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Druelle A, Mouhat B, Zbitou O, Castagna O. Static Immersion and Negative Static Lung Load-Induced Right Ventricle Systolic Function Adaptation: A Risk Factor for Immersion Pulmonary Edema. Chest 2024:S0012-3692(24)00558-0. [PMID: 38759727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a form of hemodynamic edema likely involving individual susceptibility. RESEARCH QUESTION Can assessing right ventricle (RV) systolic adaptation during immersion be a marker for IPE susceptibility? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-eight divers participated: 15 study participants with a history of IPE (IPE group; mean ± SD age, 40.2 ± 8.2 years; two women) and 13 control participants (no IPE group; mean ± SD age, 43.1 ± 8.5 years; two women) underwent three transthoracic echocardiography studies under three different conditions: dry (participants were in the supine position on an examination table without immersion), surface immersion (participants were floating prone on the water's surface and breathing through a snorkel), and immersion and negative static lung load (divers were submerged 20 cm below the water's surface in the prone position using a specific snorkel connected to the surface for breathing). Echocardiographic measurements included tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tissue S' wave, and right ventricle global strain (RVGLS). RESULTS For all divers, immersion increased RV preload. In the no IPE group, the increase in RV preload induced by immersion was accompanied by an improvement in the contractility of the RV, as evidenced by increases in TAPSE (17.08 ± 1.15 mm vs 20.89 ± 1.32 mm), S' wave (14.58 ± 2.91 cm/s vs. 16.26 ± 2.77 cm/s), and RVGLS (25.37 ± 2.79 % vs. 27.09 ± 2.89 %). Negative SLL amplified these RV adaptations. In contrast, among divers with IPE, the increase in RV preload did not coincide with an improvement in RV contractility, indicating altered adaptive responses. In the IPE group, the TAPSE values changed from 17.19 ± 1.28 mm to 21.69 ± 1.67 mm and then to 23.55 ± 0.78 mm, respectively, in the dry, surface immersion, and immersion and negative SLL conditions. The S' wave values changed from 13.42 ± 2.94 cm/s to 13.26 ± 2.96 cm/s and then to 12.49 ± 0.77 cm/s, respectively, and the RVGLS values changed from -24.09% ± 2.91% to -23.99% ± 3.38% and then to -21.96% ± 0.55%, respectively. INTERPRETATION Changes in RV systolic function induced by immersion (especially with the addition of negative static lung load) vary among divers based on the history of IPE. Analyzing ventricular contractility during immersion, particularly RVGLS, could help to identify individual susceptibility in divers. These findings provide insights for the development of preventive strategies. TRIAL REGISTRY Comité de Protection des Personnes; No.: 21.05.05.35821; Recherche Impliquant la Personne Humaine de type 1 (RIPH1) HPS; No.: 2021-A01225-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Druelle
- Diving Medicine Consultation Services and Hyperbaric Chamber, Ste Anne Military Hospital (HIA Ste Anne), Toulon, France
| | - Basile Mouhat
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Oumaima Zbitou
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Castagna
- Diving Medicine Consultation Services and Hyperbaric Chamber, Ste Anne Military Hospital (HIA Ste Anne), Toulon, France; Underwater Research Team-ERRSO, Military Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Toulon, France; LAMHESS (UPR 6312), Université de Nice, Nice, France.
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Van Hooren B, Souren T, Bongers BC. Accuracy of respiratory gas variables, substrate, and energy use from 15 CPET systems during simulated and human exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14490. [PMID: 37697640 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various systems are available for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), but their accuracy remains largely unexplored. We evaluate the accuracy of 15 popular CPET systems to assess respiratory variables, substrate use, and energy expenditure during simulated exercise. Cross-comparisons were also performed during human cycling experiments (i.e., verification of simulation findings), and between-session reliability was assessed for a subset of systems. METHODS A metabolic simulator was used to simulate breath-by-breath gas exchange, and the values measured by each system (minute ventilation [V̇E], breathing frequency [BF], oxygen uptake [V̇O2 ], carbon dioxide production [V̇CO2 ], respiratory exchange ratio [RER], energy from carbs and fats, and total energy expenditure) were compared to the simulated values to assess the accuracy. The following manufacturers (system) were assessed: COSMED (Quark CPET, K5), Cortex (MetaLyzer 3B, MetaMax 3B), Vyaire (Vyntus CPX, Oxycon Pro), Maastricht Instruments (Omnical), MGC Diagnostics (Ergocard Clinical, Ergocard Pro, Ultima), Ganshorn/Schiller (PowerCube Ergo), Geratherm (Ergostik), VO2master (VO2masterPro), PNOĒ (PNOĒ), and Calibre Biometrics (Calibre). RESULTS Absolute percentage errors during the simulations ranged from 1.15%-44.3% for V̇E, 1.05-3.79% for BF, 1.10%-13.3% for V̇O2 , 1.07%-18.3% for V̇CO2 , 0.62%-14.8% for RER, 5.52%-99.0% for Kcal from carbs, 5.13%-133% for Kcal from fats, and 0.59%-12.1% for total energy expenditure. Between-session variation ranged from 0.86%-21.0% for V̇O2 and 1.14%-20.2% for V̇CO2 , respectively. CONCLUSION The error of respiratory gas variables, substrate, and energy use differed substantially between systems, with only a few systems demonstrating a consistent acceptable error. We extensively discuss the implications of our findings for clinicians, researchers and other CPET users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tjeu Souren
- Independent Consultant, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart C Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zacca R, Castro FADS, Monteiro ASM, Pyne DB, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJP. Swimming With the COSMED AquaTrainer and K5 Wearable Metabolic System in Breath-by-Breath Mode: Accuracy, Precision, and Repeatability. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1152-1160. [PMID: 37353218 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare ventilatory and cardiorespiratory responses between the COSMED AquaTrainer coupled with the K4b2 and K5 wearable metabolic systems in breath-by-breath mode over a wide range of swimming speeds. METHODS Seventeen well-trained master swimmers performed 2 front-crawl 7 × 200-m incremental intermittent protocols (increments of 0.05 m·s-1 and 30-s rest intervals, with a visual pacer) with AquaTrainer coupled with either K4b2 or K5. RESULTS Post hoc tests showed that swimming speed was similar (mean diff.: -0.01 to 0.01 m·s-1; P = .73-.97), repeatable (intraclass correlation coefficient: .88-.99; P < .001), highly accurate, and precise (agreement; bias: -0.01 to 0.01 m·s-1; limits: -0.1 to 0.1 m·s-1) between all conditions. Ventilatory and cardiorespiratory responses were highly comparable between all conditions, despite a "small" effect size for fraction of expired carbon dioxide at the sixth 200-m step (0.5%; ηp2=.12; P = .04) and carbon dioxide production at the fifth, sixth, and seventh 200-m steps (0.3-0.5 L·min-1; ηp2=.11-.17; P = .01-.05). We also observed high accuracy, which was greater for tidal volume (0.0-0.1 L), minute ventilation (-3.7 to 5.1 L·min-1), respiratory frequency (bias: -2.1 to 1.9 breaths·min-1), and oxygen uptake (0.0-0.2 L·min-1). Bland-Altman plots showed that the distribution inside the limits of agreement and their respective 95% CIs were consistent for all ventilatory and cardiorespiratory data. The repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient) of tidal volume (.93-.97), minute ventilation (.82-.97), respiratory frequency (.68-.96), fraction of expired carbon dioxide (.85-.95), carbon dioxide production (.77-.95), fraction of expired oxygen (.78-.92), and oxygen uptake (.94-.98) data ranged from moderate to excellent (P < .001-.05). CONCLUSIONS Swimming with the AquaTrainer coupled with K5 (breath-by-breath mode) yields accurate, precise, and repeatable ventilatory and cardiorespiratory responses when compared with K4b2 (previous gold standard). Swimming support staff, exercise and health professionals, and researchers can now relate differences between physiological capacities measured with the AquaTrainer while coupled with either of these 2 devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zacca
- Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
- Faculty of Sports (FADEUP), Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto,Portugal
| | - Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group (GPEA), School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,Brazil
| | - Ana Sofia Mottini Monteiro
- Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
| | - David B Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra,Australia
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Pinto Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport (FADEUP), Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto,Portugal
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Castagna O, Blatteau JE, Druelle A, Amara J, Lacour JR. Oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2) and pulmonary ventilation ( V ˙ E) during military surface fin swimming in a swimming flume: Effects of surface immersion. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1145204. [PMID: 36950295 PMCID: PMC10025479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1145204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: During military fin swimming, we suspected that oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2) and pulmonary ventilation ( V ˙ E) might be much higher than expected. In this framework, we compared these variables in the responses of trained military divers during land cycling and snorkeling exercises. Methods: Eighteen male military divers (32.3 ± 4.2 years; 178.0 ± 5.0 cm; 76.4 ± 3.4 kg; 24.1 ± 2.1 kg m-2) participated in this study. They performed two test exercises on two separate days: a maximal incremental cycle test (land condition), and an incremental fin swimming (fin condition) in a motorized swimming flume. Results: The respective fin and land V ˙ O2max were 3,701 ± 39 mL min-1 and 4,029 ± 63 mL min-1 (p = 0.07), these values were strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.78 p < 0.01). Differences in V ˙ O2max between conditions increased relative to l; V ˙ O2max (r 2 = 0.4 p = 0.01). Fin V ˙ E max values were significantly lower than land V ˙ E max values (p = 0.01). This result was related to both the significantly lower fin Vt and f (p < 0.01 and <0.04, respectively). Consequently, the fin V ˙ E max / V ˙ O2max ratios were significantly lower than the corresponding ratios for land values (p < 0.01), and the fin and land V ˙ E max were not correlated. Other parameters measured at exhaustion-PaO2, PaCO2, and SO2 - were similar in fin and land conditions. Furthermore, no significant differences between land and fin conditions were observed for peak values for heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and respiratory exchange ratio R. Conclusion: Surface immersion did not significantly reduce the V ˙ O2max in trained divers relative to land conditions. As long as V ˙ O2 remained below V ˙ O2max , the V ˙ E values were identical in the two conditions. Only at V ˙ O2max was V ˙ E higher on land. Although reduced by immersion, V ˙ E max provided adequate pulmonary gas exchange during maximal fin swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Castagna
- Underwater research team—ERRSO, Military biomedical research institute-IRBA, Toulon, France
- LAMHESS (UPR 6312), Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Eric Blatteau
- Department of underwater and hyperbaric medicine (SMHEP), Ste Anne military hospital (HIA Ste Anne), Toulon, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Eric Blatteau,
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Thackray AE, Willis SA, Sherry AP, Clayton DJ, Broom DR, Demashkieh M, Sargeant JA, James LJ, Finlayson G, Stensel DJ, King JA. An acute bout of swimming increases post-exercise energy intake in young healthy men and women. Appetite 2020; 154:104785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baiget E, Iglesias X, Rodríguez FA. Validity of Heart Rate-Based Models for Estimating Oxygen Uptake During Tennis Play. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3208-3216. [PMID: 33105372 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Baiget, E, Iglesias, X, and Rodríguez, FA. Validity of heart rate-based models for estimating oxygen uptake during tennis play. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3208-3216, 2020-This study aimed to assess the validity of an on-court tennis test (specific endurance tennis test [SET-Test]) and 2 heart rate (HR)-based methods for estimating oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) in competitive tennis players. Thirty-five male players performed a SET-Test to relate test duration (minutes) and V[Combining Dot Above]O2. Two weeks later, 16 players performed a simulated match play set where HR and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (V[Combining Dot Above]O2-PLAY, criterion value) were measured and then compared with V[Combining Dot Above]O2 values predicted from the HR/V[Combining Dot Above]O2 linear regression equations derived from the SET-Test (pV[Combining Dot Above]O2-TEST) and from the one set match play (pV[Combining Dot Above]O2-PLAY). Test duration and V[Combining Dot Above]O2-TEST were strongly correlated (r = 0.821, p < 0.001, SEE = 5.6 ml·kg·min), indicating that SET-Test outcome is a somewhat good indicator of aerobic fitness in tennis players, likely to be useful for training purposes. pV[Combining Dot Above]O2-PLAY and V[Combining Dot Above]O2-PLAY (criterion value) were strongly correlated (r = 0.832, p < 0.001) and SEE was moderate (3.5 ml·kg·min = 11.5%). pV[Combining Dot Above]O2-TEST differed from the criterion (32.4 ± 10.7 vs. 30.8 ± 8.6 ml·kg·min, p < 0.001) and, although strongly correlated (r = 0.689, p < 0.001), an overestimation occurred (mean Δ = 1.6 ml·kg·min = 4.9%), yielding a high SEE (4.8 ml·kg·min = 15.6%). We conclude that (a) SET-Test performance is a valid and moderately accurate predictor of V[Combining Dot Above]O2; and (b) the individual HR-V[Combining Dot Above]O2 regression equation generated during tennis match play predicts V[Combining Dot Above]O2 with greater accuracy than the regression derived from the SET-Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Baiget
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- INEFC-Barcelona Research Group on Sport Sciences, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran A Rodríguez
- INEFC-Barcelona Research Group on Sport Sciences, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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[Formula: see text] kinetics and energy contribution in simulated maximal performance during short and middle distance-trials in swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1097-1109. [PMID: 32212025 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to analyze swimmers' oxygen uptake kinetics ([Formula: see text]K) and bioenergetic profiles in 50, 100, and 200 m simulated swimming events and determine which physiological variables relate with performance. METHODS Twenty-eight well-trained swimmers completed an incremental test for maximal oxygen uptake (Peak-[Formula: see text]) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) assessment. Maximal trials (MT) of 50, 100, and 200-m in front crawl swimming were performed for [Formula: see text]K and bioenergetic profile. [Formula: see text]K parameters were calculated through monoexponential modeling and by a new growth rate method. The recovery phase was used along with the blood lactate concentration for bioenergetics profiling. RESULTS Peak-[Formula: see text] (57.47 ± 5.7 ml kg-1 min-1 for male and 53.53 ± 4.21 ml kg-1 min-1 for female) did not differ from [Formula: see text]peak attained at the 200-MT for female and at the 100 and 200-MT for male. From the 50-MT to 100-MT and to the 200-MT the [Formula: see text]K presented slower time constants (8.6 ± 2.3 s, 11.5 ± 2.4 s and 16.7 ± 5.5 s, respectively), the aerobic contribution increased (~ 34%, 54% and 71%, respectively) and the anaerobic decreased (~ 66%, 46% and 29%, respectively), presenting a cross-over in the 100-MT. Both energy systems, MAV, Peak-[Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] peak of the MT's were correlated with swimming performance. DISCUSSION The aerobic energy contribution is an important factor for performance in 50, 100, and 200-m, regardless of the time taken to adjust the absolute oxidative response, when considering the effect on a mixed-group regarding sex. [Formula: see text]K speeding could be explained by a faster initial pacing strategy used in the shorter distances, that contributed for a more rapid increase of the oxidative contribution to the energy turnover.
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Francescato MP, Thieschäfer L, Cettolo V, Hoffmann U. Comparison of different breath-by-breath gas exchange algorithms using a gas exchange simulation system. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 266:171-178. [PMID: 31009753 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical Gas Exchange Simulation Systems (GESS) have never been used to compare different breath-by-breath oxygen uptake calculation algorithms. METHODS Oxygen uptakes were calculated for each GESS cycle by the "Expiration-only" algorithm (estimating inspiratory volume from the expiratory one), and by two "alveolar" algorithms (both processing inspiratory and expiratory flows and designed to account for the changes in lung gas stores). The volume of oxygen stored in the GESS from one cycle to the subsequent one was either maintained constant or increased/decreased by changing the pumped gas volumes. RESULTS Overlapping oxygen uptakes were obtained maintaining constant the volume of oxygen stored (grand average: 0.420 ± 0.019 L/min, p = ns). The "Expiration-only" algorithm overestimated the decreases of the stored oxygen by 34%, whereas the "alveolar" algorithms underestimated the increases by 25%; in the other conditions, the changes of the stored oxygen were appropriately accounted for. CONCLUSIONS The use of "alveolar" algorithms is recommended, particularly so when abrupt changes in the stored oxygen volume occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lutz Thieschäfer
- Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentina Cettolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, p.le Kolbe 4, Udine, Italy
| | - Uwe Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, Germany
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Guidetti L, Meucci M, Bolletta F, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Baldari C. Validity, reliability and minimum detectable change of COSMED K5 portable gas exchange system in breath-by-breath mode. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209925. [PMID: 30596748 PMCID: PMC6312326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the validity, reliability and minimum detectable change (MDC) of the Cosmed K5 in breath by breath (BxB) mode, against VacuMed metabolic simulator. Intra and inter-units reliability was also assessed. METHODS Fourteen metabolic rates (from 0.9 to 4 L.min-1) were reproduced by a VacuMed system and pulmonary ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured by two different K5 units. Validity was assessed by ordinary least products (OLP) regression analysis, Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean percentage differences, technical errors (TE) and MDC for VE, VO2, and VCO2. Intra- and inter-K5 reliability was evaluated by absolute percentage differences between measurements (MAPE), ICCs, TE, and MDC. RESULTS Validity analysis from OLP regression data and Bland- Altman plots indicated high agreement between K5 and simulator. ICC values were excellent for all variables (>0.99). Mean percentage differences in VE (-0.50%, p = 0.11), VO2 (-0.04%, p = 0.80), and VCO2 (-1.03%, p = 0.09) showed no significant bias. The technical error (TE) ranged from 0.73% to 1.34% (VE and VCO2 respectively). MDC were lower than 4% (VE = 2.0%, VO2 = 3.8%, VCO2 = 3.7%). The intra and inter K5 reliability assessment reveled excellent ICCs (>0.99), MAPE <2% (no significant differences between trials), TE < or around 1%, MDC <or around 3%. CONCLUSIONS K5 in BxB mode is a valid and reliable system for metabolic measurements. This is the first study assessing the MDC accounting only for technical variability reporting intra- and inter-units MDCs <3.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Meucci
- Vascular Biology and Autonomic Studies Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francesco Bolletta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy
- * E-mail:
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León-López J, Calderón-Soto C, Pérez-Sánchez M, Feriche B, Iglesias X, Chaverri D, Rodríguez FA. Oxidative stress in elite athletes training at moderate altitude and at sea level. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:832-841. [PMID: 29575975 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1453550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a controlled parallel group longitudinal trial design, we investigated the effects of different training interventions on the prooxidant/antioxidant status of elite athletes: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 (Hi-Hi3) and 4 weeks (Hi-Hi), and for 4 weeks too, living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo) and living and training at sea level (Lo-Lo). From 61 swimmers, 54 completed the study. Nitrites, carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed in plasma. Enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd), and non-enzymatic antioxidants total glutathione (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analysed in the erythrocyte fraction. At the end of the intervention, nitrites levels were similar in all altitude groups but higher than in the Lo-Lo controls (P = .02). Hi-HiLo had greater GPx activity than Hi-Hi and Hi-Hi3 during most of the intervention (P ≤ .001). GRd activity was higher in Lo-Lo than in Hi-Hi at the end of the training camp (P ≤ .001). All groups showed increased levels of LPO, except Lo-Lo, and carbonyls at the end of the study (P ≤ .001). Training at altitude for 3 or 4 weeks drives oxidative stress leading to cellular damage mainly by worsening the antioxidant capacities. The GSSG/GSH ratio appears to be related to perceived exertion and fatigue. The stronger antioxidant defence showed by the Hi-HiLo group suggests an inverse relationship between redox alterations and performance. Further studies are required to investigate the role of oxidative stress in acclimatization, performance, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa León-López
- a San Cecilio University Hospital , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | | | - Matías Pérez-Sánchez
- c Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- d Faculty of Sports Sciences , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Diego Chaverri
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ferran A Rodríguez
- e INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Sousa A, Borrani F, Rodríguez FA, Millet GP. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Is Slower in Swimming Than Arm Cranking and Cycling during Heavy Intensity. Front Physiol 2017; 8:639. [PMID: 28919863 PMCID: PMC5585224 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen uptake (V·O2) kinetics has been reported to be influenced by the activity mode. However, only few studies have compared V·O2 kinetics between activities in the same subjects in which they were equally trained. Therefore, this study compared the V·O2 kinetics response to swimming, arm cranking, and cycling within the same group of subjects within the heavy exercise intensity domain. Ten trained male triathletes (age 23.2 ± 4.5 years; height 180.8 ± 8.3 cm; weight 72.3 ± 6.6 kg) completed an incremental test to exhaustion and a 6-min heavy constant-load test in the three exercise modes in random order. Gas exchange was measured by a breath-by-breath analyzer and the on-transient V·O2 kinetics was modeled using bi-exponential functions. V·O2peak was higher in cycling (65.6 ± 4.0 ml·kg−1·min−1) than in arm cranking or swimming (48.7 ± 8.0 and 53.0 ± 6.7 ml·kg−1·min−1; P < 0.01), but the V·O2 kinetics were slower in swimming (τ1 = 31.7 ± 6.2 s) than in arm cranking (19.3 ± 4.2 s; P = 0.001) and cycling (12.4 ± 3.7 s; P = 0.001). The amplitude of the primary component was lower in both arm cranking and swimming (21.9 ± 4.7 and 28.4 ± 5.1 ml·kg−1·min−1) compared with cycling (39.4 ± 4.1 ml·kg−1·min−1; P = 0.001). Although the gain of the primary component was higher in arm cranking compared with cycling (15.3 ± 4.2 and 10.7 ± 1.3 ml·min−1·W−1; P = 0.02), the slow component amplitude, in both absolute and relative terms, did not differ between exercise modes. The slower V·O2 kinetics during heavy-intensity swimming is exercise-mode dependent. Besides differences in muscle mass and greater type II muscle fibers recruitment, the horizontal position adopted and the involvement of trunk and lower-body stabilizing muscles could be additional mechanisms that explain the differences between exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa
- Research Center for Sports, Exercise and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto DouroVila Real, Portugal
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ferran A Rodríguez
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Rodríguez FA, Iglesias X, Feriche B, Calderón-Soto C, Chaverri D, Wachsmuth NB, Schmidt W, Levine BD. Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project). Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1965-78. [PMID: 25628173 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This controlled, nonrandomized, parallel-groups trial investigated the effects on performance, V˙O2 and hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) of four preparatory in-season training interventions: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 and 4 wk (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo, 4 wk), and living and training at sea level (SL) (Lo-Lo, 4 wk). METHODS From 61 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed time trials over 50- and 400-m crawl (TT50, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (nonsprinters) at best stroke (TT100/TT200). Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and HR were measured with an incremental 4 × 200 m test. Training load was estimated using cumulative training impulse method and session RPE. Initial measures (PRE) were repeated immediately (POST) and once weekly on return to SL (PostW1 to PostW4). tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once weekly during the camp with CO rebreathing. Effects were analyzed using mixed linear modeling. RESULTS TT100 or TT200 was worse or unchanged immediately at POST, but improved by approximately 3.5% regardless of living or training at SL or altitude after at least 1 wk of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo achieved greater improvement 2 (5.3%) and 4 wk (6.3%) after the camp. Hi-HiLo also improved more in TT400 and TT50 2 (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively) and 4 wk (4.7% and 5.5%) from return. This performance improvement was not linked linearly to changes in V˙O2max or tHbmass. CONCLUSIONS A well-implemented 3- or 4-wk training camp may impair performance immediately but clearly improves performance even in elite swimmers after a period of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo for 4 wk improves performance in swimming above and beyond altitude and SL controls through complex mechanisms involving altitude living and SL training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran A Rodríguez
- 1INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN; 2Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN; 3Altitude Training Center of Sierra Nevada, Consejo Superior de Deportes, Granada, SPAIN; 4Department of Sports Medicine and Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, GERMANY; and 5Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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Chaverri D, Iglesias X, Schuller T, Hoffmann U, Rodríguez FA. Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:588-96. [PMID: 27226382 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in swimming, we compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) measurements during supramaximal exercise with various commonly adopted methods, including a recently developed heart rate - V̇O2 modelling procedure. Thirty-one elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel, 1 min before, during, and 3 min postexercise. V̇O2peak(-20-0) was the average of the last 20 s of effort. The following postexercise measures were compared: (i) first 20-s average (V̇O2peak(0-20)); (ii) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 s (BE(20)), 30 s, and 3 × 20-, 4 × 20-, and 3 or 4 × 20-s averages; (iii) semilogarithmic BE at 20 s (LOG(20)) and at the other same time intervals as in linear BE; and (iv) predicted V̇O2peak using mathematical modelling (pV̇O2(0-20)]. Repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests compared V̇O2peak (criterion) and each estimated value. Pearson's coefficient of determination (r(2)) was used to assess correlation. Exercise V̇O2peak(-20-0) (mean ± SD 3531 ± 738 mL·min(-1)) was not different (p > 0.30) from pV̇O2(0-20) (3571 ± 735 mL·min(-1)), BE(20) (3617 ± 708 mL·min(-1)), or LOG(20) (3627 ± 746 mL·min(-1)). pV̇O2(0-20) was very strongly correlated with exercise V̇O2peak (r(2) = 0.962; p < 0.001), and showed a low standard error of the estimate (146 mL·min(-1), 4.1%) and the lowest mean difference (40 mL·min(-1); 1.1%). We confirm that the new modelling procedure based on postexercise V̇O2 and heart rate measurements is a valid and accurate procedure for estimating V̇O2peak in swimmers and avoids the estimation bias produced by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Chaverri
- a INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Universitat de Barcelona. Av. de l'Estadi, 12-22, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Iglesias
- a INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Universitat de Barcelona. Av. de l'Estadi, 12-22, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorsten Schuller
- b Institut für Physiologie und Anatomie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Uwe Hoffmann
- b Institut für Physiologie und Anatomie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Ferran A Rodríguez
- a INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Universitat de Barcelona. Av. de l'Estadi, 12-22, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
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Ferreira MI, Barbosa TM, Neiva HP, Marta CC, Costa MJ, Marinho DA. Effect of Gender, Energetics, and Biomechanics on Swimming Masters Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:1948-55. [PMID: 25635608 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gender and energetics on biomechanics and performance of masters swimmers over 1 season. Twenty-five masters swimmers (14 male and 11 female) were assessed 3 times (TP1, TP2, and TP3) during a season (male personal record in 200-m freestyle event: 173.00 ± 31.41 seconds: female personal record in 200-m freestyle event: 200.73 ± 25.02 seconds). An incremental 5 × 200-m step test was selected to evaluate velocity at 4 mmol·l⁻¹ of blood lactate concentration (v4), maximal blood lactate concentration after exercise (La(peak)), maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), stroke frequency, stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI), and propelling efficiency of the arm stroke (η(p)). The 200-m freestyle performance and average swimming velocity (v200) were also monitored. Significant differences were observed between males and females for the 200-m freestyle performance, SL, SI, and La(peak). Performance (205.18 ± 24.47 seconds; 197.45 ± 20.97 seconds; 193.45 ± 18.12 seconds), SL (1.69 ± 0.17 m; 1.79 ± 0.13 m; 1.78 ± 0.15 m), SI (1.68 ± 0.31 m²·c⁻¹·s⁻¹; 1.83 ± 0.27 m²·c⁻¹·s⁻¹; 1.85 ± 0.27 m²·c⁻¹·s⁻¹), η(p) (0.32 ± 0.04; 0.33 ± 0.03; 0.33 ± 0.04), and V̇O2max (38.71 ± 3.44 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; 43.43 ± 3.71 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; 43.95 ± 7.02 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) have changed significantly throughout the season (TP1, TP2, and TP3, respectively) in female swimmers. In male, significant changes were found in η(p) (0.33 ± 0.07; 0.36 ± 0.05; 0.36 ± 0.06) and V̇O2max (41.65 ± 7.30 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; 45.19 ± 6.55 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; 50.19 ± 9.65 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) over the season (TP1, TP2, and TP3, respectively). Gender presented a significant effect on SL (TP2: η(p)² = 0.29; TP3: η(p)² = 0.37), SI (TP2: η(p)² = 0.25), and La(peak) (TP3: η(p)² = 0.42). v4 (TP1: η(p)² = 0.23), SL (TP1: η(p)² = 0.46), SI (TP1: η(p)² = 0.78; TP2: η(p)² = 0.37; TP3: η(p)² = 0.32), and η(p) (TP1: η(p)² = 0.28) had a significant effect on performance. Male masters swimmers have better performance, SL, SI, and La(peak) than female counterparts. Female masters swimmers enhanced significantly the 200-m freestyle performance over the season due to the improvement in swimming technique (SL, SI, and η(p)) and energetic factors (v4 and V̇O2max). Nonsignificant improvements were observed for the males' performance. Gender has a significant effect on SL, SI, and La(peak). Therefore, performance is more dependent on technical factors than energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Ferreira
- 1Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; 2Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal; 3National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore; and 4Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Research Centre for Interior Development, Guarda, Portugal
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Seifert L, Komar J, Crettenand F, Millet G. Coordination pattern adaptability: energy cost of degenerate behaviors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107839. [PMID: 25255016 PMCID: PMC4177880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated behavioral adaptability, which could be defined as a blend between stability and flexibility of the limbs movement and their inter-limb coordination, when individuals received informational constraints. Seven expert breaststroke swimmers performed three 200-m in breaststroke at constant submaximal intensity. Each trial was performed randomly in a different coordination pattern: 'freely-chosen', 'maximal glide' and 'minimal glide'. Two underwater and four aerial cameras enabled 3D movement analysis in order to assess elbow and knee angles, elbow-knee pair coordination, intra-cyclic velocity variations of the center of mass, stroke rate and stroke length and inter-limb coordination. The energy cost of locomotion was calculated from gas exchanges and blood lactate concentration. The results showed significantly higher glide, intra-cyclic velocity variations and energy cost under 'maximal glide' compared to 'freely-chosen' instructional conditions, as well as higher reorganization of limb movement and inter-limb coordination (p<0.05). In the 'minimal glide' condition, the swimmers did not show significantly shorter glide and lower energy cost, but they exhibited significantly lower deceleration of the center of mass, as well as modified limb movement and inter-limb coordination (p<0.05). These results highlight that a variety of structural adaptations can functionally satisfy the task-goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS) - EA 3832, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - John Komar
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS) - EA 3832, University of Rouen, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Florent Crettenand
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences - Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dalamitros AA, Manou V, Pelarigo JG. Laboratory-based tests for swimmers: methodology, reliability, considerations and relationship with front-crawl performance. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2014. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2014.91.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Swimmers can train in hypoxia at sea level through voluntary hypoventilation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 190:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the characteristics of waves generated when swimming with and without the use of Aquatrainer® snorkels. Eight male swimmers performed two maximal bouts of 25 m breaststroke, first without the use of a snorkel (normal condition) and then using a snorkel (snorkel condition). The body landmarks, centre of the mass velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, and Strouhal number (St) were quantified. Fourier analysis was conducted to determine the frequency, amplitude, and phase characteristics of the vertical undulations. We also determined the undulation period, the first and second harmonic wave percentage, and the contribution of these components to the power of each of the wave signals. The first wave harmonics had a frequency of 0.76 Hz (normal condition) and 0.78 Hz (snorkel condition), and the second wave harmonics had a frequency of 1.52 Hz (normal condition) and 1.56 Hz (snorkel condition). Under the normal conditions, the wave amplitude was higher on the vertex (0.72 m) and cervical (0.32 m) than that produced under snorkel conditions (0.71 m and 0.28 m, respectively). The lowest values were found in the hip (0.03 m in normal conditions, and 0.02 m in snorkel conditions) and in the trunk (0.06 m in normal conditions, and 0.04 m in snorkel conditions). It can be concluded that snorkel use seems to lead to slight changes in the biomechanical pattern in swimming velocity, as well as several stroke mechanical variables.
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Komar J, Leprêtre PM, Alberty M, Vantorre J, Fernandes RJ, Hellard P, Chollet D, Seifert L. Effect of increasing energy cost on arm coordination in elite sprint swimmers. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 31:620-9. [PMID: 22094119 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in stroke parameters, motor organization and swimming efficiency with increasing energy cost in aquatic locomotion. Seven elite sprint swimmers performed a 6×300-m incremental swimming test. Stroke parameters (speed, stroke rate and stroke length), motor organization (arm stroke phases and arm coordination index), swimming efficiency (swimming speed squared and hand speed squared) and stroke index were calculated from aerial and underwater side-view cameras. The energy cost of locomotion was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption and blood lactate. Results showed that the increase in energy cost of locomotion was correlated to an increase in the index of coordination and stroke rate, and a decrease in stroke length (p<.05). Furthermore, indicators of swimming efficiency and stroke index did not change significantly with the speed increments (p<.05), indicating that swimmers did not decrease their efficiency despite the increase in energy cost. In parallel, an increase in the index of coordination IdC and stroke rate were observed, along with a decrease in stroke length, stroke index and hand speed squared with each increment, revealing an adaptation to the fatigue within the 300m.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Komar
- Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives, EA-3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Rouen, France
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Are oxygen uptake kinetics modified when using a respiratory snorkel? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 5:292-300. [PMID: 20861520 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.5.3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare VO2 kinetics during constant power cycle exercise measured using a conventional facemask (CM) or a respiratory snorkel (RS) designed for breath-by-breath analysis in swimming. METHODS VO2 kinetics parameters-obtained using CM or RS, in randomized counterbalanced order-were compared in 10 trained triathletes performing two submaximal heavy-intensity cycling square-wave transitions. These VO2 kinetics parameters (ie, time delay: td1, td2; time constant: τ1, τ2; amplitude: A1, A2, for the primary phase and slow component, respectively) were modeled using a double exponential function. In the case of the RS data, this model incorporated an individually determined snorkel delay (ISD). RESULTS Only td1 (8.9 ± 3.0 vs 13.8 ± 1.8 s, P < .01) differed between CM and RS, whereas all other parameters were not different (τ1 = 24.7 ± 7.6 vs 21.1 ± 6.3 s; A1 = 39.4 ± 5.3 vs 36.8 ± 5.1 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1); td2 = 107.5 ± 87.4 vs 183.5 ± 75.9 s; A2' (relevant slow component amplitude) = 2.6 ± 2.4 vs 3.1 ± 2.6 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) for CM and RS, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although there can be a small mixture of breaths allowed by the volume of the snorkel in the transition to exercise, this does not appear to significantly influence the results. Therefore, given the use of an ISD, the RS is a valid instrument for the determination of VO2 kinetics within submaximal exercise.
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Barbosa T, Silva AJ, Reis AM, Costa M, Garrido N, Policarpo F, Reis VM. Kinematical changes in swimming front Crawl and Breaststroke with the AquaTrainer® snorkel. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:1155-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Comparison of gas exchange data using the Aquatrainer® system and the facemask with Cosmed K4b2 during exercise in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barbosa TM, Fernandes RJ, Keskinen KL, Vilas-Boas JP. The influence of stroke mechanics into energy cost of elite swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:139-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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