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Adams DR, Figurskey AC, Barbarin AM, Reiskind MH. Don't go chasing waterfalls: the phenology of Amblyomma americanum and increased collection of medically relevant ticks further away from hiking trails in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:911-918. [PMID: 38742817 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hiking is a popular recreational activity in North Carolina that may expose people to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how ticks are distributed on and near trails. Our study tested the hypothesis that ticks are more likely to be encountered when moving further away from trails by measuring differences in relative abundance at various distances. We tested 4 distances (middle of trail, edge of trail, 5 m, 20 m), as well as an on-trail and off-trail grouping. We collected significantly more ticks and ticks were more likely to be collected at our 20 m and 5 m sampling distances rather than directly on or adjacent to trails, and significantly more were collected during off-trail collections than on-trails. When looking only at Amblyomma americanum, post hoc comparisons revealed that significantly more juvenile stages were collected at 5 m and 20 m distances, but not for adults. Our monthly sampling also allowed us to describe the phenology of A. americanum in North Carolina, which is consistent with the phenology of this species in the southeastern United States with adults peaking May-Jun, nymphs Jun-Jul, and larvae in Jul-Aug. These results generally demonstrate the importance of utilizing established trails when hiking to decrease tick-borne disease risk and should be communicated to the public as a recommendation for reducing tick-encounter risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvion R Adams
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia C Figurskey
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alexis M Barbarin
- Communicable Disease Branch, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Ng’eno E, Alkishe A, Romero-Alvarez D, Sundstrom K, Cobos ME, Belgum H, Chitwood A, Grant A, Keck A, Kloxin J, Letterman B, Lineberry M, McClung K, Nippoldt S, Sharum S, Struble S, Thomas B, Ghosh A, Brennan R, Little S, Peterson AT. Phenology of five tick species in the central Great Plains. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302689. [PMID: 38722854 PMCID: PMC11081307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The states of Kansas and Oklahoma, in the central Great Plains, lie at the western periphery of the geographic distributions of several tick species. As the focus of most research on ticks and tick-borne diseases has been on Lyme disease which commonly occurs in areas to the north and east, the ticks of this region have seen little research attention. Here, we report on the phenology and activity patterns shown by tick species observed at 10 sites across the two states and explore factors associated with abundance of all and life specific individuals of the dominant species. Ticks were collected in 2020-2022 using dragging, flagging and carbon-dioxide trapping techniques, designed to detect questing ticks. The dominant species was A. americanum (24098, 97%) followed by Dermacentor variabilis (370, 2%), D. albipictus (271, 1%), Ixodes scapularis (91, <1%) and A. maculatum (38, <1%). Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum and D. variabilis were active in Spring and Summer, while D. albipictus and I. scapularis were active in Fall and Winter. Factors associated with numbers of individuals of A. americanum included day of year, habitat, and latitude. Similar associations were observed when abundance was examined by life-stage. Overall, the picture is one of broadly distributed tick species that shows seasonal limitations in the timing of their questing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ng’eno
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Abdelghafar Alkishe
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity Research Group, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kellee Sundstrom
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Marlon E. Cobos
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hallee Belgum
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Abigail Chitwood
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Amber Grant
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Alex Keck
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Josiah Kloxin
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Brayden Letterman
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Megan Lineberry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Kristin McClung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sydney Nippoldt
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sophia Sharum
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Stefan Struble
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Breanne Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Susan Little
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - A. Townsend Peterson
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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3
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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Goel S, Kaura T, Bisht K, Kaur J, Mewara A, Lakshmi PVM, Grover GS, Biswal M. First detection and genetic identification of Rickettsia spp. from ticks collected from rodents in north India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 46:100475. [PMID: 37688843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing climatic conditions and invasion of ticks in urban areas have led to a greater number of cases of tick-borne diseases, thus, becoming a matter of increasing concern. Tick borne rickettsioses are one of the important emerging diseases worldwide. Knowledge of epidemiology of the vector and pathogen in the community is essential in order to understand and prevent the transmission of the disease to healthy population. METHODS In our present study, we trapped rodents in selected areas of Chandigarh and Punjab in north India. The rodents were screened for the presence of ticks which were further screened for the presence of rickettsial agents. PCRs targeting 17 kDa and gltA genes were carried out followed by Sanger sequencing of the positive amplicons followed by phylogenetic analysis of the sequences. RESULTS A total of 17 ticks were collected out of which one (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) was found to be harboring a Rickettsia sp. PCR targeting gltA and 17 kDa genes of rickettsia were put up and Sanger sequencing was performed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the sequences to be closely related to Rickettsia rhipicephali. CONCLUSION The current study establishes the presence of rickettsial agents in the community. Although Rickettsia rhipicephali is a non-pathogenic agent, the study encourages more vigorous community surveillance should be carried out in order to determine the exact burden of rickettsial agents in our community. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Rickettsia rhipicephali in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Goel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Taruna Kaura
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kamlesh Bisht
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - P V M Lakshmi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh Grover
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Parivar Kalyan Bhawan, Sector 34, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160022, India
| | - Manisha Biswal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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5
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Arango CA, Chang MK, Waters LM. Selected Infectious Diseases. Fam Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54441-6_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Insights from experience in the treatment of tick-borne bacterial coinfections with tick-borne encephalitis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Tick-Borne Disease–Associated Thrombocytopenia. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Salata C, Moutailler S, Attoui H, Zweygarth E, Decker L, Bell-Sakyi L. How relevant are in vitro culture models for study of tick-pathogen interactions? Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:437-455. [PMID: 34190676 PMCID: PMC8635668 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1944539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tick-borne infectious diseases threaten human and animal health worldwide, with constantly increasing incidence, little knowledge is available regarding vector-pathogen interactions and pathogen transmission. In vivo laboratory study of these subjects using live, intact ticks is expensive, labor-intensive, and challenging from the points of view of biosafety and ethics. Several in vitro models have been developed, including over 70 continuous cell lines derived from multiple tick species and a variety of tick organ culture systems, facilitating many research activities. However, some limitations have to be considered in the translation of the results from the in vitro environment to the in vivo situation of live, intact ticks, and vertebrate hosts. In this review, we describe the available in vitro models and selected results from their application to the study of tick-borne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, where possible comparing these results to studies in live, intact ticks. Finally, we highlight the strengths and weaknesses of in vitro tick culture models and their essential role in tick-borne pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Moutailler
- Laboratoire De Santé Animale, Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Animal Health, UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lygia Decker
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Stanley H, Rhodes DVL. Presence of Rickettsia Species in Ticks Collected from Companion Animals in Northeastern Georgia, United States. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030037. [PMID: 33652620 PMCID: PMC7996843 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are a major threat to both humans and their pets; therefore, it is important to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens carried by ticks on companion animals. In this study, attached and unattached Ixodid ticks were removed from companion animals by a veterinary practice in Hall County, Georgia. DNA was extracted from unengorged adult ticks and each was screened for the presence of Rickettsia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced to determine the species present. Two hundred and four adult hard-bodied ticks were identified to species and Rickettsia spp. were found in 19.6% (n = 38) of the 194 analyzed DNA extracts. Rickettsia montanensis was found in Dermacentor variablis (14.7%; n = 25), Amblyomma maculatum (33.3%; n = 2), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks (25%; n = 4). One Amblyomma americanum tick contained Rickettsia amblyommatis, while Rickettsia felis was found in one Dermacentor variablis tick, serving as the first report of Rickettsia felis in a tick in this region and within this tick vector. This study suggests that there is a risk of companion animals contracting a species of Rickettsia from a tick bite in northeastern Georgia, indicating a need for more investigation and highlighting the importance of tick prevention on pets.
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Omodior O, Luetke M, Kianersi S, Colón A. Predictors of Tick Exposure Risk-Reduction Behavior in Indiana. J Community Health 2020; 45:862-870. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Arango CA, Chang MK, Waters LM. Selected Infectious Diseases. Fam Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_46-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Heller EL, Gaff HD, Brinkerhoff RJ, Walters EL. Urbanization and tick parasitism in birds of coastal southeastern Virginia. J Wildl Manage 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Heller
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA23529USA
| | - Holly D. Gaff
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA23529USA
| | | | - Eric L. Walters
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA23529USA
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13
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Madugundu AK, Muthusamy B, Sreenivasamurthy SK, Bhavani C, Sharma J, Kumar B, Murthy KR, Ravikumar R, Pandey A. A Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Molecular Approach to Characterize a Tick Vector in Lyme Disease. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:565-574. [PMID: 30106352 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing approaches have revolutionized genomic medicine and enabled rapid diagnosis for several diseases. These approaches are widely used for pathogen detection in several infectious diseases. Lyme disease is a tick-borne infectious disease, which affects multiple organs. The causative organism is a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by ticks. Lyme disease can be treated easily if detected early, but its diagnosis is often delayed or is incorrect leading to a chronic debilitating condition. Current confirmatory diagnostic tests for Lyme disease rely on detection of antigens derived from B. burgdorferi, which are prone to both false positives and false negatives. Instead of focusing only on the human host for the diagnosis of Lyme disease, one could also attempt to identify the vector (tick) and the causative organism carried by the tick. Since all ticks do not transmit Lyme disease, it can be informative to accurately identify the tick from the site of bite, which is often observed by the patient and discarded. However, identifying ticks based on morphology alone requires a trained operator and can still be incorrect. Thus, we decided to take a molecular approach by sequencing DNA and RNA from a tick collected from an individual bitten by the tick. Using next-generation sequencing, we confirmed the identity of the tick as a dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and did not identify any pathogenic bacterial sequences, including Borrelia species. Despite the limited availability of nucleotide sequences for many types of ticks, our approach correctly identified the tick species. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential of next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of tick-borne infections, which can also be extended to other zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Madugundu
- 1 Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) , Manipal, Karnataka, India .,2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,3 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- 1 Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) , Manipal, Karnataka, India .,2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreelakshmi K Sreenivasamurthy
- 1 Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) , Manipal, Karnataka, India .,2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,3 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandra Bhavani
- 2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- 1 Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) , Manipal, Karnataka, India .,2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bankatesh Kumar
- 4 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna R Murthy
- 1 Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) , Manipal, Karnataka, India .,2 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,5 Vittala International Institute of Ophthalmology , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raju Ravikumar
- 4 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 3 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,6 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,7 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,8 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Kakumanu ML, Ponnusamy L, Sutton H, Meshnick SR, Nicholson WL, Apperson CS. Prevalence of Rickettsia Species (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Dermacentor variabilis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in North Carolina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1284-1291. [PMID: 29771344 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), is a vector of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, including Rickettsia rickettsii the causative organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). In North Carolina, SFG rickettsioses (including RMSF) are a leading cause of tick-borne illness. Knowledge of the infection rate and geographic distribution of D. variabilis ticks infected with Rickettsia spp. provides information on the spatial distribution of public health risk. Accordingly, we extracted genomic DNA from adult D. variabilis collected from field habitats in 32 North Carolina counties from 2009 to 2013. A nested PCR assay of the 23S-5S intergenic spacer (IGS) region of Rickettsia coupled with reverse line blot hybridization (RLBH) with species-specific probes was used to detect and identify rickettsiae to species. Approximately half of the 532 tick DNA samples exhibited a band of the expected size on agarose gels, indicating infection with Rickettsia spp. RLBH analyses showed R. amblyommatis (formerly 'Candidatus R. amblyommii'), R. parkeri, and R. montanensis were predominant, while other Rickettsia species detected included R. conorii-like, R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R. canadensis, R. bellii, and some unknown Rickettsia spp. Some ticks were infected with more than one Rickettsia species. Notably, several Rickettsia-positive ticks harbored R. rickettsii. DNA sequencing was performed on a portion of the 23S-5S IGS amplicons and the results were concordant with RLB assay results. We conclude that Rickettsia spp. are common in D. variabilis in North Carolina. Geographic patterns in the occurrence of Rickettsia-infected D. variabilis ticks across the counties sampled are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi L Kakumanu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Loganathan Ponnusamy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Haley Sutton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - William L Nicholson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charles S Apperson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Haddad Jr. V, Haddad MR, Santos M, Cardoso JLC. Skin manifestations of tick bites in humans. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93:251-255. [PMID: 29723373 PMCID: PMC5916399 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that attach to human skin through oral devices causing diverse initial cutaneous manifestations, and may also transmit serious infectious diseases. In certain situations, the Health Teams (and especially dermatologists) may face difficulties in identifying the lesions and associating them to the parasites. To assist them in clinical diagnosis, we suggest a classification of the skin manifestations in primary lesions, which occur by the attachment the tick to the host (for toxicity and the anticoagulant substances in the saliva and/or marked inflammation by the penetration and permanence of the mouthparts) and secondary lesions that are manifestations of infections caused by rickettsia, bacteria, protozoa and fungi inoculated by the ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Haddad Jr.
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy - Faculdade de Medicina
de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Botucatu (SP), Brazil
| | - Michel Raineri Haddad
- Department of Internal Medicine - Faculdade de Medicina de
São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - São José do Rio Preto
(SP), Brazil
| | - Mônica Santos
- Department of Dermatology - Universidade Estadual do Amazonas
(UEAM) - Manaus (AM), Brazil
- Outpatient Clinic of Tropical Dermatology - Fundação
Alfredo da Matta (FUAM) - Manaus (AM), Brazil
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Hibbert KA, Shepard JAO, Lane RJ, Azar MM. Case 1-2018. A 39-Year-Old Woman with Rapidly Progressive Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:182-190. [PMID: 29320657 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1712222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hibbert
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Jo-Anne O Shepard
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Rebekah J Lane
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Marwan M Azar
- From the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (K.A.H., R.J.L.), Radiology (J.-A.O.S.), and Pathology (M.M.A.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Schwartz AM, Hinckley AF, Mead PS, Hook SA, Kugeler KJ. Surveillance for Lyme Disease - United States, 2008-2015. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. SURVEILLANCE SUMMARIES (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 2002) 2017; 66:1-12. [PMID: 29120995 PMCID: PMC5829628 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6622a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM/CONDITION Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vectorborne disease in the United States but is geographically focal. The majority of Lyme disease cases occur in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwest regions. Lyme disease can cause varied clinical manifestations, including erythema migrans, arthritis, facial palsy, and carditis. Lyme disease occurs most commonly among children and older adults, with a slight predominance among males. REPORTING PERIOD 2008-2015. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM Lyme disease has been a nationally notifiable condition in the United States since 1991. Possible Lyme disease cases are reported to local and state health departments by clinicians and laboratories. Health department staff conduct case investigations to classify cases according to the national surveillance case definition. Those that qualify as confirmed or probable cases of Lyme disease are reported to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. States with an average annual incidence during this reporting period of ≥10 confirmed Lyme disease cases per 100,000 population were classified as high incidence. States that share a border with those states or that are located between areas of high incidence were classified as neighboring states. All other states were classified as low incidence. RESULTS During 2008-2015, a total of 275,589 cases of Lyme disease were reported to CDC (208,834 confirmed and 66,755 probable). Although most cases continue to be reported from states with high incidence in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper Midwest regions, case counts in most of these states have remained stable or decreased during the reporting period. In contrast, case counts have increased in states that neighbor those with high incidence. Overall, demographic characteristics associated with confirmed cases were similar to those described previously, with a slight predominance among males and a bimodal age distribution with peaks among young children and older adults. Yet, among the subset of cases reported from states with low incidence, infection occurred more commonly among females and older adults. In addition, probable cases occurred more commonly among females and with a higher modal age than confirmed cases. INTERPRETATION Lyme disease continues to be the most commonly reported vectorborne disease in the United States. Although concentrated in historically high-incidence areas, the geographic distribution is expanding into neighboring states. The trend of stable to decreasing case counts in many states with high incidence could be a result of multiple factors, including actual stabilization of disease incidence or artifact due to modifications in reporting practices employed by some states to curtail the resource burden associated with Lyme disease surveillance. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION This report highlights the continuing public health challenge of Lyme disease in states with high incidence and demonstrates its emergence in neighboring states that previously experienced few cases. Educational efforts should be directed accordingly to facilitate prevention, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment. As Lyme disease emerges in neighboring states, clinical suspicion of Lyme disease in a patient should be based on local experience rather than incidence cutoffs used for surveillance purposes. A diagnosis of Lyme disease should be considered in patients with compatible clinical signs and a history of potential exposure to infected ticks, not only in states with high incidence but also in areas where Lyme disease is known to be emerging. These findings underscore the ongoing need to implement personal prevention practices routinely (e.g., application of insect repellent and inspection for and removal of ticks) and to develop other effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Schwartz
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Alison F. Hinckley
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Paul S. Mead
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Sarah A. Hook
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
| | - Kiersten J. Kugeler
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
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18
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Young DS, Miller ES, Bhatia K. Fever and Malaise in an Infant. J Emerg Med 2017; 53:265-268. [PMID: 28262382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Young
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kriti Bhatia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Mareedu N, Schotthoefer AM, Tompkins J, Hall MC, Fritsche TR, Frost HM. Risk Factors for Severe Infection, Hospitalization, and Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Babesiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1218-1225. [PMID: 28722598 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes scapularis, which also transmits Lyme disease. Better gradation of prognostic indicators are needed to determine which patients may develop serious complications requiring hospitalization, and to provide early guidance on appropriate therapy. In this study, we evaluated 128 patients with smear or real time polymerase chain reaction-confirmed Babesia microti infections over a period of 16 years. Patients with asplenia or immunocompromising conditions were more likely to have severe infection (P < 0.01), require hospitalization (P < 0.01), or receive prolonged courses of antimicrobials (P < 0.01). Nausea or vomiting (P < 0.01) and diarrhea (P < 0.01) along with hyperbilirubinemia (P < 0.01) were predictive of severe infection, hospitalization, and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Patients with concurrent Lyme disease were less likely to require hospitalization and had similar severity of disease and length of antibiotic treatment compared with those without Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas R Fritsche
- University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, Wisconsin.,Marshfield Clinic Health System, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Holly M Frost
- Marshfield Clinic Health System, Minocqua, Wisconsin.,Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
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20
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Mitchell RD, Zhu J, Carr AL, Dhammi A, Cave G, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM. Infrared light detection by the haller's organ of adult american dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Ixodida: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017. [PMID: 28647127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Haller's organ (HO), unique to ticks and mites, is found only on the first tarsus of the front pair of legs. The organ has an unusual morphology consisting of an anterior pit (AP) with protruding sensilla and a posterior capsule (Cp). The current thinking is that the HO's main function is chemosensation analogous to the insect antennae, but the functionality of its atypical structure (exclusive to the Acari) is unexplained. We provide the first evidence that the HO allows the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, to respond to infrared (IR) light. Unfed D. variabilis adults with their HOs present were positively phototactic to IR. However, when the HOs were removed, no IR response was detected. Ticks in these experiments were also attracted to white light with and without the HOs, but were only positively phototactic to white light when the ocelli (primitive eyes) were unobstructed. Covering the eyes did not prevent IR attraction. A putative TRPA1 receptor was characterized from a D. variabilis-specific HO transcriptome we constructed. This receptor was homologous to transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) from the pit organ of the pit viper, python, and boa families of snakes, the only receptor identified so far for IR detection. HO scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies in the American dog tick showed the AP and Cp but also novel structures not previously described; the potential role of these structures in IR detection is discussed. The ability of ticks to use IR for host finding is consistent with their obligatory hematophagy and has practical applications in tick trapping and the development of new repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Mitchell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
| | - Ann L Carr
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
| | - Anirudh Dhammi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
| | - Grayson Cave
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7647, 3230 Ligon Street, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
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21
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22
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Sul H, Kim DM. Present state and future of tick-borne infectious diseases in Korea. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2017. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2017.60.6.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Sul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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23
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Springer YP, Hoekman D, Johnson PTJ, Duffy PA, Hufft RA, Barnett DT, Allan BF, Amman BR, Barker CM, Barrera R, Beard CB, Beati L, Begon M, Blackmore MS, Bradshaw WE, Brisson D, Calisher CH, Childs JE, Diuk‐Wasser M, Douglass RJ, Eisen RJ, Foley DH, Foley JE, Gaff HD, Gardner SL, Ginsberg HS, Glass GE, Hamer SA, Hayden MH, Hjelle B, Holzapfel CM, Juliano SA, Kramer LD, Kuenzi AJ, LaDeau SL, Livdahl TP, Mills JN, Moore CG, Morand S, Nasci RS, Ogden NH, Ostfeld RS, Parmenter RR, Piesman J, Reisen WK, Savage HM, Sonenshine DE, Swei A, Yabsley MJ. Tick‐, mosquito‐, and rodent‐borne parasite sampling designs for the National Ecological Observatory Network. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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24
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Drexler N, Miller M, Gerding J, Todd S, Adams L, Dahlgren FS, Bryant N, Weis E, Herrick K, Francies J, Komatsu K, Piontkowski S, Velascosoltero J, Shelhamer T, Hamilton B, Eribes C, Brock A, Sneezy P, Goseyun C, Bendle H, Hovet R, Williams V, Massung R, McQuiston JH. Community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 2012-2013. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112368. [PMID: 25479289 PMCID: PMC4257530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) has emerged as a significant public health risk on American Indian reservations in eastern Arizona. During 2003–2012, more than 250 RMSF cases and 19 deaths were documented among Arizona's American Indian population. The high case fatality rate makes community-level interventions aimed at rapid and sustained reduction of ticks urgent. Beginning in 2012, a two year pilot integrated tick prevention campaign called the RMSF Rodeo was launched in a ∼600-home tribal community with high rates of RMSF. During year one, long-acting tick collars were placed on all dogs in the community, environmental acaricides were applied to yards monthly, and animal care practices such as spay and neuter and proper tethering procedures were encouraged. Tick levels, indicated by visible inspection of dogs, tick traps and homeowner reports were used to monitor tick presence and evaluate the efficacy of interventions throughout the project. By the end of year one, <1% of dogs in the RMSF Rodeo community had visible tick infestations five months after the project was started, compared to 64% of dogs in Non-Rodeo communities, and environmental tick levels were reduced below detectable levels. The second year of the project focused on use of the long-acting collar alone and achieved sustained tick control with fewer than 3% of dogs in the RMSF Rodeo community with visible tick infestations by the end of the second year. Homeowner reports of tick activity in the domestic and peridomestic setting showed similar decreases in tick activity compared to the non-project communities. Expansion of this successful project to other areas with Rhipicephalus-transmitted RMSF has the potential to reduce brown dog tick infestations and save human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Drexler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin Gerding
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Todd
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laura Adams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Department of Public Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - F. Scott Dahlgren
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nelva Bryant
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Erica Weis
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Department of Public Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona Inc., Tribal Epidemiology Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kristen Herrick
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Department of Public Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jessica Francies
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Department of Public Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Komatsu
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Department of Public Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen Piontkowski
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Phoenix Area Unit, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jose Velascosoltero
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Phoenix Area Unit, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy Shelhamer
- Indian Health Service, Office of Environmental Health and Engineering, Phoenix Area Unit, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Brian Hamilton
- Indian Health Service, Infection Control Nurse, Phoenix Area Unit, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carmen Eribes
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anita Brock
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Patsy Sneezy
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cye Goseyun
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Harty Bendle
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Regina Hovet
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Velda Williams
- Tribe B, Department of Health and Human Services, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Massung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer H. McQuiston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Mays SE, Hendricks BM, Paulsen DJ, Houston AE, Trout Fryxell RT. Prevalence of five tick-borne bacterial genera in adult Ixodes scapularis removed from white-tailed deer in western Tennessee. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:473. [PMID: 25331818 PMCID: PMC4207311 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States Ixodes scapularis Say transmits the causal agents of anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), babesiosis (Babesia microti), and borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi and B. miyamotoi). In the southeastern United States, none of those pathogens are considered endemic and two other tick-borne diseases (TBDs) (ehrlicihosis and rickettiosis) are more common. Our objective was to determine baseline presence and absence data for three non-endemic bacterial agents (Anaplasma, Borrelia and Babesia) and two commonly reported bacterial agents (Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia) in southern I. scapularis (n = 47) collected from 15 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in western Tennessee. Findings Of the 47 ticks, 27 tested PCR positive for non-pathogenic Rickettsia species, two for Ehrlichia ewingii, one for Ehrlichia sp. “Panola Mountain”, and one for Anaplasma phagocytophilum variant 1 strain. None of these ticks were positive for Babesia or Borrelia (including B. burgdorferi). Conclusions Finding human pathogens in host-fed I. scapularis merits additional studies surveying pathogen prevalence in questing ticks. Collection of questing I. scapularis in their peak activity months should be undertaken to determine the overall encounter rates and relative risk of pathogenic Ehrlichia in southern I. scapularis. Ehrlichia sequences were homologous to previous human isolates, but neither Babesia nor B. burgdorferi were identified in these ticks. With the identification of pathogenic bacteria in this relatively small collection of I. scapularis from western Tennessee, the study of the absence of Lyme disease in the south should be refocused to evaluate the role of pathogenic Ehrlichia in southern I. scapularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Mays
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Brian M Hendricks
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - David J Paulsen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Allan E Houston
- Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Tennessee, Tennessee and Ames Plantation, Grand Junction, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Rebecca T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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26
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Decker CF. Tick-Borne Illnesses: An Overview. Dis Mon 2012; 58:327-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Harrison A, Bown KJ, Horak IG. Detection of Anaplasma bovis In An Undescribed Tick Species Collected from the Eastern Rock Sengi Elephantulus myurus. J Parasitol 2011; 97:1012-6. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2800.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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28
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Fritzen CM, Huang J, Westby K, Freye JD, Dunlap B, Yabsley MJ, Schardein M, Dunn JR, Jones TF, Moncayo AC. Infection prevalences of common tick-borne pathogens in adult lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Kentucky. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:718-23. [PMID: 21976578 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases that are reported annually in Kentucky. We conducted a survey to describe infection prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected in Kentucky. During 2007-2008, we collected 287 ticks (179 D. variabilis and 108 A. americanum) from canine, feral hog, horse, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and human hosts in six counties in Kentucky. Ticks were screened for Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., and Ehrlichia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction. Forty-one (14.3%) ticks (31 A. americanum and 10 D. variabilis) were polymerase chain reaction-positive for a Rickettsia spp. Fourteen (4.9%) ticks (6 A. americanum and 8 D. variabilis) were positive for E. chaffeensis, and 4 A. americanum (1.4%) were positive for E. ewingii. One (0.4%) A. americanum was positive for Borrelia lonestari. Although Rocky Mountain spotted fever is diagnosed in Kentucky, no R. rickettsii was found in ticks in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa M Fritzen
- Tennessee Department of Health, Vector-Borne Diseases Section, Communicable and Environmental Diseases, Nashville, USA.
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Kimps NW, Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM. First report of the repellency of 2-tridecanone against ticks. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 25:202-208. [PMID: 21073492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
2-Tridecanone and 2-undecanone are both found naturally in the trichomes of wild tomato plants and are important in plant resistance to herbivory. 2-Undecanone is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered active ingredient in the commercially available arthropod repellent, BioUD(®) . The goal of this study was to examine the tick repellency of 2-tridecanone. Two-choice bioassays were conducted using 8% 2-tridecanone vs. the repellent carrier (absolute ethanol) and compared with two-choice studies using 8% 2-undecanone vs. absolute ethanol. Unfed, host-seeking adult (mixed sex) Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) were used to evaluate repellency and time to repellent failure at room temperature. The present study shows in filter paper assays (0.63 mg test compound/cm(2) ) that 2-tridecanone was 87% repellent to A. americanum at 12 h after application, but had no statistically significant repellency at 15 h and 24 h, and was 72% repellent to D. variabilis at 15 h, but had no statistically significant repellency at 24 h. By contrast, 2-undecanone was 74% and 75% repellent to A. americanum and D. variabilis, respectively, at 2 h after application, but no statistically significant repellency was noted at 2.5 h and 3 h. In two-choice assays on cheesecloth, 2-tridecanone at 0.25 mg/cm(2) was 85% repellent to A. americanum 6 h after application, demonstrating its potential use as an arthropod repellent that can be used on clothing without the need for formulation. No statistically significant repellency was found at 9 h or 12 h. The potential use of 2-tridecanone as a tick repellent is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Kimps
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7647, USA
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31
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Brown HE, Yates KF, Dietrich G, MacMillan K, Graham CB, Reese SM, Helterbrand WS, Nicholson WL, Blount K, Mead PS, Patrick SL, Eisen RJ. An acarologic survey and Amblyomma americanum distribution map with implications for tularemia risk in Missouri. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:411-9. [PMID: 21363979 PMCID: PMC3042817 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, tickborne diseases occur focally. Missouri represents a major focus of several tickborne diseases that includes spotted fever rickettsiosis, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis. Our study sought to determine the potential risk of human exposure to human-biting vector ticks in this area. We collected ticks in 79 sites in southern Missouri during June 7-10, 2009, which yielded 1,047 adult and 3,585 nymphal Amblyomma americanum, 5 adult Amblyomma maculatum, 19 adult Dermacentor variabilis, and 5 nymphal Ixodes brunneus. Logistic regression analysis showed that areas posing an elevated risk of exposure to A. americanum nymphs or adults were more likely to be classified as forested than grassland, and the probability of being classified as elevated risk increased with increasing relative humidity during the month of June (30-year average). Overall accuracy of each of the two models was greater than 70% and showed that 20% and 30% of the state were classified as elevated risk for human exposure to nymphs and adults, respectively. We also found a significant positive association between heightened acarologic risk and counties reporting tularemia cases. Our study provides an updated distribution map for A. americanum in Missouri and suggests a wide-spread risk of human exposure to A. americanum and their associated pathogens in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E Brown
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Abstract
North American tick-borne illnesses are a group of important emerging diseases whose incidence has been increasing for the past decade. Emergency physicians may be the first contact for patients with symptoms of tick-borne illness, thus it is important that these diseases remain on a physicians' differential diagnosis when presented with an appropriate clinical presentation. This CME activity provides an overview of the most common tick-borne illnesses in North America and will help physicians evaluate their clinical presentation, order appropriate diagnostic tests, develop pediatric treatment recommendations, and prepare to include tick-borne illnesses in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients presenting with multisystem disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C. Dolan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Bacterial Disease Branch, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Disease Branch, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
| | - Nicholas A. Panella
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Bacterial Disease Branch, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Disease Branch, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
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Zeimet A, McBride DR, Basilan R, Roland WE, McCrary D, Hoonmo K. Infectious Diseases. TEXTBOOK OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7315328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1160-8.10016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mulenga A, Khumthong R. Silencing of three Amblyomma americanum (L.) insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related proteins prevents ticks from feeding to repletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1153-61. [PMID: 20228352 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.035204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBP) family is the regulatory arm of the IGF signaling system that control mitogenic and anabolic actions of IGF peptide hormones. This study describes cloning and biological characterization of three Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Aam) proteins that show amino-terminal sequence and secondary structure similarity to the IGFBP superfamily. The three molecules here provisionally identified as AamIGFBP-rP1 and short (S) and long (L) AamIGFBP-rP6 are expressed in multiple tick organs and are responsive to tick feeding activity with the former being upregulated and the latter being downregulated. We show that they regulate tick physiological functions that may be related to A. americanum tick feeding success as revealed by RNAi-mediated dual silencing of AamIGFBP-rP6S and AamIGFBP-rP6L or AamIGFBP-rP1 alone, which caused a reduction in blood meal size compared to the controls. Additionally, in the case of AamIGFBP-rP1 silencing, 47% of ticks died while attempting to feed and those that did survive and spontaneously detached from the host failed to lay eggs. Although AamIGFBP-rP6S and AamIGFBP-rP6L show overall identities of 49% and 59%, respectively, to Rhipicephalus microplus C protein, the identity level jumps to ~84% when the comparison is restricted to first 70 amino acids of the mature protein. Similarly, the AamIGFBP-rP1 mature protein is ~72%, 87%, 88% and 92% identical to that of Ixodes scapularis S, R. microplus, R. appendiculatus N and A. variegatum F, respectively. The observed across-tick-species conservation suggests that the three molecules (AamIGFBP-rP1, AamIGFBP-rP6S and AamIGFBP-rP6L) represent target for development of vaccines to protect animals against multiple tick species. The data are discussed with reference to advances in tick molecular biology and the potential of the three proteins as targets for immunizing animals against tick feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mulenga
- Texas A & M University, AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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36
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Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AS. Hepatic tissue damage induced in Meriones ungliculatus due to infection with Babesia divergens-infected erythrocytes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2010; 17:129-32. [PMID: 23961068 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic parasite which is capable of infecting a wide range of vertebrates causing huge economic losses. Histopathological, hematological and biochemical changes during B. divergens infection in female Meriones ungliculatus were reported. Animals were challenged with 5 × 10(6) B. divergens-infected erythrocytes. Parasitemia were maximum at day 5 postinfection where all gerbils died. Infection of gerbils with Babesia induced a significant decrease in erythrocytic count as well as the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit percentage but leucocytes were increased significantly when compared to uninfected gerbils. Liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and aniline aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly increased while albumin and total bilirubin were significantly decreased at day 5 postinfection with B. divergens-infected erythrocytes. Histopathological scores of inflammation after infection of gerbils were done using Ischak's activity index and indicated that the liver was severely affected. In conclusion, the study indicated that the course of infection by B. divergens-induced alternations in hematology, biochemistry and histopathology of the hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dkhil
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia ; Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
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Balicer RD, Mimouni D, Bar-Zeev Y, Levine H, Davidovitch N, Ankol OH, Zarka SS. Post exposure prophylaxis of tick-borne relapsing fever. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 29:253-8. [PMID: 20012878 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is endemic to Israel. Since 2004, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) has mandated the prophylaxis of tick-bitten subjects with a five-day doxycycline course. We examined the safety and effectiveness of this policy in preventing TBRF. We analyzed the records from January 2004 to January 2007, and identified all reported events of tick bites or TBRF cases. Data were available on 27 events in which 816 soldiers have undergone physical examination following exposure, and seven TBRF cases were recorded in this group-an attack rate of 0.86% compared with the expected rate of 5.34% from previous army data (relative risk [RR] = 0.16). Of those screened, 128 (15.7%) had tick-bite and were intended for prophylaxis, of which four TBRF cases occurred-3.13% attack rate compared with an expected rate of 38.4% in these bitten individuals without prophylaxis (RR = 0.08, number needed to treat = 3). In all cases in which screening and prophylaxis were provided within 48 h of tick bite, complete prevention of TBRF was achieved. No cases of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) was recorded. Tick-bite screening and prophylactic treatment with doxycycline in endemic areas is a practical, safe, and highly effective policy for preventing TBRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Balicer
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Military Post 02149, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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38
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Dana AN. Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22:293-326. [PMID: 19580576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hard and soft ticks may be associated directly or indirectly with a number of dermatoses, both infectious and inflammatory in origin. Morbidity may occur as a result of tick bites, tick toxicosis, and even infestation. These arthropod vectors may transmit life-threatening protozoan, bacterial, rickettsial, and viral diseases with systemic and cutaneous findings. Additionally, ticks may transmit more than one pathogen with subsequent human coinfection. This article reviews the presentation of tick-borne illnesses and the medical management of these diseases. Among others, diseases such as ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, tularemia, borrelioses, tick-borne encephalitides, rickettsial spotted fevers, and tick typhus are discussed in this article. The recognition of skin manifestations associated with these diseases is paramount to early diagnosis and treatment initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Dana
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Transmission occurs directly or through vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, or flies. The causative agents include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Domestic pets and livestock, as well as wild animals, can be the source of disease. In this summary, we will focus on a number of dermatologically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wilson
- Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
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Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Sonenshine DE, Watson DW, Roe RM. Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD against three species of ixodid ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2009; 48:239-50. [PMID: 19140016 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-008-9235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BioUD with the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants is a new repellent recently registered by the US EPA. Repellent efficacy of BioUD (7.75% 2-undecanone) and DEET (98.11%) was examined in the laboratory using a choice test between repellent-treated and control filter paper surfaces for Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. BioUD provided greater repellency against A. americanum and I. scapularis than DEET. No difference was found between BioUD and DEET against D. variabilis. In head-to-head assays between BioUD and DEET, undiluted and 50% dilutions of BioUD were more repellent than undiluted DEET against all three species tested. Similarly, a 25% dilution of BioUD was more repellent than DEET against A. americanum while no difference in mean percentage repellency was found between a 25% dilution of BioUD and DEET against I. scapularis. Based on regression analysis, the concentration of BioUD required for equivalent repellency to 98.11% DEET was 39.5% for D. variabilis and 29.7% for I. scapularis. A log-probit model could not be constructed for A. americanum from the dosages tested. Based on filter paper head-to-head assays, BioUD is at least 2-4 times more active as a repellent than DEET against three species of ixodid ticks under the conditions of our laboratory bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Bissinger
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7647, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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41
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Mulenga A, Khumthong R, Chalaire KC. Ixodes scapularis tick serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) gene family; annotation and transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:217. [PMID: 19435496 PMCID: PMC2689274 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine proteinase inhibitors (Serpins) are a large superfamily of structurally related, but functionally diverse proteins that control essential proteolytic pathways in most branches of life. Given their importance in the biology of many organisms, the concept that ticks might utilize serpins to evade host defenses and immunizing against or disrupting their functions as targets for tick control is an appealing option. RESULTS A sequence homology search strategy has allowed us to identify at least 45 tick serpin genes in the Ixodes scapularis genome that are structurally segregated into 32 intronless and 13 intron-containing genes. Nine of the intron-containing serpins occur in a cluster of 11 genes that span 170 kb of DNA sequence. Based on consensus amino acid residues in the reactive center loop (RCL) and signal peptide scanning, 93% are putatively inhibitory while 82% are putatively extracellular. Among the 11 different amino acid residues that are predicted at the P1 sites, 16 sequences possess basic amino acid (R/K) residues. Temporal and spatial expression analyses revealed that 40 of the 45 serpins are differentially expressed in salivary glands (SG) and/or midguts (MG) of unfed and partially fed ticks. Ten of the 38 serpin genes were expressed from six to 24 hrs of feeding while six and fives genes each are predominantly or exclusively expressed in either MG and SG respectively. CONCLUSION Given the diversity among tick species, sizes of tick serpin families are likely to be variable. However this study provides insight on the potential sizes of serpin protein families in ticks. Ticks must overcome inflammation, complement activation and blood coagulation to complete feeding. Since these pathways are regulated by serpins that have basic residues at their P1 sites, we speculate that I. scapularis may utilize some of the serpins reported in this study to manipulate host defense. We have discussed our data in the context of advances on the molecular physiology of I. scapularis. Although the paper is descriptive, this study provides the first step toward a comprehensive understanding of serpins in tick physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mulenga
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, Minnie Belle Heep center, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Tinoco-Gracia L, Quiroz-Romero H, Quintero-Martínez MT, Rentería-Evangelista TB, González-Medina Y, Barreras-Serrano A, Hori-Oshima S, Moro MH, Vinasco J. Prevalence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
ticks on dogs in a region on the Mexico-USA border. Vet Rec 2009; 164:59-61. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Tinoco-Gracia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Av. Michoacán 2101 Fracc. Orizaba Mexicali CP 21130 Mexico
| | - H. Quiroz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Departamento de Parasitología, Circuito Exterior; Ciudad Universitaria; Delegación Coyoacán CP 04510 Mexico
| | - M. T. Quintero-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia; Departamento de Parasitología, Circuito Exterior; Ciudad Universitaria; Delegación Coyoacán CP 04510 Mexico
| | - T. B. Rentería-Evangelista
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Av. Pablo Rivera 1474, Col. Independencia Mexicali CP 21290 Mexico
| | - Y. González-Medina
- Laboratorio de SAGARPA; Delegación Baja California; Av. Michoacán 2101, Fracc. Orizaba Mexicali CP 21130 Mexico
| | - A. Barreras-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Av. Michoacán 2101 Fracc. Orizaba Mexicali CP 21130 Mexico
| | - S. Hori-Oshima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California; Av. Michoacán 2101 Fracc. Orizaba Mexicali CP 21130 Mexico
| | - M. H. Moro
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; 309 Coles Hall Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - J. Vinasco
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; 309 Coles Hall Manhattan KS 66506 USA
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Krämer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. MODERN INFECTIOUS DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY 2009. [PMCID: PMC7153742 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old diseases that are newly classified as infectious diseases because of the discovery of a responsible infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Krämer
- Fak. Gesundheitswissenschaften, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Mirjam Kretzschmar
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX Netherlands
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Infectious etiologies of altered consciousness. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18631824 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)01711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a life-threatening disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, an obligately intracellular bacterium that is spread to human beings by ticks. More than a century after its first clinical description, this disease is still among the most virulent human infections identified, being potentially fatal even in previously healthy young people. The diagnosis of RMSF is based on the patient's history and a physical examination, and often presents a dilemma for clinicians because of the non-specific presentation of the disease in its early course. Early empirical treatment is essential to prevent severe complications or a fatal outcome, and treatment should be initiated even in unconfirmed cases. Because there is no vaccine available against RMSF, avoidance of tick-infested areas is still the best way to prevent the infection.
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47
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Lamaison D. Atteinte cardiaque dans la maladie de Lyme. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37:511-7. [PMID: 17629649 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis are relatively infrequent, occurring within weeks after the infectious tick bite (median of 21 days), and resulting at this stage from a direct borrelial infection of the myocardium, as indicated by reports of spirochete isolation from pericardium and myocardium. They may persist or appear in the late, tertiary phase of the illness, being then more likely due to infection-triggered autoimmunity. Lyme carditis typically presents with a fluctuating degree of atrioventricular block that spontaneously resolves in several days. Rarely, myocarditis may occur with or without pericardial involvement, in patients presenting with chest pain, ST depression or T wave inversion, mimicking an acute myocardial infarction, and various arrhythmias are reported, as well as pericardial effusion or heart failure. A complete recovery is usually observed, spontaneous or after antibiotherapy. Severe myocarditis or Pericarditis leading to death is exceptional. The diagnosis of Lyme carditis is based on the same association of clinical and laboratory features as in Lyme disease without cardiac involvement. But the occurrence of conduction disturbances in healthy young people suggests screening for other criteria of Lyme disease. The management of Lyme carditis does not differ from the treatment of Lyme disease without carditis and is mainly based upon the use of doxycycline or ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lamaison
- Service de cardiologie, CHU, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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48
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Macarez R, Bazin S, Lagauche D, Soullié B, Giordano P, May F, Guigon B. [Onset of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in association with borreliosis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 28:1095-100. [PMID: 16395203 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(05)81144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of Lyme disease in the presence of an acute optical neuritis always raises a difficult diagnostic problem. We present a case of Lyme-associated Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). OBSERVATION A 17-year-old Eurasian young man presented with left-eye visual impairment for 1 month. This loss of vision acuity in the left eye is related to an optic neuropathy. Mitochondrial DNA testing showed a G to A substitution at position 11778 confirming a diagnosis of LHON. The family history disclosed a case of LHON in a maternal cousin. The mother's family is Asian. Besides, serum examination of anti-Borrelia antibodies was performed and was positive against Borrelia burgdorferi garinii. The patient history indicated that he had been possessing a dog and was living in an endemic area of Lyme disease. But he did not recall receiving a tick bite nor having any erythema chronicum migrans. Initial examination showed bilateral green-red axis colour vision defects which made us fear bilateralisation of the optic neuropathy, which occurred 2 months later (that is 3 months after the onset of symptoms on the left eye). An antibiotic treatment by ceftriaxone was administered for 4 weeks all in all; and a long term ubidecarenone therapy was established. At present, after a 1-year follow up, the eyes' conditions remains unchanged. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this would be the first case reporting such an association, in which we can discuss the fortuitous character or the role of the infectious factor in the developing of the mitochondrial pathology. This observation also raises the problem of the positive diagnosis of Lyme disease when tick bite and erythema are absent or underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Macarez
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, HIA Clermont Tonnerre, BP 41, 29240 Brest-Armées
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Dokić M, Curcić P, Nozić D, Lako B, Begović V, Rajić-Dimitrijević R, Hristović D. [Human ehrlichiosis]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2006; 63:403-8. [PMID: 16683411 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0604403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human ehrlichiosis is a newly recognized disease. It is a tick-borne disease caused by several bacterial species of the genhus Erlichia. These are small gram-negative pleomorphic cocci, that are obligatory intracellular bacteria. Tick Ixodes is the principle vector in Europe, and Amblyomma amenicanum in the United States. Bacterial organisms replicate in a tick, and are transmited from infected cells in a vector to the blood cells of animals or humans. Human ehrlichiosis is a name for a group of diseases caused by different species of Ehrlichia. One of them is the disease named human monocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and the other is a human granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilia. CASE REPORT We reported a 23-year-old patient admitted for the clinical treatment with the symptoms of high febrility (above 40 degrees C), headache, vomiting, general weakness and exhaustion, but without data on a tick bite. The patient was treated with trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a week when Ehrlichia chaffeensis was confirmed by the immunofluoroscence test, and the therapy contimed with doxacyclin. CONCLUSION Human ehrlichiosis is also present in our country, so this disease should be considered everyday, especially in infectology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milomir Dokić
- Vojnomedicinska akademija, Klinika za infektivne i tropske bolesti, Beograd.
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Sidi G, Davidovitch N, Balicer RD, Anis E, Grotto I, Schwartz E. Tickborne relapsing fever in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1784-6. [PMID: 16318740 PMCID: PMC3367340 DOI: 10.3201/eid1111.050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the epidemiology of relapsing fever from 1971 to 2003 in Israel. In civilians, incidence declined from 0.35 to 0.11 cases per 100,000 persons annually; in military personnel it averaged 6.4 cases per 100,000 persons annually. These data imply that the pathogen and vector continue to exist in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sidi
- Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eli Schwartz
- Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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