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Hermann P, Zerr I. Unmet needs of biochemical biomarkers for human prion diseases. Prion 2024; 18:89-93. [PMID: 38734978 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2349017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the development of aggregation assays has noticeably improved the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of prion diseases, research on biomarkers remains vital. The major challenges to overcome are non-invasive sampling and the exploration of new biomarkers that may predict the onset or reflect disease progression. This will become extremely important in the near future, when new therapeutics are clinically evaluated and eventually become available for treatment. This article aims to provide an overview of the achievements of biomarker research in human prion diseases, addresses unmet needs in the field, and points out future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Abdi G, Jain M, Patil N, Upadhyay B, Vyas N, Dwivedi M, Kaushal RS. 14-3-3 proteins-a moonlight protein complex with therapeutic potential in neurological disorder: in-depth review with Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1286536. [PMID: 38375509 PMCID: PMC10876095 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1286536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of people worldwide and is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative condition. The accumulation of abnormal proteins, such as tau and beta-amyloid, in the brain is a hallmark of AD pathology. 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in AD pathology in several ways. One proposed mechanism is that 14-3-3 proteins interact with tau protein and modulate its phosphorylation, aggregation, and toxicity. Tau is a protein associated with microtubules, playing a role in maintaining the structural integrity of neuronal cytoskeleton. However, in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an abnormal increase in its phosphorylation occurs. This leads to the aggregation of tau into neurofibrillary tangles, which is a distinctive feature of this condition. Studies have shown that 14-3-3 proteins can bind to phosphorylated tau and regulate its function and stability. In addition, 14-3-3 proteins have been shown to interact with beta-amyloid (Aβ), the primary component of amyloid plaques in AD. 14-3-3 proteins can regulate the clearance of Aβ through the lysosomal degradation pathway by interacting with the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2A. Dysfunction of lysosomal degradation pathway is thought to contribute to the accumulation of Aβ in the brain and the progression of AD. Furthermore, 14-3-3 proteins have been found to be downregulated in the brains of AD patients, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to AD pathology. For example, decreased levels of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid have been suggested as a biomarker for AD. Overall, these findings suggest that 14-3-3 proteins may play an important role in AD pathology and may represent a potential therapeutic target for the disease. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in AD and to explore their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamareza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mukul Jain
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nil Patil
- Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Bindiya Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Nigam Vyas
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radhey Shyam Kaushal
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
- Biophysics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Cell, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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3
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Sandau US, Magaña SM, Costa J, Nolan JP, Ikezu T, Vella LJ, Jackson HK, Moreira LR, Palacio PL, Hill AF, Quinn JF, Van Keuren‐Jensen KR, McFarland TJ, Palade J, Sribnick EA, Su H, Vekrellis K, Coyle B, Yang Y, Falcón‐Perez JM, Nieuwland R, Saugstad JA. Recommendations for reproducibility of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12397. [PMID: 38158550 PMCID: PMC10756860 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, transparent fluid derived from blood plasma that protects the brain and spinal cord against mechanical shock, provides buoyancy, clears metabolic waste and transports extracellular components to remote sites in the brain. Given its contact with the brain and the spinal cord, CSF is the most informative biofluid for studies of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to other components, CSF contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cargoes (e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins), and that can have biological functions within and beyond the CNS. Thus, CSF EVs likely serve as both mediators of and contributors to communication in the CNS. Accordingly, their potential as biomarkers for CNS diseases has stimulated much excitement for and attention to CSF EV research. However, studies on CSF EVs present unique challenges relative to EV studies in other biofluids, including the invasive nature of CSF collection, limited CSF volumes and the low numbers of EVs in CSF as compared to plasma. Here, the objectives of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles CSF Task Force are to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies by providing current reporting and best practices, and recommendations and reporting guidelines, for CSF EV studies. To accomplish this, we created and distributed a world-wide survey to ISEV members to assess methods considered 'best practices' for CSF EVs, then performed a detailed literature review for CSF EV publications that was used to curate methods and resources. Based on responses to the survey and curated information from publications, the CSF Task Force herein provides recommendations and reporting guidelines to promote the reproducibility of CSF EV studies in seven domains: (i) CSF Collection, Processing, and Storage; (ii) CSF EV Separation/Concentration; (iii) CSF EV Size and Number Measurements; (iv) CSF EV Protein Studies; (v) CSF EV RNA Studies; (vi) CSF EV Omics Studies and (vii) CSF EV Functional Studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Sandau
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Setty M. Magaña
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Júlia Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da RepúblicaOeirasPortugal
| | - John P. Nolan
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo Clinic FloridaJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne HospitalThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hannah K. Jackson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Exosis, Inc.Palm BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of MicrobiologyUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades TropicalesUniversity of Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica, Central America
| | - Paola Loreto Palacio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research InstituteNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Portland VA Medical CenterPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Trevor J. McFarland
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Joanna Palade
- Neurogenomics DivisionTranslational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Eric A. Sribnick
- Department of NeurosurgeryNationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkville, MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of NottinghamNottinghamNottinghamshireUK
| | - You Yang
- Scintillon Institute for Biomedical and Bioenergy ResearchSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in BiosciencesBasque Research and Technology AllianceDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y DigestivasMadridSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Julie A. Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Sola D, Betancor M, Marco Lorente PA, Pérez Lázaro S, Barrio T, Sevilla E, Marín B, Moreno B, Monzón M, Acín C, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Otero A. Diagnosis in Scrapie: Conventional Methods and New Biomarkers. Pathogens 2023; 12:1399. [PMID: 38133284 PMCID: PMC10746075 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrapie, a naturally occurring prion disease affecting goats and sheep, comprises classical and atypical forms, with classical scrapie being the archetype of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This review explores the challenges of scrapie diagnosis and the utility of various biomarkers and their potential implications for human prion diseases. Understanding these biomarkers in the context of scrapie may enable earlier prion disease diagnosis in humans, which is crucial for effective intervention. Research on scrapie biomarkers bridges the gap between veterinary and human medicine, offering hope for the early detection and improved management of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Paula A. Marco Lorente
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Sonia Pérez Lázaro
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Eloisa Sevilla
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Cristina Acín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.S.)
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Qiang Q, Skudder-Hill L, Toyota T, Huang Z, Wei W, Adachi H. CSF 14-3-3β is associated with progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad312. [PMID: 38035365 PMCID: PMC10684297 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid-beta plaques, tau tangles and neuronal loss. In clinical practice, the 14-3-3 isoform beta (β) is a biomarker that aids in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Recently, a proteomics study found increased CSF 14-3-3β levels in Alzheimer's disease patients, suggesting a potential link between CSF 14-3-3β and Alzheimer's disease. Our present study aimed to further investigate the role of CSF 14-3-3β in Alzheimer's disease by analysing the data of 719 participants with available CSF 14-3-3β measurements from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Higher CSF 14-3-3β levels were observed in the mild cognitive impairment group compared to the cognitively normal group, with the highest CSF 14-3-3β levels in the Alzheimer's disease dementia group. This study also found significant associations between CSF 14-3-3β levels and CSF biomarkers of p-tau, t-tau, pTau/Aβ42 ratios and GAP-43, as well as other Alzheimer's disease biomarkers such as Aβ-PET. An early increase in CSF 14-3-3β levels was observed prior to Aβ-PET-positive status, and CSF 14-3-3β levels continued to rise after crossing the Aβ-PET positivity threshold before reaching a plateau. The diagnostic accuracy of CSF 14-3-3β (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.819) was moderate compared to other established Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in distinguishing cognitively normal Aβ pathology-negative individuals from Alzheimer's disease Aβ pathology-positive individuals. Higher baseline CSF 14-3-3β levels were associated with accelerated cognitive decline, reduced hippocampus volumes and declining fluorodeoxyglucose-PET values over a 4-year follow-up period. Patients with mild cognitive impairment and high CSF 14-3-3β levels at baseline had a significantly increased risk [hazard ratio = 2.894 (1.599-5.238), P < 0.001] of progression to Alzheimer's disease dementia during follow-up. These findings indicate that CSF 14-3-3β may be a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease and could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease, as well as aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Cognitive Disorders Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, 807-8555 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Loren Skudder-Hill
- Yuquan Hospital, Tsinghua University School of Clinical Medicine, 100084 Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, 807-8555 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, 807-8555 Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Cognitive Disorders Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, 807-8555 Kitakyushu, Japan
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DeBalsi KL, Newman JH, Sommerville LJ, Phillips JA, Hamid R, Cogan J, Fessel JP, Evans AM, Network UD, Kennedy AD. A Case Study of Dysfunctional Nicotinamide Metabolism in a 20-Year-Old Male. Metabolites 2023; 13:399. [PMID: 36984839 PMCID: PMC10055858 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case study of a 20-year-old male with an unknown neurodegenerative disease who was referred to the Undiagnosed Diseases Network Vanderbilt Medical Center site. A previous metabolic panel showed that the patient had a critical deficiency in nicotinamide intermediates that are generated during the biosynthesis of NAD(H). We followed up on these findings by evaluating the patient's ability to metabolize nicotinamide. We performed a global metabolic profiling analysis of plasma samples that were collected: (1) under normal fed conditions (baseline), (2) after the patient had fasted, and (3) after he was challenged with a 500 mg nasogastric tube bolus of nicotinamide following the fast. Our findings showed that the patient's nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a key enzyme in NAD(H) biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, was not functional under normal fed or fasting conditions but was restored in response to the nicotinamide challenge. Altered levels of metabolites situated downstream of NNMT and in neighboring biochemical pathways provided further evidence of a baseline defect in NNMT activity. To date, this is the only report of a critical defect in NNMT activity manifesting in adulthood and leading to neurodegenerative disease. Altogether, this study serves as an important reference in the rare disease literature and also demonstrates the utility of metabolomics as a diagnostic tool for uncharacterized metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Newman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | | | | | - Rizwan Hamid
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Joy Cogan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Joshua P. Fessel
- National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kong Y, Chen Z, Shi Q, Zuo Y, Zhang J. Clinical Correlates of Cerebrospinal Fluid 14-3-3 Protein in Non-Prion Rapid Progressive Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:263-272. [PMID: 36404548 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a suitable biomarker for the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). However, it has also been detected in various non-prion-related rapidly progressive dementia (RPD), which affected its diagnostic performance and clinical utilization. OBJECTIVE To investigate the general disease distribution with positive 14-3-3 result and to evaluate the association between CSF 14-3-3 protein and the clinical features in patients with non-prion RPD. METHODS A total of 150 patients with non-prion RPD were enrolled. The clinical data were collected and CSF 14-3-3 test was performed for all patients. The distribution of various diseases with a positive 14-3-3 result was analyzed and the association of CSF 14-3-3 with clinical features was tested. RESULTS The CSF 14-3-3 protein was detected in 23.3% of non-prion RPD patients, and the most frequent diagnoses were autoimmune encephalitis (22.9%) and neurodegenerative disease (22.9%). CSF 14-3-3 protein was more common in older patients (p = 0.028) and those presenting myoclonus (p = 0.008). In subgroup analysis, the positive 14-3-3 test was more common in neurodegenerative disease with a long time from the symptom onset to CSF 14-3-3 test (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION CSF 14-3-3 protein could be detected in a broad spectrum of non-prion RPD. In particular, patients with autoimmune encephalitis and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases and those with myoclonus have a greater likelihood of a positive 14-3-3 result. These results could help clinicians interpret the results of CSF 14-3-3 protein more reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Cho E, Park J, Hwang EM, Kim HW, Park JY. 14-3-3γ haploinsufficiency leads to altered dopamine pathway and Parkinson's disease-like motor incoordination in mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 36604743 PMCID: PMC9817279 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family with seven isoforms found in mammals is widely expressed in the brain and plays various roles in cellular processes. Several studies have reported that 14-3-3γ, one of the 14-3-3 protein isoforms, is associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, but the role of 14-3-3γ in the pathophysiology of brain diseases is unclear. Although studies have been conducted on the relationship between 14-3-3γ protein and Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder with severe motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and rigidity, a direct connection remains to be elucidated. We recently showed that adult heterozygous 14-3-3γ knockout mice are hyperactive and exhibit anxiety-like behavior. In this study, we further characterized the molecular and behavioral changes in aged 14-3-3γ heterozygous mice to investigate the role of 14-3-3γ in the brain. We observed decreased dopamine levels and altered dopamine metabolism in the brains of these mice, including changes in the phosphorylation of proteins implicated in PD pathology. Furthermore, we confirmed that they displayed PD symptom-like behavioral deficits, such as impaired motor coordination and decreased ability to the nest-building activity. These findings suggest an association between 14-3-3γ dysfunction and PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsil Cho
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02708 Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Jinsil Park
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792 Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- grid.263333.40000 0001 0727 6358College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02708 Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea ,ASTRION, Seoul, 02842 Korea
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Matsubayashi T, Sanjo N. Systematic Review of Clinical and Pathophysiological Features of Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Caused by a Val-to-Ile Mutation at Codon 180 in the Prion Protein Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15172. [PMID: 36499498 PMCID: PMC9737045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) is a subtype of genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by the accumulation of mutated pathological prion proteins (PrPSc). gCJD has a phenotypic similarity with sporadic CJD (sCJD). In Japan, gCJD with a Val to Ile substitution at codon 180 (V180I-gCJD) is the most frequent gPrD, while the mutation is extremely rare in countries other than Japan and Korea. In this article, we aim to review previously elucidated clinical and biochemical features of V180I-gCJD, expecting to advance the understanding of this unique subtype in gCJD. Compared to classical sCJD, specific clinical features of V180I-gCJD include older age at onset, a relatively slow progression of dementia, and a lower positivity for developing myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal signs, and visual disturbance. Diffuse edematous ribboning hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex, without occipital lobes in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, is also specific. Laboratory data reveal the low positivity of PrPSc in the cerebrospinal fluid and periodic sharp wave complexes on an electroencephalogram. Most patients with V180I-gCJD have been reported to have no family history, probably due to the older age at onset, and clinical and biochemical features indicate the specific phenotype associated with the prion protein gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Khadka A, Spiers JG, Cheng L, Hill AF. Extracellular vesicles with diagnostic and therapeutic potential for prion diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:247-267. [PMID: 35394216 PMCID: PMC10113352 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases (PrD) or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) are invariably fatal and pathogenic neurodegenerative disorders caused by the self-propagated misfolding of cellular prion protein (PrPC) to the neurotoxic pathogenic form (PrPTSE) via a yet undefined but profoundly complex mechanism. Despite several decades of research on PrD, the basic understanding of where and how PrPC is transformed to the misfolded, aggregation-prone and pathogenic PrPTSE remains elusive. The primary clinical hallmarks of PrD include vacuolation-associated spongiform changes and PrPTSE accumulation in neural tissue together with astrogliosis. The difficulty in unravelling the disease mechanisms has been related to the rare occurrence and long incubation period (over decades) followed by a very short clinical phase (few months). Additional challenge in unravelling the disease is implicated to the unique nature of the agent, its complexity and strain diversity, resulting in the heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations and potentially diverse disease mechanisms. Recent advances in tissue isolation and processing techniques have identified novel means of intercellular communication through extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contribute to PrPTSE transmission in PrD. This review will comprehensively discuss PrPTSE transmission and neurotoxicity, focusing on the role of EVs in disease progression, biomarker discovery and potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of PrD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Khadka
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
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11
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CSF biomarkers for prion diseases. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105306. [PMID: 35176437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, clinical trials of human prion disease (HPD) treatments have begun in many countries, and the therapeutic window of these trials focuses mainly on the early stage of the disease. Furthermore, few studies have examined the role of biomarkers at the early stage. According to the World Health Organization, the clinical diagnostic criteria for HPDs include clinical findings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein markers, and electroencephalography (EEG). In contrast, the UK and European clinical diagnostic criteria include a combination of clinical findings, 14-3-3 protein in the CSF, magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion-weighted imaging (MRI-DWI), and EEG. Moreover, recent advancements in laboratory testing and MRI-DWI have improved the accuracy of diagnostics used for prion diseases. However, according to MRI-DWI data, patients with rapidly progressing dementia are sometimes misdiagnosed with HPD due to the high-intensity areas detected in their brains. Thus, analyzing the CSF biomarkers is critical to diagnose accurately different diseases. CSF biomarkers are investigated using a biochemical approach or the protein amplification methods that utilize the unique properties of prion proteins and the ability of PrPSc to induce a conformational change. The biochemical markers include the 14-3-3 and total tau proteins of the CSF. In contrast, the protein amplification methods include the protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. The RT-QuIC analysis of the CSF has been proved to be a highly sensitive and specific test for identifying sporadic HPD forms; for this reason, it was included in the diagnostic criteria.
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12
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Fayolle M, Lehmann S, Delaby C. Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid tau, ptau(181), synuclein, and 14-3-3 for the detection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in clinical practice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:133-139. [PMID: 35041062 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the leading human prion disease and is a major public health concern, with the risk of secondary iatrogenic transmission. Screening for CJD is often based on the detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through western blot assay and, in a second step, on a more specific method such as RT-QuIC (Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion). Alternatives to the detection of 14-3-3 in CSF have recently been proposed, specifically CSF tau proteins, tau/p-tau(181) ratio, and alpha-synuclein. In the present work, we compare the diagnostic performance of these biomarkers with that of 14-3-3 protein in a cohort of suspected CJD patients. Our results indicate that tau detection is the most effective and suitable approach for routine disease detection in a clinical setting. Combination with other biomarkers does not improve overall performance, while the tau/p-tau(181) ratio remains useful for differentiating Alzheimer's from CJD. In the end, the performance of tau protein detection in CSF reached 78% sensitivity and 80% specificity for the detection of CJD. It is interesting to note that the use of an automated method with a high concentration range allows for rapid and accurate results, which is very useful in clinical practice and allows for confirmatory testing such as RT-QuIC without delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fayolle
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique-PPC, Hôpital St Eloi, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB 80 av A Fiche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique-PPC, Hôpital St Eloi, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB 80 av A Fiche, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Constance Delaby
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Protéomique Clinique-PPC, Hôpital St Eloi, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, IRMB 80 av A Fiche, 34295, Montpellier, France.,Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Jin M, Jin X, Homma H, Fujita K, Tanaka H, Murayama S, Akatsu H, Tagawa K, Okazawa H. Prediction and verification of the AD-FTLD common pathomechanism based on dynamic molecular network analysis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:961. [PMID: 34385591 PMCID: PMC8361101 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple gene mutations cause familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) while no single gene mutations exists in sporadic FTLD. Various proteins aggregate in variable regions of the brain, leading to multiple pathological and clinical prototypes. The heterogeneity of FTLD could be one of the reasons preventing development of disease-modifying therapy. We newly develop a mathematical method to analyze chronological changes of PPI networks with sequential big data from comprehensive phosphoproteome of four FTLD knock-in (KI) mouse models (PGRNR504X-KI, TDP43N267S-KI, VCPT262A-KI and CHMP2BQ165X-KI mice) together with four transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with APPKM670/671NL-KI mice at multiple time points. The new method reveals the common core pathological network across FTLD and AD, which is shared by mouse models and human postmortem brains. Based on the prediction, we performed therapeutic intervention of the FTLD models, and confirmed amelioration of pathologies and symptoms of four FTLD mouse models by interruption of the core molecule HMGB1, verifying the new mathematical method to predict dynamic molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaocen Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyota Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Tanaka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Brain Bank for Aging Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Medicine for Aging in Place and Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tagawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Brandel JP. [Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies]. Rev Med Interne 2021; 43:106-115. [PMID: 34148672 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are human and animal diseases naturally or experimentally transmissible with a long incubation period and a fatal course without remission. The nature of the transmissible agent remains debated but the absence of a structure evoking a conventional microorganism led Stanley B. Prusiner to hypothesize that it could be an infectious protein (proteinaceous infectious particle or prion). The prion would be the abnormal form of a normal protein, cellular PrP (PrPc) which will change its spatial conformation and be converted into scrapie prion protein (PrPsc) with properties of partial resistance to proteases, aggregation and insolubility in detergents. No inflammatory or immune response are detected in TSEs which are characterized by brain damage combining spongiosis, neuronal loss, astrocytic gliosis, and deposits of PrPsc that may appear as amyloid plaques. Although the link between the accumulation of PrPsc and the appearance of lesions remains debated, the presence of PrPsc is constant during TSE and necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Even if they remain rare diseases (2 cases per million), the identification of kuru, at the end of the 1950s, of iatrogenic cases in the course of the 1970s and of the variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the mid-1990s explain the interest in these diseases but also the fears they can raise for public health. They remain an exciting research model because they belong both to the group of neurodegenerative diseases with protein accumulation (sporadic CJD), to the group of communicable diseases (iatrogenic CJD, variant of CJD) but also to the group of genetic diseases with a transmission Mendelian dominant (genetic CJD, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia).
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Brandel
- Cellule nationale de référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Inserm U1127/Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre national de référence des agents transmissibles non conventionnels, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.
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15
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Mok TH, Nihat A, Luk C, Sequeira D, Batchelor M, Mead S, Collinge J, Jackson GS. Bank vole prion protein extends the use of RT-QuIC assays to detect prions in a range of inherited prion diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5231. [PMID: 33664355 PMCID: PMC7933407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC) is an ultrasensitive prion amyloid seeding assay for diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) but several prion strains remain unexplored or resistant to conversion with commonly used recombinant prion protein (rPrP) substrates. Here, bank vole (BV) rPrP was used to study seeding by a wide range of archived post-mortem human CSF samples from cases of sporadic, acquired and various inherited prion diseases in high throughput 384-well format. BV rPrP substrate yielded positive reactions in 70/79 cases of sporadic CJD [Sensitivity 88.6% (95% CI 79.5-94.7%)], 1/2 variant CJD samples, and 9/20 samples from various inherited prion diseases; 5/57 non-prion disease control CSFs had positive reactions, yielding an overall specificity of 91.2% (95% CI 80.1-97.1%). Despite limitations of using post-mortem samples and our results' discrepancy with other studies, we demonstrated for the first time that BV rPrP is susceptible to conversion by human CSF samples containing certain prion strains not previously responsive in conventional rPrPs, thus justifying further optimisation for wider diagnostic and prognostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze How Mok
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Connie Luk
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Danielle Sequeira
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Mark Batchelor
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Graham S Jackson
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, Courtauld Building, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK.
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Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are mostly expressed in the brain and are closely involved in numerous brain functions and various brain disorders. Among the isotypes of the 14-3-3 proteins, 14-3-3γ is mainly expressed in neurons and is highly produced during brain development, which could indicate that it has a significance in neural development. Furthermore, the distinctive levels of temporally and locally regulated 14-3-3γ expression in various brain disorders suggest that it could play a substantial role in brain plasticity of the diseased states. In this review, we introduce the various brain disorders reported to be involved with 14-3-3γ, and summarize the changes of 14-3-3γ expression in each brain disease. We also discuss the potential of 14-3-3γ for treatment and the importance of research on specific 14-3-3 isotypes for an effective therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsil Cho
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02708, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02708, Korea
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Ascari LM, Rocha SC, Gonçalves PB, Vieira TCRG, Cordeiro Y. Challenges and Advances in Antemortem Diagnosis of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:585896. [PMID: 33195151 PMCID: PMC7606880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.585896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, arise from the structural conversion of the monomeric, cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its multimeric scrapie form (PrPSc). These pathologies comprise a group of intractable, rapidly evolving neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, a definitive diagnosis of TSE relies on the detection of PrPSc and/or the identification of pathognomonic histological features in brain tissue samples, which are usually obtained postmortem or, in rare cases, by brain biopsy (antemortem). Over the past two decades, several paraclinical tests for antemortem diagnosis have been developed to preclude the need for brain samples. Some of these alternative methods have been validated and can provide a probable diagnosis when combined with clinical evaluation. Paraclinical tests include in vitro cell-free conversion techniques, such as the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), as well as immunoassays, electroencephalography (EEG), and brain bioimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whose importance has increased over the years. PrPSc is the main biomarker in TSEs, and the RT-QuIC assay stands out for its ability to detect PrPSc in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), olfactory mucosa, and dermatome skin samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Other biochemical biomarkers are the proteins 14-3-3, tau, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), astroglial protein S100B, α-synuclein, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL), but they are not specific for TSEs. This paper reviews the techniques employed for definite diagnosis, as well as the clinical and paraclinical methods for possible and probable diagnosis, both those in use currently and those no longer employed. We also discuss current criteria, challenges, and perspectives for TSE diagnosis. An early and accurate diagnosis may allow earlier implementation of strategies to delay or stop disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Ascari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie C. Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila B. Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Finck T, Liesche-Starnecker F, Probst M, Bette S, Ruf V, Wendl C, Dorn F, Angstwurm K, Schlegel J, Zimmer C, Wiestler B, Wiesinger I. Bornavirus Encephalitis Shows a Characteristic Magnetic Resonance Phenotype in Humans. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:723-735. [PMID: 32794235 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of diagnosed fatal encephalitis cases in humans caused by the classical Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) has been increasing, ever since it was proved that BoDV-1 can cause human infections. However, awareness of this entity is low, and a specific imaging pattern has not yet been identified. We therefore provide the first comprehensive description of the morphology of human BoDV-1 encephalitis, with histopathological verification of imaging abnormalities. METHODS In an institutional review board-approved multicenter study, we carried out a retrospective analysis of 55 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations of 19 patients with confirmed BoDV-1 encephalitis. Fifty brain regions were analyzed systematically (T1w, T2w, T2*w, T1w + Gd, and DWI), in order to discern a specific pattern of inflammation. Histopathological analysis of 25 locations in one patient served as correlation for MRI abnormalities. RESULTS Baseline imaging, acquired at a mean of 11 ± 10 days after symptom onset, in addition to follow-up scans of 16 patients, revealed characteristic T2 hyperintensities with a predilection for the head of the caudate nucleus, insula, and cortical spread to the limbic system, whereas the occipital lobes and cerebellar hemispheres were unaffected. This gradient was confirmed by histology. Nine patients (47.4%) developed T1 hyperintensities of the basal ganglia, corresponding to accumulated lipid phagocytes on histology and typical for late-stage necrosis. INTERPRETATION BoDV-1 encephalitis shows a distinct pattern of inflammation in both the early and late stages of the disease. Its appearance can mimic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease on MRI and should be considered a differential diagnosis in the case of atypical clinical presentation. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:723-735.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Finck
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Monika Probst
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bette
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Augsburg University Hospital, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Wendl
- Department of Radiology, Center of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Dorn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Wiesinger
- Department of Radiology, Center of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Prospective Study Demonstrates Utility of EP-QuIC in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Diagnoses. Can J Neurol Sci 2020; 48:127-129. [PMID: 32646535 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prospectively acquired Canadian cerebrospinal fluid samples were used to assess the performance characteristics of three ante-mortem tests commonly used to support diagnoses of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The utility of the end-point quaking-induced conversion assay as a test for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnoses was compared to that of immunoassays designed to detect increased amounts of the surrogate markers 14-3-3γ and hTau. The positive predictive values of the end-point quaking-induced conversion, 14-3-3γ, and hTau tests conducted at the Prion Diseases Section of the Public Health Agency of Canada were 96%, 68%, and 66%, respectively.
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Foucault-Fruchard L, Delaye JB, Morange V, Beaufils E, Duwicquet C, Quadrio I, Balageas AC, Dufour-Rainfray D. An automated alert system based on the p-Tau/Tau ratio to quickly inform health professionals upon a suspected case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116971. [PMID: 32521342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowing the risk of potential sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) instrument-contamination is essential in hospitals. We examined the relevance of the p-Tau/Tau ratio to exclude a probable case of sCJD in clinical practice, and we established an alert system to quickly inform health professionals in case of positivity. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on 143 cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients suspected for sCJD. The distinction between probable cases of sCJD and other patients was based on clinical, paraclinical and biological (14-3-3, Tau, p-Tau, Aβ 1-42) data. From this experience, the health professionals developed an alert system to be implemented upon a suspected case of sCJD. RESULTS A significant decrease in p-Tau/Tau ratio between sCJD and the other diseases was observed (p < 0 .001). The combined Tau test presented a sensitivity higher than 14-3-3 (100% versus 92.3%, p =0 .006) and an equivalent specificity (90% versus 96.1%). The time required for obtaining results was higher for 14-3-3 due to the centralization of investigations in some laboratories (3 weeks versus 2 h). In the presence of these elements, the triggering of the alert system was based on the p-Tau/Tau ratio. This system involves sending an automatic mail to the hospital department involved in the patient's care and the hospital hygiene team, which oversees the application of the procedures. CONCLUSION The p-Tau/Tau concentrations present the desired criteria for use in current medical practice to fight against iatrogenic transmission. The alert system confirms a probable case of sCJD instantly to health professionals. Hygiene and sterilization measures can be applied immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Foucault-Fruchard
- CHU Tours, Service pharmacie, F-37044 Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
| | | | - Virginie Morange
- CHU Tours, Equipe Opérationnelle d'Hygiène, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Emilie Beaufils
- CHU Tours, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche (CMRR), F-37044 Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | | | - Isabelle Quadrio
- Unité des pathologies neurodégénératives, Service de biochimie et biologie moléculaire Grand Est, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Equipe BIORAN Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292 INSERM U1028, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Anna Chloé Balageas
- CHU Tours, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche (CMRR), F-37044 Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Diane Dufour-Rainfray
- CHU Tours, Service de de médecine nucléaire in vitro, F-37044 Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France; Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée de la Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, France
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Giaccone G, Moda F. PMCA Applications for Prion Detection in Peripheral Tissues of Patients with Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030405. [PMID: 32151109 PMCID: PMC7175161 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative and invariably fatal conditions that affect humans and animals. In particular, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are paradigmatic forms of human and animal prion diseases, respectively. Human exposure to BSE through contaminated food caused the appearance of the new variant form of CJD (vCJD). These diseases are caused by an abnormal prion protein named PrPSc (or prion), which accumulates in the brain and leads to the onset of the disease. Their definite diagnosis can be formulated only at post-mortem after biochemical and neuropathological identification of PrPSc. Thanks to the advent of an innovative technique named protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), traces of PrPSc, undetectable with the standard diagnostic techniques, were found in peripheral tissues of patients with vCJD, even at preclinical stages. The technology is currently being used in specialized laboratories and can be exploited for helping physicians in formulating an early and definite diagnosis of vCJD using peripheral tissues. However, this assay is currently unable to detect prions associated with the sporadic CJD (sCJD) forms, which are more frequent than vCJD. This review will focus on the most recent advances and applications of PMCA in the field of vCJD and other human prion disease diagnosis.
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Zhao W, Cheng L, Quek C, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. Novel miR-29b target regulation patterns are revealed in two different cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17449. [PMID: 31767948 PMCID: PMC6877611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene or protein expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translational repression or mRNA degradation. Distinct expression levels of miRNAs, including miR-29b, have been detected in various biological fluids and tissues from a large variety of disease models. However, how miRNAs "react" and function in different cellular environments is still largely unknown. In this study, the regulation patterns of miR-29b between human and mouse cell lines were compared for the first time. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to stably knockdown miR-29b in human cancer HeLa cells and mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells with minimum off-targets. Genome editing revealed mir-29b-1, other than mir-29b-2, to be the main source of generating mature miR-29b. The editing of miR-29b decreased expression levels of its family members miR-29a/c via changing the tertiary structures of surrounding nucleotides. Comparing transcriptome profiles of human and mouse cell lines, miR-29b displayed common regulation pathways involving distinct downstream targets in macromolecular complex assembly, cell cycle regulation, and Wnt and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways; miR-29b also demonstrated specific functions reflecting cell characteristics, including fibrosis and neuronal regulations in NIH/3T3 cells and tumorigenesis and cellular senescence in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Camelia Quek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Clinical Laboratory Tests Used To Aid in Diagnosis of Human Prion Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00769-19. [PMID: 31366689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00769-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of rapidly progressive and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion protein in the brain. Although autopsy remains the gold-standard diagnostic tool, antemortem laboratory testing can be performed to aid in the diagnosis of prion disease. This review is meant to help laboratory directors and physicians in their interpretation of test results. Laboratory assays to detect both nonspecific biomarkers of prion disease and prion-specific biomarkers can be used. The levels of nonspecific biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are elevated when rapid neurodegeneration is occurring in the patient, and these markers include 14-3-3, tau, neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and alpha-synuclein. These markers have various sensitivities and specificities but are overall limited, as the levels of any of these analytes can be elevated in nonprion disease that is causing rapid damage of brain tissue. Prion-specific assays used in clinical laboratory testing are currently limited to two options. The first option is second-generation real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) performed on CSF, and the second option is Western blotting of a brain biopsy specimen used to detect protease-resistant prion protein. Although both tests have exquisite specificity, RT-QuIC has a sensitivity of 92 to 97.2% in symptomatic individuals, compared to the brain biopsy Western blot sensitivity of 20 to 60%. RT-QuIC was added to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's diagnostic criteria for prion disease in 2018. Other caveats of laboratory testing need to be considered, as sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms of prion disease have different clinical and laboratory presentations, and these caveats are discussed. Laboratory testing plays an important role in the diagnosis of prion disease, which is often challenging to diagnose.
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Bandyopadhyay A, Bose I, Chattopadhyay K. Osmolytes ameliorate the effects of stress in the absence of the heat shock protein Hsp104 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222723. [PMID: 31536559 PMCID: PMC6752772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the prion protein has strong implications in the human prion disease. Sup35p is a yeast prion, and has been used as a model protein to study the disease mechanism. We have studied the pattern of Sup35p aggregation inside live yeast cells under stress, by using confocal microscopy, fluorescence activated cell sorting and western blotting. Heat shock proteins are a family of proteins that are produced by yeast cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. Many of the proteins behave as chaperones to combat stress-induced protein misfolding and aggregation. In spite of this, yeast also produce small molecules called osmolytes during stress. In our work, we tried to find the reason as to why yeast produce osmolytes and showed that the osmolytes are paramount to ameliorate the long-term effects of lethal stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, either in the presence or absence of Hsp104p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Bandyopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Indrani Bose
- Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KC); (IB)
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (KC); (IB)
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Tsai HC, Chen YH, Yen CM, Chung LY, Wann SR, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Dexamethasone Downregulates Expressions of 14-3-3β and γ-Isoforms in Mice with Eosinophilic Meningitis Caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:249-256. [PMID: 31284347 PMCID: PMC6616158 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are commonly used in patients with eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis infections. The mechanism steroids act on eosinophilic meningitis remains unclear. In this mouse experiments, expressions of 14-3-3 isoform β and γ proteins significantly increased in the CSF 2–3 weeks after the infection, but not increasedin the dexamethasone-treated group. Expression of 14-3-3 β, γ, ɛ, and θ isoforms increased in brain meninges over the 3-week period after infection and decreased due to dexamethasone treatment. In conclusion, administration of dexamethasone in mice with eosinophilic meningitis decreased expressions of 14-3-3 isoform proteins in the CSF and in brain meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chung
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ren Wann
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Markopoulou K, Compta Y. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-synuclein in PARKINSON'S disease: Another long and winding road. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 49:1-3. [PMID: 29548634 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Markopoulou
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Chicago, Evanston, USA; University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physiology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Smani D, Sarkar S, Raymick J, Kanungo J, Paule MG, Gu Q. Downregulation of 14-3-3 Proteins in a Kainic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity Model. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:122-129. [PMID: 28840498 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are among the most abundant proteins expressed in the brain, comprising about 1% of the total amount of soluble brain proteins. Through phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine-binding motifs, 14-3-3 proteins regulate many signaling proteins and cellular processes including cell death. In the present study, we utilized a well-known kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity rat model and examined the expression of 14-3-3 and its isoforms in the frontal cortex of KA-treated and control animals. Among the different 14-3-3 isoforms, abundant levels of eta and tau were detected in the frontal cortex, followed by sigma, epsilon, and gamma, while the expression levels of alpha/beta and zeta/delta isoforms were low. Compared to the control animals, KA treatment induced a significant downregulation of the overall 14-3-3 protein level as well as the levels of the abundant isoforms eta, tau, epsilon, and gamma. We also investigated two 14-3-3-interacting proteins that are involved in the cell death process: Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Both BAX and phosphorylated ERK showed increased levels following KA treatment. Together, these findings demonstrate an abundance of several 14-3-3 isoforms in the frontal cortex and that KA treatment can cause a downregulation of 14-3-3 expression and an upregulation of 14-3-3-interacting proteins BAX and phospho-ERK. Thus, downregulation of 14-3-3 proteins could be one of the early molecular events associated with excitotoxicity. This could lead to subsequent upregulation of 14-3-3-binding proteins such as BAX and phospho-ERK that contribute to further downstream apoptosis processes, eventually leading to cell death. Maintaining sufficient levels of 14-3-3 expression and function may become a target of therapeutic intervention for excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Smani
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Sumit Sarkar
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - James Raymick
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Gu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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14-3-3/Tau Interaction and Tau Amyloidogenesis. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:620-630. [PMID: 31062171 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The major function of microtubule-associated protein tau is to promote microtubule assembly in the central nervous system. However, aggregation of abnormally phosphorylated tau is a hallmark of tauopathies. Although the molecular mechanisms of conformational transitions and assembling of tau molecules into amyloid fibril remain largely unknown, several factors have been shown to promote tau aggregation, including mutations, polyanions, phosphorylation, and interactions with other proteins. 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved, multifunctional proteins that are mainly expressed in the central nervous system. Being a scaffolding protein, 14-3-3 proteins interact with tau and regulate tau phosphorylation by bridging tau with various protein kinases. 14-3-3 proteins also directly regulate tau aggregation via specific and non-specific interactions with tau. In this review, we summarize recent advances in characterization of tau conformation and tau/14-3-3 interaction. We discuss the connection between 14-3-3 binding and tau aggregation with a special emphasis on the regulatory role of 14-3-3 on tau conformation.
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Tsai HC, Chen YH, Yen CM, Lee SSJ, Chen YS. Increased 14-3-3β and γ protein isoform expressions in parasitic eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213244. [PMID: 30845271 PMCID: PMC6405114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neuronal damage during infectious meningitis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Little is known about dynamic changes in the individual isoforms in response to parasitic eosinophilic meningitis. The purposes of this study were to determine the 14-3-3 protein isoform patterns, examine the kinetics and correlate the severity of blood brain barrier (BBB) damage with the expressions of these markers in mice with eosinophilic meningitis. Mice were orally infected with 50 A. cantonensis L3 via an oro-gastric tube and sacrificed every week for 3 consecutive weeks after infection. The Evans blue method and BBB junctional protein expressions were used to measure changes in the BBB. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to analyze pathological changes in the mice brains following 1–3 weeks of infection with A. cantonensis. The levels of 14-3-3 protein isoforms in serum/CSF and brain homogenates were analyzed by Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to explore the different isoform distributions of 14-3-3 proteins and changes in BBB junctional proteins in the mice brain meninges. Dexamethasone was injected intraperitoneally from the seventh day post infection (dpi) until the end of the study (21 dpi) to study the changes in BBB junctional proteins. The amounts of Evans blue, tight junction and 14-3-3 protein isoforms in the different groups of mice were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant increases in 14-3-3 protein isoforms β and γ in the CSF in the second and third weeks after infection compared to the controls and first week of infection, which were correlated with the severity of BBB damage in brain histology, and Evans blue extravasation. Using IHC to assess the distribution of 14-3-3 protein isoforms and changes in BBB junctional proteins in the mice brain meninges, the expressions of isoforms β, γ, ε, and θ and junctional proteins occludin and claudin-5 in the brain meninges increased over a 3-week period after infection compared to the controls and 1 week after infection. The administration of dexamethasone decreased the expressions of BBB junctional proteins occludin and claudin-5 in the mice brain meninges. Our findings support that 14-3-3 proteins β and γ can potentially be used as a CSF marker of neuronal damage in parasitic eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chin Tsai
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Susan Shin-Jung Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Neitzke I, Brito HFD, Brandão AB, Schiavon JLN, Schiavon LDL, Buzzoleti FDC. Apresentação clínica da Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob como Síndrome Cerebelar. REVISTA NEUROCIÊNCIAS 2019. [DOI: 10.34024/rnc.2009.v17.8606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) constitui-se na mais comum das doenças priônicas em seres humanos. Apresentamos um caso de DCJ tipo esporádico em um homem de 48 anos, que iniciou quadro de síndrome cerebelar, cuja clínica evoluiu compatível com DCJ associado à alteração do eletroencefalograma (EEG) típica e líquor (LCR) com alteração da proteína 14-3-3. São discutidos os métodos diagnósticos, as expectativas sobre a identificação de fatores de transmissão e a terapêutica atual.
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Review: Fluid biomarkers in the human prion diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 97:81-92. [PMID: 30529227 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human prion diseases are a diverse set of often rapidly progressive neurodegenerative conditions associated with abnormal forms of the prion protein. We review work to establish diagnostic biomarkers and assays that might fill other important roles, particularly those that could assist the planning and interpretation of clinical trials. The field now benefits from highly sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarkers using cerebrospinal fluid: detecting by-products of rapid neurodegeneration or specific functional properties of abnormal prion protein, with the second generation real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay being particularly promising. Blood has been a more challenging analyte, but has now also yielded valuable biomarkers. Blood-based assays have been developed with the potential to screen for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, although it remains uncertain whether these will ever be used in practice. The very rapid neurodegeneration of prion disease results in strong signals from surrogate protein markers in the blood that reflect neuronal, axonal, synaptic or glial pathology in the brain: notably the tau and neurofilament light chain proteins. We discuss early evidence that such tests, applied alongside robust diagnostic biomarkers, may have potential to add value as clinical trial outcome measures, predictors of future disease course (including for asymptomatic individuals at high risk of prion disease), and as rapidly accessible and sensitive markers to aid early diagnosis.
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Abstract
Prions diseases are uniformly fatal neurodegenerative diseases that occur in sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Acquired prion diseases, caused by infectious transmission, are least common. Most prion diseases are not infectious, but occur spontaneously through misfolding of normal prion proteins or genetic mutations in the prion protein gene. Although most prion diseases are not caused by infection, they can be transmitted accidentally. Certain infection control protocols should be applied when handling central nervous system and other high-risk tissues. New diagnostic methods are improving premortem and earlier diagnosis. Treatment trials have not shown improved survival, but therapies may be available soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Lead Tee
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA; Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No. 707, Section 3, Zhong Yang Road, Hualien City, Hualien County 97002, Taiwan
| | - Erika Mariana Longoria Ibarrola
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA; Dementia Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Del. Tlalpan, Ciudad de México. C.P. 14269, Mexico
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Analysis of 22 Years of Surveillance for Prion Diseases in Slovenia, 1996 to 2017. Zdr Varst 2018; 57:227-233. [PMID: 30294364 PMCID: PMC6172523 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2018-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective was to present the results of surveillance of prion diseases in Slovenia that was established in 1996 and then to assess the interdisciplinary approach according to the algorithm of case management and reporting data to the National Register at the National Institute of Public Health. Methods A descriptive study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) recorded in the period from 1996 to 2017 was carried out. Results A total of 123 cases of prion disease were notified between 1996 and 2017. Out of these, 68 were recorded and confirmed by autopsy as sporadic CJD with an average incidence rate of 1,5 cases per million population per year. In one case a gene analysis showed mutation E200K in prion protein gene, PRNP. Two cases of the Gerstman-Sträussler Scheinker syndrome and one clinical case of fatal insomnia with new PRNP mutation, N181S, were notified. Diagnostic value of protein 14-3-3 analysis in the liquor reached 82% sensitivity and 71% specificity. 25 cases of notified clinically possible/probable CJD were disproved after autopsy. In eleven notified possible CJD cases the autopsy had not been performed. Variant CJD has not yet been proven in Slovenia. Conclusion Incidence rates were comparable with other European countries. Completeness of reporting and proper management of CJD cases according to the algorithm of reporting, management and case confirmation would need some improvement. A well-functioning surveillance system, including timely notifications, would enable an appropriate epidemiological investigation and an effective response to public health risks, thus the awareness of prion diseases should not decline.
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Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common human prion disease, is generally regarded as a spontaneous neurodegenerative illness, arising either from a spontaneous PRNP somatic mutation or a stochastic PrP structural change. Alternatively, the possibility of an infection from animals or other source remains to be completely ruled out. Sporadic CJD is clinically characterized by rapidly progressive dementia with ataxia, myoclonus, or other neurologic signs and, neuropathologically, by the presence of aggregates of abnormal prion protein, spongiform change, neuronal loss, and gliosis. Despite these common features the disease shows a wide phenotypic variability which was recognized since its early descriptions. In the late 1990s the identification of key molecular determinants of phenotypic expression and the availability of a large series of neuropathologically verified cases led to the characterization of definite clinicopathologic and molecular disease subtypes and to an internationally recognized disease classification. By showing that these disease subtypes correspond to specific agent strain-host genotype combinations, recent transmission studies have confirmed the biologic basis of this classification. The introduction of brain magnetic resonance imaging techniques such as fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted imaging sequences and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker assays for the detection of brain-derived proteins as well as real-time quaking-induced conversion assay, allowing the specific detection of prions in accessible biologic fluids and tissues, has significantly contributed to the improved accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of sporadic CJD in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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Xiao K, Shi Q, Zhou W, Gao C, Chen C, Zhang BY, Wang J, Dong XP. Evaluation of the effect of various main elements on the PrPSc detection by real-time quaking-induced conversion assay. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3231-3237. [PMID: 30221654 PMCID: PMC6202096 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to definitively diagnosis sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), brain tissue is currently required. Therefore, there is a great need for tests that can detect sCJD in body fluids or other types of tissues. Different variables, including the amount of recombinant celluar prion protein (rPrPC), salt, cleaning surfactants and thioflavin T (ThT), in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated. The reagent concentrations of 1X PBS, 170 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.01 mM ThT and 0.001% SDS, and the amounts of 10 µg rPrPC and 10 µl CSF were considered to be optimal for the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. Using these conditions, the RT-QuIC assay for prion protein (PrPSc) detection was observed to be sensitive to 10−8 diluted brain homogenates of hamsters infected with the 263K scrapie strain. Furthermore, CSF samples from 70 probable sCJD cases and 48 non-CJD cases were preliminarily screened. A substantial proportion of sCJD samples (57.14%) tested positive by RT-QuIC, with a short lag phase (<50 h post-reaction) and high peak ThT values (>25,000 relative fluorescence units). By contrast, only a small number of non-CJD samples displayed weakly positive results, and these were detected at a later stage (>50 h post-reaction) and had much lower ThT values. In conclusion, the RT-QuIC assay in CSF samples reported in the present study may provide a useful pre-mortem tool for the diagnosis of sCJD, particularly in China where postmortem examination is rarely conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Gushue D, Herbst A, Sim V, McKenzie D, Aiken JM. 14-3-3 and enolase abundances in the CSF of Prion diseased rats. Prion 2018; 12:253-260. [PMID: 30149773 PMCID: PMC6277185 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1513317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by an extended asymptomatic preclinical phase followed by rapid neurodegeneration. There are no effective treatments. CJD diagnosis is initially suspected based upon the clinical presentation of the disease and the exclusion of other etiologies. Neurologic symptoms are assessed in combination with results from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker abundances, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in some countries, real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Inconsistencies in sensitivities and specificities of prion disease biomarker abundance in CSF have been described, which can affect diagnostic certainty, but the utility of biomarkers for prognosis has not been fully explored. The clinical presentation of CJD is variable, and factors such as prion protein polymorphic variants, prion strain, and other genetic or environmental contributions may affect the disease progression, confounding the appearance or abundance of biomarkers in the CSF. These same factors may also affect the appearance or abundance of biomarkers, further confounding diagnosis. In this study, we controlled for many of these variables through the analysis of serial samples of CSF from prion-infected and control rats. Prion disease in laboratory rodents follows a defined disease course as the infection route and time, prion strain, genotype, and environmental conditions are all controlled. We measured the relative abundance of 14-3-3 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in CSF during the course of prion infection in rats. Even when disease-related, environmental and genetic variables were controlled, CSF 14-3-3 and NSE abundances were variable. Our study emphasizes the considerable diagnostic and prognostic limitations of these prion biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gushue
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Allen Herbst
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Valerie Sim
- b Department of Medicine - Division of Neurology, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- c Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Judd M Aiken
- a Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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Frost DC, Li L. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 95:71-123. [PMID: 24985770 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800453-1.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation plays fundamental roles in many biological processes as one of the most common, and the most complex, posttranslational modification. Alterations in glycosylation profile are now known to be associated with many diseases. As a result, the discovery and detailed characterization of glycoprotein disease biomarkers is a primary interest of biomedical research. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomics and glycomics are increasingly enabling qualitative and quantitative approaches for site-specific structural analysis of protein glycosylation. While the complexity presented by glycan heterogeneity and the wide dynamic range of clinically relevant samples like plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue make comprehensive analyses of the glycoproteome a challenging task, the ongoing efforts into the development of glycoprotein enrichment, enzymatic digestion, and separation strategies combined with novel quantitative MS methodologies have greatly improved analytical sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. This review summarizes current MS-based glycoproteomics approaches and highlights recent advances in its application to cancer biomarker and neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Frost
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Teunissen CE, Verheul C, Willemse EAJ. The use of cerebrospinal fluid in biomarker studies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:3-20. [PMID: 29110777 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an extremely useful matrix for biomarker research for several purposes, such as diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and identification of prominent leads in pathways of neurologic diseases. Such biomarkers can be identified based on a priori hypotheses around prominent protein changes, but also by applying -omics technologies. Proteomics is widely used, but metabolomics and transcriptomics are rapidly revealing their potential for CSF studies. The basis of such studies is the availability of high-quality biobanks. Furthermore, profound knowledge and consequent optimization of all aspects in biomarker development are needed. Here we discuss current knowledge and recently developed protocols for successful biomarker studies, from collection of CSF by lumbar puncture, processing, and biobanking protocols, preanalytic confounding factors, and cost-efficient development and validation of assays for implementation into clinical practice or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - C Verheul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E A J Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zerr I, Zafar S, Schmitz M, Llorens F. Cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Liu X, Shi D, Zhou S, Liu H, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular dynamics simulations and novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:23-37. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1403419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Hongli Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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41
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Kistner A, Bigler MB, Glatz K, Egli SB, Baldin FS, Marquardsen FA, Mehling M, Rentsch KM, Staub D, Aschwanden M, Recher M, Daikeler T, Berger CT. Characteristics of autoantibodies targeting 14-3-3 proteins and their association with clinical features in newly diagnosed giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:829-834. [PMID: 28064210 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Autoantibodies are useful biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring treatment in some autoimmune diseases. Antibodies against isoforms of 14-3-3 protein have been proposed as biomarkers for the presence of aortic aneurysm in large-vessel vasculitis (LVV). Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role and potential immunopathological involvement of anti-14-3-3 antibodies in newly diagnosed LVV patients. Methods Antibodies against three isoforms of 14-3-3 (γ, ɛ and ζ) were measured in 90 subjects: 48 GCA and 3 Takayasu's arteritis (TA) patients, and 39 controls (non-inflammatory and inflammatory diseases), using a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay and immunoprecipitation studies. The positive cut-off value was defined based on young healthy controls. Anti-14-3-3 IgG antibodies in LVV patients were compared with those in controls in order to assess their diagnostic performance, and the relationship of anti-14-3-3 IgG antibodies to the immunohistopathology of artery explants was assessed. Results Antibodies against all three 14-3-3 isoforms were detected in LVV patients as well as in age-matched inflammatory and non-inflammatory controls. Among LVV patients, detection of antibodies targeting 14-3-3 ɛ and ζ was associated with more severe disease. Detection of antibodies against 14-3-3 γ was linked to latent Toxoplasma gondii infection, a parasite that secrets a 14-3-3 homologue, suggesting potential cross-reactivity. Conclusion Detection of antibodies against 14-3-3 proteins at the time of LVV diagnosis is not disease-specific. Their presence at high levels in LVV patients with stroke, aortitis and-in a previous study-aneurysm formation may indicate an association with extensive tissue destruction. The relevance of 14-3-3 antibodies in non-LVV patients needs to be investigated in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kistner
- Translational Immunology, Department of Biomedicine
| | | | | | - Simon B Egli
- Translational Immunology, Department of Biomedicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mike Recher
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunodeficiency Laboratory
- Immunodeficiency Clinic
| | | | - Christoph T Berger
- Translational Immunology, Department of Biomedicine
- Medical Outpatient Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Streijger F, Skinnider MA, Rogalski JC, Balshaw R, Shannon CP, Prudova A, Belanger L, Ritchie L, Tsang A, Christie S, Parent S, Mac-Thiong JM, Bailey C, Urquhart J, Ailon T, Paquette S, Boyd M, Street J, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF, Borchers CH, Foster LJ, Kwon BK. A Targeted Proteomics Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid after Acute Human Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2054-2068. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael A. Skinnider
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Genome Sciences & Technologies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason C. Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Balshaw
- BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- PROOF Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Anna Prudova
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lise Belanger
- Vancouver Spine Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leanna Ritchie
- Vancouver Spine Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Tsang
- Vancouver Spine Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean Christie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax Infirmary Halifax, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Stefan Parent
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Chu Sainte-Justine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Chu Sainte-Justine, Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Bailey
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Urquhart
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamir Ailon
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Paquette
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Boyd
- Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Street
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charles G. Fisher
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcel F. Dvorak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Detection of CSF 14-3-3 Protein in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients Using a New Automated Capillary Western Assay. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3537-3545. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fernández-Orth J, Ehling P, Ruck T, Pankratz S, Hofmann MS, Landgraf P, Dieterich DC, Smalla KH, Kähne T, Seebohm G, Budde T, Wiendl H, Bittner S, Meuth SG. 14-3-3 Proteins regulate K 2P 5.1 surface expression on T lymphocytes. Traffic 2016; 18:29-43. [PMID: 27743426 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
K2P 5.1 channels (also called TASK-2 or Kcnk5) have already been shown to be relevant in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease because they are known to be upregulated on peripheral and central T lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Moreover, overexpression of K2P 5.1 channels in vitro provokes enhanced T-cell effector functions. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating intracellular K2P 5.1 channel trafficking are unknown so far. Thus, the aim of the study is to elucidate the trafficking of K2P 5.1 channels on T lymphocytes. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we have identified 14-3-3 proteins as novel binding partners of K2P 5.1 channels. We show that a non-classical 14-3-3 consensus motif (R-X-X-pT/S-x) at the channel's C-terminus allows the binding between K2P 5.1 and 14-3-3. The mutant K2P 5.1/S266A diminishes the protein-protein interaction and reduces the amplitude of membrane currents. Application of a non-peptidic 14-3-3 inhibitor (BV02) significantly reduces the number of wild-type channels in the plasma membrane, whereas the drug has no effect on the trafficking of the mutated channel. Furthermore, blocker application reduces T-cell effector functions. Taken together, we demonstrate that 14-3-3 interacts with K2P 5.1 and plays an important role in channel trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Susann Pankratz
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Peter Landgraf
- Neural Plasticity and Communication, Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Neural Plasticity and Communication, Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute for Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
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Finizio F, Corsini A, De Massis P. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Correlation of Clinical Neuroradiological Aspects and Detection of 14.3.3. Protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090001300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, transmissible illness that usually affects older adults and is characterised by rapidly progressive dementia, ataxia, myoclonus and various other neurological defects. This is now thought to be a chronic infections disease caused by an agent called a prion. The prions differ from viruses because contain little or no nucleic acid and evoke no immune response. CJD is a progressive, inevitably fatal disease with a mean survival time of 6 months to 1 year. Diagnosis is usually made clinically and electroencephalographically but even now, the diagnosis can only be confirmed by brain biopsy. CT scans usually show either no abnormalities (80% of cases) or non specific atrophy. Recently there have been reports of characteristic findings on MR images. Bilateral, symmetrically increased signal intensity was demonstrated in the basal ganglia but in various patients this finding was absent. Recently, diffusion weighted MR images proved to be useful in the evaluation of CJD but these studies must be confirmed with additional patients. The biomedical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid that identifies 14.3.3. protein in a patient with dementia was positive in 96% of cases. The presence of 14.3.3. protein in cerebrospinal fluid may be due to massive neuronal disruption and to the leakage of brain proteins into cerebrospinal fluid. Also if this protein could sometimes be found in patients with acute viral encephalitis, strokes (within one month before testing), subarachnoid haemorrhage or Rett's syndrome, CJD could not reasonably be included in the differential diagnosis of any of these disorders. We describe three cases of CJD. In two patients the typical MRI images of hyperintensity on T2-weighted images of the basal ganglia were observed. In all three patients 14.3.3. protein was found in the cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, the association of a clinical diagnosis of dementia, MR imaging and a positive test of 14.3.3. protein in the cerebrospinal fluid strongly supports the diagnosis of CJD without the need for cerebral biopsy. Biopsy could be reserved only for doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.S. Finizio
- Servizio di Neuroradiologia e Divisione di Neurologia, Presidio Ospedaliero Bellaria - Maggiore, Azienda USL Città di Bologna; Bologna
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46
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Zerr I, Bähr M. Is there a role of Tau in Huntington′s disease? J Neurochem 2016; 139:9-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology; University Medicine Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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Shapiro JM, Shujaat A, Wang J, Chen X. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Presenting as Refractory Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 19:345-8. [PMID: 15523120 DOI: 10.1177/0885066604269771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit with refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Extensive evaluation including neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination was unrevealing. Brain biopsy revealed spongiosis, and prion disease was confirmed by immunostaining, providing the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Colucci M, Roccatagliata L, Capello E, Narciso E, Latronico N, Tabaton M, Mancardi GL. The 14-3-3 protein in multiple sclerosis: a marker of disease severity. Mult Scler 2016; 10:477-81. [PMID: 15471360 DOI: 10.1191/1352458504ms1089oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Context: In multiple sclerosis (MS) axonal damage is an early event and is probably to be considered the most relevant cause of permanent and progressive disability. Objectives: To investigate the value of the increase of 14-3-3 and tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as peripheral markers of axonal pathology and predictors of disease evolution. Patients and methods: In the CSF samples obtained from 63 patients with demyelinating diseases (DD), including 20 clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) and 43 clinically defined MS, as well as from 56 controls, we analysed the presence of 14-3-3 reactivity by immunoblot analysis along with the concentration of tau protein by sandwich ELISA. Results: The percentage of DD subjects showing a positive 14-3-3 protein CSF reactivity (38%) was significantly higher than the one previously detected, and was correlated in the MS patients with a more severe clinical phenotype in terms of degree of disability and rate of disease progression, during a 10-month mean clinical follow-up. On the contrary, the levels of the CSF-tau protein were highly variable in DD and control subjects, and the mean CSF-tau concentration was similar in both groups. Conclusions: The immunoblot analysis of 14-3-3 protein in the CSF could be a useful marker to identify a subgroup of DD patients with high risk of developing severe disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Genetic and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Karch A, Koch A, Zapf A, Zerr I, Karch A. Partial verification bias and incorporation bias affected accuracy estimates of diagnostic studies for biomarkers that were part of an existing composite gold standard. J Clin Epidemiol 2016; 78:73-82. [PMID: 27107877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how choice of gold standard biases estimates of sensitivity and specificity in studies reassessing the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers that are already part of a lifetime composite gold standard (CGS). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We performed a simulation study based on the real-life example of the biomarker "protein 14-3-3" used for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Three different types of gold standard were compared: perfect gold standard "autopsy" (available in a small fraction only; prone to partial verification bias), lifetime CGS (including the biomarker under investigation; prone to incorporation bias), and "best available" gold standard (autopsy if available, otherwise CGS). RESULTS Sensitivity was unbiased when comparing 14-3-3 with autopsy but overestimated when using CGS or "best available" gold standard. Specificity of 14-3-3 was underestimated in scenarios comparing 14-3-3 with autopsy (up to 24%). In contrast, overestimation (up to 20%) was observed for specificity compared with CGS; this could be reduced to 0-10% when using the "best available" gold standard. CONCLUSION Choice of gold standard affects considerably estimates of diagnostic accuracy. Using the "best available" gold standard (autopsy where available, otherwise CGS) leads to valid estimates of specificity, whereas sensitivity is estimated best when tested against autopsy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Karch
- Institute for Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Koch
- Institute for Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Centre for TSE, Department for Neurology, University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Karch
- National Reference Centre for TSE, Department for Neurology, University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Endpoint Quaking-Induced Conversion: a Sensitive, Specific, and High-Throughput Method for Antemortem Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1751-1754. [PMID: 27076662 PMCID: PMC4922112 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00542-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Prion Laboratory Section of the Public Health Agency of Canada supports heath care professionals dealing with patients suspected to have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) by testing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for protein markers of CJD. To better serve Canadian diagnostic requirements, a quaking-induced conversion (QuIC)-based assay has been added to the test panel. The QuIC tests exploit the ability of disease-associated prion protein, found in the CSF of a majority of CJD patients, to convert a recombinant prion protein (rPrP) into detectable amounts of a misfolded, aggregated form of rPrP. The rPrP aggregates interact with a specific dye, causing a measurable change in the dye's fluorescence emission spectrum. Optimal test and analysis parameters were empirically determined. Taking both practical and performance considerations into account, an endpoint QuIC (EP-QuIC) configuration was chosen. EP-QuIC uses a thermo-mixer to perform the shaking necessary to produce the quaking-induced conversions. Fluorescence readings are obtained from a microwell fluorescence reader only at the beginning and the end of EP-QuIC reactions. Samples for which the relative fluorescence unit ratio between the initial and final readings represent a ≥4 increase in signal intensity in at least two of the three replicates are classified as positive. A retrospective analysis of 91 CSF samples that included 45 confirmed cases of CJD and 46 non-CJD cases was used to estimate the performance characteristics of the EP-QuIC assay. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the EP-QuIC test of this set of samples were 98 and 91%, respectively.
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