Tran H, Walton JA. Climate lags and genetics determine phenology in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2313-2328. [PMID: 36856334 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of phenology may be affected by mosaics of environmental and genetic variation. Environmental drivers may have temporally lagged impacts, but patterns and mechanisms remain poorly known. We combine multiple genomic, remotely sensed, and physically modeled datasets to determine the spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of canopy phenology in quaking aspen, a widespread clonal dioecious tree species with diploid and triploid cytotypes. We show that over 391 km2 of southwestern Colorado: greenup date, greendown date, and growing season length vary by weeks and differ across sexes, cytotypes, and genotypes; phenology has high phenotypic plasticity and heritabilities of 31-61% (interquartile range); and snowmelt date, soil moisture, and air temperature predict phenology, at temporal lags of up to 3 yr. Our study shows that lagged environmental effects are needed to explain phenological variation and that the effect of cytotype on phenology is obscured by its correlation with topography. Phenological patterns are consistent with responses to multiyear accumulation of carbon deficit or hydraulic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Philip G Brodrick
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - K Dana Chadwick
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Erin Carroll
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Roxanne M Cruz-de Hoyos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | | | - Shannon Hateley
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Minkyu Moon
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Courtenay A Ray
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
| | - Hoang Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - James A Walton
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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Consequences of the Reproductive Effort of Dioecious Taxus baccata L. Females in a Generative Bud Removal Experiment-Important Role of Nitrogen in Female Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214225. [PMID: 36430702 PMCID: PMC9695432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioecious species differ in the pattern and intensity of male and female reproductive investments. We aimed to determine whether female shoots deprived of generative buds show biochemical features, indicating their less-pronounced reproductive effort. For this purpose, the same branches of mature Taxus baccata females were deprived of generative organs. In the second and third years of the experiment, measurements were made in every season from the control and bud-removed shoots of females and control males. Bud removal caused an increase in nitrogen concentration almost to the level detected in the needles of male specimens, but only in current-year needles. Moreover, differences between male and control female shoots were present in the C:N ratio and increment biomass, but they disappeared when bud removal was applied to females. Additionally, between-sex differences were observed for content of phenolic compounds, carbon and starch, and SLA, independent of the female shoot reproductive effort. The study revealed that nitrogen uptake in seeds and arils may explain the lower nitrogen level and consequently the lower growth rate of females compared to males. At the same time, reproduction did not disturb carbon level in adjacent tissues, and two hypotheses explaining this phenomenon have been put forward.
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van Blerk JJ, West AG, Skelton RP, Midgley JJ. Phenological asynchrony between sexes of Restionaceae can explain culm
δ
13
C
differences. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. van Blerk
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Adam G. West
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Robert P. Skelton
- Fynbos Node South African Environmental Observation Network Claremont South Africa
| | - Jeremy J. Midgley
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
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Pereira JP, Garbin ML, Carrijo TT, da Silva JA, Bourguignon TP, Cavatte PC. Lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits provides functional benefits to the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13719. [PMID: 35587454 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will affect the distribution of many tropical plant species. However, the understanding of how dioecious tropical species cope with different environmental conditions is still limited. To address this issue, we investigated how secondary trait attributes in populations of the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea change along an altitudinal gradient. Eighty individual plants (40 male and 40 female) were selected among seven natural populations. Leaf variation in morphological and stomatal traits, and carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were analyzed. Female plants had greater isotopic leaf carbon composition (δ13 C) and nitrogen content than male plants, increasing their carboxylation capacity. Plants of both sexes had smaller stomata, greater water-use efficiency (greater δ13 C), and greater nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15 N) at higher altitudes. They also showed lower δ15 N and had greater carbon: nitrogen ratios at lower altitudes. There was a lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits, which was compensated for by variation in specific leaf areas. This mechanism was essential for increasing plant performance under the limiting conditions found by the species at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Priscilla Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Garbin
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Josimar Aleixo da Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tayna Poppe Bourguignon
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Cavatte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Diatta O, Diallo AM, Sanogo D, Nielsen LR, Ræbild A, Kjær ED, Hansen JK. Variation in phenology of Acacia senegal (L.) Wild. in relation to origin and ploidy level: Implications for climatic adaptation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Nowak K, Giertych MJ, Pers-Kamczyc E, Thomas PA, Iszkuło G. Rich but not poor conditions determine sex-specific differences in growth rate of juvenile dioecious plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:947-962. [PMID: 33860903 PMCID: PMC8364908 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Causes of secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD) in dioecious plants are very poorly understood, especially in woody plants. SSD is shown mainly in mature plants, but little is known about whether secondary sexual dimorphism can occur in juveniles. It is also assumed that stress conditions intensify differences between the sexes due to the uneven reproductive effort. Therefore, the following research hypotheses were tested: (1) secondary sexual dimorphism will be visible in juveniles; (2) unfavourable soil conditions are the cause of more pronounced differences between the sexes. Rooted shoots of the common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), previously harvested from parental individuals of known sex were used in the study. During two growing seasons vegetation periods and four times a year, comprehensive morphological features of whole plants were measured. Some SSD traits were visible in the analysed juveniles. Contrary to expectations, differences were more pronounced in the fertilized treatment. Both species reacted to fertilization in different ways. Female yew had a clearly higher total plant mass, root mass, and mean root area when fertilized, whereas male juniper had a higher root mass when fertilized. Differences between the sexes independent of the fertilization treatment were seen, which can be interpreted as sexual adaptations to a continued reproduction. Female yews and male junipers made better use of fertile habitats. Our study showed that SSD may be innate, and sexual compensatory mechanisms could generate uneven growth and development of both sexes. Because the SSD pattern was rather different in both species, it was confirmed that SSD is connected with the specific life histories of specific species rather than a universal strategy of dioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nowak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Marian J Giertych
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Iszkuło
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Juvany M, Munné-Bosch S. Sex-related differences in stress tolerance in dioecious plants: a critical appraisal in a physiological context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6083-92. [PMID: 26163697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in reproductive effort can lead to differences in vegetative growth and stress tolerance. However, do all dioecious plants show sex-related differences in stress tolerance? To what extent can the environmental context and modularity mask sex-related differences in stress tolerance? Finally, to what extent can physiological measurements help us understand secondary sexual dimorphism? This opinion paper aims to answer these three basic questions with special emphasis on developments in research in this area over the last decade. Compelling evidence indicates that dimorphic species do not always show differences in stress tolerance between sexes; and when sex-related differences do occur, they seem to be highly species-specific, with greater stress tolerance in females than males in some species, and the opposite in others. The causes of such sex-related species-specific differences are still poorly understood, and more physiological studies and diversity of plant species that allow comparative analyses are needed. Furthermore, studies performed thus far demonstrate that the expression of dioecy can lead to sex-related differences in physiological traits-from leaf gas exchange to gene expression-but the biological significance of modularity and sectoriality governing such differences has been poorly investigated. Future studies that consider the importance of modularity and sectoriality are essential for unravelling the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation in male and female plants growing in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Juvany
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Castro-Díez P, Valle G, González-Muñoz N, Alonso Á. Can the life-history strategy explain the success of the exotic trees Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia in Iberian floodplain forests? PLoS One 2014; 9:e100254. [PMID: 24937651 PMCID: PMC4061096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ailanthus altissima and Robina pseudoacacia are two successful invasive species of floodplains in central Spain. We aim to explain their success as invaders in this habitat by exploring their phenological pattern, vegetative and sexual reproductive growth, and allometric relations, comparing them with those of the dominant native tree Populus alba. During a full annual cycle we follow the timing of vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set, leaf abscission and fruit dispersal. Growth was assessed by harvesting two-year old branches at the peaks of vegetative, flower and fruit production and expressing the mass of current-year leaves, stems, inflorescences and infrutescences per unit of previous-year stem mass. Secondary growth was assessed as the increment of trunk basal area per previous-year basal area. A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia showed reproductive traits (late flowering phenology, insect pollination, late and long fruit set period, larger seeds) different from P. alba and other native trees, which may help them to occupy an empty reproductive niche and benefit from a reduced competition for the resources required by reproductive growth. The larger seeds of the invaders may make them less dependent on gaps for seedling establishment. If so, these invaders may benefit from the reduced gap formation rate of flood-regulated rivers of the study region. The two invasive species showed higher gross production than the native, due to the higher size of pre-existing stems rather than to a faster relative growth rate. The latter was only higher in A. altissima for stems, and in R. pseudoacacia for reproductive organs. A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia showed the lowest and highest reproductive/vegetative mass ratio, respectively. Therefore, A. altissima may outcompete native P. alba trees thanks to a high potential to overtop coexisting plants whereas R. pseudoacacia may do so by means of a higher investment in sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Castro-Díez
- Department of Life Sciences (U.D. Ecology), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Valle
- Department of Life Sciences (U.D. Ecology), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia González-Muñoz
- Department of Life Sciences (U.D. Ecology), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Systematic Ecology and Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Álvaro Alonso
- Department of Life Sciences (U.D. Ecology), University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
AbstractWe tested a hypothesis based on life history theory that examines reproductive costs incurred by individuals in consecutive years of their life. A multi-year dataset of resource allocation to vegetative and reproductive structures was analysed in Carex secalina — a perennial, monoecious sedge, reproducing only sexually. In a four-year garden experiment, we assessed above-ground biomass at the end of each season and reproductive allocation expressed as the total length of male and female spikes. The study was aimed at determining how size and age of a plant relates to its reproduction, and how the rate of reproduction affects the year-toyear biomass change in Carex secalina. We observed that after each reproductive episode, individuals had significantly smaller sizes and produced a lower number of generative tillers. The total production of reproductive structures decreased significantly with age in all populations. Moreover, the decrease in plant biomass was greater when more reproductive structures were produced in a previous year, which indicates that the plants incur costs of reproduction in terms of above-ground biomass production.
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Alvarez-Cansino L, Zunzunegui M, Díaz Barradas MC, Esquivias MP. Gender-specific costs of reproduction on vegetative growth and physiological performance in the dioecious shrub Corema album. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:989-98. [PMID: 20884627 PMCID: PMC2990667 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive costs imply trade-offs in resource distribution at the physiological level, expressed as changes in future growth and/or reproduction. In dioecious species, females generally endure higher reproductive effort, although this is not necessarily expressed through higher somatic costs, as compensatory mechanisms may foster resource uptake during reproduction. METHODS To assess effects of reproductive allocation on vegetative growth and physiological response in terms of costs and compensation mechanisms, a manipulative experiment of inflorescence bud removal was carried out in the sexually dimorphic species Corema album. Over two consecutive growing seasons, vegetative growth patterns, water status and photochemical efficiency were measured to evaluate gender-related differences. KEY RESULTS Suppression of reproductive allocation resulted in a direct reduction in somatic costs of reproduction, expressed through changes in growth variables and plant physiological status. Inflorescence bud removal was related to an increase in shoot elongation and water potential in male and female plants. The response to inflorescence bud removal showed gender-related differences that were related to the moment of maximum reproductive effort in each sexual form: flowering in males and fruiting in females. Delayed costs of reproduction were found in both water status and growth variables, showing gender-related differences in resource storage and use. CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with the existence of a trade-off between reproductive and vegetative biomass, indicating that reproduction and growth depend on the same resource pool. Gender-related morphological and physiological differences arise as a response to different reproductive resource requirements. Delayed somatic costs provide evidence of gender-related differences in resource allocation and storage. Adaptive differences between genders in C. album may arise through the development of mechanisms which compensate for the cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Alvarez-Cansino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Apt. 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain.
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