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Lin N, Erdos T, Louie C, Desai R, Lin N, Ayzenberg G, Venketaraman V. The Role of Glutathione in the Management of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Individuals with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2952. [PMID: 38474196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of death worldwide. Without appropriate antiretroviral therapy, the infection can develop into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS leads to the dysregulation of cell-mediated immunity resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines. HIV-positive individuals also demonstrate diminished glutathione (GSH) levels which allows for increased viral replication and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, further contributing to the high rates of mortality seen in patients with HIV. Adequate GSH supplementation has reduced inflammation and slowed the decline of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-positive individuals. We aim to review the current literature regarding the role of GSH in cell-mediated immune responses in individuals with HIV- and AIDS-defining illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Thomas Erdos
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Carson Louie
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Raina Desai
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Naomi Lin
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Gregory Ayzenberg
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Tang Y, Chen YG, Huang HY, Li SF, Zuo HL, Chen JH, Li LP, Mao RB, Lin YCD, Huang HD. Panax notoginseng alleviates oxidative stress through miRNA regulations based on systems biology approach. Chin Med 2023; 18:74. [PMID: 37337262 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal medicine Sanqi (SQ), the dried root or stem of Panax notoginseng (PNS), has been reported to have anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects and is usually administered as a decoction for Chinese medicine. Alternative to utilizing PNS pure compound for treatment, we are motivated to propose an unconventional scheme to investigate the functions of PNS mixture. However, studies providing a detailed overview of the transcriptomics-based signaling network in response to PNS are seldom available. METHODS To explore the reasoning of PNS in treating metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, we implemented a systems biology-based approach with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and miRNA sequencing data to elucidate key pathways, genes and miRNAs involved. RESULTS Functional enrichment analysis revealed PNS up-regulating oxidative stress-related pathways and down-regulating insulin and fatty acid metabolism. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) mRNA and protein levels, as well as related miRNA levels, were measured in PNS treated rat pancreatic β cells (INS-1). PNS treatment up-regulated Hmox1, SOD1 and GCLc expression while down-regulating miR-24-3p and miR-139-5p to suppress oxidative stress. Furthermore, we verified the novel interactions between miR-139-5p and miR-24-3p with GCLc and SOD1. CONCLUSION This work has demonstrated the mechanism of how PNS regulates cellular molecules in metabolic disorders. Therefore, combining omics data with a systems biology strategy could be a practical means to explore the potential function and molecular mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tang
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Gang Chen
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Shang-Fu Li
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Li Zuo
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Hang Chen
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Run-Bo Mao
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang-Chi-Dung Lin
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, Guangdong, China.
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Efanova E, Bushueva O, Saranyuk R, Surovtseva A, Churnosov M, Solodilova M, Polonikov A. Polymorphisms of the GCLC Gene Are Novel Genetic Markers for Susceptibility to Psoriasis Associated with Alcohol Abuse and Cigarette Smoking. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1316. [PMID: 37374099 DOI: 10.3390/life13061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC) are associated with the risk and clinical features of psoriasis. A total of 944 unrelated individuals, including 474 patients with a diagnosis of psoriasis and 470 healthy controls, were recruited for the study. Six common SNPs in the GCLC gene were genotyped using the MassArray-4 system. Polymorphisms rs648595 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.90; Pperm = 0.017) and rs2397147 (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.30-0.98; Pperm = 0.05) were associated with susceptibility to psoriasis in males. In the male group, diplotype rs2397147-C/C × rs17883901-G/G was associated with a decreased risk of psoriasis (FDR-adjusted p = 0.014), whereas diplotype rs6933870-G/G × rs17883901-G/G (FDR-adjusted p = 0.045) showed an association with an increased disease risk in females. The joint effects of SNPs with tobacco smoking (rs648595 and rs17883901) and alcohol abuse (rs648595 and rs542914) on psoriasis risk were observed (Pperm ≤ 0.05). We also found multiple sex-independent associations between GCLC gene polymorphisms and various clinical features such as earlier disease onset, the psoriatic triad, and specific localizations of skin lesions. The present study is the first to show that polymorphisms of the GCLC gene are significantly associated with the risk of psoriasis and related to its clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Efanova
- Medvenka Central District Hospital, 68 Sovetskaya Street, 307030 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Olga Bushueva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Roman Saranyuk
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Center for Medical Examinations and Prevention, 2 Leninsky Komsomol Avenue, 305026 Kursk, Russia
| | - Anna Surovtseva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 85 Pobedy Street, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Maria Solodilova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya Street, 305041 Kursk, Russia
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Yang C, Xi M, Liu H, Bai H, Jiang C, Liu Q, Fan P. Association of Polymorphisms of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Genes GCLC C-129 T and GCLM C-588 T with Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Chinese Women. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1790-1800. [PMID: 34642912 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is generally considered a multifactorial disease caused by interactions between multiple susceptible genes and environmental factors. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. This study examined the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GCL catalytic subunit (GCLC C-129 T) and the modifier subunit (GCLM C-588 T) and PCOS. The two SNPs were genotyped in 1017 PCOS patients and 793 control women. Clinical, metabolic, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters were also assessed. The frequencies of the CT + TT genotypes (21.6% vs. 27.7%) and T allele (11.5% vs. 14.7%) of SNP GCLC C-129 T were significantly lower in hyperandrogenism (HA)-PCOS patients than in control women. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the relative hazard of HA-PCOS was lower in individuals with the -129 T allele (CT + TT genotypes) than in those with the CC genotype (OR = 0.723, 95% CI: 0.571-0.915, P = 0.007). When using the GCLC-CC/GCLM-CC combined genotype as the reference category, the GCLC-CT + TT/GCLM-CC combined genotype was a protective factor for PCOS with HA (OR = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.566-0.976, P = 0.033). HA-PCOS patients with the -129 T allele had lower waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI) and lower fasting insulin concentration and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance after correcting for age and BMI (P < 0.05). The T allele of SNP GCLC C-129 T and its combination with the CC genotype of SNP GCLM C-588 T are associated with decreased risk of HA-PCOS in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingrong Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huai Bai
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Shokhina AG, Belousov VV, Bilan DS. A genetically encoded biosensor roKate for monitoring the redox state of the glutathione pool. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors are exploited to study a variety of biological processes in living organisms in real time. In recent years, a whole family of biosensors has been developed, serving to visualize changes in the glutathione redox state. The aim of our experiment was to design a biosensor based on the red fluorescent protein mKate2 for measuring the 2GSH/GSSG ratio. A pair of cysteine amino acid residues were introduced into the structure of the fluorescent protein using site-directed mutagenesis. These residues form a disulfide bridge when the surrounding glutathione pool is oxidized, affecting the spectral characteristics of the protein. Our biosensor, which we called roKate, was tested in vitro on an isolated protein. Specifically, we examined the spectral characteristics, pH and the redox potential of the sensor. Additionally, the performance of roKate was evaluated using the culture of living mammalian cells. The fluorescent signal emitted by the sensor was very bright and remarkably stable under pH conditions varying in the physiological range. Irreversibly oxidized in mammalian cells, roKate stands out from other members of this biosensor family. This biosensor should be preferred in the experiments when the time between the manipulations with the biological object and the subsequent analysis of the induced effect is substantial, as is the case with long sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AG Shokhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - VV Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; The Research Institute for Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - DS Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Raffa M, Jrad BBH, Khelil AH, Kerkeni A, Mechri A. Association of polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene with schizophrenia: A case-control study in a Tunisian population. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang G, Skorokhod OA, Khoo SK, Aguilar R, Wiertsema S, Nhabomba AJ, Marrocco T, McNamara-Smith M, Manaca MN, Barbosa A, Quintó L, Hayden CM, Goldblatt J, Guinovart C, Alonso PL, Dobaño C, Schwarzer E, LeSouëf PN. Plasma advanced oxidative protein products are associated with anti-oxidative stress pathway genes and malaria in a longitudinal cohort. Malar J 2014; 13:134. [PMID: 24693973 PMCID: PMC4230024 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are newly identified efficient oxidative stress biomarkers. In a longitudinal birth cohort the effects were investigated of genetic polymorphisms in five oxidative pathway genes on AOPP levels. Methods This study is part of a three-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Three hundred and twelve children were included in the present study with AOPP levels measured at 2.5, 5.5, 10.5, 15 and 24 months of age. Twelve polymorphisms were genotyped in five oxidative stress pathway genes: glutathione reductase (GSR), glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCLC), glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1, haem oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in 298 children. There were 284 children assessed for anaemia and clinical malaria infection at the age of 24 months. Results Two principal components (PCA1 and PCA2) were derived from the AOPP levels measured at the five time points. PCA1 was significantly associated with anaemia (p = 0.0002), and PCA2 with clinical malaria infection (p = 0.047). In the K-Means Cluster Analysis based on levels of AOPP, children were clustered into two groups: Group A (lower AOPP levels) and Group B (higher AOPP levels). The cluster membership was significantly associated with anaemia (p =0.003) as well as with the GSR RS3594 polymorphism (p = 0.037). Mixed linear regression analyses found that the single nucleotide polymorphisms GCLC RS10948751 and HMOX1 RS17885925 were significantly associated with AOPP levels (p = 0.030 and p = 0.027, respectively). Conclusion Plasma AOPP levels were predictive for anaemia and oxidative stress markers for clinical malaria infection in two year old children. Several polymorphisms in GCLC, GSR and HMOX1 genes were associated with oxidative stress status of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, c/o 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA 6008 Perth, Australia.
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Nichenametla SN, Muscat JE, Liao JG, Lazarus P, Richie JP. A functional trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the glutathione biosynthetic gene GCLC is associated with increased risk for lung and aerodigestive tract cancers. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:791-9. [PMID: 22610501 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the major intracellular antioxidant, protects against cancer development by detoxifying carcinogens and free radicals and strengthening the immune system. Recently, a GAG-trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the gene for the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH biosynthesis, γ-glutamine cysteine ligase (GCL), was shown to be associated with lowered GCL activity and GSH levels in vitro and in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that this functional polymorphism in GCL is associated with the risk for lung and aerodigestive tract cancers. To this end, we conducted a case-control study that included 375 lung cancer cases, 200 aerodigestive tract cancer cases, and 537 controls. GAG repeat genotype (4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 repeat alleles) was determined by capillary electrophoresis of PCR products from the repeat region of the GCL catalytic subunit (GCLC). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression and adjusted for risk factors, including age, sex, body mass index, and smoking history. The GAG-7/7 genotype was associated with a 1.9-fold increased risk of lung cancer and 2.6-fold increased risk of aerodigestive tract cancer compared to the wild-type GAG-9/9 (P < 0.05). Similarly, the GAG-7 allele was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.5, P = 0.01) and aerodigestive tract cancer (OR = 2.3, P < 0.001) compared to subjects without GAG-7 allele. These findings suggest that GSH synthesis affects the risk of lung and aerodigestive tract cancers, and further implicates a role for oxidative stress in the development of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra N Nichenametla
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Callegari A, Liu Y, White CC, Chait A, Gough P, Raines EW, Cox D, Kavanagh TJ, Rosenfeld ME. Gain and loss of function for glutathione synthesis: impact on advanced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 31:2473-82. [PMID: 21868708 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.229765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting step in glutathione synthesis. The enzyme is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit, GCLC, and a modifier subunit, GCLM. We generated apolipoprotein E (apoE)-/- mice deficient in GCLM (apoE-/-/Gclm-/-) and transgenic mice that overexpress GCLC specifically in macrophages (apoE-/-/Gclc-Tg) to test the hypothesis that significantly altering the availability of glutathione has a measurable impact on both the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaque size and composition were measured in the innominate artery in chow-fed male and female mice at 20, 30, 40, and 50 weeks of age and in the aortic sinus at 40 and 50 weeks of age. The apoE-/-/Gclm-/- mice more rapidly developed complex lesions, whereas the apoE-/-/Gclc-Tg mice had reduced lesion development compared with the littermate apoE-/- control mice. Transplantation of bone marrow from the apoE-/-/Gclm-/- and apoE-/-/Gclc-Tg mice into apoE-/- mice with established lesions also stimulated or inhibited further lesion development at 30 weeks posttransplant. CONCLUSION Gain and loss of function in the capacity to synthesize glutathione especially in macrophages has reciprocal effects on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis at multiple sites in apoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Callegari
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Gysin R, Kraftsik R, Boulat O, Bovet P, Conus P, Comte-Krieger E, Polari A, Steullet P, Preisig M, Teichmann T, Cuénod M, Do KQ. Genetic dysregulation of glutathione synthesis predicts alteration of plasma thiol redox status in schizophrenia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2003-10. [PMID: 20673128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown an association between schizophrenia and a GAG trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphism in the catalytic subunit (GCLC) of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the key enzyme for glutathione (GSH) synthesis. The present study was aimed at analyzing the influence of a GSH dysregulation of genetic origin on plasma thiols (total cysteine, homocysteine, and cysteine-glycine) and other free amino acid levels as well as fibroblast cultures GSH levels. Plasma thiols levels were also compared between patients and controls. As compared with patients with a low-risk GCLC GAG TNR genotype, patients with a high-risk genotype, having an impaired GSH synthesis, displayed a decrease of fibroblast GSH and plasma total cysteine levels, and an increase of the oxidized form of cysteine (cystine) content. Increased levels of plasma free serine, glutamine, citrulline, and arginine were also observed in the high-risk genotype. Taken together, the high-risk genotypes were associated with a subgroup of schizophrenia characterized by altered plasma thiols and free amino acid levels that reflect a dysregulation of redox control and an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. This altered pattern potentially contributes to the development of a biomarker profile useful for early diagnosis and monitoring the effectiveness of novel drugs targeting redox dysregulation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Gysin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Vieira SM, Monteiro MB, Marques T, Luna AM, Fortes MA, Nery M, Queiroz M, Dib SA, Vendramini MF, Azevedo MJ, Canani LH, Parisi MC, Pavin EJ, Giannella-Neto D, Corrêa-Giannella ML. Association of genetic variants in the promoter region of genes encoding p22phox (CYBA) and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:129. [PMID: 21962117 PMCID: PMC3206419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is recognized as a major pathogenic factor of cellular damage caused by hyperglycemia. NOX/NADPH oxidases generate reactive oxygen species and NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms are expressed in kidney and require association with subunit p22phox (encoded by the CYBA gene). Increased expression of p22phox was described in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. In the opposite direction, glutathione is one of the main endogenous antioxidants whose plasmatic concentrations were reported to be reduced in diabetes patients. The aim of the present investigation was to test whether functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in the generation of NADPH-dependent O2•- (-675 T → A in CYBA, unregistered) and in glutathione metabolism (-129 C → T in GCLC [rs17883901] and -65 T → C in GPX3 [rs8177412]) confer susceptibility to renal disease in type 1 diabetes patients. Methods 401 patients were sorted into two groups according to the presence (n = 104) or absence (n = 196) of overt diabetic nephropathy or according to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation: ≥ 60 mL (n = 265) or < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 136) and were genotyped. Results No differences were found in the frequency of genotypes between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The frequency of GFR < 60 mL/min was significantly lower in the group of patients carrying CYBA genotypes T/A+A/A (18.7%) than in the group carrying the T/T genotype (35.3%) (P = 0.0143) and the frequency of GFR < 60 mL/min was significantly higher in the group of patients carrying GCLC genotypes C/T+T/T (47.1%) than in the group carrying the C/C genotype (31.1%) (p = 0.0082). Logistic regression analysis identified the presence of at least one A allele of the CYBA SNP as an independent protection factor against decreased GFR (OR = 0.38, CI95% 0.14-0.88, p = 0.0354) and the presence of at least one T allele of the GCLC rs17883901 SNP as an independent risk factor for decreased GFR (OR = 2.40, CI95% 1.27-4.56, p = 0.0068). Conclusions The functional SNPs CYBA -675 T → A and GCLC rs17883901, probably associated with cellular redox imbalances, modulate the risk for renal disease in the studied population of type 1 diabetes patients and require validation in additional cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Vieira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM-25), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Nichenametla SN, Lazarus P, Richie JP. A GAG trinucleotide-repeat polymorphism in the gene for glutathione biosynthetic enzyme, GCLC, affects gene expression through translation. FASEB J 2011; 25:2180-7. [PMID: 21444626 PMCID: PMC3114536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-174011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A guanine-adenine-guanine (GAG) repeat polymorphism with 5 different alleles (4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 repeats) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of GCLC has been associated with altered GCL activity and glutathione (GSH) levels. We investigated whether this polymorphism affects either transcription or translation using luciferase reporter constructs containing variant GCLC 5' UTRs. Higher luciferase activity was observed in HepG2 and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with constructs containing either 8 or 9 repeats than in constructs containing 4, 7, or 10 repeats (P<0.05). In cell-free lysates, GAG repeat number had no effect on luciferase mRNA yield. In vitro translation of mRNAs from luciferase constructs resulted in differences similar to those found in cell cultures (P<0.05). A similar association of GAG repeat with GCLC phenotype was observed in vivo in healthy adults, as individuals with GAG-7/7 genotype had lower GCL activity and GSH levels in lymphocytes compared to those with GAG-9/9 (P<0.05). Higher GCL activity and GSH levels observed in red blood cells (RBCs) from individuals with GAG-7/7 compared to GAG-9/9 are likely due to differences in GCL regulation in RBCs. Altogether, these results suggest that GAG polymorphism affects GCLC expression via translation, and thus may be associated with altered risk for GSH-related diseases and toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra N. Nichenametla
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John P. Richie
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
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Butticaz C, Gysin R, Cuénod M, Do KQ. Interaction of GAG trinucleotide repeat and C-129T polymorphisms impairs expression of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:617-23. [PMID: 21156206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of glutathione (GSH). The catalytic subunit (GCLC) of GCL contains a GAG trinucleotide-repeat (TNR) polymorphism within the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) that has been associated with various human disorders. Although several studies suggest that this variation influences GSH content, its implication for GCLC expression remains unknown. To better characterize its functional significance, we performed reporter gene assays with constructs containing the complete GCLC 5'-UTR upstream of a luciferase gene. Transfection of these vectors into various human cell lines did not reveal any significant differences between 7, 8, 9, or 10 GAG repeats, under either basal or oxidative stress conditions. To correlate these results with the previously described down-regulation induced by the C-129T GCLC promoter polymorphism, combinations of both variations were tested. Interestingly, the -129T allele down-regulates gene expression when combined with 7 GAG but not with 8, 9, or 10 GAG TNRs. This observation was confirmed in primary fibroblast cells, in which the combination of GAG TNR 7/7 and -129C/T genotypes decreased the GCLC protein level. These results provide evidence that interaction of the two variations can efficiently impair GCLC expression and thus suggest its involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases related to GSH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Butticaz
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Lausanne, CH-1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Le TM, Willis AS, Barr FE, Cunningham GR, Canter JA, Owens SE, Apple RK, Ayodo G, Reich D, Summar ML. An ethnic-specific polymorphism in the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase impairs the production of glutathione intermediates in vitro. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:55-61. [PMID: 20655259 PMCID: PMC2922432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione plays a crucial role in free radical scavenging, oxidative injury, and cellular homeostasis. Previously, we identified a non-synonymous polymorphism (P462S) in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. This polymorphism is present only in individuals of African descent. Presently, we report that this ethnic-specific polymorphism (462S) encodes an enzyme with significantly decreased in vitro activity when expressed by either a bacterial or mammalian cell expression system. In addition, overexpression of the 462P wild-type GCLC enzyme results in higher intracellular glutathione concentrations than overexpression of the 462S isoform. We also demonstrate that apoptotically stimulated mammalian cells overexpressing the 462S enzyme have increased caspase activation and increased DNA laddering compared to cells overexpressing the wild-type 462P enzyme. Finally, we genotyped several African and African-descent populations and demonstrate that the 462S polymorphism is in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, with no individuals homozygous for the 462S polymorphism identified. These findings describe a glutathione production pathway polymorphism present in individuals of African descent with significantly decreased in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc M. Le
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Frederick E. Barr
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gary R. Cunningham
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey A. Canter
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah E. Owens
- Fogarty International Clinical Research Fellow, Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel K. Apple
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - George Ayodo
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marshall L. Summar
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC
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Skin fibroblast model to study an impaired glutathione synthesis: Consequences of a genetic polymorphism on the proteome. Brain Res Bull 2009; 79:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Botta D, White CC, Vliet-Gregg P, Mohar I, Shi S, McGrath MB, McConnachie LA, Kavanagh TJ. Modulating GSH Synthesis Using Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Transgenic and Gene-Targeted Mice. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:465-77. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530802186587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Franklin CC, Backos DS, Mohar I, White CC, Forman HJ, Kavanagh TJ. Structure, function, and post-translational regulation of the catalytic and modifier subunits of glutamate cysteine ligase. Mol Aspects Med 2008; 30:86-98. [PMID: 18812186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. The first and rate-limiting step in GSH synthesis is catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL, previously known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase). GCL is a heterodimeric protein composed of catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits that are expressed from different genes. GCLC catalyzes a unique gamma-carboxyl linkage from glutamate to cysteine and requires ATP and Mg(++) as cofactors in this reaction. GCLM increases the V(max) and K(cat) of GCLC, decreases the K(m) for glutamate and ATP, and increases the K(i) for GSH-mediated feedback inhibition of GCL. While post-translational modifications of GCLC (e.g. phosphorylation, myristoylation, caspase-mediated cleavage) have modest effects on GCL activity, oxidative stress dramatically affects GCL holoenzyme formation and activity. Pyridine nucleotides can also modulate GCL activity in some species. Variability in GCL expression is associated with several disease phenotypes and transgenic mouse and rat models promise to be highly useful for investigating the relationships between GCL activity, GSH synthesis, and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Franklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Nichenametla SN, Ellison I, Calcagnotto A, Lazarus P, Muscat JE, Richie JP. Functional significance of the GAG trinucleotide-repeat polymorphism in the gene for the catalytic subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:645-50. [PMID: 18549827 PMCID: PMC2562218 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. A GAG-repeat polymorphism in the 5' UTR of the gene coding for the catalytic subunit of GCL (GCLC) has been associated with altered GSH levels in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with altered GCL activity and blood GSH levels in vivo. A total of 256 healthy United States black and white adults were genotyped for the GAG polymorphism and blood GSH levels were measured. In a subset of 107 individuals, blood GCL activity was determined. Five alleles with 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 GAG repeats were observed. The most prevalent genotype was 7/9 (40%) followed by 7/7 (32%) and 9/9 (11%). GSH levels were 15% lower in 9/9 individuals than 7/9 individuals (P=0.05). GCL activity was 21% lower in 9/9 individuals than 7/7 individuals (P=0.04). A decreasing trend of GCL activity was observed in the order of 7/7>7/9>9/9 (P=0.04). These findings show that 9/9 individuals have lower blood GSH levels, which is likely due to a decrease in GCL activity. Such individuals might be more susceptible to oxidative stress-related diseases than individuals with other genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailendra N Nichenametla
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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McConnachie LA, Mohar I, Hudson FN, Ware CB, Ladiges WC, Fernandez C, Chatterton-Kirchmeier S, White CC, Pierce RH, Kavanagh TJ. Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Modifier Subunit Deficiency and Gender as Determinants of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:628-36. [PMID: 17584759 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The analgesic and antipyretic drug acetaminophen (APAP) is bioactivated to the reactive intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, which is scavenged by glutathione (GSH). APAP overdose can deplete GSH leading to the accumulation of APAP-protein adducts and centrilobular necrosis in the liver. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine prodrug and GSH precursor, is often given as a treatment for APAP overdose. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is catalyzed by glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) a heterodimer composed of catalytic and modifier (GCLM) subunits. Previous studies have indicated that GCL activity is likely to be an important determinant of APAP toxicity. In this study, we investigated APAP toxicity, and NAC or GSH ethyl ester (GSHee)-mediated rescue in mice with normal or compromised GCLM expression. Gclm wild-type, heterozygous, and null mice were administered APAP (500 mg/kg) alone, or immediately following NAC (800 mg/kg) or GSHee (168 mg/kg), and assessed for hepatotoxicity 6 h later. APAP caused GSH depletion in all mice. Gclm null and heterozygous mice exhibited more extensive hepatic damage compared to wild-type mice as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase activity and histopathology. Additionally, male Gclm wild-type mice demonstrated greater APAP-induced hepatotoxicity than female wild-type mice. Cotreatment with either NAC or GSHee mitigated the effects of APAP in Gclm wild-type and heterozygous mice, but not in Gclm null mice. Collectively, these data reassert the importance of GSH in protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, and indicate critical roles for GCL activity and gender in APAP-induced liver damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A McConnachie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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