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Chen H, Renault S, Markham J. The Effect of Frankia and Hebeloma crustiliniforme on Alnus alnobetula subsp. Crispa Growing in Saline Soil. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141860. [PMID: 35890494 PMCID: PMC9317221 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mining of the oil sands region of Canada’s boreal forest creates disturbed land with elevated levels of salts. Understanding how native plants respond to salt stress is critical in reclaiming these lands. The native species, Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa forms nitrogen-fixing nodules with Frankia, and ectomycorrhizae with a number of fungal species. These relationships may make the plant particularly well suited for restoring disturbed land. We inoculated A. alnobetula subsp. crispa with Frankia and Hebeloma crustiliniforme and exposed the plants to 0, 50, or 100 mM NaCl for seven weeks. Frankia-inoculated plants had increased biomass regardless of salt exposure, even though salt exposure reduced nitrogen fixation and reduced the efficiency of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis also decreased leaf stress and increased root phosphatase levels. This suggests that N-fixing plants not only have increased nitrogen nutrition but also have increased access to soil phosphorus. Mycorrhizae did not affect plant growth but did reduce nodule numbers and nodule efficiency. These results suggest that the nitrogen-fixing trait is more critical than mycorrhizae. While salt stress inhibits nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, plants still benefit from nitrogen fixation when exposed to salt.
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Salinity Tolerance of Halophytic Grass Puccinellia nuttalliana Is Associated with Enhancement of Aquaporin-Mediated Water Transport by Sodium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105732. [PMID: 35628537 PMCID: PMC9145133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In salt-sensitive plants, root hydraulic conductivity is severely inhibited by NaCl, rapidly leading to the loss of water balance. However, halophytic plants appear to effectively control plant water flow under salinity conditions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Na+ is the principal salt factor responsible for the enhancement of aquaporin-mediated water transport in the roots of halophytic grasses, and this enhancement plays a significant role in the maintenance of water balance, gas exchange, and the growth of halophytic plants exposed to salinity. We examined the effects of treatments with 150 mM of NaCl, KCl, and Na2SO4 to separate the factors that affect water relations and, consequently, physiological and growth responses in three related grass species varying in salt tolerance. The grasses included relatively salt-sensitive Poa pratensis, moderately salt-tolerant Poa juncifolia, and the salt-loving halophytic grass Puccinellia nuttalliana. Our study demonstrated that sustained growth, chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, and water transport in Puccinellia nuttalliana were associated with the presence of Na in the applied salt treatments. Contrary to the other examined grasses, the root cell hydraulic conductivity in Puccinellia nuttalliana was enhanced by the 150 mM NaCl and 150 mM Na2SO4 treatments. This enhancement was abolished by the 50 µM HgCl2 treatment, demonstrating that Na was the factor responsible for the increase in mercury-sensitive, aquaporin-mediated water transport. The observed increases in root Ca and K concentrations likely played a role in the transcriptional and (or) posttranslational regulation of aquaporins that enhanced root water transport capacity in Puccinellia nuttalliana. The study demonstrates that Na plays a key role in the aquaporin-mediated root water transport of the halophytic grass Puccinellia nuttalliana, contributing to its salinity tolerance.
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Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica Co-Inoculation on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Salt Stress. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salt stress is a worldwide environmental signal, reducing the growth and yield of crops. To improve crop tolerance to salt, several beneficial microbes are utilized. Here, nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azorhizobium caulinodans and root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica were used to inoculate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under salt stress, and the effects of the co-inoculation were investigated. Results showed that A. caulinodans colonized in the intercellular space in stems and roots of tomato plants, while P. indica colonized in the root cortex. Two weeks following salt treatment, co-inoculated tomato plants grew substantially taller and had larger stem base diameters. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced and oxidized ascorbate and glutathione (i.e., AsA, DHA, GSH, and GSSG, respectively) concentrations along with the ratios of AsA/(AsA + DHA) and GSH/(GSH + GSSG) increased in the leaves of co-inoculated plants under salt stress. The co-inoculation significantly increased soluble proteins and AsA in fruits; however, concentrations of soluble sugars and proanthocyanins did not show significant changes, compared with NaCl only treatment. Data suggest that A. caulinodans and P. indica co-inoculation boosted tomato growth and improved the quality of tomato fruits under salt stress. O-inoculation of A. caulinodans and P. indica might be employed to enhance tomato plant salt tolerance.
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Miron J, Millward AA, Vaziriyeganeh M, Zwiazek JJ, Urban J. Winter Climate Variability, De-Icing Salt and Streetside Tree Vitality. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.749168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
De-icing salts are applied to roads and walking surfaces to mitigate winter hazards resulting from ice, snow and freezing rain. The vitality of streetside trees, especially those growing in densely built urban areas, is compromised by repeated exposure to de-icing salts. Such trees already experience unfavorable establishment and growing conditions resulting from poor soil quality, inadequate moisture, physical abuse and air pollution−exposure to de-icing salt aggravates these challenges and can be an essential catalyst in tree mortality. Climate change is creating less predictable weather and, in some cases amplifying the intensity of winter storms. Cities that undertake snow and ice management may adopt modified approaches, and those less familiar with this practice may require its episodic adoption. We identify three pathways by which future climate warming may, counterintuitively, result in cities increasing their use of de-icing salt: (a) Warming winter temperatures in cities that were historically too cold to make effective use of sodium chloride (NaCl) for de-icing; (b) cities where daily high temperatures in winter may increase the frequency of freeze-thaw cycles; and, (c) cities in North America and Eurasia that may experience more severe winter weather resulting from greater variability in the circumpolar vortex (CPV). To offset potential damage to existing urban streetside trees and to ensure adequate soil and growing conditions for future trees, there is an immediate need for city foresters to collaborate with traffic safety and public works departments. We present a toolbox of approaches that can facilitate synchronized management efforts, including identifying the location of existing vulnerable trees and re-envisioning future infrastructure that would mitigate tree exposure to de-icing salts. At the same time, we call for the prioritization of research that investigates new potential pathways along which climate change may contribute to the novel adoption of de-icing salts.
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Bai XN, Hao H, Hu ZH, Leng PS. Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Quercus mongolica Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1790. [PMID: 34579323 PMCID: PMC8469051 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress harms the growth and development of plants, and the degree of soil salinization in North China is becoming increasingly severe. Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a symbiotic system formed by fungi and plants that can improve the growth and salt tolerance of plants. No studies to date have examined the salt tolerance of Quercus mongolica, a typical ectomycorrhizal tree species of temperate forests in the northern hemisphere. Here, we inoculated Q. mongolica with two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Gomphidius viscidus; Suillus luteus) under NaCl stress to characterize the effects of ECM. The results showed that the symbiotic relationship of Q. mongolica with G. viscidus was more stable than that with S. luteus. The cross-sectional area of roots increased after inoculation with the two types of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Compared with the control group, plant height, soluble sugar content, and soluble protein content of leaves were 1.62, 2.41, and 2.04 times higher in the G. viscidus group, respectively. Chlorophyll (Chl) content, stomatal conductance (Gs), and intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were significantly higher in Q. mongolica inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi than in the control, but differences in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and photosystem II maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were lower. The relative conductivity of Q. mongolica inoculated with the two ectomycorrhizal fungi was consistently lower than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings, with the effect of G. viscidus more pronounced than that of S. luteus. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed a similar pattern. Peroxidase (POD) and catylase (CAT) levels in mycorrhizal seedlings were generally higher than those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings under normal conditions, and were significantly higher than those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings on the 36th and 48th day after salt treatment, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that the salt tolerance of Q. mongolica seedlings was improved by ectomycorrhizal inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (X.-N.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Han Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (X.-N.B.); (H.H.)
- China Meteorological Press, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (X.-N.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Ping-Sheng Leng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (X.-N.B.); (H.H.)
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Fadaei S, Vaziriyeganeh M, Young M, Sherr I, Zwiazek JJ. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi enhance salt tolerance in ericaceous plants. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:419-429. [PMID: 32363467 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effects of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi on salt tolerance of ericaceous plants, we inoculated roots of velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides), Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi Oidiodendron maius and Meliniomyces variabilis. Plants were subjected to 0 (NaCl control) and 30 mM NaCl treatments, and plant dry weights, gas exchange, and leaf chlorophyll concentrations were compared in inoculated and non-inoculated plants. M. variabilis increased root dry weights in all three species of NaCl-treated plants, and O. maius enhanced root dry weights of lingonberry plants treated with NaCl. Both fungal species were especially effective in enhancing root and shoot dry weights in control (0 mM NaCl) and NaCl-treated lingonberry seedlings. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations were enhanced by fungal inoculation in all three plant species, and this effect persisted under salt stress in Labrador tea and lingonberry. Salt treatment drastically reduced transpiration rates (E) and lowered net photosynthesis (Pn) to the negative values in all three species of non-inoculated plants, and this effect was partly or almost completely reversed by the inoculation with O. maius and M. variabilis. Fungal inoculation was especially effective in reducing NaCl effects on Pn in lingonberry. Oidiodendron maius and M. variabilis were also equally effective in reversing NaCl-induced declines of E in velvetleaf blueberry and lingonberry. However, in Labrador tea, O. maius reversed the decline of E in NaCl-treated plants less compared with M. variabilis resulting in high photosynthetic water use efficiency values. The results support the hypothesis that, similarly to arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations, ERM association increases salt tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fadaei
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Maryamsadat Vaziriyeganeh
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Michelle Young
- Imperial Oil Resources Ltd., Calgary Research Centre, 9223 23rd Street SE, Calgary, AB, T2C 5R2, Canada
| | - Ira Sherr
- Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., 2100, 855 - 2 Street S.W, Calgary, AB, T2P 4J8, Canada
- InnoTech Alberta, 250 Karl Clark Rd NW, Edmonton, AB, T6N 1E4, Canada
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Guerrero-Galán C, Calvo-Polanco M, Zimmermann SD. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis helps plants to challenge salt stress conditions. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:291-301. [PMID: 31011805 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is an environmental condition that is currently increasing worldwide. Plant growth under salinity induces osmotic stress and ion toxicity impairing root water and nutrient absorption, but the association with beneficial soil microorganisms has been linked to an improved adaptation to this constraint. The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis has been proposed as a key factor for a better tolerance of woody species to salt stress, thanks to the reduction of sodium (Na+) uptake towards photosynthetic organs. Although no precise mechanisms for this enhanced plant salt tolerance have been described yet, in this review, we summarize the knowledge accumulated so far on the role of ECM symbiosis. Moreover, we propose several strategies by which ECM fungi might help plants, including restriction of Na+ entrance into plant tissues and improvement of mineral nutrition and water balances. This positive effect of ECM fungi has been proven in field assays and the results obtained point to a promising application in forestry cultures and reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Guerrero-Galán
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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Zwiazek JJ, Equiza MA, Karst J, Senorans J, Wartenbe M, Calvo-Polanco M. Role of urban ectomycorrhizal fungi in improving the tolerance of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings to salt stress. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:303-312. [PMID: 30982089 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With large forested urban areas, the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, faces high annual costs of replacing trees injured by deicing salts that are commonly used for winter road maintenance. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic associations with tree roots that allow trees to tolerate the detrimental effects of polluted soils. Here, we examined mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus contorta by germinating seeds in soils collected from different locations: (1) two urban areas within the city of Edmonton, and (2) an intact pine forest just outside Edmonton. We then tested the responses of seedlings to 0-, 60-, and 90-mM NaCl. Our results showed lower abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in seedlings colonized with the urban soils compared to those from the pine forest soil. However, when subsequently exposed to NaCl treatments, only seedlings inoculated with one of the urban soils containing fungi from the genera Tuber, Suillus, and Wilcoxina, showed reduced shoot Na accumulation and higher growth rates. Our results indicate that local ectomycorrhizal fungi that are adapted to challenging urban sites may offer a potential suitable source for inoculum for conifer trees designated for plating in polluted urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Maria A Equiza
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Jorge Senorans
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Mark Wartenbe
- City of Edmonton, P.O. Box 2359, Edmonton, AB, T5J 2R7, Canada
| | - Monica Calvo-Polanco
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Nadeau MB, Laur J, Khasa DP. Mycorrhizae and Rhizobacteria on Precambrian Rocky Gold Mine Tailings: I. Mine-Adapted Symbionts Promote White Spruce Health and Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1267. [PMID: 30233614 PMCID: PMC6130231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] is a commercially valuable boreal tree that has been known for its ability to colonize deglaciated rock tailings. Over the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in using this species for the revegetation and successful restoration of abandoned mine spoils. Herein, we conducted a glasshouse experiment to screen mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria capable of improving the health and growth of white spruce seedlings growing directly on waste rocks (WRs) or fine tailings (FTs) from the Sigma-Lamaque gold mine located in the Canadian Abitibi region. After 32 weeks, measurements of health, growth, and mycorrhizal colonization variables of seedlings were performed. Overall, symbionts isolated from roots of healthy white spruce seedlings growing on the mining site, especially Cadophora finlandia Cad. fin. MBN0213 GenBank No. KC840625 and Pseudomonas putida MBN0213 GenBank No. AY391278, were more efficient in enhancing seedling health and growth than allochthonous species and constitute promising microbial symbionts. In general, mycorrhizae promoted plant health and belowground development, while rhizobacteria enhanced aboveground plant biomass. The observed beneficial effects were substrate-, strain-, and/or strains combination-specific. Therefore, preliminary experiments in control conditions such as the one described here can be part of an efficient and integrated strategy to select ecologically well-adapted symbiotic microorganisms, critical for the success of a long-term revegetation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Laur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Damase P. Khasa
- Centre for Forest Research and Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Shi L, Wang J, Liu B, Nara K, Lian C, Shen Z, Xia Y, Chen Y. Ectomycorrhizal fungi reduce the light compensation point and promote carbon fixation of Pinus thunbergii seedlings to adapt to shade environments. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:823-830. [PMID: 28840358 PMCID: PMC5645441 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of three ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbionts on the growth and photosynthesis capacity of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings and estimated physiological and photosynthetic parameters such as the light compensation point (LCP), biomass, and phosphorus (Pi) concentration of P. thunbergii seedlings. Through this investigation, we documented a new role of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi: enhancement of the survival and competitiveness of P. thunbergii seedlings under low-light condition by reducing the LCP of seedlings. At a CO2 concentration of 400 ppm, the LCP of seedlings with ECM inoculations was 40-70 μmol photons m-2 s-1, significantly lower than that of non-mycorrhizal (NM) seedlings (200 μmol photons m-2 s-1). In addition, photosynthetic carbon fixation (Pn) increased with light intensity and CO2 level, and the Pn of ECM seedlings was significantly higher than that of NM seedlings; Pisolithus sp. (Pt)- and Laccaria amethystea (La)-mycorrhizal seedlings had significantly lower Pn than Cenococcum geophilum (Cg)-mycorrhizal seedlings. However, La-mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited the highest fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), and the lowest LCP in the mycorrhizal group. Concomitantly, ECM seedlings showed significantly increased chlorophyll content of needles and higher Pi concentrations compared to NM seedlings. Overall, ECM symbionts promoted growth and photosynthesis while reducing the LCP of P. thunbergii seedlings. These findings indicate that ECM fungi can enhance the survival and competitiveness of host seedlings under low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Binhao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Biphasic ROS accumulation and programmed cell death in a cyanobacterium exposed to salinity (NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 ). ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gruber MY, Xia J, Yu M, Steppuhn H, Wall K, Messer D, Sharpe AG, Acharya SN, Wishart DS, Johnson D, Miller DR, Taheri A. Transcript analysis in two alfalfa salt tolerance selected breeding populations relative to a non-tolerant population. Genome 2016; 60:104-127. [PMID: 28045337 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the growing limitations on arable land, alfalfa (a widely cultivated, low-input forage) is now being selected to extend cultivation into saline lands for low-cost biofeedstock purposes. Here, minerals and transcriptome profiles were compared between two new salinity-tolerant North American alfalfa breeding populations and a more salinity-sensitive western Canadian alfalfa population grown under hydroponic saline conditions. All three populations accumulated two-fold higher sodium in roots than shoots as a function of increased electrical conductivity. At least 50% of differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05) were down-regulated in the salt-sensitive population growing under high salinity, while expression remained unchanged in the saline-tolerant populations. In particular, most reduction in transcript levels in the salt-sensitive population was observed in genes specifying cell wall structural components, lipids, secondary metabolism, auxin and ethylene hormones, development, transport, signalling, heat shock, proteolysis, pathogenesis-response, abiotic stress, RNA processing, and protein metabolism. Transcript diversity for transcription factors, protein modification, and protein degradation genes was also more strongly affected in salt-tolerant CW064027 than in salt-tolerant Bridgeview and salt-sensitive Rangelander, while both saline-tolerant populations showed more substantial up-regulation in redox-related genes and B-ZIP transcripts. The report highlights the first use of bulked genotypes as replicated samples to compare the transcriptomes of obligate out-cross breeding populations in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Gruber
- a Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0X2, Canada.,b Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 2-21 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - J Xia
- b Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 2-21 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - M Yu
- a Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0X2, Canada
| | - H Steppuhn
- c Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - K Wall
- c Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - D Messer
- c Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1030, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - A G Sharpe
- d National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Pl., Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - S N Acharya
- e AAFC Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D S Wishart
- b Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 2-21 Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.,f Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - D Johnson
- g Alforex Seeds, an affiliate of Dow AgroSciences, N4505 CTH M, West Salem, WI 54669, USA
| | - D R Miller
- g Alforex Seeds, an affiliate of Dow AgroSciences, N4505 CTH M, West Salem, WI 54669, USA
| | - A Taheri
- a Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0X2, Canada
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Xu H, Cooke JEK, Kemppainen M, Pardo AG, Zwiazek JJ. Hydraulic conductivity and aquaporin transcription in roots of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings colonized by Laccaria bicolor. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:441-451. [PMID: 26861480 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi have been reported to increase root hydraulic conductivity (L pr) by altering apoplastic and plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP)-mediated cell-to-cell water transport pathways in associated roots, or to have little effect on root water transport, depending on the interacting species and imposed stresses. In this study, we investigated the water transport properties and PIP transcription in roots of aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings colonized by the wild-type strain of Laccaria bicolor and by strains overexpressing a major fungal water-transporting aquaporin JQ585595. Inoculation of aspen seedlings with L. bicolor resulted in about 30 % colonization rate of root tips, which developed dense mantle and the Hartig net that was restricted in the modified root epidermis. Transcript abundance of the aspen aquaporins PIP1;2, PIP2;1, and PIP2;2 decreased in colonized root tips. Root colonization by JQ585595-overexpressing strains had no significant impact on seedling shoot water potentials, gas exchange, or dry mass; however, it led to further decrease in transcript abundance of PIP1;2 and PIP2;3 and the significantly lower L pr than in non-inoculated roots. These results, taken together with our previous study that showed enhanced root water hydraulics of L. bicolor-colonized white spruce (Picea glauca), suggest that the impact of L. bicolor on root hydraulics varies by the ectomycorrhiza-associated tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernal, Argentina
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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Chen Y, Nara K, Wen Z, Shi L, Xia Y, Shen Z, Lian C. Growth and photosynthetic responses of ectomycorrhizal pine seedlings exposed to elevated Cu in soils. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:561-571. [PMID: 25720735 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is still controversial whether ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelia filter out toxic metals in nutrient absorption of host trees. In this study, pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings colonized by Cu-sensitive and Cu-tolerant ECM species were exposed to a wide spectrum of soil Cu concentrations to investigate functions of ECM fungi under Cu stress. The photosynthetic rates of intact needles were monitored in situ periodically. The biomass and elements of plants were also measured after harvest. The ameliorating effect of ECM infection on host plants exposed to toxic stress was metal concentration specific. Under lower-level Cu stress, ECM fungi increased seedling performance, while ECM seedlings accumulated more Cu than nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings. Under higher-level Cu stress, photosynthesis decreased well before visible symptoms of Cu toxicity appeared. The reduced photosynthesis and biomass in ECM seedlings compared to NM seedlings under higher Cu conditions were also accompanied by lower phosphorus in needles. There was no marked difference between the two fungal species. Our results indicate that the two ECM fungi studied in our system may not have an ability to selectively eliminate Cu in nutrient absorption and may not act as effective barriers that decrease toxic metal uptake into host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Chen
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kazuhide Nara
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Zhugui Wen
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Shi
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Xia
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlan Lian
- The Collaborated Lab. of Plant Molecular Ecology (between College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University and Asian Natural Environmental Science Center of the University of Tokyo), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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Onwuchekwa NE, Zwiazek JJ, Quoreshi A, Khasa DP. Growth of mycorrhizal jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings planted in oil sands reclaimed areas. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:431-41. [PMID: 24424508 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of ectomycorrhizal inoculation at the tree nursery seedling production stage on growth and survival was examined in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) planted in oil sands reclamation sites. The seedlings were inoculated with Hebeloma crustuliniforme strain # UAMH 5247, Suillus tomentosus strain # UAMH 6252, and Laccaria bicolor strain # UAMH 8232, as individual pure cultures and in combinations. These treatments were demonstrated to improve salinity resistance and water uptake in conifer seedlings. The field responses of seedlings to ectomycorrhizal inoculation varied between plant species, inoculation treatments, and measured parameters. Seedling inoculation resulted in higher ectomycorrhizal colonization rates compared with non-inoculated control, which had also a relatively small proportion of roots colonized by the nursery contaminant fungi identified as Amphinema byssoides and Thelephora americana. Seedling inoculation had overall a greater effect on relative height growth rates, dry biomass, and stem volumes in jack pine compared with white spruce. However, when examined after two growing seasons, inoculated white spruce seedlings showed up to 75% higher survival rates than non-inoculated controls. The persistence of inoculated fungi in roots of planted seedlings was examined at the end of the second growing season. Although the inoculation with H. crustuliniforme triggered growth responses, the fungus was not found in the roots of seedlings at the end of the second growing season suggesting a possibility that the observed growth-promoting effect of H. crustuliniforme may be transient. The results suggest that the inoculation of conifer seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi could potentially be carried out on a large scale in tree nurseries to benefit postplanting performance in oil sands reclamation sites. However, these practices should take into consideration the differences in responses between the different plant species and fungal strains.
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Li J, Bao S, Zhang Y, Ma X, Mishra-Knyrim M, Sun J, Sa G, Shen X, Polle A, Chen S. Paxillus involutus strains MAJ and NAU mediate K(+)/Na(+) homeostasis in ectomycorrhizal Populus x canescens under sodium chloride stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1771-86. [PMID: 22652127 PMCID: PMC3425212 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salt-induced fluxes of H(+), Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+) were investigated in ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations formed by Paxillus involutus (strains MAJ and NAU) with the salt-sensitive poplar hybrid Populus × canescens. A scanning ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure flux profiles in non-EM roots and axenically grown EM cultures of the two P. involutus isolates to identify whether the major alterations detected in EM roots were promoted by the fungal partner. EM plants exhibited a more pronounced ability to maintain K(+)/Na(+) homeostasis under salt stress. The influx of Na(+) was reduced after short-term (50 mm NaCl, 24 h) and long-term (50 mm NaCl, 7 d) exposure to salt stress in mycorrhizal roots, especially in NAU associations. Flux data for P. involutus and susceptibility to Na(+)-transport inhibitors indicated that fungal colonization contributed to active Na(+) extrusion and H(+) uptake in the salinized roots of P. × canescens. Moreover, EM plants retained the ability to reduce the salt-induced K(+) efflux, especially under long-term salinity. Our study suggests that P. involutus assists in maintaining K(+) homeostasis by delivering this nutrient to host plants and slowing the loss of K(+) under salt stress. EM P. × canescens plants exhibited an enhanced Ca(2+) uptake ability, whereas short-term and long-term treatments caused a marked Ca(2+) efflux from mycorrhizal roots, especially from NAU-colonized roots. We suggest that the release of additional Ca(2+) mediated K(+)/Na(+) homeostasis in EM plants under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xujun Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
| | - Manika Mishra-Knyrim
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
| | - Gang Sa
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
| | - Andrea Polle
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China (J.L., S.B., Y.Z., X.M., J.S., G.S., X.S., S.C.)
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, People’s Republic of China (J.L.); and
- Büsgen-Institut, Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany (M.M.-K., A.P.)
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Lee SH, Calvo-Polanco M, Chung GC, Zwiazek JJ. Role of aquaporins in root water transport of ectomycorrhizal jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings exposed to NaCl and fluoride. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:769-80. [PMID: 20040068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Effects of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Suillus tomentosus on water transport properties were studied in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings. The hydraulic conductivity of root cortical cells (L(pc)) and of the whole root system (L(pr)) in ECM plants was higher by twofold to fourfold compared with the non-ECM seedlings. HgCl2 had a greater inhibitory effect on L(pc) in ECM compared with non-ECM seedlings, suggesting that the mercury-sensitive, aquaporin (AQP)-mediated water transport was largely responsible for the differences in L(pc) between the two groups of plants. L(pc) was rapidly and drastically reduced by the 50 mM NaCl treatment. However, in ECM plants, the initial decline in L(pc) was followed by a quick recovery to the pre-treatment level, while the reduction of L(pc) in non-ECM seedlings progressed over time. Treatments with fluoride reduced L(pc) by about twofold in non-ECM seedlings and caused smaller reductions of L(pc) in ECM plants. When either 2 mM KF or 2 mM NaF were added to the 50 mM NaCl treatment solution, the inhibitory effect of NaCl on L(pc) was rapidly reversed in both groups of plants. The results suggest that AQP-mediated water transport may be linked to the enhancement of salt stress resistance reported for ECM plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Lee
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Mahmoudi H, Huang J, Gruber MY, Kaddour R, Lachaâl M, Ouerghi Z, Hannoufa A. The impact of genotype and salinity on physiological function, secondary metabolite accumulation, and antioxidative responses in lettuce. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5122-30. [PMID: 20302375 DOI: 10.1021/jf904274v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salinity inhibits plant growth due to osmotic and ionic effects. However, little is known about the impact of genotype and salinity on biochemical and molecular processes in the leafy vegetable lettuce. We report here evaluations of two lettuce types, Verte (NaCl tolerant) and Romaine (NaCl sensitive), under iso-osmotic 100 mM NaCl and 77 mM Na(2)SO(4) treatments. As compared to Romaine, NaCl-treated Verte displayed better growth, contained lower levels of inorganic cations in leaves, and possessed superior antioxidative capacity due to enhanced carotenoid and phenolics biosynthesis and more active antioxidative enzymes resulting in reduced membrane damage. Both genotypes had relatively similar growth patterns under Na(2)SO(4) treatment, but Romaine showed enhanced root lignification, greater malondialdehyde formation, and suppressed Fe-superoxide dismutase expression in roots as compared with Verte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Mahmoudi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
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Calvo-Polanco M, Zwiazek JJ, Jones MD, MacKinnon MD. Effects of NaCl on responses of ectomycorrhizal black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) to fluoride. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 135:51-61. [PMID: 19121099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) were inoculated with Suillus tomentosus and subjected to potassium fluoride (1 mM KF and 5 mM KF) in the presence and absence of 60 mM NaCl. The NaCl and KF treatments reduced total dry weights in jack pine and black spruce seedlings, but they did not affect total dry weights in white spruce seedlings. The addition of 60 mM NaCl to KF treatment solutions alleviated fluoride-induced needle injury in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) black spruce and white spruce, but had little effect in jack pine seedlings. Both KF and 60 mM NaCl treatments reduced E values compared with non-treated control seedlings. However, with the exception of small reductions of K(r) by NaCl treatments in black spruce, the applied KF and NaCl treatments had little effect on K(r) in ECM plants. Chloride tissue concentrations in NaCl-treated plants were not affected by the presence of KF in treatment solutions. However, shoot F concentrations in ECM black spruce and white spruce treated with 5 mM KF + 60 mM NaCl were significantly reduced compared with the 5 mM KF treatment. The results point to a possible competitive inhibition of F transport by Cl. We also suggest that the possibility that aquaporins may be involved in the transmembrane transport of F should be further investigated.
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Siemens JA, Zwiazek JJ. Root hydraulic properties and growth of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) mycorrhizal with Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae. MYCORRHIZA 2008; 18:393-401. [PMID: 18685871 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an E-strain fungus (Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae) and an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Hebeloma crustuliniforme) on growth and water relations of balsam poplar were examined and compared in the present study. Balsam poplar roots inoculated with W. mikolae var. mikolae (Wm) exhibited structures consistent with ectendomycorrhizal (EEM) associations, including a mantle surrounding the outside of the root and an extensive Hartig net that was located between cortical cells and extended to the vascular cylinder. Roots colonized with H. crustuliniforme (Hc) developed a mantle layer, indicative of an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association, around the outer part of the root, but no distinct Hartig net was present. Wm-colonized balsam poplar also showed increased shoot growth, stomatal conductance (g(s)), and root volumes compared with non-inoculated and Hc-inoculated plants. However, Hc-inoculated plants had higher root hydraulic conductivity (L(pr)) compared with non-inoculated plants and Wm-inoculated plants. These results suggest that L(pr) was not a growth-limiting factor in balsam poplar and that hyphal penetration of the root cortex in itself may have little influence on root hydraulic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aurea Siemens
- Deptartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Deptartment of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 4-42 Earth Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada.
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